1 Analytical Tools Critical Thinking CALIS is an outreach project of the School of International...

1

Analytical Tools Critical Thinking

CALIS is an outreach project of the School of International Relations

Four Worlds

http://dornsife.usc.edu/calis/

22

Four Worlds of History

Social Science Factors

basic factors of the human condition

Political Economic

Social Cultural

Geography / Technology / Character

3



Identifying factors, relating factors, and

is the science of the social sciences .

determining the “most important" factors

the science social sciences

4

Common Core State Standards…CCSS

Bottom Line

Common Core

Standards

Critical Thinking

Skills=

5

Common Core State Standards…CCSS

Bottom Line

Common Core

Standards

Critical Thinking

Skills=

Argument, Reasoning, Logic

Evidence

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Cause & Effect

What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics?

2. How does the table support critical thinking?

7th grade World HistoryMedieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal-Littell, 2006

1. How does the table enable students to practice a skill?

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The absolute PRIORITY of the 4W model

purposefulmeaningful

relevantcritical elements of being student-centered

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The absolute PURPOSE of the 4W model

student-driven analysistoward

independent critical thinkingcritical elements of being student-centered

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Factoring

The Math Analogy

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Factoring

The Math Analogy

How fast can you generate a list of factors?

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Factoring

The Math Analogy


Factors of 72:

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Factoring

The Math Analogy


Factors of 72:

7236241812 9

123468

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Factoring

The Math Analogy


Factors of 72:

“Factoring is like taking a number

apart. It means to express a

number as the

7236241812 9

123468

product of its factors.”

math.com

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72

1 722 363 244 186 128 9

96

Factoring

The Math Analogy

Greatest Common Factor

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72

1 722 363 244 186 128 9

96

1 962 483 324 246 168 12

Factoring

The Math Analogy


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72 96

Factoring

The Math Analogy


7236241812 9

1 962 483 324 246 168 12

123468

123468

2424

1212

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Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.

Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors.

In Math…

math.com

In Social Science…

…or the product of missing factors…or a likely product given a similar context

...or the intersection of one or more sets. …or influenced by this set of variables

usc.edu/calis

FactoringThe Math Analogy

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In social science, some factors are concrete

FactoringBut unlike math…

…some factors are concepts

…and factors are very different in different contexts

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Handout Social Science Factors

reference sheet 2

produce different types of societies throughout history and around the world today.

These concepts are “factors” of the human condition – that when combined in different ways –

while others help establish more order and greater stability.

Some factors are basic to survival

Some of these factors are needed for a thriving, more humane existence.

Societies have strengths or weaknesses across these factors. Absence or loss of certain factors

can lead to the decline of a society.

2020

Political World Economic World

Social World Cultural World

0.0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors

Activities Database

reference sheet 1

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds?

slavery

http://usc-calis.net/db/search.php?search=4wh-basic&Submit=Search

http://usc-calis.net/db/search.php?search=paris+neighborhood&Submit=Search

2121


Social World

labor

class custom

rights

slavery

Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds?factors

Cultural World

2222


Social World

labor

class custom

rights

hierarchy segregation

equitystatus

privilege

cost of productionlegal system

beliefs identity

slavery

shared values


Cultural World

2323


Social World

labor

class custom

rights


equitystatus

privilege

cost of productionlegal system

beliefs identity

slavery

shared values


Factors are simultaneous yet distinct.

A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity.

Cultural World

2424


Social World

labor system

class system

custom

rights


equitystatus privilege

cost of production

legal system

belief system

identity

slavery

Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery?

The root cause of slavery?

What are secondary or contributing causes?

cause and effect

shared values

Cultural World

2525


Social World

labor

classcustom

rights


equitystatus

privilege

division of labor

cost of production

legal system

Abolitionist ideas & values

start here

beliefsidentity

challenge

the status quo

protest

change

the status quo

Not everyone’s beliefs change

change

slavery

Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery?

problem-solving

shared values

Cultural World

2626





2727





stability

2828



Social World Cultural Worldstability

Factors that produce stability

leadership resources

accountability shared values

produce

2929




Factors that produce stability

leadership

order

security

resources

production

prosperity

accountability

equity

common good

shared values

identity

meaning

produce

3030



Which factors are MOST IMPORTANT to stability?

leadership

order

security

resources

production

prosperity

accountability

equity

common good

shared values

identity

meaning

factors

3131



Is any one world MORE IMPORTANT to stability?

leadership

order

security

resources

production

prosperity

accountability

equity

common good

shared values

identity

meaning

world

32

If the transfer of power is not clear,If

then what are the possible outcomes?then

And when it comes to stability…

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then what are the likely outcomes?then

Speculation & Predictions

Cause & Effect Reasoning

Theory Building Hypothesis Testing

What is your logic & evidence?

Got stability?

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power struggle coup assassination civil war vulnerability to attack - possibly to complete takeover, conquest decline and suffering - possibly complete collapse

Got stability?

What is your logic & evidence?

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Got stability?



What factors can complicate the transfer of power?

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Got stability?



What factors can complicate the transfer of power?

a lack of…

common identity

resource securitylegitimate authority

equity

It’s not just factors that are present. It might be factors that are missing or “too weak”.

factors

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Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.

In Math…

math.com

FactoringThe Math Analogy

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Got power?

power

What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?

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Got power?

power

power of ideas

power of authority power of ingenuity

power of solidarity


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Got power?

power of privilege

power

power of ideas

power of beliefs

power of authority power of ingenuity

power of solidarity

power of force power of resources


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Political Economic

Social Cultural

Causes & Effects of the Reformation

People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes.

People disliked having to pay taxes to the

Church in Rome.

More people became aware of Protestant belief systems.

The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.

Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible.

Reformers translated the Bible

By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence.

Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches.

cause effect

so that people could interpret it for themselves.

printing pressideas

belief systems

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Political Economic

Social Cultural

Causes & Effects of the Reformation

People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes.

People disliked having to pay taxes to the

Church in Rome.taxes

More people became aware of Protestant belief systems.

The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.

status

beliefs

Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible.

technology

Reformers translated the Bible

hierarchy

By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence.

Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches.

cause effect

power

incentive

so that people could interpret it for themselves.

accessprinting press

rolesequity

advocates

news & media

authority

identity

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Political Economic

Social Cultural

What factors fueled the Protestant Reformation?

power

Catholic Church had political power as an institution that owned --% of the land and imposed taxes

European leaders who converted to Protestant faith did not have to follow “authority” of pope

a corrupt church

p 462

p 430trade

Growth of trading citiesp 436

p 449p 463

p 449

Reopening of Silk Road

cultural transmissionnews & media

literacy & education

equity & access new beliefs meaning / comfort / hope

Church practices vs Catholic beliefs▪ indulgences ▪ salvation through

good deeds

Access to books greatly increased the spread of ideas

which fueled new ideas

More authors / More readers

Luther challenges both practices & beliefsand gains support from other challengers▪ Luther: salvation only through faith in Christ – p 464▪ Calvin: salvation only through predestination – p 472

printing press

technology

conflict

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