06 Apr 06 Lecture No Notes

7/27/2019 06 Apr 06 Lecture No Notes

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we shall fight on the beaches, we shall

fight on the landing grounds, we shall

fight in the fields and in the streets, we

shall fight in the hills; we shall never

surrenderWinston Churchill

- June 4, 1940

Spring 2006

Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

LTCOL S.F. MITCHELL


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Effect of World War I on Mahanian

Theory

Support in two areas:

Commercial antagonism and rivalry cause war.

Faith in the battle fleet for command of the sea.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare's implications ignored.

Commerce raiding can affect the course of the war.

Importance of convoy capability to protect against submarine

attacks.


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German High Seas Fleet

Armistice of 11 November 1918:

High Seas Fleet undefeated in battle.

Germany must surrender most of its ships to Allies.

High Seas Fleet interned at Scapa Flow.

Fleet scuttled by German naval officers on 21 June1919 due to fear of resumption of war.

During negotiations of Treaty of Versailles. Great Britain and France require Germany to

relinquish control of the rest of its Navy.


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Treaty of Versailles -- 1919

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Attempts to use U.S. power to ensure peace in Europe.

Germany

Forced to follow military limitations and pay reparations.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Second Point

Freedom of the seas and illegality of blockades.

British opposition.

Self-Determination for European peoples. League of Nations: Republican U.S. Senate rejects due to

isolationist sentiments.


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The Japanese Imperial Navy

Seized German Pacific possessions early in WW I.

Island groups in central Pacific.

Chinese port facilities.

Engaged in a major naval building program.

Designed to give Japan naval dominance in the westernPacific to protect expansion.

Cannot afford an arms race with U.S.

Insufficient resources and capabilities.


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The U.S. Navy

Woodrow Wilson

Opposes British rejection of Second of the Fourteen Points. Major naval building program begins - 1919.

Naval Act of 1916 continued and expanded.

Emphasis back on capital ships.

Need for a large fleet to protect both coasts. Construction planned to rival and eclipse the Royal Navy.

American people seek a Return to Normalcy.

Do not support a Navy second to none.

Republican Congress supports disarmament.

Republican President Warren G. Harding elected in 1920.

Wilsons building program disapproved.


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Washington Naval Conference -- 1921-22

Issues for U.S.

Security of possessions in the Pacific.

Dislike of Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902.(Potential threat to U.S. interests in the Far East)

End to the naval arms race.

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes

Dramatic proposal for disarmament:

Immediate 10-year Holiday on construction of newcapital ships.

Scrapping of ships already commissioned.

Designed for appeasement of Congress.(Determined to cut military spending after WW I)


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Effects of the Five Power Treaty


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Other Treaties

Four-Power Pact U.S., Great Britain, Japan, and France.

Terminates the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902.

Respect Far Eastern possessions of other countries.

Mutual consultation in crisis.

Nine-Power Treaty

U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, China,

Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal. Guarantees Open Door in China.

Freedom of trade for all countries.


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Treaty Implications to U.S.

Negative Japanese angered by limits on their expansion.

Smaller classes of ships not included.

Did not recognize that U.S. and Great Britain were nolonger rivals.

Positive

Ensure Open Door in China.

Naval limitations realistically accepted congressionalbudget limitations.

U.S. Navy able to develop new technology.


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Technological Improvements

Battleship Backbone of the Fleet

Conversion from coal to oil fuel source for engines: Underway replenishment much easier to accomplish.

Aircraft carriers: Attack and fighter aircraft developed. Slow integration into the fleet.

Army General Billy Mitchell: Navies are obsolete.

Carriers still seen as support for battleships. Lexington and Saratoga - Converted battle cruisers.

Ranger- 1934 - First carrier built from the keel up.

Modern radio communications.

Aluminum and plastic reduce weight and increase speed.

Submarines - Ability to fire torpedoes submerged.


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U.S. Amphibious Doctrine

Focus on Japanese-controlled island groups in the Pacific.

Major Earl H. Pete Ellis, USMC:

Assigned by General Lejeune to develop plans for Marineoperations in support of War Plan Orange.

Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia approved 1921.

Necessary to seize and defend advanced naval bases.

Need the ability to perform opposed amphibious assaults.

Special landing craft and heavy weapons needed.

Incorporated lessons from Gallipoli on proper planning

Tentative Manual for Landing Operations

Ellis is killed on Palau in 1923 while studying islands.

General Lejeune:

Marine Corps exists to perform missions with the fleet.


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Fascism

in Europe Mussolini - Il Duce: 1922

Invasion of Ethiopia - 1935 Hitler - Fuhrer: Chancellor of Germany - 1933

Nazi Third Reich replaces Weimar Republic.

Promise of German economic recovery.

Beginnings of the Holocaust. German rearmament begins.

Spanish Civil War - 1930s Generalissimo Francisco Franco supported by fascists.

Agreement permits Germany to rebuild Navy - 1935. Remilitarization of the Rhineland - 1936

German rejection of the Treaty of Versailles.


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Fascism General traits:

Rejection of individualism. Rejection of representative government.

Idealization of war.

Disallowance of the class struggle (anti-communist).

Unity and indivisibility of the nation. Military build-up.

Territorial expansion.

Rome-Berlin Axis - 1936

Tripartite Pact: Germany, Italy, Japan - 1940 Mutual support if one party is attacked by a power not

already involved -- Soviet Union.


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Force Level of U.S. Fleet 1937

Manning Navy officers and enlisted: 113,617

Marine officers and enlisted: 18, 223

Fleet Battleships: 15

Aircraft Carriers: 3

Heavy cruisers: 17

Light cruisers 10

Destroyers: 196 (162 overage)

Subs: 81 (50 overage)


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Naval Ability to Carry out Plans

Enough capital ships

Insufficient aircraft carriers Barely sufficient cruisers

Submarines 40% below warstrength

Aircraft insufficient

Landing Craft grosslyinsufficient

Manpower insufficient

Bases insufficient

Marine Corps 1/3 ofrequired size

Conclusion: Not fullyprepared!!!


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Competing Allied Strategies.

British preferred a peripheral strategy. War of Attrition:

North Africa, Egypt, Sicily, etc.. Churchill (again) advocates going after the soft underbelly

Early 2nd Front for the Russians

Checkmate Russian westward advance

U.S. preferred direct attack on Germany through a westernFrance as early as 1942.

U.S. initially acquiesces to British peripheral strategybecause:

Allowed U.S. to pursue Pacific War.

Drew German resources off the Western Front, weakening themfor an eventual cross channel invasion.

Allies checked German advances in Egypt; stalemated on Russianfront; attacked Italy beginning in July 1943

Rejected by Brits because Germans were still to strong

We werent ready for large scale amphibious operations


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German Expanision

German annexation of

Austria (Anschluss)-March 1938.

Munich Crisis -

September 1938.

Molotov-Ribbentrop

Pact - August 1939


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German Expanision:1940

Denmark and NorwayApril

Invasion of Netherlands,

Belgium, and FranceMay

Soviet annexation of

Baltic States: June

Soviet invasion of Finland

- November

German invasion of

Soviet Union - June 1941.


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German Commerce Raiding

Ineffective until German invasions of Norway, Denmark, and

France. Allows German access to Atlantic ports.

German surface raiders target Allied shipping. Battle of the River Plate - December 1939

Admiral Graf Spee scuttled.

Bismarcksunk- May 1941.

U-boats Commanded by Admiral Karl Donitz.

HF Radio used to organize Wolfpacks - groups of U-boats that attack

Allied convoys.


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Naval Action 1939-1941

Royal Navy blockades Germany. German invasion of Norway - April 1940.

Avoid Royal Navy mining of lines of communication.

Dunkirk (Dunkerque) - May, June 1940

Royal Navy evacuates 337,000 Allied soldiers from France.

British destroy Vichy French fleet at Oran- July 1940.

U.S. Navy Neutrality Patrols become the Atlantic Fleet. Admiral Ernest J. King in command.

Undeclared naval war in the Atlantic against U-boats.

Destroyers escort convoys.

Anti-submarine patrol aircraft used to locate U-boats.


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LIBERTY SHIPS

"Built by the mile andchopped off by theyard...

Delivered at the rate of

one a day. Used high speed

modern industrialtechniques

Produced more than2,700 Liberty ships

P i f i h P ifi
http://www.liberty-ship.com/


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Preparations for war in the Pacific


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Attack on Pearl Harbor

US and Japan realized the

importance of Pearl Harbor

Knockout blow aimed at thePacific Fleet

Previous Japanese wargameshad proved it too difficult

Enabled by:

Newer aircraft

Shallow running torpedoes Long range submarines

Luck


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Attack on Pearl Harbor

Japanese Fleet: All six large carriers

420 Planes

Advanced Expeditionary Force 20 large submarines

5-with mini subs attached

6 December US makes final appeal for peace

Intercepts show an attack imminent inthe Pacific

7 December Two Japanese diplomatic intercepts

indicate an attack at Pearl

Alert is sent by commercial telegrapharrives 4-hours after attack.


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Time line: Attack on Pearl Harbor

0600 first wave of 183 planes launch230 miles out of Pearl

0700 first wave spotted by radar;reports ignored

0715 second wave of 167 planes

launch 0753 first wave hit

0953 air attacks are concluded

2,335/1178 KIA/WIA

Eight Battleships damaged

Five Battleships sunk

3 destroyers/3 cruisers sunk

188 aircraft destroyed on the ground


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U.S. Enters War

U.S. officially enters war afterattack on Pearl Harbor.

Germany U-boat offensive moves tothe U.S. East Coast.

As the Convoy Strategy becomesmore effective, Doenitz moved his

U-boats south (tonnage strategy.) Doenitz shifts U-boats back to North

Atlantic in 1942. U.S. counteractswith escort carriers and HF/DFlocations of Wolfpack.

Doenitz forced into Central Atlanticas allies strengthened convoys anddeveloped ASW tactics. Hunter-Killer groups run out of U-boats to

sink.

TAKING THE FIGHT TO THE AXIS


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TAKING THE FIGHT TO THE AXISFROM THE SEA

Sequence for pursuing

peripheral strategy in the

Mediterranean

Montgomery vs. Rommel in

N. Africa. Securing the

Suez lifeline.

Landing in N. Africa

(Operation Torch):

Casablanca, Oran, Algeria.

Invading Italy: Sicily,

Salerno, and Anzio.


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NORTH AFRICA: Operation Torch

Planned and commanded by

LTGEN Eisenhower Aimed at relieving El Alamein

where Gen Erwin RommelsAfrika Corps were threateningthe Suez Canal\

US Forces left 24 Oct 1942,landed 8 November atCasablanca

Other forces landed in Oran andAlgiers

Montgomery broke out of ElAlamein and the 3-pincersforced the Germans out of

North Africa


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SICILY: Operation Husky

Planned by the same team

9-10 July 1943

Much larger and more

sophisticated

Technological Advances

Brits insisted on night landing

Germans escaped from

Messina to Italian mainland


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Analysis Strategic success

Operational success

Ascendancy of US forces

Singular joint/combined cooperation

Tactical Success

66K PAX/7K VEH 3-days Egos

Airborne forces?

Losses:

US 2,200/6,544

UK 2,723/10,120

Axis 29,000/140,000

100,000 escaped


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Salerno and Anzio

US agreed to further Italian

landings as a trade for the Britscommiting to a cross channel

invasion

Salerno was close run attack

US anti armor weapons could notpenetrate Panzers

Major airborne drop of troops tipped

balance

Ultimately 5th Corps broke out and

took Naples Sept 43

Anzio January of 1944

Allies pinned on beach for 5-months


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Anzio:The

Landing


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Analysis Strategic

Anzio and Gustav lineeventually sucked up 20German Divisions!

Reduced Allied troops andequipment from Overlord

Operational Tactical

Like Gallipoli LF Fails topunch out

LF repeatedly saved byNSFS

Losses:

Allies:7,000/35,000

Axis 29,000/140,000


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Mission

Enter the continent of Europe and, in conjunction with other

Allied nations, undertake operations aimed at the heart ofGermany and the destruction of her armed forces. The date

for entering the Continent is the month of May, 1944.

After adequate channel ports have been secured,

exploitation will be directed towards securing an area that

will facilitate both ground and air operations against the

enemy.


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NORMANDY


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NORMANDY: Operation Overlord

Ground Forces

Vehicles US PersonnelD 9,456 89,750

D+5 27,758 188,000

D+15 66,882 385,500

D+30 120,057 660,000

D+50 165,648 873,350

D+70 191,066 987,750

D+90 215,570 1,099,790


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S i li d Shi d C f


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Specialized Ships and Craft

Tank Landing Ships

(LST)

Utility/Tank Landing

Craft(LCU)

Fire Support Ships

T h l Ad


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Technology Advances

Radar

Detection

Location

Fusing

Direction Sonar

Hydrophones

Fire Direction

Torpedoes

Depth Charges
http://navalhistory.flixco.info/G/148562/8330/a0.htm


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Next time: The War in the Pacif ic


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Operations in the Mediterranean


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Operation TorchThe Invasion of North Africa

8-11 November 1942

By MIDN 4/C Hamilton

P


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Purpose

Clear Axis from North Africa

Improve Naval control of Mediterranean Prepare for invasion of Southern Europe

Open a second front to relieve the burden on the

Soviets Cause Axis to divert resources and manpower to a new front

Alternative to a premature invasion of occupiedEurope British were sure that invasion of Europe would be disastrous

Th E


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The Enemy

Expected to draw Luftwaffe from the Russian

front

Possible resistance from Vichy France in French

held territory

Vichy regime was a collaborator with the Nazis Unsure whether soldiers would follow Vichy

orders or help the Allies Frenchmen despised the Vichy collaborators

Th Pl


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The Plan Three pronged attack

Landings at Morocco, Oran, and Algeria

Naval Forces

Royal Navy escorts troops to landings in Oran and Algeria

American Naval task force supports landings at Morocco

Ground Forces

35,000 troops would land in Morocco

18,500 troops would land in Oran

20,000 troops would land in Algiers

The Battle


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The Battle

Morocco Ships of the Western task force destroyed French batteries

American landing craft landed successfully

Oran

Airborne scattered all over the area, but captured intended objectives

Landing ships damaged due to unexpected shallowness of water

Heavy fire from British ships caused the French troops to surrender on the

9th

Algeria

Virtually no French resistance

Only fighting took place in port of Algiers to prevent French scuttling

ships

Outcome


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Outcome

Deal struck with Vichy government

Senior French Commander agreed to cease fire

Fighting stopped the next day, 11 November

Foot hold in North Africa

Contributed to eventual expulsion of Nazis from North Africa

Naval superiority in Mediterranean allowed for the capture of230,000 men after Rommels defeat

North Africa used as a spring board for the future invasion of

Sicily


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Operation HuskyThe Invasion of Sicily

July 1943

By MIDN 4/C Lugge

Why was it necessary?


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Why was it necessary?

Allies wanted to knock out Italy fromthe war. With Italy out of the war resources could be reallocated

else where.

Create another front against Axis powers.

Assist the Russians With another front to deal with the Axis would ease up

on the eastern front.

What was the plan?


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What was the plan?

Landing Forces

One force led by Major General Patton would land on the southernpart of Sicily and then move east.

A second force led by General Montgomery would land on the

eastern part of Sicily and then move north.

Paratroopers Paratroopers would land behind the beach heads and secure

objectives inland.

Air forces Strategic bombing would provide support to the ground forces as

well as protect from air attacks.

Sea forces Provide shore bombardment to landing forces.

What happened?


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What happened?

24,000 men successfully landed on the shores of Sicily.

Naval forces successfully were able to reply two enemy

tank attacks.

Air forces were not very successful at strategic bombing

nor were sufficient to provide air cover for landing forces.

General Pattons army was able to move swiftly driving

through western parts of Sicily and then north. Mean

while General Montgomery's forces became bogged down

at Catania.

Consequences


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Consequences

Cons of the Landings

Allies got bogged down at times.

Pros of the Landings

Allowed the Allies to spring board into Italy in

January 1944.

Helped to better plan future landings

Added another front that the Axis powers had

to deal with.


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Operation Overlord

Created by: Nick Perry and Matthew Timmerman

Why Normandy?


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The short operating range of Allied fighters, including the British Spitfire andHawker Typhoon, from UK airfields greatly limited the choices of amphibiouslanding sites.

Geography reduced the choices further to two sites: the Pas de Calais and theNormandy coast. Because the Pas de Calais offered the shortest distance to theEuropean mainland from the UK, the best landing beaches, and the most direct

overland route to Germany, it was the most heavily fortified and defended landingsite.

Consequently, the Allies chose Normandy for the invasion.

Why was D-Day needed?


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Germany represented a greatermilitary threat than Japan, but they

did not often see eye to eye on thestrategy that would most efficientlydefeat the Reich.

The Americans were early andpersistent advocates of a directstrategy - a cross-Channel attack thatwould first destroy German military

power in the West, then drive deepinto the heart of industrial Germanyto end the war. The British, on theother hand, preferred to stage anumber of small-scale attacks aroundthe perimeter of fortress Europe.

Thus it was not until the TeheranConference in November 1943 thatthe British, reluctantly agreed tolaunch a cross-Channel attack, code-named Operation Overlord, in May of1944 and to allow President FranklinD. Roosevelt to name a commanderfor the operation.


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Operation Bodyguard

During World War II, Operation Bodyguard was the overall Allied strategic deception plan in Europe for1944.

Three main goals of Operation Bodyguard:

1. To induce the German command to believe that the main assault and follow up will be in or east of the Pas

de Calais, thereby encouraging the enemy to maintain or increase the strength of his air and ground forces

and his fortifications there at the expense of other areas, particularly of the Caen area.

2. To keep the enemy in doubt as to the date and the time of the actual assault.

3.During and after the main assault to contain the largest possible German land and air forces in or east of the

Pas de Calais for at least fourteen days.

Operation Fortitude (N) Operation Fortitude(S)

Operation Zeppelin was a deception plan carried out by the Allies designed to depict

a potential amphibious landing on Crete, western Greece, or the Romanian Black Sea

coast.

Operation Fortitude (N)


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Fortitude North consisted of the creation of the fictionalBritish Fourth Army,complete with subsidiary units and headquarters.

Fake radio traffic was created (an operation called Operation Skye), alongwith media reports of units activities.

British diplomats also began negotiations with neutral Sweden in order toobtain concessions that would be useful in the event of an invasion of

Norway, such as the right to fly reconnaissance missions over Sweden and theright to refuel planes that made emergency landings.

Operation Fortitude (S)


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-Fortitude South was conducted with the intention of persuading the Germans that an invasion would cometo the Pas de Calais.

-The key element of Fortitude South was Operation Quicksilver. It entailed the creation of the belief inGerman minds that the Allied force consisted of two army groups, 21st Army Group and 1st U.S. ArmyGroup (FUSAG) (a fictitious force under General George Patton), positioned in southeastern England for acrossing at the Pas de Calais.

-The Germans had about 50 agents in England at the time, but MI5 had caught and recruited many of them

as double agents. In fact, although they did not know it, MI5 controlled all of the German agents in Britainat the time. Additionally infrastructure was reported as being incomplete, and troops as untrained orineffective, to give the picture that an invasion was scheduled for later in the year.

Dusko Popov published his memoirs "Spy, Counterspy" in 1974.

Operation Mulberry


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Operation Mulberry

Because existing port facilities were heavily defended and impossible to seize quickly, Eisenhowertook another route, which he described as "a project so unique as to be classed by many scoffers ascompletely fantastic. It was a plan to construct artificial harbors on the coast of Normandy.

A sheltered transfer point was needed for LSTs to transfer tanks or trucks to smaller LCTs which

could land them on the beach--or on a pierhead at a causeway where they could be driven ashore.

Phoenix: breakwaters with unloading docks on the lee side;

Gooseberry:, onshore breakwaters consisting of battered old freighters sunk in sheltering arcs;

Lobnitz: pierheads floating with the tide inside a steel frame anchored to the bottom, connected to

Whale: causeways to shore above the high tide mark;

Bombardon: floating outer breakwaters;

Rhino: ferries to transfer cargo from ships or Phoenix piers to the beach.

What precautions and factors led to the placement and time


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p p

for D-DAY?

Weather

-The decision to go ahead would come down to the most important weather forecast ever made. Ideally

there should be two low tides during daylight hours and the night before should be moonlit.(Paratroopers)

-The American forecasters were optimistic for the 5th June. They felt a nose of high pressure would keep

the Channel weather relatively quiet.

-The British disagreed, concerned that the weather fronts west of Ireland would sweep wind and rain into

Northern France. Then unexpectedly there were signs of a "weather window" opening on the 6th June.

If Eisenhower had waited for the next combination of moonlight and tide, a couple of weeks later, the

invasion would have been a disaster.

-The Channel was hit by one of the worst summer storms in decades. He was to write - "I thank the godsof war we went when we did.

Placement

-Months before Eisenhower's appointment as Supreme Commander, General Morgan had produced a

preliminary plan for the seaborne invasion of Europe. Constrained by the range of fighters based in southern

England and by the availability of suitable landing beaches, COSSAC planners' options narrowed quickly to

the

1.Pas-de-Calais area

2. A section of the Calvados coast on either side of the Norman town of Arromanche-les-Bains. (Normandy)

-The Pas-de-Calais beaches, attractive because of their closeness to England and the shortness of the lines of

advance to the German border, were rejected because of their obviousness, their remoteness from a major

port, and their highly developed defenses. Normandy, almost by default, became the designated landing

area.

Operation Overlord: Execution


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3 Major Parts

Airborne paratrooper

and glider landings

Massive naval and air

bombardments

Early morning

amphibious assault on

beaches

Navy LVCP disembarks troops at Omaha

Beach on D-Day.

Airborne Landings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NormandyLST.jpeg


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BBC Secret Transmission toleaders of French Resistance

Carefully selected lines poem byVerlaine

Heads up to Resistance that aninvasion was imminent

First airborne unit to go into action

British 6th Airborne Division

Objectives such as capturingbridges and destroying gunbatteries.

82nd and 101st Airborne lesssuccessful

Unmarked landing zones, radiosilence and poor weathercontributed to units being

scattered, some captured or dead.

Beach Landings


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5 Beach Assaults

Utah (US)

Omaha (US)

Gold (UK)

Juno (Canada) Sword (UK)

Canadian soldiers landing at Juno Beach

Hobart's Funnies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Junobeach.jpg


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Crocodile - A Churchill tank modified by the fitting of a flame-thrower in place of the hull machine gun. The flamethrower

had a range of over 120 yards (110 metres).

Bobbin - A reel of 10 foot wide canvas cloth reinforced with steel poles carried before the tank so that it, and following

vehicles would not sink into the soft ground of the beaches during the amphibious landing.

Small Box Girder was an assault bridge that was carried before the tank and could be dropped to span a 30 foot gap in 30

seconds.

Bullshorn Plough. A mine plough intended to excavate the ground in front of the tank, to expose and make harmless any

land mines.

Double Onion two large demolition charges on a metal frame that could be placed against a concrete wall and then

detonated from a safe distance. It was the successor to the single charge device Carrot.

Ark-Armoured Ramp Carrierwas a Churchill tank without a turret that had extendable ramps at each end; other vehicles

could drive up ramps and over the vehicle to scale obstacles.

Crab - A modified Sherman tank equipped with a mine flail, a rotating cylinder of weighted chains that exploded mines in

the path of the tank.

Hobart's Funnies were a number of unusually modified tanks operated during World War

II by the 79th Armoured Division, with specialists from the Royal Engineers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1944_NormandyLST.jpg


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Omaha Beach 3.5 miles long Bloody Omaha

German forces were prepareddefensively and strategically for theinvasion

Many things went wrong for Allies

Half Sherman DD Tanks that were forcover sunk

Unsuccessful airborne bombardments

Unsuccessful naval bombardments

because of the short time slot given tothe guns: 40 min.

At end of day, 2400 casualties, mostwithin the first few hours.

Improvised attacks by both destroyersand units pinned on the beachescontributed to the breakthrough andhelped turn the battle in favor of the US

forces.

Troops from 1st Division landing

on Omaha

Building of reinforcements

Gold
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Normandy7.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:1944_NormandyLST.jpg


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Gold

Beach lay between Omaha and Juno

8 kilometers wide

Divided into 4 sectors

How

Item

Jig

King

Invaders:

British 50th Division

British 8th Armored Brigade

By midnight on June 6, 1944:

25,000 British troops landed onbeach

Penetrated 6 miles into occupiedFrance

Final casualties: 500

British troops landing on Gold Beach

Juno


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Juno

Situated between Sword and Gold

2nd most heavily defended beach behind

Omaha

Seawalls twice the height of Omahas

Again, naval and aerial bombardments

failed to deal crippling blows to

German defenses

Divided into two sectors

West: Mike

East: Nan

By end of D-Day 3rd Canadian Division

penetrated further into France than any

Allied force that dayGerman defenses at Juno Beach.

Picture taken August 2005.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Juno_Beach.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg


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Sword Furthest east among the landing points

Divided into four zones from west to

east: Oboe

Peter

Queen

Roger

German defenses light compared to

other beaches Landing forces:

British I Corps and British 3rd InfantryDivision

Key objective: To reach andcapture the town of Caen.

German defense at Sword

Beach. Picture taken 2005

British infantry waiting to movewhile under fire.

Utah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ouistreham.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Infantry_waiting_to_move_off_%27Queen_White%27_Beach.jpg


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Utah

Met with little resistance comparedwith Omaha

Plan of Attack 4 Waves

Landing Craft Vehicle Personnels, orHiggins Boats carrying 30 man assaultteams

LCT, or Landing Craft Tanks eachcarrying 4 amphibious DD Tanks.

Engineer Combat Batallion to clear

beaches between high and low watermarks

End of D-day

20,000 troops, 1700 vehicles safely onshore

Only 200 casualties recorded during thelandings

Exercise Tiger

Practice run of invasion

American assault troops move onto

Utah beach carrying full equipment

Development of Amphibious DoctrineB ttl f G lli li
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Utah_beach.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Landings_on_Utah_beach.jpg


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Battle of Gallipoli

Allied Powers vs. Turks

Battle for the control of the Dardanelles Dardanelles represent strategic

advantage by linking Mediterranean to

Black Sea.

Opening phases of battle showed

difficulty of using solely naval power to

combat shore batteries.

CONCLUSION: Joint military and naval

force is essential in gaining control of

The Dardanelles (Amphibious Doctrine)

Development of Amphibious Doctrine


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Important Lessons from TheBattle of Gallipoli

Organization, equipping,

and training ofamphibious forces prior

to campaign.

Weather

Tidal Influences (before andafter landing)

Force (re)distribution (timedelay disadvantage)

Landing beaches (landing inclose proximity to objective)

Development of Amphibious Doctrine


78/89


Use of intelligence in

developing amphibiousstrategy

Maps and Airplane Recon not completely accurate

Advantageous to use multiple

beaches

Use of feints to distract enemy distant from objective; extremely

effective

Study of terrain British lack thereof made naval gun

support difficult

Development of Amphibious DoctrineI t t L f Th B ttl f G lli li


79/89


Amphibious Strategy Contd Land maximum combat power in first echelon

Turks were more prepared against British after first landing

Necessity of shipping stores from main base to re-supply if necessary

Coordination of Navy and Marine planes

Development of Amphibious DoctrineSummary of Important Lessons from The Battle of Gallipoli


80/89

Summary ofImportant Lessons from TheBattle of Gallipoli

Amphibious landings require

exact and careful planning bycomposite staff of Army and

Naval officers.

Continued supply and

support to landed forces from

Navy. Evacuation of wounded

required close cooperation

between Army and Navy

Coordination of Naval gun

fire with movement of forceson shore

LT Col Earl Hancock


81/89

1. Time period:

WW I

2. Predictions:

War with Japan

Pearl Harbor Aircraft carriers

Planes carrying

bombs


82/89

Amphibious Technology

Armored motor lighters (Beetles)500 men or 40 horses


83/89

500 men or 40 horses

Used as lesson learned from Gallipoli

Pontoon bridge


84/89

g

Alligator


85/89

John Roebling

(AP 1) Henderson


86/89

USS Henderson

(AP 1)

USS Arthur Middleton

(APA-25)

WW II A k T

USS San Antonio

(LPD 17) 2003


87/89

(AP 1)WW II Attack Transport

(LPD 17) 2003

Displacement

(full load)11,277 tons 16,480 tons 24,900 tons

Length 483' 10" 489' 684'

Beam 60'10" 69' 9" 105'

Draft 22' 0" 27' 4" 23'

Power PlantReciprocating Engine

Single shaft 4,400 hp

Steam turbine

Single shaft

8,500 hp

4 Turbo-charged diesel engines

Two shafts

41,600 brake hp

Speed 13.5 knots 18.4 knots 22+ knots

Crew 233 528 362

Embarked Troops1,300 - 2,200 (depending on

configuration)1,304 699

Landing Craft /

Assault Vehicles

11 boats/barges,

2-4 unpowered lighters,

2 picket boats

4 LCM landing craft,

18 LCVP personnel landing craft,

3 large LCPL landing craft,

2 LCPR Landing craft

2 air cushion landing craft (LCAC) or 1

utility landing craft (LCU),

14 Advanced Amphibious Assault

Vehicles (AAAVs)

Aircraft 0 0

Launch/land up to CH-46 Sea Knight

helicopters or 2 MV-22 Osprey tilt-rotor

aircraft

4 CH-46 helicopters

Armament 8 5" gun mounts

1 5"/38 gun mount,

4 single 3"/50 gun mounts,

8 Single 20mm gun mounts,4 50-cal. machine guns

2Mk 46 AAAV Navalized Guns

2 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM)

launchers

Brigadier General James C. Breckinridge


88/89

rewrote the entire

curriculum to a strictlyMarine Corps

orientation,

new science ofamphibious warfare

and close air support.

Important Recap


89/89

p p

Ship to shore movement

Air support

carriers Logistics

Supply

Night marches

Naval gun support

Surprise

Command

Timing Reconnaissance

Beach room

Training Flexs

Feints

Large initial assault

Artillery

Establish presence

Year Event

1922 Pontoon Bridges

1927 Joint Board

formalizes USMC

development of

amphibious

doctrine

1933 Fleet Marine

established

1934 Tentative Manual

for LandingOperations

1936 Shallow draft

06 Apr 06 Lecture No Notes

Documents

Transcript of 06 Apr 06 Lecture No Notes