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SHAHZAD MEHMOOD

08-CE-98

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NEED OF CLEAN AIR ACT(CAA)FOR PAKISTAN

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CLEAN AIR ACT

Clean Air Act is the comprehensive federallaw that regulates air emissions andmobile sources. (set in 1975, revised in

1977 & 1990)

This law authorize EPA to establish

National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) to protect public health andpublic welfare.

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1990 AMENDMENTS

The 1990 Clean Air Act amendments builton the significant progress made inimproving the nations quality air pollution.

In 2010 alone the amendments of1990 Clean Air Act prevented more than:-

_ 160,000 cases of premature mortality

_ 130,000 heart attacks_ 13 million lost work days EPA REPORT

_ 1.7 million asthma attacks 03-01-2011

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AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is a broad term that refers toany chemical, physical (particulate matter)or biological agent that modifies the

natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

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Sources of Air Pollution

The greatest sources of emissions areactually the

Factories

Mills

Automobiles.

CNG has been introduced to enhance

energy efficiency in various energyconsuming sectors specially in thetransport sector.

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Major Sources

Major sources are stationary sourcesthat emit or have potential to emit 10 tonsper year or more of a hazardous air

pollutants.

An Area Source is any stationary sourcethat is not a major source.

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Effects of Air Pollution

( 1 )Respiratory diseases: Globallyair pollution is directly responsible for alarge number of respiratory diseases and

the deaths caused by them.

The World Health Organization (WHO)

estimates that 4.6 million people die eachyear from directly attributable to airpollution.

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The Pakistan is no exception. The country issuffering from a rapid increase in respiratorydiseases.

Most of the respiratory diseases are related to

lungs

pleural cavity

bronchial tubes

trachea

breathing

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( 2 )Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric ozone depletion due to airpollution has long been recognized as athreat to human health and to the Earths

ecosystem.

This ozone layer resist the ultraviolet raysthat causes skin cancer.

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( 3 ) HIGH DEATH RATE

Research published in 2005 suggests that300000 Europeans die each year from airpollution.

Although annual deaths in Pakistan due toair pollution have not been welldocumented but no doubt its a major

problem in Pakistan.

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Need of Clean Air Act

Above mentioned factors justify the need ofClean Air Act for Pakistan:-

Law enforcing air quality standards , like the

Clean Air Act (CAA) in the US, have reduced thepresence of fine particles and ozone pollutionand hence proved very successful.

So, we should also consider thesestandards in Pakistan to improve the air quality.

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Need of Clean Air Act

High death rate linked to air pollution thanthe car accidents all over the world.

All these factors necessitates a great needfor microbiologists and epidemiologists towork with the public health sector to playan effective role.

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BENEFITS

The benefits and cost of Clean Air Act shows that thebenefits of

Avoiding early deaths

Preventing heart attacks Asthma effects And reducing the no of sick days for employees

are much higher than the cost of implementing CleanAir Act

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Funding

All such projects require proper fundingfrom the government and other agencies.

So its the duty of the government toappreciate and support these kinds ofprojects morally and financially.

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Policies of Pakistan

Pakistan has introduced a self monitoringand reporting system to control airpollution

Pakistan is working on the followingair pollution control policies:-

National Energy Conservation policy;

Enhance energy efficiency in various energy

consuming sectors

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National Climate Change Policy And Action

Plan National Forest Policy

National Environment Policy

Increasing Natural Gas Share In TheEnergy Mix

Fuel Efficiency In The Road TransportSector

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References

Daily Times Report

March 02, 2009

EPA Report published in Washington.03-01-2011

www.epa.gov