06 macromolecule construction and carbs
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Transcript of 06 macromolecule construction and carbs
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Carbon, Macromolecules and
Carbohydrates
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Elements Found in Living Organisms• Living organisms contain
many chemical elements, some in large quantities and some in very small amounts
• The 3 most common chemical elements of life are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)
• They are part of all the main organic compounds in living organisms
• Organic compounds:– contain carbon
– found in living organisms
• carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids are all organic molecules
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Examples of Chemical Elements
and Their Roles
Element Role in Plants or Animals
Nitrogen Part of the amine groups of amino
acids and therefore proteins
Calcium Needed to make the mineral that
strengthens bones and teeth
Phosphorus Part of the phosphate groups in ATP
and DNA molecules
Iron Needed to make hemoglobin and
thus to carry oxygen in blood
Sodium Used in neurons (nerve cells) for
the transmission of nerve impulses
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Organic Chemistry
• Study of carboncompounds
• Occur in more than just living things
• Are typically made by living things– Organic
compounds come from organisms
– The chemistry that you study in HS is inorganic• Compounds that
are found in the non-living world
http://www.chemistryland.com/ElementarySchool/BuildingBlocks/BuildingOrganic.htm
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Organic Compounds• The molecules of many organic compounds are large and
may seem complex, but they are built up using small and relatively simple subunits
Fatty Acid
YOU MUST BE ABLE
TO IDENTIFY THESE
STRUCTURES, you do
not have to be able to
draw them.
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Carbon Skeletons
• Vary in
– Length
– Branching
– Double bonds
– Rings
• Isomers have the same
molecular formula
• Isomers varying in their
structures
– Have different properties
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255chem/p2x1.jpg
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small organic molecules
larger organic molecules
COPY THIS ENTIRE CHART!
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SUBUNITS
ex: sugars,
amino acids,
nucleotides
MACROMOLECULES:
ex: globular
proteins and RNA
MACROMOLECULE
ASSEMBLIES:
ex: ribosome
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Condensation Reactions• In a condensationreaction, 2 molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule
• Water is also formed in the reaction
• For example, 2 amino acids can be joined together to form a dipeptide by a condensation reaction
• The new bond formed is a peptide linkage
• Further condensation reactions can link amino acids to either end of the dipeptide, eventually forming a chain of many amino acids
• This is called a polypeptide
www.pearsonsuccessnet.com activity 5.1 page 2
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Condensation Reactions• In a similar way, condensation reactions can be used to
build up carbohydrates and lipids
• The basic subunits of carbohydrates are monosaccharides
• 2 monosaccharides can be linked to form a disaccharide and more monosaccharides can be linked to a disaccharide to form a large molecule a polysaccharide
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three fatty-acid
tails
glycerol
triglyceride
+ 3H20
• Fatty acids can be linked to glycerol by condensation reactions to produce lipids called glycerides
• A max of 3 fatty acids can be linked to each glycerol, producing a triglyceride
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Hydrolysis Reactions• Large molecules such as polypeptides, polysaccharides
and triglycerides can be broken down into smaller molecules by hydrolysis
• Polypeptides + water dipeptides or amino acids
• Polysaccharides + water disaccharides or monosaccharides
• Glycerides + water Fatty acids + glycerol
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Monosaccharides
• glucose
• ribose
• deoxyribose
• fructose
• galactose
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Disaccharides
DISACCHARIDE DESCRIPTIONCOMPONENT
MONOSACCHARIDES
SUCROSE COMMON TABLE SUGAR GLU + FRU
LACTOSE MAIN SUGAR IN MILK GALACTOSE + GLU
MALTOSE PRODUCT OF STARCH HYDROLYSIS GLU + GLU
CAN BE USED IN BEER FERMENTATION
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• repeating, branching
macromolecule
• carb storage for plants
– For energy
– Cellulose
Starch
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Glycogen
• storage of glucose in the liver and
muscle
– For energy
• animals only
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Chitin• forms exoskeleton of
arthropods: insects, lobsters, shrimp, spiders
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POLYSACCHARIDES
• STARCH energy storage in plants α-glucose
• CELLULOSE structure of plant cell walls β-glucose
• GLYCOGEN energy storage in animals α-glucose
• CHITIN structure of fungi cell walls & β-glucose
exoskeleton of insects
Polysaccharide Description Monomer Unit