Transparency Internacional Annual Report 01 08 Print Version
08 Foundations Print
Transcript of 08 Foundations Print
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HSB Turning TorsoARTstor ; Santiago Calatrava , Turning Torso; close view of the base with entrance bridge, pond and sculpture
ARCH 2231BUILDING TECHNOLOGY II
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Class Overview:
• Discussion/Lecture on Geotech + Excavations + Foundations: Procedures and Consultants, Geotechnical Investigation, Soil Bearing Pressure. Foundation materials: concrete, wood, and steel. Foundation types: deep foundations. Underpinning existing foundations
• Case Studies Presentations• XREF theory and practice• Foundation drawings• Foundation Assignment B‐3
Upcoming:• Foundations Quiz • SITE LOCATION PIN UP [Thursday]• DURA Presentation
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ARTstor ; www.artonfile.com
Santiago Calatrava
HSB Turning Torso
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ARTstor ; www.artonfile.com
Santiago Calatrava
HSB Turning Torso
http://www.bizzbook.com
/map/turningtorsonew
s.html
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Foundations
FoundationsShallow Foundations
Deep Foundations
Underpinning
Retaining Walls
Waterproofing and Drainage
courtesy of P
ROF. Ja
son Mon
tgom
ery
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Foundation Loading
Must meet Three Requirements:
1. The foundations, underlying soil, and rock composition must be strong enough to support the structure .
2. During the life the building, the foundation must not settle(move) in such a way as to damage the structure or impair its function.
3. The foundation must be feasible both technically and economically and practical to build without adverse effects to surrounding property.
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Foundations
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ROF. Ja
son Mon
tgom
ery
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Other Loads on a structure:1. Wind load – lateral, up, down
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Other Loads on a structure:2. Earth & water pushing horizontally3. Underground water pushing upward4. Earthquakes: horizontal
& vertical forces
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What makes for a good foundation?• It (and underlying soil ) must be strong enough to support structure above.
• It must not settle enough to damage structure.
• It must be feasible, economical to build, & not
endanger its neighbors.
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Classifying Earth Materials
• Rock: continuous mass of solid mineral material– Generally, the strongest, most stable of earth materials– Strength varies with mineral content and physical structure
• Soil: particulate - Small enough to be lifted by hand– Characteristics and suitability for foundation support vary with particle size and shape, mineral content, and sensitivity to moisture content
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Types of soil by size:
1. Rock (limestone, granite)Strongest, most stable
2. Gravel (half of particlesless than 1 / 4 inch
3. Sand (1 / 4” .002 inch)
4. Silt (.002 – .008 inch)
5. Clay ( less than .008 inch & plate‐shaped
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Classifying Earth Materials
http://matrix.vtrc.virginia.edu/DATA/GINT/vdotusc.PDF
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• Boring Report ‐‐ soil type‐‐ particle size‐‐ bearing capacity
‐‐ water content‐‐ expected settlement
http://www.gintsoftware.com/reports_boringlogs.html
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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FOUNDATIONS
ARCH 2331
Shallow Foundations
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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COLUMN FOOTING
courtesy of P
ROF. Ja
son Mon
tgom
ery
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WALL FOOTING (STRIP FOOTING)
FOUNDATIONS
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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Special Foundations
• Shallow Foundations on Soil w/ Low Bearing Capacity
• Mat or Raft Foundation
• Floating Foundation
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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Floating Foundations
Balances the weight of soil removed with the weight of building to be constructed
The load on the remaining soil is little changed.
FOUNDATIONS
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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Foundation Settlement
"Fundamentals of Building Construction / Materials and Methods" Allen & Wiley
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professor Montgomery
DEEP FOUNDATIONS ARE REQUIREDWHERE:
1. THE DEPTH OF ADEQUATEBEARING MATERIALS IS TOO GREAT FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS(IMPRACTICAL, TOO $$$$)AND/OR
2. THE PRIMARY AVAILABLEBEARING MATERIAL REQUIRESFRICTION RESISTANCE WITH THE FOUNDATION SYSTEM
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Deep Foundations
DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
TRANSMIT BUILDING LOADSTO DEEPER, MORECOMPETENT SOILSTHE TWO TYPES OF DEEPFOUNDATIONS ARE:
1. END BEARING2. BEARING THROUGHFRICTION
NOTE: SOME DEEPFOUNDATIONS FUNCTION INBOTH MODES.
FOUNDATIONS
"Fundamentals of Building Construction / Materials and Methods" Allen & Wiley
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professor Montgomery
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Piles and Grade Beams
Pile caps share loads among clustered piles.
A grade beam spans between the piles to provide continuous support for the wall above.
FOUNDATIONS
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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DEWATERING:Done when excavating below water table.
Methods: 1. Well Points drain off water
2. Build water‐tight barrier…
WATERPROOFING AND DRAINAGE
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Drainage
Drainage mat and free‐draining backfill material allow ground water to flow away from the substructure.
The machine in the foreground is used to compact the fill material as it is placed in lifts roughly 6 inches deep at a time.
WATERPROOFING AND DRAINAGE
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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Dampproofing & Waterproofing
Dampproofing materials are water‐resistant.
Waterproofing materials are resistant to hydrostatic pressure.
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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Drainage
Perforated piping conducts water away from the substructure.
Filter fabric “socks” cover the piping to prevent soil particles from accumulating in and eventually clogging the pipes.
WATERPROOFING AND DRAINAGE
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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Foundations Summary:
Starts with Subsurface Exploration
Shallow or Deep
Bearing or Friction
Drainage is Critical
Economics
courtesy of PROF. Jason Montgomery
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professor Montgomery
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ARTstor ‐ Hartill Art Associates Inc.
Cathedral, Baptistery and Tower, Pisa, Italy
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Code regulations on foundation design (IBC)‐Subsurface exploration and soil testing
‐ Methods of engineering design
• ‐ Maximum load‐bearing values for soils
• ‐ Minimum dimensions for footings, piles, etc.
• ‐ Installation & Waterproofingrequirements.
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http://com
mon
s.wikim
edia by Alessio
Facchin
Allen and Iano, Foundations Chapter 2, pp. 29‐38, pp. 56‐71
Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, Chapter 3, pp. 3.02‐3.26
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Foundation plan
http://w
ww.spe
athe
nginee
ring.com/im
ages/structural‐0
2.jpg
Reference links:
Cellar or Basement
Foundation items
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