1. Concept narrative Concept Design Part 4.pdf · 1. Concept narrative The Martin Luther King...

Mecanoo Martinez+Johnson 77Mecanoo Martinez+Johnson 76

1. Concept narrativeThe Martin Luther King Memorial Library in Washington D.C. is a monumental building originally designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The Miesian principles like ‘Less is more’ are clearly visible in the building. But although the building has a monumental status, it is technically outdated by now. Poor insulation, leaking facades and little daylight inside the spaces are some of the issues. The challenge for ABT is not only to update the building to make sure it meets the modern requirements, but to upgrade it and make it a sustainable, comfortable building, without making concessions to the original design philosophy of Mies van der Rohe. The ambition is to achieve a LEED Gold certification.

Mecanoo and Martinez+Johnson have provided a strategy that translated in the Ten MMMM Principles. Together with the Design Guidelines provided by the MLK Library Design Guidelines Committee these will be the boundary conditions for the mechanical proposals. We believe that the mechanical design should support the design strategy from Mecanoo and the original design from Mies van der Rohe. Flexibility in use, use of modern technologies and preserving the original when possible are some of the guidelines we take at heart. For the development on top of the building, it is important that it is independent of the existing volume.Next to the monumentality, sustainability of the design plays an important role. Sometimes the wish to create a sustainable building can clash with the monumental value of some building parts. Our design proposals respect the monumental value of the building, and try to sustain the physical look of the building as much as possible.

The strategy of ABT can be summarized in the following points:- Install a new ventilation system that provides high quality fresh air to staff and visitors and use an energy efficient heating and cooling system- Upgrade the façade by reducing heat loss through the façade and cold bridges- Investigate the influence of the Ten MMMM Principles on daylight in and around the building- Improve the acoustics in the building- Use the roof to improve the sustainability of the building- Maximize sustainability in the design to achieve LEED Gold

This report explores different opportunities for each strategy point, and tests them with the boundary conditions given by Mecanoo an Martinez+Johnson and the MLK Library Design Guidelines Committee.

Sincerely,

A. van der AaP. LoussosA.E. Muntinga


2. Heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC)The current HVAC system is analyzed and used as a basis for improvement of the building services in the redesign. The Design Guidelines for the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library are considered for the improvement of the current building services.In this chapter the new concept of the ventilation, heating and cooling system will be explained. The calculations made are based on the concept design, and can therefore still have large changes in further stages of the design. By calculations, one can get a grip on the size and placement of the new building services and the shafts needed, amongst others for ventilation.

It is not yet clear if the 6th to 8th floor will be added and what the function will be. Therefore the HVAC system has been separated from these floors, so that it functions both with or without the added volume. For some aspects, two options are given; with and without the additional volume on the top. The HVAC system and shaft placement for the top volume needs to be determined after its function is clear.

2.1 Existing HVAC analysisThe Executive Summary Facilities Overview (09-20-2013) was used for analysis of the existing building services. Based on this analysis, further improvement is suggested in the following paragraphs. This analysis considers the current cooling, heating and ventilation system.

Cooling in the building is currently realized by two centrifugal chillers on the mechanical floor, which is possible by a cooling tower on the roof. The chillers are 25 years old and are approaching the end of their technical life. However the cooling tower and pumps are only 12 years old and have some significant life span (18 years) left. Additional research in further stages of the design will be necessary to determine if these pumps fit in the redesign of the building services and can still be used.On the parking floor some supplemental cooling systems have been added over time.

Heating is achieved with a HOTD steam system. This steam system can be used for new energy-efficient heating and cooling systems. This steam system is currently used for pre-heating the ventilation supply in the air handling units and for perimeter radiation. In this perimeter radiation, fin-tube heating is used at the windows. This system is 12 years old and still has a useful life, although there is need of serious repairs. It needs to be reviewed if it fits in the new design. If the insulation value of the glass is improved, draft will no longer be a problem, although the perimeter convectors will still be useful. For example, on the ground floor the perimeter convectors are essential for the heating. Due to the large glass surfaces the perimeter heating will probably be necessary in the new design as well.

Decentralized heating and cooling of the spaces was initially realized by forty seven coils throughout the building. In these coils either hot or cold water was supplied for local heating or cooling of the supply ventilation air. This system is technically outdated and in need of replacement, since there is a leaking problem. Heating is no longer realized by these coils, only by the perimeter radiation and the pre-heating of the ventilation air in the air handling units. If new units are installed on the floors for decentralized cooling and heating, additional cooling systems will not be necessary.

Air is currently supplied in four zones of the building, with four separate air handling units. The four cores are used to supply this ventilation air. The air is pre-heated or pre-cooled at the air handling units before distribution to the spaces, however this is not enough to compensate large heating or cooling loads. The air handling unit fans on the mechanical floor are beyond their useful life.

The supply of ventilation air to the spaces is through lighting fixtures, singe round terminals and other diffusers. The esthetics were considered with this design. By coils the air could be heated or cooled for certain spaces. There is a problem with the distribution of heated air, therefore the design of these supply and exhaust points need to be reconsidered.

The exhaust fans on the roof have no more useful life. Many other fans, for example in the elevator machine rooms and toilets, are beyond their useful life.

The control of the HVAC system needs to be updated, so that automatic control of the spaces will be possible. This can be realized with a reliable Direct Digital Control system, with the use of Variable Frequency Driven fans for reduction of the energy consumption. CO2 sensors in the spaces can improve the control significantly and improve the indoor air quality.

The piping in the building needs to be replaced over time, as well as the equipment. The main system pumps and the cooling tower are at the middle of their useful life, and could be kept.

According to the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial library Design Guidelines, Attachment B, the current ceilings should not be changed. However, an important point in the guidelines, is that Mies was a supporter of using modern industrial technology. Therefore, in the redesign, it shall be aimed to preserve the current interior of suspended ceiling plan. However, an up to date and energy-efficient system shall be used as HVAC system.

2.2 Heating and cooling improvementA new HVAC system can improve the Indoor Air Quality, as well as the energy efficiency. Many of the current building services are technically outdated. New systems will be used that respect the initial and new architectural design.

There are many alternatives possible for an energy efficient distribution of heating, cooling and ventilation. But in this library there are limitations, since the ceiling needs to have the same appearance for the redesign. This could lead to a centralized heating and cooling system, where the air is heated and cooled in the air handling units. However, this would lead to much larger ventilation ducts. Calculations have shown that this leads to more than 5 times as much ventilation area.A water heated and cooled system would therefore be preferable. This could be realized with climate ceilings for example, but this is not possible due to the desired appearance of the ceiling.The best option would therefore be to use the same distribution system that was initially designed by Mies van der Rohe, although it is not working well technically speaking at the moment. Many parts of this ventilation system have reached the end of their technical life, such as the fans. By a new distribution system and new decentralized ventilation convectors, the heating and cooling can be realized. Additional research and designing is necessary to fit the new ventilation, heating and cooling system in the old ceiling plan. Additional calculations are necessary, to assure that all the spaces can be sufficiently heated and cooled with this decentralized system. Otherwise additional cooled and heated ventilation air from the air handling units will be necessary, which would lead to larger shafts.

For heating the current HOTD steam system can be used. The perimeter radiators can be used for additional heating, while the ventilation convectors can heat the ventilation air.The perimeter radiators need to be thoroughly checked, updated and repaired.

Absorption coolers will be used for the cooling system. These can be co-powered by the HOTD steam system, which is an energy efficient system. This system will cool the water that flows through the ventilation convectors.

How the new heating and cooling system will work together with the ventilation concept is shown in the next paragraph. What installations in the mechanical floor and fifth floor are necessary for this heating and cooling concept will be shown in the next paragraph, with the mechanical rooms.

For the new design no cooling tower on the roof is desirable. To realize this, additional research will be necessary. However, innovative ideas might be possible to realize this, which need to be investigated further. An option which could be investigated further, is to use the exhaust air from the garage to go through condensers, in stead of a cooling tower.

2.3 Ventilation improvementVentilation conceptAs can be seen in the next page, the temperatures in the spring and fall (40 to 75°F) in Washington D.C. are mild and suitable for natural ventilation. In winter there is need of mechanical heating and in summer mechanical cooling. This allows for a hybrid system, where the building is naturally ventilated when possible, and mechanically ventilated when needed. Adaptations need to be made to the building to make this hybrid system possible.This hybrid ventilation system needs to be controlled, based on new Direct Digital Control system with temperature, CO2 and presence detection. With this hybrid system, significant energy reduction is possible due to less electrical energy by fans. By exploiting the diurnal outdoor temperature swing, and using natural ventilation at night, the cooling system can consume less energy.

For the ventilation system, multiple shafts are used inside the cores. The Concept Design of Mecanoo and Martinez+Johnson shows four cores, in which the shafts will be situated. Two cores are closed, and two cores are made transparent. The building is divided into two zones, with four possible shafts. Shafts 1 and 2 can be used when the building needs complete mechanical ventilation in the summer or winter i.e.: when the temperature is too high or low for natural ventilation. Since these shafts are closed, they are most suitable for mechanical ventilation. The building is divided into two zones, so that shaft 1 can provide ventilation air for the left side of the building, while shaft 2 can provide air for the right side. The two public staircases (shafts 3 and 4) can be used for natural ventilation, when the outside temperature allows for it. These staircases have a glass enclosure with staircases, and are therefore very suitable for natural ventilation. It is important that for natural ventilation, there is enough area where the ventilation air can pass without barriers like staircases. Sha 2: mechanical

ven la onSha 1: mechanicalven la on

Sha 3: Natural ven la-on through staircase

Sha 4: Natural ven la onthrough staircase

Zone 1 Zone 2


There are three situations possible for the ventilation concept, which are explained further below. Which of these will be used at a certain time, will be determined and regulated by the digital control system. -Natural ventilation when temperatures are mild-Mechanical cooling with high outdoor temperatures-Mechanical heating with low outdoor temperatures

These situations are possible with or without additional volume as the 6th to 8th floor. Note that these are schematic representations of the ventilation concept. The placement of the installations and ducts are not exact.

Mechanical heatingWhen the outside temperature is too low in the winter to make use of naturally ventilated air, the air will be supplied completely mechanically through the building. The cold outside air will be supplied through the left side of the building on the ground floor, afterwards going through air handling units on the mechanical floor. The existing HOTD steam system will be used by the air handling units to pre-heat the air to acceptable temperatures. The air will be distributed through the building mechanically by shafts 1 and 2. Before the air is brought to the rooms, it can go through ventilation convectors for extra heating of the space.

Exhaust air will also go through the same shafts 1 and 2, but in a different duct, to the mechanical room on the fifth floor. Here a heat exchanger will be used to extract the heat from the air, and bring it back to the air handling units to reduce energy loss. The placement of the exhaust grates can vary. It is possible for the ventilation air to go out directly at the fifth floor at the façade. If the additional volume has an open atrium, it is possible for the air to go through this space to the outside. Only the air from the garage needs to go directly to the outside, since this is contaminated with exhaust gasses from the vehicles.

Mechanical coolingWhen the temperature in the summer is too high for natural ventilation, the system will be completely mechanical. Again, the air is supplied from the left side of the building to the air handling units. Absorption coolers will be used for pre-cooling of the air. The supply air will be distributed to the spaces through shafts 1 and 2. The spaces are cooled by decentralized ventilation convectors.

Natural ventilation

Mechanical air heating

Mechanical air Cooling

Mechanical air Cooling

Natural ventilation

time

Tem

pera

ture

(deg

F) 80

70

60

6pm6am 6ammidnight12noonday night

Outsidetemperature

Internaltemperature

Natural ventilationMechanical cooling

+ ventilationNatural Cooling +

ventilation with night air

Natural ventilationIn the situation that the outside temperatures are mild, for example in spring and autumn, natural ventilation can be used throughout many rooms. Some rooms that need special conditioning still need mechanical ventilation. Natural forces will be used as much as possible, but some additional mechanical fans will probably be necessary to help the air flow.The outside air is supplied through the basement. Since it is a large building and only two natural ventilation cores are used, it will probably be necessary to use some mechanical fans to supply the air and distribute it through the building. This will go through shafts 1 and 2. Through shafts 3 and 4, the staircases, the air can naturally be brought to the outside. With the Digital control system, the indoor air quality can be guaranteed.Additional calculations are necessary in the further stages of the design to see what capacity can be realized with natural ventilation.

Air Handling Unit

Twin coil heat exchanger

Air supply

Heat from exhaust air

Heated air

Exhaust air from rooms

Exhaust air to outside

Winter situa on, Ven la on concept

Exhaust: through atrium of addi onal building volume orDirectly to outside on 5th oor


Ventilation capacity calculationFor the building services, calculations are made with the measurements from the Concept Design, which give a global indication of the measurements needed for the ventilation shafts. Additional research is needed in later stages of the design, to improve the calculations. A decentralized heating and cooling system will be used in the suspended ceilings. In this case the occupant density can be used as values for the ventilation capacity. The calculation is shown on the next page, based on the square feet that are given in the Concept Design. These calculations are very dependent on the functions and sizes of the spaces and can therefore change significantly in further stages of the design.

Shaft sizesBased on the needed ventilation, the shafts sizes can be calculated. Like the ventilation capacity, also the shaft sizes can change further in the design.The shaft sizes for different situations have been calculated, based on the velocity that is allowed in the shafts. For a closed shaft, a velocity of 23ft/s (7m/s) is allowed. With natural ventilation in a closed shaft, 8,2ft/s (2,5m/s) is possible. If the natural ventilation goes through a shaft such as a staircase, much lower velocities are allowed, to prevent problems such as draught. The precise allowable velocity needs to be determined in later stages of the design. In the current concept design, in shafts 1 and 2, which are closed shafts, 23ft/s is used. For shafts 3 and 4, 1,6ft/s is used.

The needed ventilation capacity is calculated, based on an extra 30% ventilation, in order to obtain a better indoor air comfort. This can give an extra point, and help obtain the LEED Gold status. The shafts needed for the basic ventilation are also calculated.

Core 1 and 2 are used for mechanical ventilation. The duct sizes are calculated, and based on this the shaft sizes. The shaft sizes are 7,8x17,9ft (2,4x6m) per core for the ventilation of the spaces on the lower floor up to the fifth floor. The ventilation of the parking garage needs to have a separate duct of 6,9x9,2ft (2,1x2,8m) per core that goes directly to the outside. Additional shaft space should be reserved for plumbing, additional pipes etc. It is important to note that the ventilation capacity needed for floors 6 to 8 are not included, since the function will be determined in a later stage. However, the ventilation systems are separated and can therefore function independently, no matter if the additional volume will be added to the building.

Supply gratesWithin the cores, the ventilation air can be supplied to the spaces. The supply of fresh air will come from the west side of the building, from grates at the ground floor. The velocity at these supply grates can be 6,56ft/s (2m/s), and has about 50% air permeability. Therefore the grate area for the spaces on the lower floor up to the fifth floor can be calculated as 384,3ft2 (35,7m2). The grate area for the parking garage will need to be 203,4ft2 (18.9m2). If air will be used additionally for cooling of the spaces, this grate size will need to increase. However, it is assumed that cooling and heating will be possible with the decentralized system with ventilation convectors.Grates 1 to 7 will be used to supply the air to the lower ground floor. Here the air can be brought to grates 1 to 3, so that it can be brought down to the mechanical floor. Here the air can go to the air handling units, where it will be pre-heated or pre-cooled for supply to the spaces.Some of the supply air needs to be brought to the parking floor, where fresh air is needed in the parking garage. This needs to have separate exhaust ducts, which need to go directly to the outside.

Air Handling Unit

Twin coil heat exchanger

Air supply

Cold from exhaust air

Cooled air

Exhaust air from spaces

Exhaust air to outside

Absorp on cooler, powered with the district steam system

Cooling for the air handling units. Done with air-cooledcondensers in ven la on sha of parking garage air

Summer situa on, Ven la on concept

Exhaust: through atrium of addi onal building volume orDirectly to outside on 5th oor

Air supply to rooms, with help of fans

Natural ven la on exhaust air from spaces

Exhaust air from garage directly to outside, notthrough atrium

Spring and autumn situa on ven la on concept, natural ven la on

Exhaust: through atrium of addi on building volume orDirectly to outside on 5th oor

Ground oor, supply grate posi on and sha s

Airs

uppl

yto

mec

hani

call

evel

Natural exhaust through sha s 3 and 4

Air supply,with aid of fans


Floor Function Square feet Square meter(Public assembly spaces)Occupancy category

(# persons/1000ft2)Occupant density # persons cfm/person cfm/ft2 Air change rate cfm needed m3/h needed m3/s needed

max. velocityin shaft (naturalventilation) m/s

max. velocityin shaft (mechanicalventilation) m/s

Shaftsurface (m2)for 2,5m/s

Shaftsurface (m2)for 7m/s Shaft nr.

Shaft surface1for 2,5m/s

Shaft surface 2for 2,5m/svelocity

Shaft surface 1for 7m/svelocity

Shaft surface 2 for7m/s velocity

Total shaft surface for0,5m/s velocity

Parking floor Garage 53820 5000 Parking garages 0,75 40365 68580 19,05 7 2,72

Lower floor Staff (collection management) 16640 1546 Office space 5 83,2 17 1414,4 2403 0,67 2,5 7 0,27 0,10 1+2 0,13 0,13 0,05 0,05 1,34

Lower floor Teen area 10165 944 Libraries 10 101,7 17 1728,1 2936 0,82 2,5 7 0,33 0,12 2 0,33 0,12 1,63

Lower floor Offices 2700 251 Office space 5 13,5 17 229,5 390 0,11 2,5 7 0,04 0,02 2 0,04 0,02 0,22

Lower floor Archives 6790 631 Storage 0,2 833 1415 0,39 2,5 7 0,16 0,06 1 0,16 0,06 0,79

Lower floor Center for innovation 12240 1137 Libraries 10 122,4 17 2080,8 3535 0,98 2,5 7 0,39 0,14 1 0,39 0,14 1,96

Ground floor Vestibule 1976 184 Lobbies 150 296,4 5 1482 2518 0,70 2,5 7 0,28 0,10 1+2 0,14 0,14 0,05 0,05 1,40

Ground floor Marketplace 10660 990 Libraries 10 106,6 17 1812,2 3079 0,86 2,5 7 0,34 0,12 1+2 0,17 0,17 0,06 0,06 1,71

Ground floor Informal performance space 2965 275 Music/theater/dance 25 74,125 12 889,5 1511 0,42 2,5 7 0,17 0,06 1+2 0,08 0,08 0,03 0,03 0,84

Ground floor Café/coffee bar 4870 452 Cafeteria/fast food dining 100 487 9 4383 7447 2,07 2,5 7 0,83 0,30 1 0,83 0,30 4,14

Ground floor Digital commons 7100 660 Computer lab 25 177,5 15 2662,5 4524 1,26 2,5 7 0,50 0,18 1 0,50 0,18 2,51

Ground floor Popular public 11000 1022 Libraries 10 110 17 1870 3177 0,88 2,5 7 0,35 0,13 2 0,35 0,13 1,77

Ground floor Staff entrance 609 57 Lobbies 150 91,35 5 456,75 776 0,22 2,5 7 0,09 0,03 1 0,09 0,03 0,43

Ground floor Optional residential entrance 609 57 Lobbies 150 91,35 5 456,75 776 0,22 2,5 7 0,09 0,03 2 0,09 0,03 0,43

Second floor Adult services 14400 1338 Libraries 10 144 17 2448 4159 1,16 2,5 7 0,46 0,17 1+2 0,23 0,23 0,08 0,08 2,31

Second floor Children's Hub 12515 1163 Libraries 10 125,15 17 2127,55 3615 1,00 2,5 7 0,40 0,14 2 0,40 0,14 2,01

Second floor Center for adaptive services 6224 578 Libraries 10 62,24 17 1058,08 1798 0,50 2,5 7 0,20 0,07 1 0,20 0,07 1,00

Second floor Adult literacy 5624 522 Libraries 10 56,24 17 956,08 1624 0,45 2,5 7 0,18 0,06 1 0,18 0,06 0,90

Second floor Staff 16820 1563 Office space 5 84,1 17 1429,7 2429 0,67 2,5 7 0,27 0,10 1+2 0,13 0,13 0,05 0,05 1,35

Third floor Staff 16290 1513 Office space 5 81,45 17 1384,65 2353 0,65 2,5 7 0,26 0,09 1+2 0,13 0,13 0,05 0,05 1,31

Third floor Adult services 39536 3673 Libraries 10 395,36 17 6721,12 11419 3,17 2,5 7 1,27 0,45 1+2 0,63 0,63 0,23 0,23 6,34

Fourth floor Meeting and event spaces 28800 2676 Conference/meeting 50 1440 6 8640 14679 4,08 2,5 7 1,63 0,58 1+2 0,82 0,82 0,29 0,29 8,16

Fourth floor Washingtonia & black studies 22460 2087 Storage 0,2 1878 3191 0,89 2,5 7 0,35 0,13 1 0,35 0,13 1,77

Fourth floor Staff 3510 326 Office space 5 17,55 17 298,35 507 0,14 2,5 7 0,06 0,02 1+2 0,03 0,03 0,01 0,01 0,28

Fourth floor/roof Auditorium Auditorium seating areas 300 5 1500 2549 0,71 2,5 7 0,28 0,10 2 0,28 0,10 1,42

Fifth floor Café/restaurant Mies 8350 776 Cafeteria/fast food dining 100 835 9 7515 12768 3,55 2,5 7 1,42 0,51 2 1,42 0,51 7,09

Fifth floor Staff 13500 1254 Office space 5 68 17 1148 1950 0,54 2,5 7 0,22 0,08 1 0,22 0,08 1,08

Fifth floor Mechanical rooms 3640 338 Electrical equipment room 218,4 371 0,10 2,5 7 0,04 0,01 1+2 0,02 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,21

6th to 8th floor To be determined in a later stage

NOTES:

1) Square feet according to the Concept plan TEC submittal (February 7, 2014), Concept for the layout of the next generation library. (Square feet of the residences are estimated)

2) Cfm/ft2 = cubic foot per minute --> 1,699011 m3/h

3) Default ventilation values are used according to ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 62-2001, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality TABLE 6.1. For residences TABLE E-2 is used.

4) For collection spaces, according to 1999 Ashrae Applications Handbook, Chapter 20 Museums, Libraries and Archives, the typical outdoor air supply rate should create 0.2 ACH (Air Change rate) in the space

5) According to the Concept plan TEC submittal, the Auditorium has 300 seats

6) Ceiling heights of 4,5 meters on all floors, except the ground floor (6.6 meters) are considered for the air change rate calculation

7) The mechanical room outdoor air rate ( 0,06 cfm/ft2) is taken from ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality TABLE 6-1

8) The parking garage has an exhaust rate of 0,75cfm/ft2 (=4,18m3/h per m2) according to TABLE 6-4 of ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 62-2001, Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality


12

3

4

5

6

7

Total surface needed 42,0 ft2 3,9 m2

Measurements ventilation duct

Surface needed shaft 1 20,5 ft2 1,9 m2 3,28x6.56ft 1x2m

Surface needed shaft 2 20,5 ft2 1,9 m2 3,28x6.56ft 1x2m



Surface needed shaft 1 26,9 ft2 2,5 m2 3,28x8.20ft 1x2,5m

Surface needed shaft 2 26,9 ft2 2,5 m2 3,28x8.20ft 1x2,5m



Surface needed shaft 1 58,1 ft2 5,4 m2 5,91x9,84ft 1,8x3m

Surface needed shaft 2 58,1 ft2 5,4 m2 5,91x9,84ft 1,8x3m



Surface needed shaft 1 76,4 ft2 7,1 m2 6,56x11,8ft 2x3,6m

Surface needed shaft 2 76,4 ft2 7,1 m2 6,56x11,8ft 2x3,6m

Total surface needed 761,0 ft2 70,7 m2 2 staircases of: 380,5ft2 35.35m2 2 staircases of 380,5ft2

Measurements ventilation ducts

Total surface needed 29,1 ft2 2,7 m2 2 ducts of: 2,30x6,56ft 0,7x2m

Conclusions, shafts needed for ventilation:

Shaft 1 and 2 for lower floor up to fifth floor : 2 shafts of 17.9x7.8ft (6x2.4m)

Seperate for garage, in shaft 1 and 2: 2 shafts of 6.9x9.2ft (2.1x2.8m)

Shaft 3 and 4 (staircases) for natural ventilation: 2 staircases of 380,5ft2 (35.35m2)

Extra in shaft 1 and 2: additional shaft space for plumbing, pipes, water etc.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION (7m/s) + 30% for LEED Gold, lower floor up to fifth floor

NATURAL VENTILATION (2,5m/s) + 30% LEED Gold, lower floor up to fifth floor

NATURAL VENTILATION in staircase (0,5m/s) + 30% for LEED Gold, lower floor up to including fifth floor

PARKING GARAGE (7m/s)

MECHANICAL VENTILATION (7m/s) lower floor up to fifth floor

NATURAL VENTILATION (2,5m/s) lower floor up to fifth floor


The exhaust possibilities of the air are either through the façade on the fifth floor, or through a possible atrium when an additional volume is added on top of the building.

Mechanical roomsThe size of the installations can be determined with rules of thumb, depending on the heating load and cooling load. However, this cooling load depends on multiple factors: the amount of people in the building, the type of artificial lighting and the amount of solar energy going through the façade. Therefore it is only possible to determine the exact size of the mechanical installations when this information is final. To prevent overheating, it is recommended to use the existing tinted glass that keeps out solar radiation, especially on the south façade.

A very schematic layout is given of the mechanical floor. It is only to show the position of the supply ducts, and the shafts that bring the ventilation air to the building, and some of the installations that are necessary. Additional installations will also be necessary that are not shown here, for example fans. The exact size and positioning of the installations need to be determined in a later stage. The layout of the mechanical rooms will need a lot of extra attention in a later stage, since the supply air comes only from one side of the building. Therefore additional duct lengths will be necessary going to core 2. The layout of the parking level is not shown, however this mechanical room will probably be necessary as well for additional installations.

Conclusions and recommendations:Glazing that prevents over-heating inside should be used, since this will reduce the cooling load. As a heating and cooling system, ventilation convectors should be used as a decentralized system. This is the same type of system used in the original design, and allows the current ceilings to be kept. However, the layout of the ducts need extra attention. The cooling will be realized with absorption coolers, co-powered with the HOTD steam system. The heating is also possible with the existing HOTD steam system.

A hybrid ventilation system is possible. In this system natural ventilation is used when possible and mechanical ventilation with heating or cooling when needed. This will reduce the energy use.

For core 1 and 2 it is advised at this stage to use the area of 6,9x9,2ft (2,1x2,8m) per core for mechanical ventilation of the garage, at least 7,8x17,9ft (2,4x6m) per core for ventilation of the lower floor to fifth floor. Some extra room behind the bathrooms is necessary and a few extra square meters for additional pipes. With somewhat larger shaft sizes the possibility of problems will be reduced in a later stage. The final shaft sizes strongly depend on the arrangement of the ducts, pipes, etc. A free area of 761ft2 (70,7m2) total at the staircases is recommended for natural ventilation.

The grates to supply air for ventilation need to be about 203,4ft2 (54,6m2). Preferable this should be divided over 2 sides of the building, to prevent too much ducts through the building to go to the other zone. However when this is not possible extra attention is needed for the layout of the mechanical level and mechanical room on the parking level.

Mechanical oor—schema c layout of thespace with installa ons

Fi h oor—global posi on of the heat exchangers

Supply ducts from grates

Supply air

Air from AHU

Sha s

Air handling unit

Heater exchanger and distributor

Coolers and cooling distributor

Exhaust air in case of natural ven la on

Exhaust air from mechanical ven la on

Air from sha s

Heat exhchanger


3. Facade renovationAnalyses current situationThe facade currently exists out of steel window frames with single glazing attached to a concrete spandrel.The current facade is not insulated and therefore suffers from a lot of heat loss and condensation on the inside. Not only causes this patron discomfort, it also causes degradation of the facade.The exterior assessment report from Freelon reveals that moisture can penetrate the building envelope which causes material degradation. The report also states that some of the steel is corroded.As the façade is not insulated, cold bridges and condensation cause discomfort in the spaces behind the façade.The façade is an important part of the monumentality of the building. It is therefore important to sustain the current look of the façade.

Proposed solutions redesignTo investigate the thermal performance of the facade in the current situation the facade is modelled in heat flow simulating software. With this the heat loss through a facade element can be simulated. Next to the current situation, five possible redesigns are simulated:1. Replace single glazing by double glazing, adding insulation on the inside (cut through floor).2. Replace single glazing by double glazing, adding insulation on the inside (do not cut through floor).3. Replace single glazing by double glazing, replace window frame, adding insulation on the inside (cut through floor).4. Replace single glazing by double glazing, replace window frame, adding insulation on the outside.5. Add a second double glazed window behind original window, adding insulation from the inside (cut through floor).

When looking at the thermal performance of the different solutions on the next page, insulating the façade from the outside (option 4) proves to be the best option. The other options still have a cold bridge in the floor. Moreover, with option 5 the view on the façade from the inside would change. With option 4 the façade can keep its characteristic appearance, when special window frames for renovation are used and the glazing is replaced by tinted modern IGU. Big temperature differences in the concrete spandrel are also avoided.

In the exterior assessment report from Freelon recommendations for façade upgrade were given. They only looked at the window frames and the glazing, not at the concrete in the spandrel section. Their conclusion regarding the window frames and glazing was that the best option is to replace the window frames by thermally insulates ones and to use IGU. This matches our findings.

When modeling the façade in more detail, the temperatures in the frame can be calculated to get a better idea where the critical points system lie. The window frame has a thermal barrier inside to prevent mayor heat loss through the steel profile. By attaching the window frame on the inside to the concrete, this connection also does not create a cold bridge. As can be seen in the picture on the next page, the lowest temperatures occur at the corner where the window frame is attached to the concrete. This is however still above the temperature at which condensation would occur.

To resist the wind load the steel window frame has to be attached to the I-beam inside the concrete. With the use of a steel profile connected to the I-beam and cast into the concrete, the façade can be secured.

Conclusions and recommendationsCompletely insulating the facade from the outside is the best solution to improve the thermal performance. This means that the single glazing will be replaced by double glazing in thermal window frames and a layer of insulation will be applied in the spandrel section. This solution does not have cold bridges and big temperature differences in the concrete spandrel are avoided.The Design Guidelines state that repairing the façade instead of replacing it is preferable. However in this case, the poor thermal performance of the façade and the degradation of the materials is a reason to replace instead of repair the façade. Whenever possible, parts of the existing façade, like the steel I-beams on the outside and the steel cladding can be reused. Most important is to use new materials that look the same as the ones used now, so the characteristic appearance of the façade will be maintained.


Current situation Replace single glazing byHR++ glazing

Replace single glazing byHR++ glazing

Replace single glazing byHR++ glazing, replacewindow frame

Replace single glazing byHR++ glazing, replacewindow frame

Second window behindoriginal facade

Insulation None Inside Inside Inside Outside InsideStructure

Image

Units °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °FTi=20°C/68°FTe=0°C/32°F

Ti on windowframe

3 37.4 3 37.4 3 37.4 15 59 15 59 18 64.4

Ti on floor 10 50 8 46.4 9 48.2 8 46.4 19 66.2 10 50

Relative humidityallowed inside

window frame 32% 32% 32% 73% 73% 88%

floor 53% 46% 49% 46% 94% 53%

Ti=20°C/68°FTe=-10°C/14°F

Ti on windowframe

-5.5 41.9 -5.5 41.9 -5.5 41.9 12.5 54.5 12.5 54.5 17 62.6

Ti on floor 5 41 2 35.6 3.5 38.3 2 35.6 18.5 65.3 5 41

Relative humidityallowed inside

window frame 16% 16% 16% 62% 62% 86%

floor 37% 30% 34% 30% 91% 37%

Te winter =-26°C/-14.8°F

T in concretespandrel

-19 -2.2 -24 -11.2 -24 -11.2 -24 -11.2 18 64.4 -24 -11.2

Te summer+solarload(43°C+1000W/m²) =53°C/127°F

T in concretespandrel

48 118 51 124 51 124 51 124 22 71.6 51 124

T 67 120.2 75 135.2 75 135.2 75 135.2 4 7.2 75 135.2

Units mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inch mm inchElongation building (over110m/360ft)

74 2.9 83 3.3 83 3.3 83 3.3 4 0.2 83 3.3

Pro’s solution Original design. No visual change of facade. No visual change of facade. Little visual change of facade. Little visual change of facade.Good insulation.Low risk of condensation.Little tensions because oftemperature differences in thefacade.

Little visual change on theoutside of facade.

Con’s solution Risk of condensation.Heat loss through floor.Tensions because oftemperature differences in thefacade.

Risk of condensation.Heat loss through floor.Tensions because oftemperature differences in thefacade.



Bigger intervention on thefacade.Expensive.

Risk of condensation.Heat loss through floor.Tensions because oftemperature differences inthe facade.


Thermal performance of insulated windowframes

Vertical section

Horizontal sectionCurrent situation Proposed redesign


4. DaylightAnalysis current situationThe MLK Library is surrounded by multistory buildings. Some of these buildings are located very close to the library, blocking part of the light, like the church building. The MLK library is, compared with its neighbors, not very high and does therefore not block the sun from the buildings on the other side of the street.The spaces in the library are very deep. This makes artificial lighting necessary in the spaces further located from the facade. The facade itself has very dark tinted glass, which takes out part of the incoming daylight.The analysis performed by Lyrasis recommended the use of UV-films on the windows where bookshelves are located nearby to prevent damage on the books by UV-radiation. The use of low intensity lighting is recommended to prevent damage on the books by visible light.

March 21stCurrent situation

June 21stCurrent situation

December 21stCurrent situationNew situation New situation New situation

1 hour after sunrise (7:22 am) 1 hour after sunrise (6:52 am) 1 hour after sunrise (8:40 am)

Noon (12:00) Noon (12:00) Noon (12:00)

1 hour before sunset (5:21 pm)1 hour before sunset (7:54 pm) 1 hour before sunset (4:00 pm)

4.1 Exterior light studiesWith the new design for the MLK Library the light inside the building and around the building will change. The addition on the roof of the MLK Library will influence the shadow on the roof and on the surrounding buildings. To demonstrate this, daylight simulations have been made. In these simulations, the old and the new situation for the building have been compared.With the addition placed on the roof the northern part of the roof terrace will be shaded for the biggest part of the year. At the moment this is not the case. With the addition on the roof only around noon there is direct sunlight on the roof. This part of the roof terrace is reserved for staff, who might use it mainly during their lunch break. As this is around noon, the shade does not necessarily have to be a problem. Extra attention should be paid to the vegetation placed here.On the West side there is a church building close to the MLK Library, which causes this facade to be in the shade for the biggest part of the year. The North facade never faces direct sunlight.

The East facade has direct sunlight in the morning, though the building on 9th St NW blocks part of the light.Because of the added volume there will be more shade on the church building. At the moment the height of the church building exceeds that of the MLK library, so from the East side of the church building you have an unobstructed view. This will change when a volume is added on top of the MLK. Then the addition will block the view and take out part of the daylight.

Conclusions exterior light studiesBy adding a volume on the roof, the Northern part of the roof terrace will be shaded. The added volume also blocks the view from the church building next to it. On the other buildings the addition has little influence.


Daylight factors in library space:Study space: 7.5%Service desk: 0.71%In the back: 0.23%

Daylight factors in office space:Next to window: 5.57%In the back: 0.23%

4.2 Interior light studiesTo test the light inside the spaces, simulations have been made in light simulating software (Dialux). An office space and a library space have been simulated, to see how daylight is distributed through the room. In these simulations the glass in the façade is modelled as normal glass. Currently, the glass in the façade is very dark, blocking a lot of daylight. However, nowadays there are new kinds of glazing that have the same dark appearance, but let through a lot more daylight.It is important to maximize the amount of daylight inside the building, to reduce energy costs for lighting but also to create a good working environment. The renderings on the next page show the daylight in and around the building.In the library space the light intensity next to the South façade is very high, which can be uncomfortable for reading. Moreover the UV-radiation could damage the books. Sun shading might be applied here. Deeper into the library artificial light is needed during the day. Special installations that bring light deeper into the room can also be useful, or the use of reflective materials.In the office space the tables on the backside need artificial light during the day. Recommended is to place the working places close to the facade, to give them maximum access to daylight and minimize artificial light needed.The dark colored glazing takes out part of the daylight in the spaces. With exception of the South facade, it is recommended to use glass which blocks less daylight.The introduction of patios and skylights on the ground floor admit daylight in the lower level. This reduces the amount of artificial light needed and give an extra quality to the spaces below. Recommended is to block daylight from the archives to prevent degradation of books, as described in the analysis performed by Lyrasis.

Conclusions interior light studiesThe light intensity next to the South façade is quite high. This can cause discomfort while reading and the UV-radiation can damage the books. Recommended is to use a form of sun shading here (this could be also be solar controlled glazing). Important is that the glazing should not change the appearance of the façade.Because the building is quite deep, artificial lighting is needed deeper into the rooms. The MMMM principle of opening up the space helps to create lighter internal spaces. The light beams on the ceiling are part of the monumentality, these should be maintained.

Sunpath Diagram for Washington D.C.


Light studies: daylight inside

March 21 June 21 December 21

March 21 June 21 December 21


CaféThe cafe will be situated at the Ground Floor. Currently there is a study space located here. The same ceiling as in the marketplace is used, although there is carpet on the floor. The space has a height of about 5.5 meters, the same as the marketplace. The total volume however is much smaller.To create a good acoustic climate in the café it is recommended to use a good acoustic ceiling, similar to the one used in the marketplace. For the floor there are more possibilities to apply a sound absorbing material like marmoleum. Together with the acoustic ceiling this should be enough to keep the reverberation time below 0.8 seconds.

Library spacesThe library spaces are less high compared to the marketplace, and more sound absorbing surface is present here. This creates a better acoustic climate. The acoustics could be improved further by using the acoustic ceiling panels as described before. The book shelves also contribute to the sound absorption.On the floor it is recommended to use a floor which absorbs sound. Currently carpet is used, which is a suitable material for sound absorption. Other types are also possible, like marmoleum for example. Flutter echoes will probably not be a problem here, because the bookshelves scatter the sound.

AuditoriumThe auditorium will be a new element and therefore there are more possibilities here for applying sound absorbing materials. To create a good acoustic climate in the auditorium, it is important to look at the reverberation time and the way sound is reflected in the room. Next to that, the sound insulation to the surrounding rooms has to be sufficient. The reverberation time should be around 1.0 seconds, to make sure that people can hold a speech without using a microphone. This can be achieved by using an acoustic ceiling or acoustic panels. To prevent sound from reflecting at the back walls acoustic material needs to be applied here. Another point of consideration is the elliptic shape of the auditorium. An ellipse has two focus points, if there are no sound scattering measures taken on the wall, all sound comes together in these points.The materials that can be used in the auditorium depend on the esthetical wishes of the architect. A wide range of products is available, in different materials and shapes. In a later stage of the design the acoustic measures for the auditorium can be further determined.

Conclusions and recommendationsThe monumentality of the marketplace is a challenge for creating a good acoustic climate. With the use of a good acoustic ceiling the reverberation time can be brought back to approximately 1.2 seconds, which would be a significant improvement. Ideally you would want to bring the reverberation time back to less than 1.0 seconds. This can maybe be achieved with the use of furniture. Important is that the appearance of the ceiling should stay the same, as stated in the design guidelines.

In the other spaces, there are more opportunities for applying sound absorbing materials. The floor in the café can be sound absorbing, as can be the floors of the library spaces. The characteristic ceiling appearance should be kept the same, which only leaves the space between the lighting available for an acoustic ceiling. The lower heights of the library spaces makes these spaces to have a better acoustic climate.The auditorium is a newly added element. Therefore there is more freedom here in applying acoustic materials. Important is to connect the auditorium to the rest of the building, so to keep it in the style of Mies van der Rohe.

5. AcousticsAnalyses current situationIn the MLK library the floors have different heights. The main challenge is created on ground level, because of the height of this level (approximately 18’4’’).Currently the marketplace of the library has a marble floor, brick walls and a suspended metal board ceiling. Due to the lack of sound absorbing materials, the space has a long reverberation time. This causes the space to sound hollow. This space has a high monumental value.On the upper floors, the interior spaces will change and there is more freedom to use sound absorbing materials. The carpet on the floor and the book shelves work as sound absorbing materials. Because of this the reverberation time in these spaces is lower, which causes a more comfortable acoustic climate.

Proposed solutions redesignSeveral spaces in the library require some extra attention if it comes to acoustics. One of the most important ones is the marketplace, because there little interventions are possible because of the monumentality. Here the marketplace, the auditorium, the café and the library spaces are discussed.

MarketplaceIn the marketplace, the monumental floor and walls have to be sustained. The characteristic lighting on the ceiling will be kept the same, to preserve the original interior image. This leaves little area for sound absorbing materials. The space has a large volume, which causes the space to sound hollow. With the current materialization the marketplace would have a reverberation time of about 2.5 seconds.To create a good acoustic climate it is recommended to use a good acoustic ceiling. Approximately 20% of the ceiling area is used for lighting, the other 80% can be used to apply an acoustic ceiling. This can be a seamless white ceiling. When a good acoustic ceiling with an αw of at least 0,8 is used, the reverberation time can be brought back to approximately 1.2 seconds. This would be a significant improvement.Next to that the furniture in the room could be cladded with sound absorbing materials. Currently some carpets are put on the floor. If these are maintained they can also contribute to the sound absorption. Another point of consideration are the flutter echoes. A flutter echo is a multiple echo in which the sound reflections rapidly follow each other. To prevent flutter echoes, from two walls facing each other one has to be sound diffusing. This will be difficult in the marketplace because of the monumentality of the walls. Perhaps strategically placing furniture could help preventing flutter echoes.


6. The roofAnalyses current situationThe current roof of the MLK Library is a traditional one with gravel. The original roof has been replaced in 1991 by a composite beam construction with an additional layer of asphaltic concrete. It is not accessible for public or employees. On the roof are some spaces for building services and the cooling towers. From the top one has a beautiful view over Washington D.C. There are potentials in making the roof part of the building services, for example by applying solar panels or a green roof. In this we assume the mixed use concept, when the additional volume will not be realized, new calculations need to be made.

Proposed solutionsIn the redesign, a new volume will be built on top of the library. This will split the roof in two parts. The roof of the current library will be used as a roof terrace, making use of the beautiful view you have from here over Washington. The roof of the new volume could be part of the building services. We will explore the different possibilities to make the roof part of the building services. We will look mainly to the possibility of obtaining extra LEED credits.Extra LEED credits can be achieved in the categories ‘Rainwater management’ and ‘Heat island reduction’. With the use of photovoltaic panels extra points can also be achieved for ‘Renewable energy production’. The maximum credits that can be achieved per category can be found on pages 19 and 20. For the categories mentioned here they are:Category Point possibleRainwater management 3Heat island reduction 2Renewable energy production 3

Rainwater managementTo achieve the credits for rainwater management, the runoff of rainwater on site has to be managed in a manner best replicating natural site hydrology processes for 85% of regional or local rainfall events. This can be done with green infrastructure on the roof or on the site.With an intensive green roof an annual runoff of 15% can be achieved. This would meet the LEED requirements. But since not all of the roof area can be used for rainwater buffering because of the terrace, it is unlikely that this points can be achieved. However a green roof can be used for heat island reduction.

Heat island reductionTo obtain points for heat island reduction the following formula applies:

Area of non-roof measures/0.5 + area of high reflectance roof/0.75 + area of vegetated roof/ 0.75 ≥ Total site paving area + total roof area

The total site + roof area is approximately 76391 sq ft (7097 m2). Of this 11593 sq ft (1077 m2) is the site on street level, 64977 sq ft (6020 m2) is the roof. Of this, approximately 32399 sq ft (3010 m2) is the roof of the added volume and 32399 sq ft (3010 m2) is on the roof terrace.Part of the roof of the added volume is glazed. If this glazed part has a solar reflection of at least 0.33, it counts as a non-roof measure and can contribute to the heat island reduction. The rest of the roof of the added volume can be vegetated or highly reflecting. The roof of the added volume can then contribute for:

Glazed roof/0.5 + Green roof/0.75 = 7858/0.5 + 24542/0.75 =48438 sq ft

If 20968 sq ft on the roof terrace is a high reflecting material or vegetated, or has shade from trees, the roof meets the requirements for heat island reduction. This means it is possible to obtain the points for heat island reduction.

Renewable energy productionTo achieve the credits for renewable energy production, a part of the energy consumption of the building has to be compensated by producing renewable energy. The more energy the building produces, the more points it gets. % renewable energy points1 13 210 3

For the library, the roof of the added volume can be used to place photo voltaic cells. These cells can also be used to obtain points for heat island reduction as they count as non-roof measures.In this stage of the design process it is too early to say if the points for renewable energy can be obtained, because nothing is known about the future energy consumption of the building. The less energy the building consumes, the less renewable energy it needs to generate.

Conclusions and recommendationsIn the current redesign, it is not possible to obtain the points for rainwater management.In order to obtain extra LEED points for heat island reduction, it is recommended to apply a green roof on the added volume and to use high solar reflecting glazing. On the roof terrace a significant part has to be vegetated or high solar reflecting. With these measures, the points for heat island reduction can be obtained. The additional weight of the vegetated roof puts an extra load on the roof, this need to be taken into account in the structural calculations. At the moment this is not expected to be a problem.In this stage of the design process, it is too early to say if the points for renewable energy production can be obtained. With solar panels on the roof it might be possible.

78577 sq ft (730 m2)

high reflecting

24542 sq ft (2280 m2)

high reflecting/ vegetated/solar panels



32399 sq ft (3010 m2)


7. LEED certificationLEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council and is a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings, homes and neighborhoods. For the Martin Luther King Library, the ambition is to achieve LEED Gold.

Certified: 40 to 49 pointsSilver: 50 to 59 pointsGold: 60 to 79 pointsPlatinum: 80 to 110 points

The LEED certification system is divided in points, 40 are needed to become LEED certified, with a maximum of 110 with a Platinum certification. For a Gold certificate, 60 to 79 points need to be obtained. There are different categories for which points can be obtained. However, some points are very difficult to obtain due to the fact that it is an existing building. In this chapter an analysis of the current redesign will be made, and recommendations of how to obtain more LEED credits will be given.

Categories in which LEED points can be obtained are:Location and transportation• Sustainable sites• Water efficiency• Energy and atmosphere• Materials and resources• Indoor environmental quality• Innovation• Regional priority

Analysis current situationIn the table on the right the points that can be obtained with the current design are marked green. The orange marked points can be onbtained, but further calculations are needed. These are points for which the design does not need major changes, although some additional installations may be needed. Please note that this chart only shows possibilities for obtaining points and is no guarantee that they will be earned. It may depend on the willingness to invest extra resources into the achievement of some credits.

As previously stated, with the current design, a possible 49-74 points can be obtained. A range is being given because some aspects of the design - for example the energy performance - have not been calculated yet. Because at least 60 points are required for Gold, it is recommended that special attention is paid to the overall building energy performance, as 18 points can be obtained in this category.

LEED v4 for BD+C: New Construction and Major RenovationProject ChecklistProject Name: Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington

Redesign

Date: 5-06-2014

YCredit 1 1

14 Possible Points: 16 Notes:

Credit 1 16

1 Credit 2 1 Locate project on land that has been previously developed.

Credit 3 2

5 Credit 4 5 Verify density Downtown DC, more than 8 existing and publicly available diverse uses

5 Credit 5 5Entry of building is within 1/4 mile (400 meter) walking distance of existing bus stops and 1/2 mile (800-meter)walking distance from rail station.

1 Credit 6 1Short-term bicycle storage for at least 2,5% of all peak visitors, long-term storage for at least 5% of all regularbuilding occupants (with shower facilities) and storage for 30% of all residential occupants.

1 Credit 7 1 Parking cpacity needs to be a percentage below the base ratios recommended, additional research needed.

1 Credit 8 Green Vehicles 15% of all parking spaces used as preferred parking for green vehicles, with electric vehicle charging in 2% of parkingspaces.

1 Possible Points: 10 Notes:Y Prereq 1 Required

1 Credit 1 1 Complete and document a site survey or assessment.

Credit 2 2

Credit 3 1

Credit 4 3

Credit 5 2

Credit 6 1


Y Prereq 2 Required

Y Prereq 3 Building-Level Water Metering Required

2 Credit 1 2No permanent irrigation system required for landscaping, or reduce the project's landscape water requirements byat least 50% from baseline's peak watering month.

6 Credit 2 6 Further reduce fixture and fitting water use to 50% from the calculated baseline.

Credit 3 2

1 Credit 4 Water Metering 1 By tracking water consumption, additional water savings can be realized.


Y Prereq 2 Required

Y Prereq 3 Required

Y Prereq 4 Required

Credit 1 6

18 Credit 2 18 Increase the level of energy performance up to 48% above the standards, more research needed.

1 Credit 3 1 Tracking building-level and system-level energy use.

2 Credit 4 2Increase participation in demand response technologies and programs that make energy generationand distribution systems more efficient, increase grid reliability, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Water Efficiency

Site Assessment

Site Development--Protect or Restore Habitat

Heat Island Reduction

Outdoor Water Use Reduction

Indoor Water Use Reduction

Outdoor Water Use Reduction

Location and Transportation

Sensitive Land Protection

LEED for Neighborhood Development Location

Bicycle Facilities

Rainwater Management

Light Pollution Reduction

Indoor Water Use Reduction

Open Space

Enhanced Commissioning

Integrative Process

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention

High Priority Site

Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses

Access to Quality Transit

Reduced Parking Footprint

Sustainable Sites

Cooling Tower Water Use

Demand Response

Optimize Energy Performance

Energy and Atmosphere

Minimum Energy Performance

Building-Level Energy Metering

Fundamental Commissioning and Verification

Fundamental Refrigerant Management

Advanced Energy Metering


Proposed design measures for extra pointsWith some changes in the design, extra points can be obtained. These points can be gained in the categories ‘Sustainable sites’ and ‘Energy and atmosphere’.

Sustainable sites

Heat island reduction can be achieved by using a green roof or a high reflecting roof, of by using objects that create a shade on the roof, like trees or solar panels. Currently it is not certain how the roof of the added volume of the library will be constructed. Using a green roof creates chances for obtaining points for heat island reduction. For more research and calculations, please see the previous chapter.

Light pollution reduction can be achieved by limiting the light emission of the building at night. Special safety lighting might be necessary, as well as light blocking measures on the façade. This needs more research, but it might be possible to these credits.

Energy and atmosphere

Three points can be obtained by producing at least 5% of the buildings energy use with renewable energy. This can be achieved with solar panels, wind turbines or other installations. The roof area of the building could be suitable for this. More calculations however are needed to determine the energy use of the building.

Conclusions and recommendationsIt is possible for the MLK Library to achieve LEED Gold. If all recommended design measures would be executed, up to 82 points could be achieved (that would even be enough for LEED platinum). However, there are a lot of uncertainties at this stage of the design. Moreover, a lot of monitoring systems or sustainable materials require a bigger investment. In a later stage of the design it is recommended to review the design if the requirements of LEED Gold are met.

4 Possible Points: 10Y Prereq 1 Required

1 Credit 1 1

Credit 2 2

Credit 3 1

Credit 4 3

2 Credit 5 2

1 Credit 6 1

Site Assessment

Site Development--Protect or Restore Habitat

Heat Island Reduction

Rainwater Management

Light Pollution Reduction

Open Space

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention

Sustainable Sites

26 Possible Points: 33Y Prereq 1 Required

Y Prereq 2 Required

Y Prereq 3 Required

Y Prereq 4 Required

Credit 1 6

18 Credit 2 18

1 Credit 3 1

2 Credit 4 2

3 Credit 5 3

1 Credit 6 1

1 Credit 7 2Green Power and Carbon Offsets

Enhanced Commissioning

Demand Response

Renewable Energy Production

Enhanced Refrigerant Management

Optimize Energy Performance

Energy and Atmosphere

Minimum Energy Performance

Building-Level Energy Metering

Fundamental Commissioning and Verification

Fundamental Refrigerant Management

Advanced Energy Metering


Y Prereq 2 Required

3 Credit 1 5 Reuse existing building as much as possible

2 Credit 2 2 Meet certain environmental criteria for products.

2 Credit 3 2 Meet certain criteria for raw materials.

2 Credit 4 Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Material Ingredients 2 Meet certain criteria for material ingredients.

2 Credit 5 2 Reduce total waste material.

13 Indoor Environmental Quality Possible Points: 16 Notes:Y Prereq 1 Required

Y Prereq 2 Required

2 Credit 1 2Improving the air quality, by installing certain systems, make ventilation design calculations. Additional strategiesare used, for example by increasing the rates of ventilation by 30% above the minimum required rates. Useadditional sources of control and monitoring.

3 Credit 2 3Use products in interior and exterior that comply with certain standards, for example wood, flooring, paintings andcoatings and furniture.

1 Credit 3 Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 1Develop and implement an indoor air quality management plan for the construction and preoccupancyphases of the building.

2 Credit 4 2Establish better quality indoor air in the building after construction and during occupancy,for example by air testing.

1 Credit 5 1Meet certain ASHRAE or ISO and CEN standards for designing heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems andbuilding envelope and provide thermal comfort controls.

2 Credit 6 2Lighting control for 90% of the individual occupant spaces and use light sources that provide adequate lighting andare energy efficient.

Credit 7 3

1 Credit 8 1 Provide good quality views

1 Credit 9 1Meet certain requirements for HVAC background noise, sound insulation, reverberation time and soundreinforcement and masking.

0 Innovation Possible Points: 6Credit 1 5

Credit 2 1

0 Regional Priority Possible Points: 4Credit 1 Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1

Credit 2 Regional Priority: Specific Credit 1



71 Total Possible Points: 110

Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Sourcing of Raw Materials

Innovation

Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction

Quality Views

Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies

Low-Emitting Materials

Indoor Air Quality Assessment

Construction and Demolition Waste Management

Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control

Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning

Materials and ResourcesStorage and Collection of Recyclables

Building Product Disclosure and Optimization - Environmental Product Declarations

Certified 40 to 49 points Silver 50 to 59 points Gold 60 to 79 points Platinum 80 to 110

Thermal Comfort

Acoustic Performance

Interior Lighting

Daylight

LEED Accredited Professional

Can be implemented without changing the design/ already in the designMore calculations/research is neededCan be implemented but design needs to be changed


8. Conclusions and recommendationsThe challenge for us as ABT for the MLK Library was to upgrade the building to contemporary standards of comfort and sustainability, without making concessions to the original design philosophy of Mies van der Rohe. New installations should fit in the original design, and when possible look the same. We believe that we succeeded in facing the challenges of the MLK Library in a Miesian way. Keep it simple, make use of new technologies and take the interrelationship of parts into account.We divided our strategy for the upgrade in a few points of focus, which we postulated in this report. In all these points we respect the monumentality of the building and the wishes of Mecanoo and Martinez+Johnson.

Currently the indoor climate of the library is not always very comfortable. With a new HVAC system that respects the monumentality of the library we can improve the indoor climate, and make the building more energy efficient.

When looking for a way to upgrade the façade, we decided to redesign the façade so that current standards of thermal comfort are met, but the façade appearance stays the same. Although we did not follow the design guideline of repairing instead of replacing, we made sure the new façade would look the same as the original one as much as possible.

We investigated internal and external light aspects of the MLK library. The added volume on the library will block the light to the church building, but has no further consequences for the daylight in the other surrounding building. The Northern part of the roof terrace will be shaded by the added volume. By opening up the spaces inside daylight can penetrate deeper into the building. Books need to be protected from UV-radiation.

Proposals to improve the acoustics in the building were made. Important is that especially in the marketplace there are limited possibilities to apply acoustic materials. But with a good acoustic ceiling a big improvement can be made. This acoustic ceiling can look the same as the current ceiling.

The roof can contribute to the reduction of the heat island effect by using a green roof or a highly reflecting roof. There are also possibilities to put solar panels on the roof. When these are placed far enough from the edge, the will not be visible from the street With these measures extra LEED points can be obtained.

There are possibilities for the MLK Library to obtain LEED Gold, as long as there is willingness to invest extra in this. In a later stage of the design further calculations need to be made to determine the final amount of points.

Some aspects of the design are not fully elaborated yet and provide a starting point for further research. There are many potentials in the MLK Library and we want to make the architectural design even stronger with our technical interventions. So that architecture and technology work together in the new design, like Mies van der Rohe wanted it.


appendix 2lighting designer


Content

Concept narrative

Interior lighting grid level 1Existing conditions analysisTechnical improvement

Interior lighting grid level A & 2-4Existing conditions analysisImprovement

Interior lighting public coresExisting conditions analysisProposal related to the architectural design

Interior lighting new auditoriumRequirementsProposal related to the architectural design

Exterior lightingExisting conditions analysisImprovement

Comfort & sustainability

Conclusion

1

22.12.2

33.13.2

44.14.2

55.15.2

66.16.2

7

8

Lighting designer: Mathijs A. Sommeijer MSc.


1 Concept narrative

The original lighting design of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library was based on a strong grid that resulted in equal lighting throughout most of the building, truly adapting to the motto ‘less is more’. The linear fluorescent luminaires provide diffused general lighting, regardless of the use or function of the room or area. The ceiling grid is part of the architecture and gives the building a strong identity, especially at night.

The challenge is to modernize the lighting, and to adapt it to the function of the space, while maintaining a respect for the ceiling grid. The redesign of the lighting will be considered successful if the lighting still looks the same from the outside but provides a warm welcome and invites visitors to extend their stay.

This requires a state-of-the-art lighting design in which custom made general lighting luminaires are respectful of the original Miesian fixtures. The lighting can adapt to each atmosphere or activity throughout the library, using individual controls. This adaptable design will result in a sustainable and energy efficient lighting system.


2 Interior lighting grid level 1

2.1 Existing conditions analysis The array of many fixtures in a continuous ceiling grid is a defining characteristic of the building’s architecture. As such, this dominating pattern will be adhered to as much as possible for the installation of the proposed lighting. Previous studies, such as The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library Design Guidelines, bolster this conclusion with regards to renovating the lighting system: keep the grid in the areas where it was installed originally when possible.

Originally the lighting was designed to generate a lighting level of 10+ foot candles (700 lux) here (source: Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library Design Guidelines, page 46). By today’s standard, this lighting level is relatively high for the entrance area of a public building. The 2 x 40W luminaires used here result in a total amount of installed power of approximately 3.7 W/ft2 (40W/m2). IECC 2012 regulations prescribe, depending on the function, an installed power of approximately 1.5 W/ft2 in general for libraries, making the current lighting 2.4 times the required value.

2.2 Technical improvement While keeping the ‘look and feel’ of the lighting scheme, the redesign will improve the lighting in three ways:

A) Firstly, the lighting atmosphere will be adjusted to the function of the space. Adult Services book shelves can still be lit uniformly while the lighting atmosphere in the Market Place and Cafe will be more dynamic. This will be achieved through a higher degree of contrast in the space. Contrast in light will also be used to emphasize essential objects such as information desks and staircases, where in particular, lighting will be used to help guide people through a ‘natural wayfinding’ system. This approach requires accent lighting in addition to the current diffused lighting.

B) Modern light sources provide a higher quality of light. The current fluorescent fixtures offer light with a low color rendering index (CRI) which does not showcase bright colors in an attractive manner. The new interior should be illuminated in a realistic and attractive way. An improved quality of light will ‘freshen’ the building.

C) Using energy efficient light sources, such as LED, allows the design team to dramatically decrease the energy consumption without compromising comfort. This method, combined with an overall lower lighting level (200 – 300 general lighting), will result in the achievement of the energy use requirements of the IECC 2012, as well as savings in energy use and maintenance costs.

Image 1: Original lighting grid of fluorescent fixtures.

Image 2: The use of accent lighting can emphasize on specific areas.


The existing bulbs in the general lighting fixtures can easily be changed into LED and the covers can be updated into those that offer a higher transparency for more efficiency. The challenge will be integrating accent lighting through the use of spotlights. In order to do so, we offer two options:

1. Integrate general and accent lighting in one lighting fixture. The preferable option is to ‘hide’ the accent light behind the general lighting. The general light is generated by LED strips that spread light into the space with the use of a PMMA diffusor. This diffusor is highly transparent and therefore allows light to pass through at a perpendicular angle. Above that, an accent spot can be positioned to create light suitable for the situation (desk, cafe, etc.) When seen from below the ceiling grid will appear the same, while the ambiance will be enhanced by the lighting effects. Preliminary testing indicates a desirable result. This option respects the architecture, but requires custom lighting fixtures that may require more funding.

2. Separate functions into two fixturesAn alternative option is to separate the general lighting from the accent lighting. The general lighting can be re-engineered efficiently and without compromises. The new accent lighting would be designed so that it is barely visible and does not disturb the ceiling layout. Small accent lights would be added to the lighting grid or can be combined with the small linear openings needed for HVAC. Although the accent lighting will be more efficient using this option, the ceiling will look less ‘clean’. The final design of the ceiling grid would indicate opportunities to ‘hide’ the spotlights, but this solution will deviate from the original ‘clean’ aesthetic.

Studies shown to the right illustrate the effect of combining general and accent lighting. Also an indication of the total installed power (W/ ft2) can be seen. The first results show values broadly within the requirements of the IECC.

Image 5: Testing the concept using commercially available luminaires.

Image 3: A cross sectional view of the working principle.

Image 4: The combination of multiple lighting types in one fixture.

Image 6: Separate types of luminaires in the ceiling.


3 Interior lighting grid level A & 2-4

3.1 Existing conditions analysis The upper levels of the library contain a similar array of luminaires (in a spacing of 6 x 6 luminaires for each section instead of continuous rows). The book stacks on floors 2-4 require more vertical lighting on the shelves and the new layout an size of the book stacks will improve this. In the current situation the vertical lighting level needs to be upgraded. The lighting design of the A-level is not within the scope of the concept design as the program in this area will be changed. Thus, the lighting on this level will be redesigned completely.

Image 7: Lighting calculation results of level 2-4.

3.2 Improvement The same custom made fixtures from level 1 will be used here, out of respect of the original design. The standard Miesian grid will return only with a higher quality of light and a lower amount of installed power. Again, spotlights can be used to highlight specific areas.

Since the general lighting is diffused, the minimum required vertical lighting level on the shelves will set the standard for the horizontal lighting level. For instance, 200 lux vertical can result in a horizontal lighting level set at least 300 lux, since the general lighting is diffused.

The high density of luminaires causes a high luminance of the ceiling, which is in turn reflected in glass and gloss surfaces. This effect is truly one of the Mies principles by virtually extending the ceiling grid in the window reflections. In the redesign of the lighting and interior, the design team will take care in avoiding a decrease in visual comfort in working spaces.

Image 8: Lighting calculations of level 2-4.

Image 9: Lighting calculations of level 2-4 including daylight.

The existing lighting grid and light distribution of the luminaires is not the most efficient. In order to create sufficient light on the books shelves, the vertical lighting level will have to be around 50% of the horizontal level. This will result in a high amount of horizontal lighting that is not needed on the levels 2-4.

A different approach could be employed to design the lighting following the positions of bookshelves. This will create effective lighting and will make a distinction between the bookshelves and flow areas. Asymmetric luminaires could be used to create a larger amount of vertical lighting.

Image 10: Lighting corresponding with the locations of the bookshelves.

Image 11: Only vertical lighting on bookshelves.


4 Interior lighting public cores

4.1 Existing conditions analysis The public cores will be redesigned completely so the existing condition is therefore irrelevant. The new lighting of the staircases will provide sufficient ground illumination so that patrons can safely traverse the stairs and find the elevators. Additionally, lighting will highlight the staircase column to indicate its location.

4.2 Proposal related to the architectural design The transparent walls surrounding the staircase cores capture and direct the lighting, which will be integrated in the stairs themselves. The proposed staircase illumination has a double function: it generally provides general light in this area and marks the staircase as an area with a different function. The existing lighting of this area differs from the general lighting throughout the building. This exception allows us to adapt to the new lighting to the new architecture, using alternative lighting fixtures. The shape of the staircases is strengthened by the light and the elevator entrance will be vertically illuminated to increase the natural wayfinding through the glass walls. Lighting will be used to illuminate etched imagery on the glass that will function as signage as well.

Image 12: Lighting study of the public cores with integrated light in the staiscases.

5 Interior lighting new auditorium

5.1 Analysis The addition of a new, oval auditorium, results in a break from the ceiling grid as on the lower floors. The function and architecture of the auditorium differs from the rest of the building so the lighting will reflect that nature.

Image 14: Lighting atmosphere auditorium.

5.2 Requirements The auditorium will require dimmable lighting that enhances the overall atmosphere and supports the mood requirements for presentations and performances.

5.3 Proposal related to the architectural design The number and position of fixtures needs to be chosen very carefully. To really enhance the atmosphere, light can be combined with interior architecture. The detailed lighting design can only be made in a later stage of the design process when the preliminary design of the interior is finished.

Image 13: Light through glass creates a subtle separation.

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