1

Complexity, system-level design and traffic managementCurrent design approaches do not keep pace with the growing system complexity. Although design methods are well established for the lower levels of the design trajectory, there is a lack of support for the higher (architectural and system) levels. At these higher levels, the tradeoffs in design are typically on distribution of tasks, selection of processing units, hardware/software partitioning and the selection of protocols that handle (cable, wireless or optical) communication streams with the appropriate performance, bandwidth and quality of services. Design decisions that lead to a hardware/software architecture are usually based on a designer's personal experiences and intuitions, rather than on a thorough exploration of all the possible architectural and technological alternatives. These decisions are often made without a full understanding of the system's functionality and result in design cycles that are longer than necessary, since inconsistencies that are discovered late in the design process will require time-consuming design iterations. Another complexity issue in telecommunication systems is traffic management. Traffic analysis plays an important role in system-level design of telecommunication networks as well as for tuning of telecommunication networks.

Property analysisTo manage complexity and to shorten design cycles, industry is forced to look at system-level approaches towards specification, analysis and design. These approaches deliver formal executable models, describing a system (or network) in the earliest stages of the design. These models allow properties of a system to be analysed before this system is actually being realised. Properties to analyse concern qualitative (correctness) properties as well as quantitative (performance) properties. Especially quantitative model properties are important for making system-level design decisions. Examples of these properties include, but are not limited to, the average throughput of a communication channel, the average propagation delay, the required bandwidth and process power.

6. Network Analysis and Design

2

Telecommunication Network Trend:

1. Globalization

2. Liberalization (Free Market)

3. Technology Innovation

4. Integrated Network

5. Circuit Switch → IP Switch

6. Wire → Wireless

7. SDH → LAN Switch, Router

8. Free of Charge

3

Telecommunication Master Plan Design

Feasible Study

Demand & Field Investigation

Execution Design

Project Design

Project Execution

Operation & Maintenance

- Traffic- Packet Loss- Noise- Delay- Speed- MTBF

Network Monitoring

Telecommunication Network Development

Telecommunication Systems Analysis

END

4

The erlang is a unit of traffic density in a telecommunications system. One erlang is the equivalent of one call (including call attempts and holding time) in a specific channel for 3600 seconds in an hour. The 3600 seconds need not be, and generally are not, in a contiguous block. In digital telecommunications, the voice signals are compressed. This makes it possible for one channel to carry numerous calls simultaneously by means of multiplexing. In theory, there are many ways in which a channel can carry a certain number of erlangs. For example, a traffic density of 3 erlangs can consist of three simultaneous calls, each lasting for an hour (a total of 10,800 seconds); it can consist of six calls, each of which are allocated 30 minutes (1800 seconds) of time during the hour; it might consist of 180 calls, each of which occupy one minute (60 seconds) of time during an hour.

Erlang :

Erlang = c x h /T C: call h: Average Holding Time T: Measurement Time

Ex.1 5 call AHT= 10sec Measurement Time= 25sec

Erlang = 5 x 10 / 25 = 2 erl

Ex.2 Measurement Time= 100 sec10 call AHT= 20sec

Erlang= 10 x 20 / 100 = 2 erl

Ex.3 Measurement Time= 20 minAHT= 30sec 40call

Erlang = 40 x 30 / (20 x 60) = 1 erl l

5

Erlang B The Erlang B traffic model is based on the following assumptions: •   An infinite number of sources •   Random traffic arrival pattern •   Blocked calls cleared •   Hold times exponentially distributed The Erlang B model is used when blocked calls are rerouted, never to come back to the original trunk group. This model assumes a random call arrival pattern. The caller makes only one attempt; if the call is blocked, then the call is rerouted. The Erlang B model is commonly used for first-attempt trunk groups where you need not take into consideration the retry rate because callers are rerouted, or you expect to see very little blockage. The following formula is used to derive the Erlang B traffic model:

                                                                                     Where: •   B(c,a) is the probability of blocking the call. •   c is the number of circuits. •   a is the traffic load. Example 1: Using the Erlang B Traffic Model Problem You need to redesign your outbound long distance trunk groups, which are currently experiencing some blocking during the busy hour. The switch reports state that the trunk group is offered 17 erlangs of traffic during the busy hour. You want to have low blockage so you want to design for less than 1 percent blockage. Solution If you look at the Erlang B Tables, you see that for 17 erlangs of traffic and a GoS of 0.64 percent, you need 27 circuits to handle this traffic load.

6

n

(Line)

1 20.5 1.5

a (erlang)

1

2

3

4

0

B=0.01 B=0.1

Erlang B table

B=0.001

7

Erlang C The Erlang C traffic model is based on the following assumptions: •   An infinite number of sources •   Random traffic arrival pattern •   Blocked calls delayed •   Hold times exponentially distributed The Erlang C model is designed around queuing theory. This model assumes a random call arrival pattern; the caller makes one call and is held in a queue until the call is answered. The Erlang C model is more commonly used for conservative automatic call distributor (ACD) design to determine the number of agents needed. It can also be used for determining bandwidth on data transmission circuits, but it is not the best model to use for that purpose. In the Erlang C model, you need to know the number of calls or packets in the busy hour, the average call length or packet size, and the expected amount of delay in seconds. The following formula is used to derive the Erlang C traffic model:

Where: •   C(c,a) is the probability of delaying the call. •   c is the number of circuits. •   a is the traffic load.

8

Telecommunication Systems Design

Business Planning

- Installation Systems Purpose - Competitor Systems Analysis - Business Strategy - Finance Planning

Network Planning

Systems Planning

Installation

Operation & Maintenance

Network Analysis

Repeat

9

Outlook of handy phone

A modern cell phone provides 2-way communications using one of several cellular standards (GSM, CDMA, TDMA, AMPS, etc.). It often integrates one of more of the following functions: vibrating ringer, polyphonic ringer, touch-screen, still and/or video camera, broadcast radio receiver (FM, AM), MP3 player, PC connection

10

Key Station

Local Station

TV TerminalStation

HDTV / SDTV

TV TerminalStation

Mobile TV Station(HDTV / SDTV)

Event Relay (HDTV / SDTV)

Digital TV Broadcasting Network(Optical Fiber )

TV Broadcasting

11

Troubleshooting

7. Trouble Shooting

For making good quality systems

12

Operation Time (Hours)

Tro

uble

pro

babi

lity

(%

)

Displace

Trouble Analysis

Troubleshooting Technique

13

Operation & MaintenanceHandling Error by Human

Firmware Design Problem

Software Design Problem

Hardware Design& Devices Fault

Problem

Systems

Interface Problem

Outside Condition Fault

Power Supply Noise

Protection Fault against Disaster

Temperature

System Faults

14

Troubleshooting procedure

1. Trouble Area Check2. Trouble Generating Condition3. Trouble Phenomenon 4. Detail Investigation5. Trouble Solution and Confirmation

15

Fixing Problem by Windows XP:

16

17

Microsoft Windows XP provides a set of built-in utilities for administering and troubleshooting TCP/IP networks. Windows XP contains many of the standard network troubleshooting tools found on most other computers as well as some additional, more advanced ones. Each of these utilities runs from the Windows command prompt. From the Start menu, choose Run and type 'cmd' to open a command window, then type in the name of the utility to run.1. Ping'Ping' is the single most powerful troubleshooting tool for networked computers. The ping tool can at different times verify that TCP/IP is installed correctly on a computer, that a computer has joined the network successfully, that a computer can reach the Internet, that a remote Web site or computer is responding, and that computer name resolution is working.2. IPconfigThe 'ipconfig' tool shows a computer's TCP/IP configuration. It displays the IP address, the network (subnet) mask and the Internet/network gateway address (if one is set for that network). Use this tool to verify that the TCP/IP configuration has been set up correctly.3. HostnameThe 'hostname' utility in Windows XP displays the computer's name. This tool is often used on a computer to verify its name when attempts to map network drives on that computer fail. 4. Tracert'Tracert" (pronounced "traceroute") sends a test network message from a computer to a designated remote host and tracks the path taken by that message. Specifically, 'tracert' displays the name or IP address of each intermediate router or other network gateway device the message passes through to reach its destination. 'Tracert' is especially useful when diagnosing connectivity problems on the Internet or within a school or corporate network.5. ArpThe 'arp' command manages the Address Resolution Protocol cache. The ARP cache maintains a list of computer names and their corresponding IP addresses. In some situations, primarily on school or corporate networks, an administrator may need to view or modify the contents of the ARP cache. 'Arp' is considered an advanced network administration tool.6. RouteAnother advanced network administration tool on Windows XP, 'route' supports manipulation and viewing of a computer's routing table. 'Route' can be used on school or corporate networks to diagnose cases where a computer cannot reach another computer on the LAN.

Troubleshooting TCP/IP networks:

18

7.NetstatNetstat displays the active TCP connections and ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet statistics, the IP routing table, statistics for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP protocols. It comes with a number of switches for displaying a variety of properties of the network and TCP connections. (One tricky point: the switches must be prefixed with a minus, not a slash.) More detail is at this page. One possible use for Netstat is to determine if spyware or Trojans have established connections that you do not know about. The command "netstat -a" will display all your connections. The command "netstat -b" will show the executable files involved in creating a connection.

8.NslookupThis command helps diagnose the Domain Name System (DNS) infrastructure and comes with a number of sub-commands. These are mainly for systems administrators. The primary interest for average PC users is its use to find the computer name corresponding to a numeric IP. For example, if you want to know who is "216.109.112.135" , enter "nslookup 216.109.112.135" and you will find that it is (or was anyway) a Yahoo computer. My firewall keeps a log of the IPs involved in the attempts to probe my computer and I sometimes look a few up to see who they are. (There are also Whois search sites available on the Web as mentioned in the Ipconfig section.)

19

9.NetshThe network services shell is a large suite of many tools. As more and more home users set up networks, they are finding themselves to be de facto system administrators. Home networks are very nice but they require a certain amount of care and feeding. Fortunately, Windows XP comes with a large assortment of command-line tools that can help maintain your network. Although many are specialized and of interest only to administrators of large corporate setups, some tools can be quite helpful to the home user as well. Many may find that the basic tools like ping, ipconfig, and netstat are all that they care to deal with but the more adventurous can take advantage of a complete suite of powerful tools called Netsh. This suite is invoked from the standard command-line but has it has own interface or shell with a large number of sub-commands. I will try to focus on the features of Netsh that I think can be helpful to the home user. The whole suite has many applications and those who want more details can go to this Microsoft reference.The Network Services shell is opened by entering netsh into a regular command prompt. The shell has a hierarchical structure with some sub-shells that Microsoft calls "contexts". From the user's point of view, however, all that this means is that commands are entered as a sequence of terms.

20

C: Documents and Settings kaori > ipconfig /all

Windows IP Configuration

Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : kaoriPrimary DNS Suffix . . . . . . . :Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : BroadcastIP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : NoWINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) PRO/100 VE Network ConnectionPhysical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-0C-6E-89-CD-B7DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : NoIP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 169.254.106.239Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.0.0Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . :

21

% /usr/sbin/traceroute remote-host traceroute to remote-host (192.168.1.100), 30 hops max, 38 byte packets1 dev-rt (192.168.0.254) 0.978 ms 0.672 ms 0.655 ms 2 cc-rt (192.168.1.254) 22.895 ms 22.932 ms 23.551 ms 3 remote-host (192.168.1.100) 25.325 ms 29.736 ms 32.674 m

22

%nslookup host-name dnsserver Server: dnsserver Address: 192.168.0.1 Name: host-name.domain-name Address: 192.168.0.2

%dig @dnsserver host-name.domain-name ; <<>> DiG 8.2 <<>> @dnsserver host-name.domain-name ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NXDOMAIN, id: 6 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; host-name.domain-name, type = A, class = IN ;; ANSWER SECTION: host-name.domain-name. 1D IN A 192.168.0.2 ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: domain-name. 1D IN NS dnsserver.domain-name. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: dnsserver.domain-name. 1D IN A 192.168.0.1 ;; Total query time: 5 msec ;; FROM: myhost.domain-name to SERVER: dnsserver 192.168.0.1 ;; WHEN: Mon Dec 9 20:15:20 2002 ;; MSG SIZE sent

DNS Check

23

C:\> netstat -an

Active Connections

  Proto(1)  Local Address(2)       Foreign Address(3)     State(4)  TCP       0.0.0.0:53             0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:80             0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  <--(a)  TCP       0.0.0.0:135            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:443            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:445            0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:1032           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:1034           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:1984           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:1987           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       0.0.0.0:1990           0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       192.168.1.10:80        192.168.1.11:1031      ESTABLISHED <--(c)  TCP       192.168.1.10:139       0.0.0.0:0              LISTENING  TCP       192.168.1.10:1984      192.168.1.11:23        ESTABLISHED  TCP       192.168.1.10:3342      192.168.20.04:80       TIME_WAIT  UDP       0.0.0.0:135            *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:162            *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:445            *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:1031           *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:1033           *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:1035           *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:1989           *:*  UDP       0.0.0.0:3456           *:*  UDP       127.0.0.1:53           *:*  UDP       127.0.0.1:1206         *:*  UDP       127.0.0.1:1988         *:*  UDP       192.168.1.10:53        *:*  UDP       192.168.1.10:137       *:*  UDP       192.168.1.10:138       *:*        

24

Ethereal® is used by network professionals around the world for troubleshooting, analysis, software and protocol development, and education. It has all of the standard features you would expect in a protocol analyzer, and several features not seen in any other product. Its open source license allows talented experts in the networking community to add enhancements. It runs on all popular computing platforms, including Unix, Linux, and Windows.

「 Update list of packets in real time 」

25

Warm Mail from Outside

Oth

ers

From Outside

Mail Software

Windows Update

Typical Virus :W32.Badtrans.B W32.Aliz.Worm W32.Nimda.A(B,C,E ） W32.Goner.A

Internet Explorer 6 up

Anti Virus Software - Norton- Virus Baster- McAfee

26

LightningLightning Conductor

45°45°

5m ~ 30m

45°

more than 30m

30Km

20Km10Km

10%

20%

Thunder Hearing = 0~ 15Km

27

Protector

Modem

PC

PowerSocket

Communication Line

Built-in Surge Absorber

ACAdapter

LANCable

PC

Cable Modem

Coaxial Cable

28

8. Standardization

WTOTBTISO9000ISO14001ISO 15,700 Standards IEC 5,500 Standards ITU-T 3,000 Standards ITU-R 1,300 Standards IEEEETSI

Global Relevant Design

29

The Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBT) tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles.However, the agreement also recognizes countries’ rights to adopt the standards they consider appropriate — for example, for human, animal or plant life or health, for the protection of the environment or to meet other consumer interests. Moreover, members are not prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure their standards are met. But that is counterbalanced with disciplines. A myriad of regulations can be a nightmare for manufacturers and exporters. Life can be simpler if governments apply international standards, and the agreement encourages them to do so In any case, whatever regulations they use should not discriminate.The agreement also sets out a code of good practice for both governments and non-governmental or industry bodies to prepare, adopt and apply voluntary standards. Over 200 standards-setting bodies apply the code.The agreement says the procedures used to decide whether a product conforms with revelant standards have to be fair and equitable. It discourages any methods that would give domestically produced goods an unfair advantage. The agreement also encourages countries to recognize each other’s procedures for assessing whether a product conforms. Without recognition, products might have to be tested twice, first by the exporting country and then by the importing country.Manufacturers and exporters need to know what the latest standards are in their prospective markets. To help ensure that this information is made available conveniently, all WTO member governments are required to establish national enquiry points and to keep each other informed through the WTO — around 900 new or changed regulations are notified each year. The Technical Barriers to Trade Committee is the major clearing house for members to share the information and the major forum to discuss concerns about the regulations and their implementation.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.

30

Standards Developing OrganizationsAA - Aluminum AssociationAAMI – Association for the Advancement of Medical InstrumentationAASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AATCC - American Assoc of Textile Chemists and ColoristsABMA - American Bearing Manufacturers AssociationABS - American Bureau of ShippingACI - American Concrete InstituteAEC - AEC Construction StandardsAECMA - European Association of Aerospace IndustriesAES - Audio Engineering SocietyAGA - American Gas InstituteAIA-NAS - Aerospace Industries Association/National Aerospace StandardsAIAA - American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsAIIM - Association for Information and Image ManagementAMT - The Association For Manufacturing TechnologyANS - American Nuclear SocietyANSI - American National Standards InstituteAPI - American Petroleum InstituteARMY - Army Regulations and PamphletsASME - American Society of Mechanical EngineersASTAP - Asia-Pacific Telecommunity Standardization ProgramASTM International - American Society for Testing and MaterialsASTM Digital LibraryAWS - American Welding SocietyAWWA - American Water Works AssociationBOCA - Building Officials and Code Administrators IntlBSI - British Standards InstitutionCEA - Consumer Electronics AssociationCECC - CENELEC Electronic Components CommitteeCEN - European Committee for StandardizationCEPT - Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administration

CGSB - Canadian General Standards BoardCIE - International Commission on IlluminationCSA - Canadian Standards Association InternationalDIN English - Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.VDOD - Department of DefenseDODD - Department of Defense DirectivesDSL - Medical Devices Standards Library

31

ECA - Electronic Components, Assemblies & Materials AssociationEIA - Electronic Industries AllianceETSI - European Telecommunications Standards InstituteEU DIR - European DirectivesFAA - Federal Aviation AdministrationFIBER OPTICSFORD - Ford Motor CompanyGMNA - General Motors North AmericaGMW - General Motors WorldwideGOST - Gosudarstvennye Standarty State StandardICEA - Insulated Cable Engineers Association IECQ - IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic ComponentsIEC - International Electrotechnical CommissionIEEE - Institute of Electrical & Electronics EngineersIETF - Internet Engineering Task Force INCITS - International Committee for Information Technology StandardsINTERN - International TruckISO - International Organization for StandardizationITU - International Telecommunications Union JSA - Japanese Standards AssociationJSAE - Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan Inc.Mobile Telecommunications MMS - Minerals Management ServiceMODUK - Ministry of Defence UK - British Defence StandardsNASA - National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standardization AgreementsNAVY - Naval Instructions and Directives ServiceNEMA - National Electrical Manufacturers Association CollectionNFPA (Fire) - National Fire Protection AssociationNFPA (Fluid) - National Fluid Power AssociationPIP - Process Industry PracticesSAE - Society of Automotive EngineersSEMI - Semiconductor Equipment and Materials InternationalTIA - Telecommunications Industry Association CollectionUL - Underwriters LaboratoriesVideo StandardsVSTN - VISTEON

32

No Relation with Research & Development

IP: Intellectual Property

InternationalStandardization

InternationalStandardization

Good Relation with Research & Development

Global big marketby Standardization

Discontinuous

Europe

USA

Japan

GeneralizationTechnology

OriginalityTechnology

R & D

R & D

IP

IP

Big Time Span

33

Year MD: 2000 CD: 1990

W-DVD

W-DVD:2005

W-DVD: 2001MD: 1995CD-Audio: 1985

Product Marketing Speed and Standardization

34

Imagination of Standardization

AlmostCompany Many

Company

SomeCompany

Why to How

Why

How to What

35

World Mobile Phone Progress

100MbpsOFDMA, MIMOWiMAX

36

Characteristic ANSI (American ) ETSI (European )

Encoding law μ-law a-law

Encoding bits / sample

7 8

Telephony channel bit rate

56 kbit/s 64 kbit/s

Designation of basic multiplexed carier

T1 E1

Basic multiplex channels

24 32

Basic multiplex bit rate

1.544 Mbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s

Signalling and timing

In channel-associated signalling (CAS), interleaved with telephony, using 8th bit of sample, Separate control channel in common-channel signalling (CCS); timing via 8 kbit/s interframe channel

Separate timing (ch 0) and signalling (ch 16) channels

Comparison of ANSI and ETSI digital telephony :

In a digital network, virtual paths are created through electronic switching matrixes to route the digital signal. In modern networks, the analogue to digital conversion often takes place at the subscriber line interface to the exchange, with larger customers having a wholly digital connection to their own switchboards. Signals are digitised using at a rate of 8 kHz. This provides a bandwidth for analogue (voice) signals of just under 4 kHz, which is adequate for a telephone line with an analogue bandwidth of 300 to 3400 Hertz. For transmission between exchanges, several signals are multiplexed onto a single carrier. There are two specifications for the digital network in common use, American (ANSI) and European (ETSI). Interfacing between the two networks requires adapters that usually map multiples of four ANSI T1 carriers to multiples of three ETSI E1 carriers.

37

2.4GHz ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4 250Kbps, Packet data size 104byte

W-LAN IEEE 802.11b / 11g 11M / 54Mbps

Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 700K ~ 2Mbps

Consumer product, Watch by outside unit

38

A Organization of the work of ITU-TB Means of expression: definitions, symbols, classificationC General telecommunication statisticsD General tariff principlesE Overall network operation, telephone service, service operation and human factorsF Non-telephone telecommunication servicesG Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networksH Audiovisual and multimedia systemsI Integrated services digital networkJ Cable networks and transmission of television, sound programme and other multimedia signalsK Protection against interferenceL Construction, installation and protection of cables and other elements of outside plantM Telecommunication management, including TMN and network maintenanceN Maintenance: international sound programme and television transmission circuitsO Specifications of measuring equipmentP Telephone transmission quality, telephone installations, local line networksQ Switching and signallingR Telegraph transmissionS Telegraph services terminal equipmentT Terminals for telematic servicesU Telegraph switchingV Data communication over the telephone networkX Data networks, open system communications and securityY Global information infrastructure, Internet protocol aspects and next-generation networksZ Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems

ITU-T Recommendations:

39

1989-93 1993-96 1996-00 2001 2002 ~

Ap

pro

val T

erm

(M

on

ths)

2 monthsUsed Web

Min Term

ITU-T Approval Term

40

ITU-R ：International Telecommunications Union – Radio communication Sector

The ITU Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) plays a vital role in the global management of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits - limited natural resources which are increasingly in demand from a large and growing number of services such as fi xed, mobile, broadcasting, amateur, space research, emergency telecommunications, meteorology, global positioning systems, environmental monitoring and communication services - that ensure safety of life on land, at sea and in the skies. Our mission is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including those using satellite orbits, and to carry out studies and approve Recommendations on radiocommunication matters. In implementing this mission, ITU-R aims at creating the conditions for harmonized development and efficient operation of existing and new radiocommunication systems,taking due account of all parties concerned. Our primary objective is to ensure interference free operations of radiocommunication systems. It also seeks ways and means to conserve spectrum and ensure flexibility for future expansion and new technological developments. ITU-R manages the detailed coordination and recording procedures for space systems and earth stations. Its main role is to process and publish data and to carry out the examination of frequency assignment notices submitted by administrations for inclusion in the formal coordination procedures or recording in the Master International Frequency Register. ITU-R accommodates the launch of new satellites as quickly and efficiently as possible. Our main concerns centre on bringing high speed satellite networks into service as well as the regulatory steps required for registering satellite network frequency assignments. Everywhere, at every moment, people need to communicate and to understand each other. Encouraging communication between nations through the harmonious development of the tools made available to them is our ultimate goal.

41

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)

IEEE 488 — GP-IB (General Purpose Interface Bus ) IEEE 802.3 — 10BASE-5/2/T IEEE 802.3u — 100BASE-TX IEEE 802.3ab — 1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3an — 10GBASE-T IEEE 802.11 — W-LANIEEE 802.11b 2.4 ～ 2.5GHz 11Mbps / 22MbpsIEEE 802.11a 5.15 ～ 5.35GHz 5.47 ～ 5.725GHz 54Mbps IEEE 802.11g 2.4 ～ 2.5GHz 54Mbps IEEE 802.11j 4.9 ～ 5.0GHz, 5.03 ～ 5.091GHz 54Mbps IEEE 802.11n 2.4GHz / 5GHz 100Mbps ～ IEEE 802.15 — W-PANIEEE 802.15.1 — Bluetooth IEEE 802.16 — W-MANIEEE 802.16e — Mobile Wireless MAN® IEEE 1003 — POSIX IEEE 1076 — VHDL IEEE 1149.1 — JTAG IEEE 1275 — Open Firmware IEEE 1284 — PrinterIEEE 1364 — Verilog IEEE 1394 — FireWire (i.LINK) IEEE 1800 — System Verilog

42

ISO (International Organization for Standardization):ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries, on the basis of one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organization: its members are not, as is the case in the United Nations system, delegations of national governments. Nevertheless, ISO occupies a special position between the public and private sectors. This is because, on the one hand, many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. On the other hand, other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO is able to act as a bridging organization in which a consensus can be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society, such as the needs of stakeholder groups like consumers and users.

The ISO/IEC Information Centre is jointly operated by ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, and IEC, the International Electro-technical Commission.

43

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency, directly responsible to Congress. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions.The FCC's strategic plan for 2006-2011 outlines a path that ensures that an orderly framework exists within which communications products and services can be quickly and reasonably provided to consumers and businesses. Equally important, the plan also addresses the communications aspects of public safety, health, and emergency operations; ensures the universal availability of basic telecommunications service; makes communications services accessible to all people; and protects and informs consumers about their rights.

Beginning in 1994, commercial spectrum has been allocated via competitive auctions rather than the previous method of "best public use." This was a cumbersome bureaucratic process in which competitors attempted to show that they were most capable of making best public use of the license they wished to obtain. The structure and licenses available in each auction are determined by vote of the Commission, with the licenses awarded to the highest bidders. Auctions are usually conducted on a simultaneous multiple-round basis, with all offered licenses being auctioned at the same time. Auctions proceed in bidding rounds of decreasing duration until no more bids are received. Revenues are deposited in the US Treasury to be spent by Congress. The FCC has been criticized for awarding a digital TV(DTV) channel to each holder of an analogue TV station license without an auction, as well as trading auctionable spectrum to Nextel to resolve public safety interference problems. Nonetheless, in 2009, all analog terrestrial broadcast licenses in the U.S. will be terminated, with terrestrial television subsequently available only from the digital channels.

Federal Communications Commission (FCC):

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The IEC is the world's leading organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies — collectively known as "electrotechnology". IEC Standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation, transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fibre optics, batteries, nanotechnologies, solar energy and marine energy converters, to mention just a few. Wherever you find electricity and electronics, you find the IEC supporting safety and performance, the environment, electrical energy efficiency and renewable energies. The IEC also manages conformity assessment schemes that certify that equipment, systems or components conform to its International Standards.

The International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. The IEC embraces all electronics technologies including: Magnetics & electro-magnetics Electro-acoustics Multimedia Telecommunication Terminology & symbols Measurement & performance Energy production & distributionRFIDNanotechnologyElectronics SafetyMedical DevicesXMLRenewable Energy

IEC (International Electro-technical Commission ):