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259201259201Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming

for Engineer for Engineer

Intro to Computer

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IntroIntro In the current Information Technology system

Data is stored in Digital format Computer can perform complicated tasks

(calculations) with high precision, if programmed appropriately.

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Definition of Definition of ComputerComputer

Functions of Computer: Perform calculation

electronically Execute the set of tasks stored

in its memoryProcess the input, and display

output (Data) (Information)

(Processing)

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Advantages of Advantages of ComputerComputer

High Speed Calculation The speed of the central processing unit

(CPU) depends on its clock in Hz unit Reliability: (Deterministic Machine)

With the same set of input, the output is always the same.

If the codes contain errors, the errors are always repeated.

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Advantages of Computer Advantages of Computer (Cont’)(Cont’)

High Storage Capability: Keeping data with minimal losses

Communication Capability: Multimedia Devices, Internet, Wireless

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Communication in Communication in Computer-NetworkComputer-Network

Electronics Mail, Home page, Voice over IP, and File Transfer

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Types of Media Types of Media Production: ExamplesProduction: Examples

(Word Processor): MS Word, LaTeX

Pictures: Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw

Design: AutoDesk AutoCAD

Animation and Music (Multimedia) : Adobe Premiere, Macromedia Flash

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CalculationsCalculations Programs in market such as

MATLAB and Mathemetica are user-friendly for performing complex calculations.

In case of high number of calculations need, (instead of sequential programming we are using), we can program using Parallel Processing or Distributed Processing.

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Parallel Processing / Parallel Processing / Distributed Distributed ProcessingProcessingParallel Processing

Increase the speed of the overallSplit the task into small parallel tasks

and perform them at the same timeDistributed Processing

Use many computers to perform many small tasks

Computers can be at different locations such as SETI@home

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History of History of ComputersComputers

Chinese invented the Abacus

Abacus in the early ageAbacus in the present

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Evolution of Evolution of ComputersComputers

Napier’s Bones by John Napier or Pascaline Calculator by Blaise

Pascal

Napier’s Bones Pascaline Calculator

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Evolution of Evolution of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)

Punch Card was invented 1801 by Joseph Marie Jacquard. Punch card is to the past computer as a program is to the current computer

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Evolution of Evolution of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integer and Calculator) by John Mauchly and Presper Exkert in 1942-1946

Dr. John Von Neumann invented EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

ENIAC

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Generation of Generation of Computers Computers

We split history of computers in to 4 period. Other People could split them differently.

1st Generation -1951

1958

Technology: High-Temperature high-current Vacuum tubes

Speed: 1 Command / sec Storage: Punch Card Language: (Machine

Language)

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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)

The 2nd Generation 195-91964

Technology: Transistor: Smaller, faster

Speed: 100 Command/ sec Storage: Magnetic Core Language: Assembly Language Examples: IBM1620, IBM401

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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)

3rd Generation -196519

70

Technology: (IC – Integrated Circuit). Each IC consists of many small transistors which use low level of energy

General Purpose Computer and for business

OS – Operating System: Multi-tasking

Language: Basic and Fortran

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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)

4th Generation ( -1971 Present) Technology: LSI (Large Scale Integrated)

and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) help created

Micro computer, Personal Computer, Mini-computer

Mainframe Super Computer

In 1971: The release CPU Intel 4004 which has

CPU, Memory, and Input-Output Unit.

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Generation of Generation of ComputersComputers (Cont’)(Cont’)

1981: IBM released PC 1984: Apple released Macintosh Languages: C, C++, Pascal, SQL

(Structured Query Language)

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HardwareHardware Main Hardwares in Computers are CPU,

Memory, Input/Output and (Bus) (CPU)

Works as the brain of computer Execute one set of command at a time Consist of

Processing Control Unit: ALU: Arithmetic & Logic Unit:

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Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’) CPU (cont)

Contain many small registers (1-55 Million registers)

Typical Processing Speed of 300MHz – 3GHz

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Memory 2 Types based on how they are stored.

ROM (Read Only Memory) Can only be read (after being

manufactured) Can store memory even without

electricity. This is needed for booting the computer

RAM (Random Access Memory) Can read and write all the time Does not function without electricity

Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)

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Memory: store data in Binary system 1 binary unit is 1 bit (b) 8 bit Byte (B) 1 Kilobyte is 1024 B 1 Megabyte is 1024 x 1024 B 1 Gigabyte is 1024 x 1024 x 1024 B 1 Terabyte is 1024 x 1024 x 1024 x

1024 B

Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)

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Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’) หน่�วยความจำ�า (ต่�อ)

Register: store data inside CPU Cache: both internal and

external of CPU, storing copy of data, and some commands in the memory

Main Memory: Connect to the bus and store info to be processed

Secondary Memory: Connect to the bus specifically for input/output and store info to be processed

Small Close to Processing Unit High speed High Price

Big Far from Processing Unit Low Speed Low Price

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Input/Output Input and output devices perform as the

means to communicate info between the computer and the user. Examples are Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Sound Card

They need Device Drivers to perform properly.

Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)

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BusThe route for sending information between

CPU, Memory and Input/output devices Data Bus Instruction Bus Address Bus

Each bus has different structures and speeds So, we bus with similar speeds are grouped together

Hardware (Cont’)Hardware (Cont’)

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HardwaHardware re (Cont’)(Cont’)

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Operating SystemOperating System System Program

Interface between program, user, and computer

Managing the running of the program efficiently

Managing resources Time in processing Memory Priorities in connection with input/output devices

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Programs Multi-tasking the running of many programs

at the same time Files

Create/Delete/Change Support Multi-user such as UNIX

Input Output Devices Communicate with devices through drivers

Memory Allocate memory to different programs->

Virtual Memory

OS-the connections OS-the connections withwith

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MS Windows 2000 Professional: MS Windows 2000 Server: File

Server, Print Server, Mail Server MS Windows XP Home Edition: MS Windows XP Professional: Add-

on Security MS Windows Vista, 7.

OSOS

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Computer NetworkComputer Network(Computer Network)

The collection of computers for sending and receiving information

Need to have the same rule of sending/receiving information called, Protocol

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Components Server: Serve through the network Client: Use the service Network Equipment: Device used

for the network connection such as Cable, Hub, Network Interface Card

Network Operating System: support protocal such as TCP/IP

Computer Network Computer Network (Cont)(Cont)

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Computer Network Computer Network (Cont)(Cont)

LAN (Local Area Network) Internal Network

at high speed (10-1000 Megabit per second – Mbps)

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Computer Network Computer Network (Cont)(Cont)

WAN (Wide Area Network)Network in large

area.Connect different

LAN networks Lower speed

compared to LAN due to high cost

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InternetInternet Deployed in1969 under the name ARPANET

(Advanced Research Project Agency Network)

Adopted the method of Packet-Switching Split the info into small and equal size

called Packet

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Internet (Then)Internet (Then)

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The standard protocal is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol) Interoperability: Allow the

communication between different computers and different operating systems.

Routability: Can send the info to desirable direction/locations

IP (IP Address – Internet Protocol Address) In the same network, IP address of each

device must be different.

Internet (Cont)Internet (Cont)

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IP address is stored in 32-bit Binary Usually written in (Decimal) 4 groups, 8

bit each. Each group has number between 0-255

Ex: 202.28.25.66 or 192.168.1.0 2 Parts for IP address

Network Part: Host Part:

InternetInternet

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(Class) of IP A Class: 128 or less for the first

number such as 26.104.0.199 B Class: 128-191 for the first number

128.66.12.1 C Class: 192-223 such

as192.178.16.1 Reserved Class: 224 and above

InternetInternet

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(Private IP) Private IP is used with in the network

where the number of public IP is not enough

For example, computers in this room have the same public IP but different private IP

InternetInternet

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Example of IPV6 Example of IPV6 AddressAddressIPv62A93:342E:BC47:381C

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Internet Network

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Internet-Different Internet-Different servicesservices

WWW is known the most. But there are others such as E-Mail, File Sharing, etc.

Client-Server based system where Client has programs such as web Browser, E-mail Client

The program at the client requests a service from the server and the server has programs such as Web Server, Email Server for servicing.

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Domain Name Service (DNS)Domain Name Service (DNS)

Translate the Domain name into IP Address

Since the IP Addresses are hard to memorize, the domain name is to help memorizing the location of the server.

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DNSDNS

assani

Root

edu uk th de

or co ac

jp

eng med

cmu

doc doenv

cm

doe

chiangmai

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World Wide Web World Wide Web (WWW)(WWW) HTTP (Hypertext Transfer

Protocol) is used Need to have a web

browser.

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File TransferFile Transfer Another service for sending/receiving information. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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Electronic Mail (E-Electronic Mail (E-Mail)Mail)