1. Contestant profile Andy Risasmoko · Hambalang’s ex-mining area is one of the working area...

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1. Contestant profile

Contestant name: Andy Risasmoko

Contestant occupation: Government officer (trainer)

University / Organization Bogor Environment and Forestry Education and Training Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Republic of Indonesia

E-mail:

Phone (incl. country code):

Number of people in yourteam:

5 (five)

2. Project overview

Title: Determining High Adaptability Tree Species in Former Quarry Hambalang

Contest: The Quarry Life Award 3rd

edition 2016

Quarry name: Hambalang, Indonesia

Prize category: (select all appropriate)

☐ Education and Raising Awareness

√ Habitat and Species Research

√ Biodiversity Management

☐ Student Project

☐ Beyond Quarry Borders

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DETERMINING HIGH ADAPTABILITY TREE SPECIES IN FORMER QUARRY HAMBALANG

RESEARCHERS :

TEAM OF BOGOR ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING CENTRE

FOR THE QUARRY LIFE AWARD 3rd

EDITION 2016

BOGOR ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY EDUCATION AND TRAINING CENTRE

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY

REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

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CONTENT

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 1

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 2

2. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 2

3. METHOD ............................................................................................................................... 2

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 3

A. Diversity Tree Species grow in the research area ................................................................ 3

B. Tree growth quality ................................................................................................................ 4

1). Diameter and Height ............................................................................................................ 4

2). Crown and Rooting ............................................................................................................... 5

3). Flowering and Fruiting .......................................................................................................... 6

4). Pests and Diseases .............................................................................................................. 6

C. Ecological Function, Economic and Social Benefit ............................................................... 6

D. Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 7

1). Lesson Learn from the 2004’s planting reclamation ............................................................ 7

2). Lesson Learn from the outside of 2004’s planting reclamation ............................................ 8

5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 8

6. SUGGESTION ....................................................................................................................... 9

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 9

ANNEX

Abstract

Determining tree species is an important step for high achievement of reclamation in former-

quarry. Only tree species that have a high adaptability able to grow and survive in the site. Hambalang

mined-land is one of the working area of PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakasa Tbk where require the

reclamation efforts. Therefore, this study is being crucial for supporting these efforts. Objectives of

this research are: 1) to identify trees species which grow in the study site; 2) to determine quality of

the trees growth in the study site; 3) to describe ecological functions, economical and social benefits of

each trees founded in the study site; 4) to make recommendations of which trees species have high

adaptability for mined-land reclamation in Hambalang. Inventory to all of tree species grow both inside

and outside of the 2004’s reclamation area is research method that applied-in. Meanwhile, weighting

and scoring procedure is used to analyze the quality of growth, the functions and benefits,

characteristics and technical planting aspects of the trees. The data that are processed to analyze the

benefits and functions, characteristics and technical planting aspects of each tree species -especially

in outside of the 2004’s reclamation area- based on references study, direct field observations and

interviews with related stakeholders. The research found that 15 trees species grow in the 2004’s

reclamation area and 41 trees species are identified grow in outside of 2004’s reclamation area. The

trees species that have high growth quality relatively in the 2004’s reclamation area are Ki Acret

(Spathodea campanulata), Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Randu (Ceiba pentandra), and Beringin

(Ficus benjamina). Tree species which have high adaptability in 2004’s reclamation area are Beringin

(Ficus benjamina), Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Turi (Sesbania grandiflora), Ki Acret (Spathodea

campanulata), Flamboyan (Delonix regia), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), Randu (Ceiba

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pentandra), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium). These tree species are

recommended for reclamation activity in PT Indocement Tunggal Prakasa Tbk. Some suggestions

can be delivered as a result of this research are making guide book of tree species for reclamation

need, tree-species-trial research, and changing the orientation of reclamation area management to

ecological restoration approach.

Keywords: quarry, reclamation, tree species adaptability

1. Introduction

Determining tree species is an important step in reclamation former-quarry area. Determination

of suitable tree species with site condition will give high reclamation performance. Reclamation in this

context is intended as activities which are carried out throughout the mining stage by organizing,

restoring and improving quality of environment and ecosystems in order to re-functionalized as an

allotment (Law Decree of RI No. 4 of 2009).

In general, reclamation could have a variety of interpretations. However, they have similar

orientation that is an effort to find an economical way permanently to achieve certain goals. For a civil

engineers, reclamation aims to (1) stabilize soil surface, (2) control pollution, (3) improve visual

appearance and (4) general amenity. However, since the soil is known have a value for producing

agricultural products, we add the goal of reclamation is to (5) productivity. Finally, a more ambitious

goal is to restore the natural resources back to the original ecological condition, so that the orientation

of reclamation by added improving (6) diversity, (7) the species composition and (8) ecosystems

function (Bradshaw, 1987). Framework underlying this study is reclamation which is oriented to

ecosystem recovery. According to those orientations, determination tree species is the first priority.

The main consideration in determining tree species for former quarry reclamation is the level of

tree adaptability on a particular condition. Only tree species that have a high adaptability able to grow

and survive in former quarry area. High adaptation of tree species indicated by the quality of growth,

the benefits and functions, characteristics and technical planting aspects of the trees.

Hambalang’s ex-mining area is one of the working area locations of PT Indocement Tunggal

Prakarsa Tbk. The main activities of this company is producing cement which taking clay minerals as

raw materials. However, they also have obligation to carry out reclamation in the former quarry.

Based on this background, this research is oriented to support the successful of reclamation activities,

and assign the title "Determining High Adaptability Tree Species in Former Quarry Hambalang"

2. Objectives

Objectives of this research are 1) to identify trees species which grow in the study site; 2) to

determine quality of the trees growth in the study site; 3) to describe ecological functions, economical

and social benefits of each trees founded in the study site; 4) to make recommendations of which

trees species have high adaptability for mined-land reclamation in Hambalang.

3. Method

The research was conducted for about 30 (thirty) working days, located in the former quarry

Hambalang, PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk, Indonesia. Observation object of research are

various trees species which are planted on former quarry area. The trees were planted at reclamation

area in fiscal year 2004, 2005, 2006 , 2007, 2008 and 2009. The equipment used for this research are:

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measuring tape, compass, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), phi-band, hagameter,

thermohygrometer, drill soil, ground ring, camera, binoculars, and stationery.

The primary data taken from the field are: name, diameter, height, crown, pests and diseases,

flowering/fruiting and root development of the tree species. Supporting data taken are temperature,

humidity, and soil samples. Secondary data are consists of: maps, coverage area, tree species which

were planted, number of tree, and year of planting. References study, direct field observation and

interview conducted to support describing function and benefit of each tree species, characteristics of

tree species and technical planting aspect, both inside and in outside 2004’s reclamation area.

Collecting data conducted inside of sample unit. It is classified based on planting year. Sample

unit designed in line transect, and divided into sample plots sized 20 m x 20 m. Number of sample

plots are taken based on uniformity of tree species approach. Number and unit sample plots is

presented in Annex 1 and Annex 2.

The weighting and scoring procedure is used to analyze the quality of growth (30%), the

benefits and functions (30%), characteristics (30%) and technical planting aspects (10%) of the trees.

According to Riduwan (2010), scoring and rating scales are able to explain and interpret the

observations and measurements. The parameters measured to analyze growth quality are tree

species identification, diameter, height, crown, pests and diseases, flowering/fruiting and root

development. The parameters and operational definitions of growth quality can be seen in Annex 3.

On the other hand, data and information regarding with ecological functions, economical and social

benefits, characteristics of tree species (survival on poor soil condition, competition among the

species, pioneer, biological age, non-allelophatics), and technical planting aspect (generative,

vegetative, transplanting, tending and vigorous) were obtained through reference study, direct field

observation and interview or discussion with related persons.

Determination of adaptability level of tree species is done by aggregating the value of all

criteria. Then the value is divided into three levels: high, fair and low adaptability.

4. Result and Discussion

A. Diversity Tree Species grow in the research area

The research results identify 15 trees species founded in 2004’s reclamation area and 41 trees

species identify in outside 2004’s reclamation area. Definition of tree in this study mean as a plants

with woody stems and branches, has a main stem grows upright (Tjitrosoepomo, 2013). The species

founded in 2004’s reclamation area are : Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Ki Acret (Spathodea

campanulata), Randu (Ceiba pentandra), Beringin (Ficus benjamina), Mahoni (Swietenia

macrophylla), Turi (Sesbania grandiflora), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Lamtoro (Leucaena

leucocephala), Bintaro (Cerbera manghas), Biola Cantik (Ficus lyrata), Flamboyan (Delonix regia),

Tanjung (Mimusops elengi), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), Glodogan Tiang (Polyalthia longifolia), and

Mangga (Mangifera indica). In addition, also found ornamental plants such as Oleander (Nerium

oleander), Bambu Jepang (Arandinari japonica), and Kamboja (Plumeria acuminata). In this study, the

last three species is not discussed further.

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In general, that post mining area is in critical condition ecologically, but this research showed

the various tree species grow well in this site. Therefore, it is promising condition for developing new

stable ecosystem and maximum environmental benefits as well.

Tree species grow in 2005’s reclamation area was dominated by Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni),

and also found Manglid (Manglietia glauca), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), and Mangga (Mangifera

indica). For 2006’s reclamation area found Mahoni Daun Besar (Swietenia macrophylla), Mahoni Daun

Kecil (Swietenia mahagoni), Ki Acret (Spathodea campanulata), and Trembesi (Samanea saman).

Swietenia macrophylla and Swietenia mahagoni dominate the 2007’s reclamation area. For 2008’s

reclamation area, besides Swietenia macrophylla and Swietenia mahagoni, also found Nangka

(Artocarpus heterophyllus), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), Mangga (Mangifera indica), Randu

(Ceiba pentandra), and Mindi (Melia azedarach). Meanwhile, tree species found in 2009’s reclamation

area are Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), Bintaro (Cerbera manghas), and

Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus).

B. Tree Growth Quality

1). Diameter and Height

Tree growth in the 2004’s reclamation area (age 12 years old) is very diverse. It can be seen in

results of measurement of the diameter and height. A group of trees grow faster rather than others,

and some others grow slower. It indicates that adaptability of each species is varied. Only the trees

species with higher adaptability capable grow normally and develop properly.

Tree diameter can be used as an indicator of growth quality. The larger ones refer to better

quality of growth relatively. The research show that Sengon (Falcataria molucana) and Ki Acret

(Spathodea campanulata) have larger diameter, 42.87 cm and 34.20 cm respectively. Meanwhile,

Mangga (Mangifera indica) and Glodogan Tiang (Polyalthia longifolia) smaller diameter 8.52 cm and

12.36 cm respectively.

As a comparison, that the tree growth which is planted at degraded area (quarry) and normal

environment can be described as follow. According to Krisnawati, et al (2011) that diameter range of

Sengon (Falcataria molucana) at 12th years planting is about 24.6 to 74.0 cm. For the same case Ki

Acret (Spathodea campanulata) can reach diameter 50.0 cm (BPTH Java, Madura, 2013), so that the

diameter growth of Sengon (Falcataria molucana) and Ki acret (Spathodea campanulata) in the quarry

can be inferred relatively good. Variations of the average diameter of each species which grow in

2004’s reclamation area can be seen in Figure 1.

In addition to the diameter, height of tree can be used as an indicator of growth quality. Tree

height is measured from the base to the top of tree. Normatively, higher tree show its ability to

dominate others. The research found that height of Sengon (Falcataria molucana) and Ki Acret

(Spathodea campanulata) higher than others, 22.00 m and 20.31 m respectively. As a comparison to

normal environment, that height Sengon at 12th years planting is about 15.3 m to 36.2 m (Krisnawati,

et al., 2011) and Ki Acret reaches height of 25 m (BPTH Java, Madura, 2013). So that, It’s could be

inferred the height of Sengon and Ki acret at the quarry fairly good. Result of the measurement in

2004’s reclamation area can be seen in Figure 2.

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2). Crown and Rooting

Tree crown and rooting were measured to determine the growth quality of trees. Oliver (1996) in

Raharjo et al. (2008) stated that size of crown is an important component for tree growth, and it has

close relationship between the crown size and potential growth. Still according to Raharjo et al. (2008),

the crown size can also be used to determine the capacity in competition among the trees. The

strength of trees to compete for getting environmental resources were assumed equal based on the

size of the tree. The larger size of crown width and roots length, the better to take control of the

environmental elements such as light, nutrients and water.

Crown measured by averaging the longest and shortest crown width. The wider crown of certain

tree is interpreted as a plant which have better growth. Sengon (Falcataria molucana) and Beringin

(Ficus benjamina) have the longest crown width, compared to other tree species. While Mangga

(Mangifera indica) and Glodogan Tiang (Polyalthia longifolia) crown are not able to develop properly.

Figure 3 shows the average crown width of each species in 2004’s reclamation area.

Another indicator of tree growth quality, can be explained by rooting system. Root is part of tree to

support the standing of tree. It has vital role for growth in absorbing water and nutrients from soil

(Tjitrosoepomo, 2013). Portion of water absorbed by root is very affected by the length of root. The

longer root, the more water can be absorbed (Jumin, 1989). Therefore, the development of root can

be used as an indicator of tree adaptability to the site condition. Figure 4 shows the length of the

horizontal root in 2004’s reclamation area.

Figure 3. Average crown width of each species in 2004’s reclamation area.

Figure 4. Average root length of each species in 2004’s reclamation area

Figure 1. Average tree diameter of each species in 2004’s reclamation area

Figure 2. Average tree height of each species in 2004’s reclamation area

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On the uniform soil conditions, tree species with high adaptability have good root development.

The development of tree roots can be found by measuring the length of the horizontal rooting and

rooting depth horizontal/lateral (Wijayanto et al., 2012). Ki Acret (Spathodea campanulata) and

Sengon (Falcataria molucana) have better root development relatively compared with other tree

species in 2004’s reclamation area.

3) Flowering and Fruiting

Flowering and fruiting is a plant physiological process in order to continue living for the next

generation. Flower is a part of plant as a generative breeding tool. Pollination and fertilization process

occur in flower. It will produce fruit which is in it contains seeds, and it will grow become a new plants

(Tjitrosoepomo, 2013). So that, flowering and fruiting could be used as an adaptability indicator. Tree

able to produce flowers, can be stated have ability to adapt with environment and able to continue the

regeneration.

This research show that majority of tree species in 2004’s reclamation area produce flower and

fruit, except Mangga (Mangifera indica) and Glodogan Tiang (Polyalthia longifolia). This situation

indicates that generation continuity can be occurred.

4) Pest and Diseases

A plant stated to be affected by diseases is indicated by change or deviation a series of

physiological processes and then followed by change of host plants morphology. It is so-called

symptoms (Sumardi & Widyastuti, 2007). Meanwhile, according to Anggraeni (2012), pest are all

animals that cause harm to the forest trees and forest products such as insects, squirrels, rats, pigs,

deer and others.

Observation in the study site was found a few trees are affected by pest and diseases, namely:

Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), Tanjung (Mimusops elengi) and

Mangga (Mangifera indica). The diseases mention as Karat Puru (local name) affected Sengon tree in

the intensity less than 5%. It is caused by fungi Uromycladium tepperianum (Anggraeni, 2012).

Meanwhile, only symptoms of pests and diseases that could be identified from rest of the trees,

namely: leaf punch on Ketapang, parasite on Tanjung and rash on Mangga leaves.

C. Ecological Function, Economic and Social Benefit

Every tree has ecological function, economic and social benefit. In this research, the function

and benefit are used as criteria to explain in determining adaptive tree species. Ecological function of

trees such as: the ability in nitrogen fixation, remediation soil fertility, water saver, habitat of animal,

food for animal and nurse tree. According to Friday et al. (2000), nurse trees meant as tree species

that can help and protect others tree and seedling.

Economic benefits of tree meant as the use of tree for wood carpentry raw material, firewood,

tree sap, and fruit for alternative energy. Social benefit of tree meant as the used of tree by people for

traditional medicine and bio-pesticides, source for animal food and esthetical aspect.

Identification of the function and benefit aspects conducted through references study, direct

observation and interview with related person. Beringin (Ficus benjamina), Turi (Sesbania grandiflora),

Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) and Sengon (Falcataria molucana)

derived more ecological function then others. Beringin (Ficus benjamina) could be function as animal

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habitat, the fruit as food source for bird, rooting system can be function as water saver, and nurse tree

for other plant. Where as, Turi, Lamtoro, Gamal dan Sengon as Fabaceae are trees species that have

rooting system which are able to fixate nitrogen and remediate soil fertility (Mayasari et al., 2012). So

then, this trees species are categorized as high adaptive tree to be planted in quarry reclamation area.

One of the economical benefits of tree is mainly for carpentry raw material. Wood of Mahoni

(Swietenia macrophylla) and Sengon (Falcataria molucana) have commercial value as a carpentry

wood (Mansur, 2015). Meanwhile, social benefit such as leaf utilization for animal food are produced

by Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) (Kementan, 2010), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) (Mayasari et al., 2012),

and Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) (Mathius, 1993).

D. Recommendation

Tree species recommended for reclamation of former quarry in Hambalang are the species that have

high adaptability with the following criteria: have a good quality of growth; provide ecological,

economical and social benefits; have character to survive in critical environment conditions; simplicity

in technical planting. Then, the criteria assigned weight and score. Total value of the criteria referred

to indicate level of adaptability of each tree species. However, each of the criteria can be used as a

base of reclamation planning separately, depend on the purpose of reclamation scenarios.

1). Lesson Learn from 2004’s Reclamation Area

This study shows that each tree species in 2004’s reclamation area have a different level of

adaptability. Result value of weighting and scoring criteria divide into three level of adaptability. Level

I is high adaptability, range value ≥ 2.40 - < 3.18. The species included in level I are : Beringin (Ficus

benjamina), Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Turi (Sesbania grandiflora), Ki Acret (Spathodea


pentandra), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium). Level II is fair

adaptability, range value ≥ 1.63 - <2.40. The species included in level II are Ketapang (Terminalia

catappa), Bintaro (Cerbera manghas) and Tanjung (Mimusops elengi). Level III is low adaptability,

range value < 1.63. The species included in level III are Biola Cantik (Ficus lyrata), Glodogan Tiang

(Polyalthia longifolia) and Mangga (Mangifera indica). As a lesson learn from 2004’s reclamation

area, tree species listed as level I are recommended for reclamation of former quarry in Hambalang

(Table 1).

However, determining tree species for specific reclamation purposes could be applied based on

each criteria. Ki Acret (Spathodea campanulata), Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Randu (Ceiba

pentandra), and Beringin (Ficus benjamina) are tree species recommended for reclamation which

derived high growth quality. Turi (Sesbania grandiflora), Beringin (Ficus benjamina), and Sengon

(Falcataria molucana) are tree species recommended for reclamation which derived a lot of functions

and benefits ecologically, economically and socially. Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Turi (Sesbania

grandiflora), Flamboyan (Delonix regia), and Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), are tree species

recommended for reclamation in critical environment condition. Beringin (Ficus benjamina), Randu

(Ceiba pentandra), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium) are tree species recommended for reclamation

which is easy in technical planting aspect.

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Tabel 1. Adaptability Level of Tree Species in 2004’s Reclamation Area.

Number Local Name Scientific Name Criteria (weight x score) Total

Value a b c d

1 Beringin Ficus benjamina 0.63(3

0.85(2

0.50(2

1.20(1

3.18

2 Sengon Falcataria molucana 0.78(1

0.75(3

0.60(1

0.90(2

3.03

3 Turi Sesbania grandiflora 0.50 1.00(1

0.60(1

0.90(2

3.00

4 Ki acret Spathodea campanulata

0.78(1

0.70 0.40(3

0.90(2

2.78

5 Flamboyan Delonix regia 0.50 0.70 0.60(1

0.90(2

2.70

6 Lamtoro Leucaena leucocephala 0.43 0.65 0.60(1

0.90(2

2.58

7 Randu Ceiba pentandra 0.64(2

0.30 0.40(3

1.20(1

2.54

8 Mahoni Swietenia macrophylla 0.60 0.55 0.40(3

0.90(2

2.45

9 Gamal Gliricidia sepium 0.39 0.45 0.40(3

1.20(1

2.44

10 Ketapang Terminalia catappa 0.50 0.45 0.50(2

0.90(2

2.35

11 Bintaro Cerbera manghas 0.43 0.25 0.50(2

0.90(2

2.08

12 Tanjung Mimusops elengi 0.47 0.20 0.20 0.90(2

1.77

13 Biola cantik Ficus lyrata 0.39 0.10 0.10 0.90(2

1.49

14 Glodogan tiang

Polyalthia longifolia 0.33 0.10 0.10 0.90(2

1.43

15 Mangga Mangifera indica 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.30(3

0.85

Remark : a: Growth quality (30%), b: Function and Benefit (30%), c: Tree Species Characteristic (30%), d: Technical planting aspect (10%) (1, 2, 3

: tree species priority recommended for certain reclamation purposes (a, b, c, and d) : Level I, high adaptability, : Level II, fair adaptability, : Level III, low adaptability

2). Lesson Learn from Outside 2004’s Reclamation Area

Tree species identification also conducted in the outside 2004’s reclamation area. The result of

identification are analyzed through reference study, direct observation and interview, based on criteria

: ecological function, economical and social benefit; characteristic; and technical planting aspect of the

tree. Annex 4 shows the result of analysis for the criteria.

The tree species listed in Annex 5, 6 and 7 are recommended trees for reclamation which

emphasized to ecological function, economical and social benefit. The tree species listed in Annex 8

are recommended for planting in critical environment condition. And the tree species listed in Annex 9

are recommended for low-cost reclamation by maximizing the ease of technical planting aspect.

5. CONCLUSION

Conclusions of the research are:

1) There are 15 tree species founded in 2004’s reclamation area and 41 tree species identified in

outside 2004’s reclamation area.

2) Tree species which have high growth quality in 2004’s reclamation area are Ki Acret (Spathodea

campanulata), Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Randu (Ceiba pentandra), and Beringin (Ficus

benjamina).

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3) Tree species which have a lot of ecological function and socioeconomic benefit are Turi

(Sesbania grandiflora), Beringin (Ficus benjamina), and Sengon (Falcataria molucana).

4) Tree species which have high adaptability in 2004’s reclamation area are Beringin (Ficus

benjamina), Sengon (Falcataria molucana), Turi (Sesbania grandiflora), Ki Acret (Spathodea


pentandra), Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), and Gamal (Gliricidia sepium). These tree species

are recommended for reclamation activity in PT Indocement Tunggal Prakasa Tbk.

6. SUGGESTION

Based on the experience of conducting this research can be submitted suggestions as follows:

1) For environmental education, its need to make a guide book about the tree species that can be

applied for reclamation of former clay-mining quarry.

2) For ensuring the suitability and diversity of tree species in the site, its need to conduct tree-

species-trial research in area where reclamation will be implemented.

3) The current management of reclamation tend to crop and gardening orientation. It is better if

could be changed the reclamation orientation from crop or gardening management to ecological

restoration management sound.

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Tjitrosoepomo G. 2013. Morfologi Tumbuhan (Cetakan Kesembilanbelas). Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada

University Press.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan

Batubara.

Wiyajanto N, Nurunnajah. 2012. Intensitas Cahaya, Suhu, Kelembaban dan Perakaran Lateral Mahoni

(Swietenia macrophylla King.) di RPH Babakan Madang, BKPH Bogor, KPH Bogor. Jurnal

Silvikultur Tropika Vol. 03:8-13.

i

Annex 1. Research Location Map for Determining Tree Species Adaptability in Former Quarry Hambalang

ii

Annex 2. Number and Unit Sample Plots

Number Observation Site (Sample Plot Unit) Width (ha) Planting Space (m2) Tree Species Number of Sample Plot

1. 2004’s Reclamation Area

a. Parumpung, Hambalang b. Security’s Post, Hambalang

3,11 1,52

(4,63)

3 x 4 3 x 3

mixture

11


(Parumpung, Hambalang) 5,24 6 x 6 Mahoni 3


(Pondok Manggu)

4,27 6 x 6 Mahoni 2


(Legok Rati) 4,00 6 x 6 Mahoni 2


(Pondok Manggu) 4,46 6 x 6 Mahoni 2


(Crusher 3) 4,00 6 x 6 Mahoni 3

Annex 3. The parameters and operational definitions of growth quality

Parameter and operational definitions Category Score

1. Diameter (cm) The measurement of the center line of trees is measured at breast height (1.3 m) above the ground.

1. Small 2. Fair 3. Big

1 2 3

2. Height (m) The measurement of tree height is measured from tree base to the top

1. Short 2. Fair 3. High

1 2 3

3. Crown Width (m) The measurement of crown width is average of the longest and shortest tree crown

1. Narrow 2. Fair 3. Width

1 2 3

4. Root Length (m) The measurement of root length is measured and described by coup of rooting.

1. Short 2. Fair 3. High

1 2 3

5. Flowering and Fruiting The presence of flowers and fruits on the tree at the time of observation or presence indication trees flowering and fruiting

1. Nothing 2. Presence

1 2

6. Pest and Diseases The presence on the part of the tree suffering damage or defect caused by pests or diseases

1. Nothing 2. Presence

1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

I Ecological Function

1 Nitrogen Fixation 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Remediation Soil Fertization 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Emission Absorption 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Animal Habitat 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 Wildlife Food Sources 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 Nurse Tree 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sub - Total Score I 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II Economical Benefit

1 Seed/Fruit for Bio-energy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Carpentary Wood 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Sap 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sub - Total Score II 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

III Social Benefit

1 Fruit for Consumption 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

2 Medicinal Source 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

3 Husbandry Food Source 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Aesthetics 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

Sub - Total Score III 2 3 1 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0

IV Characteristics

1 Survival on poor soil condition 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 Competition among species 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Pioneer 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 Biological Age 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 Non-Allelophatics 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Sub - Total Score IV 5 5 5 5 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

V The Ease of Planting Technic

1 Generative 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 Vegetative 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 Transplanting 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 Tending 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 Vigorous 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Sub - Total Score V 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Total Score 17 17 16 16 13 13 11 12 10 11 11 10 10 9 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 7 8 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5

Remark for Each Tree Species : Remark for Score Value :

iii

Tree Species

Annex 4. Result of Analysis of Each Tree Species in The Outside 2004's Reclamation Area

Criteria

1 Angsana Pterocarpus indicus 2 Asam Jawa Tamarindus indica 3 Sengon buto Enterolobium cyclocarpum 4 Trembesi Samanea saman 5 Kersen/Ceri Muntingia calabura 6 Johar Senna siamea 7 Akasia daun kecil Acacia auriculiformis 8 Pinus Pinus merkusii 9 Manglid Manglieta glauca 10 Pulai/Lame Alstonia scholaris

11 Suren Toona sureni 12 Jarak pagar Ricinus communis 13 Kayu Afrika Maesopsis eminii 14 Kepuh Sterculia foetida 15 Mangium Acacia mangium 16 Laban Vitex pubescens 17 Mindi Melia azedarach 18 Sawo kecik Manilkara kauki 19 Eboni Diospyros celebica 20 Krey payung Filicium decipiens

21 Nyamplung Calophyllum inophyllum 22 Bambu tali Gigantochloa apus 23 Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 24 Gandaria Bouea macrophylla 25 Kedoya Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum 26 Kemiri sunan Reutealis trisperma 27 Mengkudu Morinda citrifolia 28 Nangka Artocarpus heterophyllus 29 Teureup Artocarpus elasticus 30 Waru Hibiscus tiliaceus

31 Cassia kuning/tengguli Cassia fistula 32 Kamboja Plumeria sp 33 Jambu air Syzygium aqueum 34 Jati Tectona grandis 35 Keben Barringtonia asiatica 36 Maja Aegle marmelos 37 Melinjo Gnetum gnemon 38 Bunga merak Caesalpinia pulcherrima 39 Cemara Casuarina sp 40 Buni Antidesma bunius 41 Salam Syzygium polyanthum

Value 0 Not Dominant/Not Ease

Value 1 Dominant/Ease

iv

Annex 5. Ecological Functions of Tree Species

Number.

Local Name Scientific Name

Ecological Function

Score Nitrogen Fixation

Remediation Soil

Fertization

Emission Absorption

Animal Habitat

Wildlife Food

Sources

Nurse Tree

1 Angsana Pterocarpus indicus 1 1 1 1 0 1 5

2 Asam Jawa Tamarindus indica 1 1 1 1 0 1 5

3 Sengon buto Enterolobium cyclocarpum 1 1 1 1 0 1 5

4 Trembesi Samanea saman 0 1 1 1 0 1 4

5 Kersen/ Ceri Muntingia calabura 0 0 1 1 1 1 4

6 Johar Senna siamea 1 1 0 0 0 1 3

7 Akasia daun kecil Acacia auriculiformis 1 1 0 0 0 1 3

8 Suren Toona sureni 0 1 0 0 0 1 2

9 Mangium Acacia mangium 1 0 0 0 0 1 2

10 Krey payung Filicium decipiens 0 0 1 1 0 0 2

Remark :

Value 0 Ecological Function not dominant

Value 1 Ecological Function dominant

v

Annex 6. Economical Benefit of Tree Species

Number Local Name Scientific Name

Economical Benefit

Score Seed/Fruit for Bio-energy

Carpentary Wood

Sap

1 Pinus Pinus merkusii 0 1 1 2

2 Angsana Pterocarpus indicus 0 1 0 1

3 Sengon buto Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0 1 0 1

4 Trembesi Samanea saman 0 1 0 1

5 Akasia daun kecil Acacia auriculiformis 0 1 0 1

6 Manglid Manglieta glauca 0 1 0 1

7 Pulai, Lame Alstonia scholaris 0 1 0 1

8 Suren Toona sureni 0 1 0 1

9 Jarak pagar Ricinus communis 1 0 0 1

10 Kayu Afrika Maesopsis eminii 0 1 0 1

11 Kepuh Sterculia foetida 0 1 0 1

12 Laban Vitex pubescens 0 1 0 1

13 Mindi Melia azedarach 0 1 0 1

14 Eboni Diospyros celebica 0 1 0 1

15 Nyamplung Calophyllum inophyllum 1 0 0 1

16 Kemiri sunan Reutealis trisperma 1 0 0 1

17 Jati Tectona grandis 0 1 0 1

Remark :

Value 0 Economical Benefit not Dominant

Value 1 Economical Benefit Dominant

vi

Annex 7. Social Benefit of Tree Species


Social Benefit

Score Fruit for Consumption

Medicinal Source

Husbandry Food Source

Aesthetics

1 Asam Jawa Tamarindus indica 1 1 0 1 3

2 Angsana Pterocarpus indicus 0 1 0 1 2

3 Kersen/Ceri Muntingia calabura 1 0 0 1 2

4 Johar Senna siamea 0 1 1 0 2

5 Sawo kecik Manilkara kauki 1 0 0 1 2

6 Mengkudu Morinda citrifolia 1 1 0 0 2

Remark :

Value 0 Social Benefit not Dominant

Value 1 Social Benefit Dominant

vii

Annex 8. Characteristic of Tree Species Ability to grow in the Former Quarry


Characteristics

Score Survival on Poor

Soil Condition

Competition among Species

Pioneer Biological

Age Non-

Allelophatics

1 Angsana Pterocarpus indicus 1 1 1 1 1 5

2 Asam Jawa Tamarindus indica 1 1 1 1 1 5

3 Sengon buto Enterolobium cyclocarpum 1 1 1 1 1 5

4 Trembesi Samanea saman 1 1 1 1 1 5

5 Kersen/ Ceri Muntingia calabura 1 1 1 1 1 5

6 Johar Senna siamea 1 1 1 0 1 4

7 Akasia daun kecil Acacia auriculiformis 1 1 1 1 0 4

8 Pinus Pinus merkusii 1 1 0 1 1 4

9 Manglid Manglieta glauca 1 1 0 1 1 4

10 Pulai, Lame Alstonia scholaris 1 1 1 0 1 4

11 Suren Toona sureni 1 1 1 0 1 4

12 Jarak pagar Ricinus communis 1 1 0 1 1 4

13 Kayu Afrika Maesopsis eminii 1 1 1 0 1 4

14 Kepuh Sterculia foetida 1 1 0 1 1 4

15 Mangium Acacia mangium 1 0 1 0 1 3

16 Laban Vitex pubescens 1 1 1 0 0 3

17 Mindi Melia azedarach 1 1 0 0 1 3

18 Sawo kecik Manilkara kauki 1 0 0 1 1 3

Remark :

Value 0 Tree Characteristics not Dominant

Value 1 Tree Characteristics Dominant

viii

Annex 9. The Ease of Planting Technics of Tree Species

Number Local Name Scientific Name The Ease of Planting Technic

Score Generative Vegetative Transplanting Tending Vigorous

1 Angsana Pterocarpus indicus 1 1 1 1 1 5

2 Asam Jawa Tamarindus indica 1 0 1 1 1 4

3 Sengon buto Enterolobium cyclocarpum 1 0 1 1 1 4

4 Trembesi Samanea saman 1 0 1 1 1 4

Remark :

Value 0 Planting Technic not easy

Value 1 Planting Technic easy

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