Carbs Review

Carbs ReviewWhat elements are found in carbs?Carbon, hydrogen and oxygenWhat is the ratio of C:H:O in a carb?1:2:1Why did scientists name the sugars carbohydrates?Carbo = carbonHydrate = 2:1 ratio of H:O just like a water moleculeWhat do we call the covalent bond that links one monosaccharide to another?Glycosidic bondWhat are the monomers of carbs?monosaccharidesName 5 monosaccharides.GlucoseFructoseGalactose RiboseDeoxyriboseWhich monosaccharide is the main source of energy for the cell?glucoseCells do not use glucose directly. They convert it into what molecule that is used by the cell for energy?ATPWhat are isomers?Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulasGive an example of two isomers.Glucose and fructose (and galactose)Why are glucose and fructose isomers?Both are C6H12O6Glucose has a 6-sided ring; fructose has a 5-sided ringWhat type of reaction joins monosaccharides?Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)What do we call a double sugar?disaccharideSucrose is a disaccharide made ofGlucose + fructoseLactose is a disaccharide made ofGlucose + galactoseMaltose is a disaccharide made ofGlucose + glucoseMany monosaccharides linked together form a polysaccharideWhat is the most common monosaccharide that makes up polysaccharides?glucoseHow do animals store excess glucose?Link it together in condensation reactions to form glycogenWhere is glycogen stored?Liver and musclesWhat type of reaction is performed in liver and muscle cells when glucose must be freed from glycogen?hydrolysisHow do plants store excess glucose?starchStarch has two structures. What are they?Spiral chainBranched chainWhich carb is the most abundant on earth?celluloseCellulose is not an energy polysaccharide. It is a __________ carbohydrate.structuralCellulose is made up of chains of glucoses. One chain is held to the next by what type of bond?hydrogenLipidsWhat elements are found in lipids?Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenLipids have large numbers of ____ and ____ but few ____.CarbonHydrogenOxygen True or false? Lipids are better at storing energy because they have larger numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds.True! We just said that lipids have few oxygens. This means there are more hydrogens bonded to carbons. C-H bonds store energy!There are six main functions of lipids. Name three.Energy storageVitamin storageInsulationPadding and shapeChemical messengersStructural part of the cell membraneThere are two common monomers in lipids. What are they?Glycerol Fatty acidsSometimes lipid polymers do not have the common monomers, so why do we still consider them lipids?Theyre nonpolar!The fatty acid monomer has two parts. What are they?Carboxyl endHydrocarbon endGlycerol + 3 fatty acids ? Triglyceride + waterHow many water molecules are formed in the condensation of a triglyceride?3Glycerol + 2 fatty acids ? Diglyceride + 2 water moleculesGlycerol + 1 fatty acids ? Monoglyceride + 1 waterWhat do we call a fat with double or triple bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of the fatty acid?unsaturatedUnsaturated fats have _______ chains and are ________ at room temp.Bent Liquids Where are unsaturated fats naturally found?Oils in plants like olive oilWhat effect do unsaturated fats have on cholesterol?No effectWhat do we call fats with all single bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of the fatty acid chains?Saturated fatsSaturated fats have _______ chains and are ______ at room temp.StraightSolid Where are saturated fats normally found?In animals or animal products like lard and creamWhat effect do saturated fats have on cholesterol?Increase it!Hydrogenation converts _________ fats into _________ fats.UnsaturatedSaturated Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate ? phospholipidDraw a phospholipid and label the parts.

headtailsThe head of a phospholipid is ______ and the tails are _______.Polar Nonpolar Because phospholipids have a polar and nonpolar end, they are __________ molecules.amphipathicWhat important structure do phospholipids make up?Cell membraneWhats another name for the cell membrane?Phospholipid bilayerWhy do we call the cell membrane the phospholipid bilayer?Its made of two (bi) layers of phospholipids!Waxes and steroids do not have the usual lipid monomers. Why are they lipids?Theyre nonpolarWhat are the two monomers of a wax?Fatty acid + alcoholWhat type of reaction joins the fatty acid to the alcohol?condensationHow many water molecules will be made in the condensation of a wax?1Which part of the wax makes it very water proof?Fatty acid chainHow many rings make up the structure of a steroid?4Of the four carbon rings in a steroid, how many are 6 sided? 5 sided?31True or false? Steroids have fatty acids.falseWhy are steroids considered lipids?Theyre nonpolarList two examples of steroids.TestosteroneEstrogenVitamin DCholesterol Cortisone This is the review that we started yesterday.

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This slide is in the middle of the presentation, so its ready to review proteins and nucleic acids. If you want to review carbs and lipids again, you will have to arrow back to the beginning!

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If you have questions, Mr. Keyser can help you until I get back!ProteinsWhat elements do proteins contain?carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogenList three functions of proteins.Used in cell membrane transport and recognitionAntibodiesStructural (muscles, hair, nails, etc.)Chemical messengers (some hormones)Enzymes

What are the monomers of proteins?Amino acidsIn what type of reaction will amino acids join?Condensation reactionWhat is the name for two joined amino acids?Dipeptide What do we call a chain of many amino acids?Polypeptide What are the five parts of an amino acid?Central carbonCarboxylAminoH atomR groupWhich of the five parts is different in amino acids?The R groupHow many different amino acids are there?20 (because there are 20 different R groups)How are neighboring amino acids positioned in order to bond?Carboxyl end of one must be next to amino end of neighboringWhat do we call a bond between amino acids?Peptide bondTrue or false? The bond between amino acids is a C-O-C bridge.False! The bond is between a C atom and a N atom!

True or false? As soon as a polypeptide is made it is fully functional as a protein.False!What must happen to a polypeptide chain before it is functional?Folding How many levels of protein organization are there?Four Describe the primary structure.Straight chain of amino acidsDescribe the secondary structure.Helices and pleated sheets What is causing the polypeptide to fold?Hydrogen bonding (and other interactions) between amino acids Describe the tertiary structure.Globular due to more folding/interactionsDescribe the quaternary structure.Two or more globular polypeptides togetherAt what level is a protein functional?Quaternary What is an enzyme?A protein that acts as a catalyst it speeds up reactions by decreasing activation energyWhat do we call the reactant(s) that the enzyme is catalyzing?Substrate(s)Because an enzyme will only work with one reactant in one type of reaction, we say that enzymes areSubstrate specificThe site on the enzyme where the substrate will join is theActive siteOnce an enzyme and its substrate have joined, we call the two together theEnzyme-substrate complexWhy do we call the model of enzyme action the lock and key model?The substrate and enzyme fit together like a key fits into a lock.Put the steps of the lock and key model in order.Enzyme returns to original shape and is reusable.Substrate bonds to enzymes active site forming enzyme-substrate complex.Reaction proceeds; products are released.Enzyme changes shape; activation energy is decreased because the enzyme:brought two substances closer together ORweakened bonds holding substrate monomers together

B, D, C, AThere are four things that can affect how well an enzyme functions. Name two.Enzyme concentrationSubstrate concentrationpHtemperatureWhat do we call the process in which an enzyme loses its shape?denaturingWhat causes denaturing?Changes in pHHigh temperaturesWhat do changes in pH and high temps actually do that causes denaturing?Destroy H bonds holding tertiary structure togetherWhat do we call small molecules that can be part of an enzymes active site and help the enzyme to function?Coenzymes Nucleic AcidsWhat elements are found in nucleic acids?CHONP

What is the main function of nucleic acids?Store and transmit hereditary information Directs protein synthesisWhat are the monomers of nucleic acids?nucleotidesEvery nucleotide has three parts. What are they?SugarPhosphate groupNitrogen baseNucleotides are linked together in what type of reaction?condensationWhat are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?DeoxyribosePhosphate Nitrogen baseWhat are the four bases found in DNA?AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine What is the shape of DNA?Double helixWhat holds the bases together across the middle of the double helix?Hydrogen bondsWhat are the base pairing rules in DNA and how many H bonds occur between the base pairs?A and T; 2 H bondsC and G; 3 H bondsWhat are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?RibosePhosphateBase What bases are found in RNA?AdenineUracilCyotsineGuanine What is the shape of RNA?Single strandedWhat RNA bases pair with which DNA bases?DNA baseRNA baseCG GCTAAU Nitrogen bases are divided according to structure. What are the two types?PurinesPyrimidines How many rings in purines?2How many rings in pyrimidines?1Which bases are purines?A and GWhich bases are pyrimidines?C, T, UIn DNA a ________ base will always pair with a _______ base.purine pyrimidine Name the four scientists whose work contributed to the discovery of DNAs structure.FranklinWilkinsWatsonCrick