11

Chapter 14: A Nation Chapter 14: A Nation DividedDivided

ObjectivesObjectives: : 1) Describe the connection between westward 1) Describe the connection between westward

expansion and the slavery debate, expansion and the slavery debate, 2) Explain various slavery laws, and2) Explain various slavery laws, and3) Discuss the impact of leaders of the time. 3) Discuss the impact of leaders of the time.

22

The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise

In 1818 the Missouri Territory had enough people to In 1818 the Missouri Territory had enough people to request statehood. Its settlers came largely from the request statehood. Its settlers came largely from the South, and it was expected that Missouri would be a slave South, and it was expected that Missouri would be a slave state. state.

James TallmadgeJames Tallmadge (a Representative from New York) (a Representative from New York) proposed an amendment that would forbid importation of proposed an amendment that would forbid importation of slaves and would bring about the ultimate emancipation of slaves and would bring about the ultimate emancipation of all slaves born in Missouri. This amendment passed the all slaves born in Missouri. This amendment passed the House, but not the Senate. House, but not the Senate.

Eventually Missouri was allowed to become a slave state, Eventually Missouri was allowed to become a slave state, but only with the provision that the remainder of the but only with the provision that the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30'N latitude36°30'N latitude would not would not allow slavery.allow slavery.

Additionally, the custom of adding one slave state for Additionally, the custom of adding one slave state for every one free state was continued.every one free state was continued.

33

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny: the philosophy that claimed that the United : the philosophy that claimed that the United States’ was meant to span the entire North American States’ was meant to span the entire North American continent.continent.

The U.S. government had attempted to purchase California The U.S. government had attempted to purchase California and a part of Nevada from Mexico twice prior to the war.and a part of Nevada from Mexico twice prior to the war.

After Texas managed to successfully become independent After Texas managed to successfully become independent from Mexico, the United States began negotiations to both from Mexico, the United States began negotiations to both annex it and gain assistance from the Texans in fighting the annex it and gain assistance from the Texans in fighting the Mexican government.Mexican government.

Texas became a state on Texas became a state on July 4, 1845July 4, 1845..

Fighting escalated after both the United States and Mexico Fighting escalated after both the United States and Mexico claimed the area around the Rio Grande.claimed the area around the Rio Grande.

44

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War

After much fighting the Mexicans were defeated.After much fighting the Mexicans were defeated.

On February 2, 1848, On February 2, 1848, The Treaty of Guadeloupe The Treaty of Guadeloupe HidalgoHidalgo was signed, later to be ratified by both was signed, later to be ratified by both the U.S. and Mexican Congresses. the U.S. and Mexican Congresses.

The treaty called for the annexation of the The treaty called for the annexation of the northern portions of Mexico to the United States. northern portions of Mexico to the United States. In return, the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million to In return, the U.S. agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico as compensation for the seized territory. Mexico as compensation for the seized territory.

The war cost the United States over $100 The war cost the United States over $100 million, and ended the lives of 13,780 U.S. million, and ended the lives of 13,780 U.S. military personnel. military personnel.

55

Impact on SlaveryImpact on Slavery

At the end of the Mexican-American War the At the end of the Mexican-American War the number of slave states and free states was tied number of slave states and free states was tied at 15 each. at 15 each.

David WilmotDavid Wilmot of Pennsylvania proposed that all of Pennsylvania proposed that all the new territory gained should ban slavery. the new territory gained should ban slavery. Again, the measure passed the House but failed Again, the measure passed the House but failed to pass in the Senate.to pass in the Senate.

The fact that this had come so close to becoming The fact that this had come so close to becoming law worried many southern representatives who law worried many southern representatives who wanted their traditions to continue.wanted their traditions to continue.

66

Free-Soil PartyFree-Soil Party Senator Lewis CassSenator Lewis Cass (Michigan) proposed that each state (Michigan) proposed that each state

allow it’s citizens to vote on the issue of slavery.allow it’s citizens to vote on the issue of slavery.- This proposal supported “- This proposal supported “states rightsstates rights”.”.

Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty: people living in a particular place have : people living in a particular place have the right to vote on controversial issues directly rather than the right to vote on controversial issues directly rather than having their elected officials do it for themhaving their elected officials do it for them

The Whigs and Democrats who supported this idea joined The Whigs and Democrats who supported this idea joined to become the to become the Free-Soil PartyFree-Soil Party..

– They advocated that land gained in the Mexican-American War They advocated that land gained in the Mexican-American War ban slavery and become “free-soil”.ban slavery and become “free-soil”.

– General Zachary Tyler was elected as its candidate in the General Zachary Tyler was elected as its candidate in the election of 1848.election of 1848.

77

The California IssueThe California Issue

Following the Gold Rush of 1849 California had Following the Gold Rush of 1849 California had a large enough population to seek statehood, a large enough population to seek statehood, however, there was much controversy over however, there was much controversy over slavery there.slavery there.

Citizens of Northern California thought that Citizens of Northern California thought that they should be considered with the Missouri they should be considered with the Missouri Compromise, but this would also shift the Compromise, but this would also shift the balance of free states in the Senate.balance of free states in the Senate.

– Leaders in the South threatened to secede if Leaders in the South threatened to secede if California was granted statehood.California was granted statehood.

– They also wanted a federal law to be passed forcing They also wanted a federal law to be passed forcing free states to return free states to return fugitive slavesfugitive slaves..

88

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Senator Proposed by Senator Henry ClayHenry Clay of Kentucky. of Kentucky.

Allowed slavery in the New Mexico and Utah Allowed slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories while admitting California to the Union as territories while admitting California to the Union as a free state. a free state.

– It included a new Fugitive Slave Act and banned the slave It included a new Fugitive Slave Act and banned the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia. trade (but not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia.

The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act was forced citizens to turn in was forced citizens to turn in runaway slaves or they could be sentenced to 6 runaway slaves or they could be sentenced to 6 years of prison or fined 1,000+ dollars. years of prison or fined 1,000+ dollars.

– Also, it set up courts to handle disputes of runaway slaves. Also, it set up courts to handle disputes of runaway slaves. The judges in these courts were paid $5 to let a slave go The judges in these courts were paid $5 to let a slave go and $10 to send him back to his owner. and $10 to send him back to his owner.

Painting by Giuseppe Fagnani, 1852,

Collection of U.S. House of Representatives

99

Map of the United States in Map of the United States in 18501850

www.civilwarhistory.com

1100

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

In 1826 Pennsylvania passed a law that made it a In 1826 Pennsylvania passed a law that made it a felony to coerce or capture persons for the purpose of felony to coerce or capture persons for the purpose of involuntary servitude.involuntary servitude.

In 1832, a slave named Margaret Morgan escaped to In 1832, a slave named Margaret Morgan escaped to Pennsylvania from Maryland.Pennsylvania from Maryland.

On April 1st 1837, Edward Prigg led an assault and On April 1st 1837, Edward Prigg led an assault and abduction on Morgan in York County, Pennsylvania. abduction on Morgan in York County, Pennsylvania. They took Morgan to Maryland, intending to sell her as They took Morgan to Maryland, intending to sell her as a slave. a slave.

The four men involved in the abduction were The four men involved in the abduction were arraigned under the 1826 act. Prigg pleaded not arraigned under the 1826 act. Prigg pleaded not guilty, and argued that he had been duly appointed guilty, and argued that he had been duly appointed by Margaret Ashmore to arrest and return Morgan to by Margaret Ashmore to arrest and return Morgan to her owner in Maryland. her owner in Maryland.

1111

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

On May 22nd 1839, the Court of Quarter Sessions On May 22nd 1839, the Court of Quarter Sessions of York County convicted him.of York County convicted him.

Prigg appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on the Prigg appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court on the grounds that the Pennsylvania law arrogated the grounds that the Pennsylvania law arrogated the State powers over and above those allowed by State powers over and above those allowed by the U.S. Constitution.the U.S. Constitution.

Writing for the Court, Justice Story reversed the Writing for the Court, Justice Story reversed the conviction and held the Pennsylvania law conviction and held the Pennsylvania law unconstitutional as a denial of both the right of unconstitutional as a denial of both the right of slaveholders to recover their slaves under Article slaveholders to recover their slaves under Article IV and the Federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, IV and the Federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, which trumped the state law per the Supremacy which trumped the state law per the Supremacy Clause. Six justices wrote separate opinions.Clause. Six justices wrote separate opinions.

1122

Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

However, while Story ruled the However, while Story ruled the Pennsylvania laws unconstitutional, his Pennsylvania laws unconstitutional, his opinion left the door open for further opinion left the door open for further such actions by the state in his writing:such actions by the state in his writing:

As to the authority so conferred upon state As to the authority so conferred upon state magistrates [to deal with runaway slaves], magistrates [to deal with runaway slaves], while a difference of opinion has existed, while a difference of opinion has existed, and may exist still on the point, in different and may exist still on the point, in different states, whether state magistrates are states, whether state magistrates are bound to act under it; none is entertained bound to act under it; none is entertained by this Court that state magistrates may, if by this Court that state magistrates may, if they choose, exercise that authority, they choose, exercise that authority, unless unless prohibited by state legislationprohibited by state legislation - - Justice StoryJustice Story

1133

Judicial ActivismJudicial Activism

The theory of judicial behavior The theory of judicial behavior that advocates basing decisions that advocates basing decisions not on the judicial precedent but not on the judicial precedent but on achieving what the court on achieving what the court perceives to be for the public perceives to be for the public welfare, or what the court welfare, or what the court determines to be fair and just on determines to be fair and just on the facts before it. Compare the facts before it. Compare judicial restraint. (Barron’s Law judicial restraint. (Barron’s Law Dictionary)Dictionary)

1144

Can you think of Can you think of any other examples of any other examples of judicial activism?judicial activism?

Abortion

Assisted Suicide

Civil Rights

Universal Suffrage

School Segregation

Prayer in Public Schools

Capital Punishment

1155

Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852.Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852.

Was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and Was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. following the Bible.

Sold 300,000 copies in its first year of publication Sold 300,000 copies in its first year of publication in the U.S. alone. in the U.S. alone.

Gave a face and humanity to slaves and slave Gave a face and humanity to slaves and slave owners.owners.

When Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil When Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War he declared, "So this is the little lady who War he declared, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."made this big war."

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (neg. no. LC-USZ62-11212)

1166

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Act

Sponsored by Senator Stephan Douglas to try Sponsored by Senator Stephan Douglas to try to improve commerce through his own state of to improve commerce through his own state of Illinois.Illinois.

In order to attract the population necessary to In order to attract the population necessary to

the territories Douglas pushed for popular the territories Douglas pushed for popular sovereignty to decide slavery in these sovereignty to decide slavery in these territories.territories.

The Act was passed in Congress and then The Act was passed in Congress and then Signed by President Franklin Pierce.Signed by President Franklin Pierce.

Douglas believed that this decision would be Douglas believed that this decision would be influential in maintaining the practice of slavery influential in maintaining the practice of slavery in the United States.in the United States.

1177

Violence in KansasViolence in Kansas

After the Act was passed thousands of After the Act was passed thousands of citizens from Missouri entered Kansas citizens from Missouri entered Kansas hoping to sway the vote FOR slavery.hoping to sway the vote FOR slavery.

8,000 votes were cast from a 8,000 votes were cast from a population of 3,000. Most of the population of 3,000. Most of the electors were pro-slavery.electors were pro-slavery.

Men from both sides of the debate Men from both sides of the debate traveled around inciting riots and traveled around inciting riots and starting battles to eradicate their starting battles to eradicate their opposition.opposition.

1188

Bloodshed in the SenateBloodshed in the Senate

Charles Sumner made a speech criticizing the opening Charles Sumner made a speech criticizing the opening of Kansas to slavery and Senators like Andrew Butler of Kansas to slavery and Senators like Andrew Butler (SC) for supporting it.(SC) for supporting it.

Days later Congressman Preston Brooks (Butler’s Days later Congressman Preston Brooks (Butler’s nephew) came into the Senate chamber and beat nephew) came into the Senate chamber and beat Sumner unconscious with a cane.Sumner unconscious with a cane.

John L. Magee “Southern Chivalry – Argument versus Club’' 1856

1199

The Republican PartyThe Republican Party

Made up of northern Whigs and members of the Free-Soil Made up of northern Whigs and members of the Free-Soil Party.Party.

The party emphasized a vision of modernizing higher The party emphasized a vision of modernizing higher education, banking, railroads, industry, and cities, while education, banking, railroads, industry, and cities, while promising free homesteads to farmers.promising free homesteads to farmers.

The party initially had its base in the Northeast and The party initially had its base in the Northeast and Midwest.Midwest.

The party had its first national convention in Pittsburgh in The party had its first national convention in Pittsburgh in February of 1856, with its first nominating convention February of 1856, with its first nominating convention coming that summer in Philadelphia.coming that summer in Philadelphia.

John C. FrémontJohn C. Frémont ran as the first Republican nominee for ran as the first Republican nominee for President, using the slogan: President, using the slogan: "Free soil, free labor, free "Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men, Frémont." speech, free men, Frémont."

2200

Dred Scott v. SandfordDred Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott and his wife were owned by Army doctor John Dred Scott and his wife were owned by Army doctor John Emerson and his wife.Emerson and his wife.

Following Emerson's death in 1843, Emerson's widow Following Emerson's death in 1843, Emerson's widow hired Scott out to an army captain and split the couple.hired Scott out to an army captain and split the couple.

First Scott offered to buy his freedom from Emerson's First Scott offered to buy his freedom from Emerson's widow, Irene Emerson — then living in St. Louis — for widow, Irene Emerson — then living in St. Louis — for $300. The offer was refused, leaving Scott to seek $300. The offer was refused, leaving Scott to seek freedom through the courts. freedom through the courts.

In 1856 Scott sued for his freedom unsuccessfully in the In 1856 Scott sued for his freedom unsuccessfully in the State of Missouri.State of Missouri.– The court ruled seven to two against Scott, finding The court ruled seven to two against Scott, finding

that he held no property and therefore was not that he held no property and therefore was not entitled to file suit in a federal court.entitled to file suit in a federal court.

2211

Dred Scott v. SandfordDred Scott v. Sandford

Antislavery lawyers helped Scott to realize that his extended Antislavery lawyers helped Scott to realize that his extended stay with his master in Illinois, a free state, gave him the legal stay with his master in Illinois, a free state, gave him the legal standing to make a claim for freedom, as did his extended standing to make a claim for freedom, as did his extended stay at Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery stay at Fort Snelling in the Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was also prohibited.was also prohibited.

In 1857, In 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. TaneyChief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered the majority delivered the majority opinion. In effect, the Court ruled that slaves had no claim to opinion. In effect, the Court ruled that slaves had no claim to freedom; they were property and not citizens; they could not freedom; they were property and not citizens; they could not bring suit in federal court; and because slaves were private bring suit in federal court; and because slaves were private property, the federal government could not revoke a white property, the federal government could not revoke a white slave owner's right to own a slave based on where he lived, slave owner's right to own a slave based on where he lived, thus nullifying the essence of the Missouri Compromise.thus nullifying the essence of the Missouri Compromise.

Chief Justice Taney, speaking for the majority, also ruled that Chief Justice Taney, speaking for the majority, also ruled that

Scott was a slave, an object of private property, and therefore Scott was a slave, an object of private property, and therefore subject to the Fifth Amendment prohibition against taking subject to the Fifth Amendment prohibition against taking property from its owner "without due process."property from its owner "without due process."

2222

Dred Scott v. SandfordDred Scott v. Sandford

The ruling meant that slavery was legal in all territories.The ruling meant that slavery was legal in all territories.

After the ruling, with Sanford in an insane asylum, Scott After the ruling, with Sanford in an insane asylum, Scott was returned as property to Irene Emerson. However, in was returned as property to Irene Emerson. However, in 1850, Emerson had been remarried to an abolitionist, 1850, Emerson had been remarried to an abolitionist, Calvin C. Chaffee, who shortly thereafter was elected to Calvin C. Chaffee, who shortly thereafter was elected to Congress. Congress.

Chaffee was apparently unaware that his wife owned Chaffee was apparently unaware that his wife owned arguably the most prominent slave in America until a arguably the most prominent slave in America until a month before the Supreme Court decision. month before the Supreme Court decision.

Scott was formally freed on Scott was formally freed on May 26, 1857May 26, 1857 and worked as a and worked as a porter in St. Louis during the less than nine months before porter in St. Louis during the less than nine months before he died from tuberculosis in September 1858.he died from tuberculosis in September 1858.

2233

The Lincoln-Douglas DebatesThe Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln at first said that he did not want Lincoln at first said that he did not want to ban slavery, but thought that they to ban slavery, but thought that they should be treated more humanly.should be treated more humanly.

– By the end of the debates he was staunchly By the end of the debates he was staunchly against slavery.against slavery.

Douglas repeatedly kept insisting that Douglas repeatedly kept insisting that slaves were, in fact, property.slaves were, in fact, property.

– He also asserted that the Dred Scott He also asserted that the Dred Scott decision upheld popular sovereignty.decision upheld popular sovereignty.

2244

John BrownJohn Brown Sometime after 10:00 pm May 24, 1856, it is Sometime after 10:00 pm May 24, 1856, it is

suspected Brown’s men took five pro-slavery suspected Brown’s men took five pro-slavery settlers from their cabins on Pottawatomie settlers from their cabins on Pottawatomie Creek and hacked them to death with Creek and hacked them to death with broadswords. (Pottawatomie Massacre)broadswords. (Pottawatomie Massacre)

Brown's most famous deed was the 1859 Brown's most famous deed was the 1859 raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers raid he led on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia). Ferry, Virginia (in modern-day West Virginia).

During the raid he seized the federal During the raid he seized the federal arsenal, killed seven people, and injured ten arsenal, killed seven people, and injured ten more. He intended to arm slaves with more. He intended to arm slaves with weapons from the arsenal, but the attack weapons from the arsenal, but the attack failed. failed.

Within 36 hours, each of Brown's men had Within 36 hours, each of Brown's men had been killed, had fled, or had been captured been killed, had fled, or had been captured by local farmers, militiamen, and U.S. by local farmers, militiamen, and U.S. Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Marines led by Robert E. Lee.

Brown was captured and tried for treason in Brown was captured and tried for treason in the State of Virginia. He was later executed the State of Virginia. He was later executed by hanging. by hanging.

John Brown, 1859, Library of Congress

2255

The Election of 1860The Election of 1860

Main IssuesMain Issues::– SlaverySlavery– States’ RightsStates’ Rights– EconomyEconomy– Succession/Popular SovereigntySuccession/Popular Sovereignty

• The winner needed 152 electoral votes The winner needed 152 electoral votes (out of 303 to win).(out of 303 to win).

• Lincoln gained 180.Lincoln gained 180.

2266

The Election of 1860The Election of 1860

National Atlas of the United States

2277

Dividing a NationDividing a Nation

Many in the South thought that Many in the South thought that Lincoln’s election meant a sure Lincoln’s election meant a sure end to slavery. Almost end to slavery. Almost immediately they talked about immediately they talked about seceding from the “union”.seceding from the “union”.

SecedeSecede - To withdraw formally from - To withdraw formally from membership in an membership in an

organization, organization, association, or alliance.association, or alliance.

2288

Dividing a NationDividing a Nation

South CarolinaSouth Carolina adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" on and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" on December December 24, 186024, 1860. .

It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. At issue were:obligations under the Constitution. At issue were:

– The refusal of Northern states to enforce the fugitive slave code, violating Southern The refusal of Northern states to enforce the fugitive slave code, violating Southern personal property rights;personal property rights;

– Agitation against slavery, which "denied the rights of property". Agitation against slavery, which "denied the rights of property".

– Assisting "thousands of slaves to leave their homes" through the Underground Railroad.Assisting "thousands of slaves to leave their homes" through the Underground Railroad.

– The election of Lincoln "because he has declared that that 'Government cannot endure The election of Lincoln "because he has declared that that 'Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free,' and that the public mind must rest in the belief that permanently half slave, half free,' and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction". slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction".

– "...elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable "...elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens". Most Northerners opposed the Dred Scott decision, although only of becoming citizens". Most Northerners opposed the Dred Scott decision, although only a few New England states allowed blacks an equal right to vote. a few New England states allowed blacks an equal right to vote.

2299

The Confederate States of AmericaThe Confederate States of America

Six more states seceded by February 1861, starting with Six more states seceded by February 1861, starting with Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.Texas.

They formed the They formed the Confederate States of AmericaConfederate States of America (February (February

4, 1861), with 4, 1861), with Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis as president, and a as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution. Constitution.

In April and May 1861, four more slave states seceded and In April and May 1861, four more slave states seceded and joined the Confederacy: Arkansas, Tennessee, North joined the Confederacy: Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia. Carolina and Virginia.

Virginia was split in two, with the eastern portion of that Virginia was split in two, with the eastern portion of that state seceding to the Confederacy and the northwestern state seceding to the Confederacy and the northwestern part joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on part joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863.June 20, 1863.

3300

Take Over in the SouthTake Over in the South

Lincoln made a last ditch effort to come to a Lincoln made a last ditch effort to come to a compromise with southern leaders and spoke compromise with southern leaders and spoke in his inaugural address of “reaching middle in his inaugural address of “reaching middle ground”. ground”.

Leaders from the militias of Confederate Leaders from the militias of Confederate States started taking over federal buildings States started taking over federal buildings such as state capitol buildings, post offices, such as state capitol buildings, post offices, and military posts in the South. and military posts in the South.

The commander at Fort Sumter refused to The commander at Fort Sumter refused to relinquish his post to the militia men and the relinquish his post to the militia men and the Civil War was begun.Civil War was begun.

3311

Fort SumterFort Sumter

Troops barricaded themselves inside the fort and Troops barricaded themselves inside the fort and were reasonably successful in fending off the were reasonably successful in fending off the confederate soldiers until they ran out of confederate soldiers until they ran out of supplies.supplies.

On On April 12, 1861April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m., Confederate , at 4:30 a.m., Confederate batteries opened fire, firing for 34 straight hours, batteries opened fire, firing for 34 straight hours, on the fort. on the fort.

On April 13, the fort surrendered and was On April 13, the fort surrendered and was evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors evacuated. During the attack, the Union colors fell. fell.

No Union soldiers died in the actual battle, No Union soldiers died in the actual battle, though a Confederate soldier bled to death though a Confederate soldier bled to death having been wounded by a misfiring cannon. having been wounded by a misfiring cannon.

3322

War BeginsWar Begins

Militias in both the North and South Militias in both the North and South began to galvanize. began to galvanize.

Officials in the military ordered an Officials in the military ordered an increase in munitions production and increase in munitions production and many citizens fled to enlist.many citizens fled to enlist.

Southern leaders scrambled to raise Southern leaders scrambled to raise funds and recruit leaders to build an funds and recruit leaders to build an army.army.