0404 fmatter finalNEW.book Page 674 Wednesday, June 30...

0404_fmatter_finalNEW.book Page 674 Wednesday, June 30, 2004 3:40 PM

I N D E X

Numerics2B (two bearer) channels, 913GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), 36–37

publications, 601SSNs, 248

A“A” party, 6, 189

synchronization with B party, 14Abort messages (TCAP), 292–293access facilities, PSTN, 87–95access links, 64access signaling, 6Access Tandem (AT), 84ACM (Address Complete Message), 188, 204ACQ (All Call Query), 210ActivateSS operation (MAP), 396activateTraceMode (MAP), 391Active PIC, 338Address Complete message (ISUP), 525address signaling, 11

DTMF, 11–12MF, 16–17

Adjunctin IN CS-X/AIN, 329versus SCP, 314

AERM (Alignment Error Rate Monitoring), 131AI (Address Indicator), 253–254AI (Address Information) field (CgPA/CdPA), 257AIN (Advanced Intelligent Network), 311, 323.

See also AIN 0.2Adjunct, 329AIN 0, 332AIN 0.1, 317, 333AIN CS-1, 317AIN CS-2, 317call state models, 323

DP, 324–326originating call half, 327PIC, 323terminating call half, 327

INCM, 330–331IP, 329SCE, 330SCP, 329SMS, 330SSP, 329standards, 318

AIN 0.2, 311, 336OBSCM, 338

PICs, 338TDPs, 339triggers, 339–342

SCP, call control messages, 345TBSCM, 342

PICs, 342–343triggers, 343–345

Time Of Day routing service, 346AIN CLASS provideValue message, 624air interface (GSM), 372Alerting PIC, 338alias Point Code routing, 148alignment, links, 607alternate access links, 67analog line signaling, PSTN, 89Analyze Information PIC, 338Analyzed Information TDP, 339ANM (Answer message), 188, 205ANSI (American National Standards Institute),

37–38, 602cause values, 637–640cluster routing, 147ISUP timers, 563–570national Point Codes, 137–139operation codes, 297–299package types (TCAP), 270parameters, 299–305protocols, comparing to ITU-T protocols,

595–597routing labels, 143SLS, 150TCAP messages, 293

Conversation, 295Protocol Abort, 296Query, 294Response, 295Unidirectional, 293


676

User Abort, 296transactions, 275

ANSI Dialogue, 282ANSI MAP. See MAPANSI-41D, map operations, 553–555Answer message (ISUP), 525APDUs (Application Protocol Data Units), 280–281Application Errors (TCAP), 289Application Transport message (ISUP), 525architecture

of NGNs, 405–406of SCCP, 229

comparing SCOC and SCLC, 231connectionless service protocol classes,

232–233connection-oriented protocol classes, 233messages, 236–244NSDUs, 232SCLC, 234SCOC, 234–235user data, 232

AS (Application Server), 414ASP (Application Server Process), 415ASPSM messages (M3UA), 425–427

MGMT messages, 426RKM messages, 427

associated signaling, 22, 68, 72ISUP, 185

AT (Access Tandem), 84ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry

Solutions), 40atomic values, 284AuC (Authentication Center), 371Authorization parameter (ANSI), 305Authorize Call Setup PIC, 338Authorize Origination Attempt PIC, 338Authorize Termination Attempt PIC, 342Automatic Callback, 272Automatic Code Gap Indicators parameter

(ANSI), 300availability, MTP3 management messages, 458awaiting ACM timer, 207awaiting address complete timer (ISUP), 190awaiting answer timer (ISUP), 190awaiting continuity timer (ISUP), 190

B“B” party, 6, 189

synchronization with A party, 14backward signals, 14basic call model (BCM), 628basic error correction, 118–123BCM (basic call model), 628Bearer Capability Requested parameter (ANSI), 303Bearer Capability Supported parameter (ANSI), 304Begin messages (TCAP), 291Bellcore specifications, 38bit removal, 115bit stuffing, 115Blocking Acknowledgement message (ISUP), 525blocking messages (ISUP), 223, 525blue boxes, 20BOF (Birds of a Feather) session of 1998, 407BRI (Basic Rate Interface), 91bridge links, 65BSC (Base Station Controller), 370BSI (British Standards Institute) standards, 40, 603BSS (Base Station Subsystem), 363BSSAP (Base Station Subsystem Application

Part), 375BSSMAP (Base Station Subsystem Management

Application Part), 375BTNR (British Telecom Network Requirements)

standards, 603BTS (Base Transceiver Station), 370Business Group Parameter parameter (ANSI), 304

CC5 (CCITT Signaling System No. 5), 57C6 (CCITT Signaling System No. 6), 57cadence, 14Call Accepted TDP, 344call control

messages, AIN 0.2 SCP, 345role of TCAP in, 269

Call Forwarding, 218, 220Call Forwarding Status parameter (ANSI), 301

ANSI (American National Standards Institute)


677

call handling (MAP), 393–394provideRoamingNumber messages, 395sendRoutingInfo messages, 394

call phase (subscriber signaling), 7call processing, 100

ISUP, 206call release, 208call setup, 206–208terminal portability, 208

PSTN, 99Call Progress message (ISUP), 525Call Reference parameter (ANSI), 305call release, ISUP, 188–189, 205–208call screening, 189call setup, 102

ISUP, 188, 200, 206–208call state models (AIN/IN CS)

AIN/IN CS, 323, 327DP, 324–326

EDP, 325–326TDP, 324–327

PIC, 323call waiting, Internet call waiting, 51called address sending tests (ISUP), 503Calling Party’s Category, ISUP messages, 202cancelLocation operation (MAP), 386carrier switches, 84CAS (Channel Associated Signaling), 15

address signals, 16–17limitations of, 20–21supervisory signals, 18

digital, 20SF, 18–20

cause values, 637–640CC (Connection Confirm) messages, 240

parameters, 241CCAF (Call Control Agent Function), 332CCBS (Call Completion to a Busy Subscriber), 272,

393CCF (Call Control Function), 332CCITT (Consultative Committee for International

Telegraph and Telephone)Blue Book, 58R1/R2, 56yellow book recommendations, 57

CCS (Common Channel Signaling), 10, 21, 183associated mode, 22

circuit-related signaling, 22non-associated mode, 24non-circuit related signaling, 22quasi-associated mode, 23

CdPA (Called Party Address), 253–258CdPN (Called Party Number), 203, 207CEIR (Central Equipment Identity Register), 390cellular 911, 46cellular networks, SIM, 52cellular structure of GSM, 364Central Office (CO), 87

PSTN, 97–103 CgPA/CdPA (Calling Party Address/Called Party

Address), 253–258AI, 253–254AI field, 257ES field, 256NAI field, 257NP field, 256TT, 254

Charge Information message (ISUP), 527Check RTB Full Test (MPT 2), 492CIC (circuit identification codes), 150

ISUP, 190–191circuit glare, resolving, 194–195Circuit Group Blocking Acknowledgement message

(ISUP), 526Circuit Group Blocking message (ISUP), 525Circuit Group Query Response message (ISUP), 526Circuit Group Reset Acknowledgement message

(ISUP), 526Circuit Group Reset message (ISUP), 526Circuit Group Unblocking Acknowledgement

message (ISUP), 526Circuit Group Unblocking message (ISUP), 526Circuit Identification Code (CIC), 150Circuit Identification Code parameter (ANSI), 305Circuit Group Query, 526circuit related signaling, 22Circuit Reservation Acknowledgement message

(ISUP), 526Circuit Reservation Message message (ISUP), 526circuit rest (ISUP), maintenance messages, 223–224circuit supervision, 7circuit suspend and resume (ISUP), 208Circuit Validation Response message (ISUP), 527Circuit Validation Test message (ISUP), 527

Circuit Validation Test message (ISUP)


678

circuits testing, ISUP, 196–197 validation, 222

Cisco SLTs, 445–448CLASS (custom local area signaling services), 47clear-down phase (subscriber signaling), 7CLECs (Competitive LECs), 85CLI (Calling Line Identification), 217click-to-dial applications, 51cluster routing, 147CNAME (calling name), 47CO (Central Office), 87

networks, 97–103Collect Information PIC, 338Collected Information TDP, 339combined linksets, 60comparing

ANSI and ITU-T protocols, 595–597M2PA and M2UA, 441

compatibility testing, 475Competitive LECs (CLECS), 85Component IDs, 278component sublayer (TCAP), 270

Protocol Error handling (TCAP), 289components, 276

Component IDs, 278Invoke, 276–277Invoke and Return Result, 277Operation Codes, 278parameters, 279–280Return Result, 277–278

concerned subsystems, 261Confusion message (ISUP), 527Congestion Abatement tests (MPT 2), 495Connect message (ISUP), 527Connection Establishment Phase (SCOC), 235Connection Release Phase (SCOC), 235Connectionless messages (SUA), 432connectionless service protocol classes (SCCP),

232–233Connection-oriented messages (SUA), 432–433connection-oriented protocol classes (SCCP), 233connections

call processing, 101PSTN, 87–95

constructors (TCAP messages), 284Continue messages (TCAP), 292

Continuity Check Request message (ISUP), 527Continuity Indicators field (COT messages), 203Continuity message (ISUP), 527continuity testing, ISUP, 196–197

maintenance messages, 222tandem node processing, 213

Conversation messages (ANSI TCAP), 295ITU versus ANSI, 271

correlating Distributed Functional Plane and Physical Plane in INCM, 331

corrupt LSSU validation testing (MPT 2), 485COs (central offices), 6COT (Continuity) message, 188, 203CPE (Customer Premises Equipment), 91CQM (Circuit Query Message), 221CQR (Circuit Query Response) message, 221CR (Connection Request) messages, 240

parameters, 240CREF (Connection Refused) messages

parameters, 241cross links, 65CS-1, 333–335CS-2, 336

OBCSM, 338PICs, 338TDPs, 339triggers, 339–342

TBCSM, 342PICs, 342–343triggers, 343–345

CS-X, 323Adjunct, 329call state models, 323

DP, 324–326originating call half, 327PIC, 323terminating call half, 327

INCM, 330–331IP, 329SCE, 330SCP, 329SMS, 330SSP, 329

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), 91Customized Announcement parameter (ANSI), 300cut through, 102

circuits


679

DDAC (Digital Access and Cross-Connect), 105Data Transfer Phase (SCOC), 235DDD (direct distance dialing), 10deactivateTraceMode message (MAP), 392deleteSubscriberData operation (MAP), 390Destination Point Code (DPC), 135–136development

of IN, 317–319AIN 0.1, 317AIN CS-1, 317AIN CS-2, 317IN/1, 317standards, 318

of SS7/C7, 43devices, NT1, 91diagonal links, 66dial pulse, 11dialing, PSTN, 90Dialogues

Dialogue Request, 281Dialogue Response, 281ANSI, 282ITU, 280–281

digit collection, call processing, 100Digital Access and Cross-Connect (DAC), 105Digital International Switching Centers (DISC), 86Digital Local Exchanges (DLE), 86Digital Main Switching Units (DMSU), 86Digital Signal 0 (DS0), 93digital switches, PSTN CO, 97Digits parameter (ANSI), 300Directory Number to Line Service Type Mapping

parameter (ANSI), 302DISC (Digital Internaitonal Switching Centers), 86disconnections, call processing, 102

ISUP, 208discrimination messages, 145–146Distributed Functional Plane (INCM), 331distribution of service data, 314DLE (Digital Local Exchange), 86DMSU (Digital Main Switching Units), 86do-not-call enforcement, 50DP (Detection Points ), 323

EDP, 325–326TCP, 325

TDP, 324escape codes, 327trigger processing, 326

DPC (Destination Point Code), 135–136parameter, 459to CIC association, 191

dropback, 211DS0 (Digital Signal 0), 93DT1 (Data Form 1) messages, parameters, 243DTAP (direct transfer application part), 375DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency), 11–12, 90dual-seizure, 194–195Duration parameter (ANSI), 303Dynamic Address Reconfiguration in SCTP, 413

EE800 toll free service, 320

SSP/SCP message exchange, 321–322E911 (Enhanced 911), 46early telephone switches, 8EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM

Evolution), 36EDP (Event Detection Point), 325–326EIR (Equipment Identity Register), 371EKTS (Electronic Key Telephone Set), 97Element Identifier (TCAP messages), 284elements (TCAP messages), 283

constructors, 284Element Identifier, 284Identifier tag, 285layout, 286Length Identifier, 286primitives, 284

emergency alignment testing (MPT 2), 484EMS (enhanced messaging service), 49emulation, SS7 test equipment functionality, 477enbloc signaling, 193encoding procedures

for TCAP messages, 282–283voice, 90

End messages (TCAP), 291End Office (EO) node, 82End Use Errors (TCAP), 289end-to-end signaling, ISUP ISDN

internetworking, 215

end-to-end signaling, ISUP ISDN internetworking

0404_fmatter_finalNEW.book 79 Wednesday, June 30, 2004 3:40 PM

680

EO (end office) node, 82EOs (end offices), 6EraseSS operation (MAP), 396error correction, 118

basic method, 118–123preventative cyclic retransmission,

123126error detection, 117–118error handling, TCAP

of Application Errors, 289of End Use Errors, 289of Protocol Errors, 288–289

ES (Encoding Scheme) field (CgPA/CdPA), 256escape codes, 327establishing transaction IDs, 273ETSI (European Telecommunication Standard

Institute), 361ISUP timers, 563–570protocol specification documents, 600–601

evolution of IN, 317–319of SS7, 57–58

Exception PIC, 339exchanges, 6extended links, 67

F Facility Accepted message (ISUP), 527Facility message (ISUP), 527Facility Reject message (ISUP), 528Facility Request message (ISUP), 528Facility Selected and Available TDP, 344FACs (Final Assembly Codes), 366–367failure detection in SCTP, 411fast answer, 204fault recovery (MAP), 390–391FCI (Forward Call Indicators), 201–202FEA (Functional Entity Actions), 331fields

of ISUP messages, 198–199of SUs, 114routing labels, 143

files, trace, 607FISU (fill-in signal unit), 112

MPT2 testing, 482

flow control, 131Forced Retransmission tests (MPT 2), 493format

of MTP3 messages, 140of SIF messages, 142–144of SIO messages, 140–142

forward signals, 14Forward Transfer message (ISUP), 528forwardAccessSignaling messages, 388forwardCheckSsIndication operation (MAP), 391forwardSM message (MAP), 398fraud, susceptibility of CAS, 20freephone, 45fully associated links, 67

GGateway Mobile Switching Center (MSC), 614Generic Name parameter (ANSI), 305generic PSTN hierarchies, 82generic service interface (TCAP), 268GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node), 372glare, 13

resolving, 194–195Global Functional Plane (INCM), 331Global Title Translations (GTT), 136ground start signaling, 13groups, trunks, 101GSM (Global System for Mobile

communications), 361cellular structure of, 364interfaces and protocols, 372–374

BSSAP, 375MAP, 376–377

map operations, 549–553forwardSM, 616

mobility management, 378location updating, 378MTC, 379–380

network architecture, 363–365AuC, 371BSC, 370BSS, 363BTS, 370EIR, 371GGSN, 372

EO (end office) node


681

HLR, 370–371MS, 366–369MSC, 370SGSN, 372SIM, 369VLR, 371

Phase1 features, 362Phase2 features, 362Phase 2+ features, 362–363

GT (global title) routing, 76, 249CgPA/CdPA, 253–258GTT, 249–252

GTT (Global Title Translation), 76, 136, 245, 249–252

HH.323, SIGTRAN interworking, 448handling messages, 145–153handover operations (MAP), 365, 387

forwardAccessSignaling, 388prepareHandover, 387prepareSubsequentHandover, 389processAccessSignaling, 388sendEndSignal, 387

head-of-line blocking, 410hierarchies

pre-divestiture Bell system, 86PSTN, 82–83

United Kingdom, 86United States, 83–86

SDH, 93history

of international telephony standards, 28–29ITU-T, 29–35

of signaling, 8CCS, 10DDD, 10early telephone switches, 8IDDD, 10pulse dialing, 9Strowger exchange, 9

of SS7, 57–58HLR (Home Location Register), 370–371, 383, 607Home Location Register (HLR), 607

hybrid network services, 50click-to-dial applications, 51Internet call waiting, 51location-based games, 52WLAN hotspot billing, 52

I-J-KIAM (Initial Address Message), 188, 200–203

signaling indicators, 215–216IAM messages, Continuity Check Indicator, 197IDDD (international direct distance dialing), 10Identification Request message (ISUP), 528Identification Response message (ISUP), 528Identifier tag (TCAP messages), 285IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group), 41IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 41

documents, 603–604ILECS (Incumbent LECs), 85IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity),

366–367, 389implementing screening rules, 457IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity),

367–368IN (Intelligent Network), 311, 628

AIN, standards, 318AIN 0.2, 311CS-1, 333

OBCSM, 333–335CS-2, 336

OBSCM, 338–342TBSCM, 342–345

CS-X, 323Adjunct, 329call state models, 323–327INCM, 330–331IP, 329SCE, 330SCP, 329SMS, 330SSP, 329

dependence on SS7 protocols, 317evolution of, 317–319

AIN 0.1, 317AIN CS-1, 317AIN CS-2, 317

IN (Intelligent Network)


682

IN/1, 317standards, 318

IN/1, 319E800 toll free service, 320–322number services, 319

ITU recommendations, 318open transactions, 325SCE, 313

SIBs, 356–357SLPs, 358

SCP versus Adjunct, 314Service Data, 313–314Service Logic, 313services, 315SSP, message exchange with SCP, 312versions of, 312

IN/1, 319E800 toll free service, 320–322number services, 319versus AIN, 321

INAP (Intelligent Network Application Protocol), 316, 351–353

requestReportBCSmEvent, 628toll free service, 354

in-band access signaling, 19in-band tone, 19INCM (Intelligent Network Conceptual Model), in

IN CS-X/AIN, 330–331incompatibility of IN service messages, 316information elements of Dialogue APDUs, 281Information message (ISUP), 528Information Request message (ISUP), 528Initial Address message (ISUP), 528initial alignment procedures, 111initial release complete timer (ISUP), 190initialization testing (MPT 2), 481–482INN (Internal Network Number Indicator), 203insertSubscriberData operation (MAP), 390integrated STPs, 63integration of PSTN/SS7, 103–105Integrity parameter (ANSI), 305Intelligent Network Query messages, 101interfaces, 91

in GSM, 372–377SS7 links, 104

inter-MSC handover, 387international Point Codes, 136–137International network, 84

International Signaling Point Code (ISPC), 136International Switching Center (ISC), 136, 145Internet call waiting, 51Internet standards, 41InterogateSS operation (MAP), 396interoperability testing, 475inter-switch signaling, 6Interworking Class cause values, 640intraoffice calls, 43Invalid Message Class cause values, 639invention of Strowger exchange, 9Invoke and Return Result component, 277Invoke component, 276–277IP (Intelligent Peripheral)

distributed functional planes, 332in IN CS-X/AIN, 329

IP Server Process, 415IPSC (International Signaling Point Code), 136ISC (International Switching Center), 136, 145ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

BRI, 91internetworking specifications, 213–215PRI, 94

ISUP (ISDN User Part), 75, 215, 596associated signaling, 185bearers and signaling, 184call processing, 206

call release, 208call setup, 206–208terminal portability, 208

call release, 188–189, 205–206call setup, 188CICs, 190–191circuit glare, resolving, 194–195circuit testing, 196–197continuity testing, 196disconnected call handling, 208enbloc signaling, 193ISDN internetworking

end-to-end signaling, 215specifications, 213–214

LNP, 209–210ACQ, 210dropback, 211OR, 211QOR, 211

messages, 187, 525–530ACM, 188, 204

IN (Intelligent Network)


683

ANM, 188, 205COT, 188, 203format, 198IAM, 188, 200–203, 215–216maintenance, 220–224optional fields, 198–199REL, 188, 205RLC, 189, 206SAM, 203SUS, 624

NOC, 200overlap signaling, 193Q.752 traffic monitoring measurements,

471–472standards, 186supported services

Call Forwarding, 218–220CLI, 217

tandem node processingcontinuity testing, 213message processing, 212

testing, 500–502called address sending, 503continuity check procedure, 502supplementary services, 504–507timers, 503

timers, 189, 563–570unsuccessful call attempts, 189variants, 186

ITU (International Telecommunications Union)dialogue, 280–281IN recommendations, 318Q.12xx recommendation, INAP, 353–354TCAP

message flows, comparing with ANSI, 271TCAP messages, 290

Abort, 292–293Begin, 291Continue, 292End, 291Unidirectional, 290

transactions, 275ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union

Telecommunication Standardization Sector), 29–35

cause values, 637–640ISUP. See also ISUP

timers, 563–570variants, 186

nationalization, 35protocols, comparing to ANSI protocols,

595–597recommendations, 599–600routing labels, 143signaling defined, 5SLS, 150SSNs, 247test specifications, 475testing specifications, 478–479

ISUP, 500–507MTP 2, 480–495MTP 3, 496–500SCCP, 507–510TCAP, 511–514

IUA (MTP ISDN User Adaptation), 444IXCs (InterExchange Carriers), 83

Llabels, routing, 143layout of TCAP messages, 286LECs (Local Exchange Carriers), 83Length Identifier (TCAP messages), 286levels, 74LI (length indicator), 116–117LIDB (line information database), 48limitations of CAS, 20–21lines, PSTN, 87–95Link Aligned Ready testing (MPT 2), 486–487links

alignments, 607SS7 interfaces, 104Tektronix supporting traffic, 607–633

linksets, 60LNP (Local Number Portability), 48, 209, 347–348

ACQ, 210dropback, 211OR, 211QOR, 211

load sharing, 250messages, 148MTP3, 149

local calls, 45

local calls


684

Local Exchange, 82Local Exchange Carriers (LECs), 83local loops, PSTN lines, 88Local Tandem (LT), 84location management operations (MAP)

cancelLocation, 386purgeMS, 387sendIdentification, 386updateLocation message, 385

Location Portability, 348location updating, 378location-based games, 52Look Ahead for Busy Response parameter

(ANSI), 305Loop Back Acknowledgement message (ISUP), 528Loop Prevention message (ISUP), 528loop start signaling, 13loopback circuit testing, 196–197loss of alignment, 117LSSUs (link status signal units), 113LT (Local Tandem), 84

MM2PA (MTP Level 2 Peer Adaptation), 440–441

messages, 442–443versus M2UA, 441

M2UA (MTP Level 2 User Adaptation), 434–435messages, 435–439

M3UA (MTP Level 3 User Adaptation Layer), 418–420

messages, 420–422ASPSM, 425–427SSNM, 423–425transfer, 423

Main Distribution Frame (MDF), 89maintenance messages (ISUP), 220–224management messages

MTP3, 458DPC parameter, screening, 459OPC parameter, screening, 459

SCCPscreening, 460security parameters, 461

Manterfield, Richard, 6manual telephone switches, 8

MAP (Mobile Application Part), 376–377, 383, 607call handling, 393–394

provideRoamingNumber messages, 395sendRoutingInfo messages, 394

mobility management operationsfault recovery, 390–391handover, 387–389IMEIs management, 389location management, 385–387subscriber management, 390

operation and maintenance, 391–392ANSI-41D, 553–555GSM, 549–553

sendRoutingInfoForSM message, 398–399SMS, 397SMSLforwardSM message, 398supplementary services, 395

USSs, 395 MAP Operation cancelLocation, 610MAP Operation provideRoamingNumber, 612matrices, switching, 98MAUP (MTP2 User Adaptation) messages, 437–439MCCs (mobile country codes), 368, 573–588,

590–593MDF (Main Distribution Frame), 89

PSTN CO, 97ME (Mobile Equipment), 366members, trunks, 101–102Message Waiting Indicator Type parameter

(ANSI), 305messages. See also transactions

call control messages from AIN 0.2 SCP, 345discrimination, 145–146IAM, Continuity Check Indicator, 197IN, incompatibility between services, 316ISUP, 187, 525–530

ACM, 188, 204ANM, 188, 205COT, 188, 203format, 198IAM, 188, 200–203, 215–216maintenance, 220–224optional fields, 198–199REL, 188, 205RLC, 189, 206SAM, 203tandem node processing, 212

Local Exchange


685

load sharing, 148M2PA, 442–443M2UA, 435–437

MAUP, 437–439M3UA, 420–422

ASPSM messages, 425–427MGMT messages, 426–427SSNM messages, 423, 425transfer messages, 423

MTP, 519–522MTP3, 140

handling, 145–153management messages, 458–459screening, 458–459SIF, 142–144SIO, 140–142

Q.931, 543, 546SCCP, 236–237, 533–537

CC, 240–241connection-oriented, 235–236CR, 240CREF, 241DT1, 243management, 460MF part, 237MV part, 238O part, 239Protocol Class parameter, 232RLC, 242RLSD, 242security parameters, 461UDT, 243UDTS, 244User, 460

SCMG, 262–263SSP/SCP, open transactions, 325SUA, 430

Connectionless, 432Connection-oriented, 432–433

TCAP, 271, 290, 293, 539–541Abort, 292–293ANSI Dialogue, 282Begin, 291constructors, 284Continue, 292Conversation (ANSI), 295Element Identifier, 284

elements, 283encoding, 282–283End, 291Identifier tag, 285ITU dialogue, 280–281layout, 286Length Identifier, 286primitives, 284Protocol Abort (ANSI), 296Query (ANSI), 294Response (ANSI), 295transactions, 272–280Unidirectional, 290Unidirectional (ANSI), 293User Abort (ANSI), 296

MF (mandatory fixed) part, SCCP messages, 237MF (multi-frequency) signaling, 16–17MFC (Multi-Frequency Compelled) signaling, 16MG (Media Gateway), 405MGC (Media Gateway Controller), 405MGMT (Management) messages, 426MNCs (mobile network codes), 368, 573–588,

590–593Mobile Application Part (MAP), 607mobility management operations, 378

EMEIs menagement, 389fault recovery procedures (MAP), 390–391handover, 387

forwardAccessSignaling message, 388prepareHandover message, 387prepareSubsequentHandover

message, 389processAccessSignaling message, 388sendEndSignal message, 387

location managementcancelLocation message, 386purgeMS message, 387updateLocation message, 385

subscriber menagement, 390monitoring

SS7 test equipment functionality, 476traffic, 461–462

benefits of, 463Q.752 measurements, 463–472

MS (mobile stations), 366IMEI, 366–367IMSI, 367–368

MS (mobile stations)


686

location updating, 378MSISDN, 369MSRN, 369TMSI, 368

MSC (Mobile Switching Center), 365, 370, 614MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN), 369MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number), 369MSU (message signal unit), 112MTC (mobile terminated call), 379–380MTP (Message Transfer Part), 74–75, 519–522

Q.752 traffic monitoring measurements, 463–467

timers, 557–561MTP2, 111

SUs, 112delimitation, 115error correction, 118–126error detection, 117–118fields, 114FISUs, 112flow control, 131LI, 116–117loss of alignment, 117LSSUs, 113processor outage, 131signaling link alignment procedure,

126–128signaling link error monitoring, 130–131

Tektronix supporting traffic, 607–633testing, 480

Check RTB Full tests, 492Congestion Abatemen, 495corrupt LSSU validation tests, 485emergency alignment tests, 484FISU tests, 482Forced Retransmission, 493Link Aligned Ready tests, 486–487power up tests, 481–482Set and Clear LPO While Link in Service

tests, 488SIO validation tests, 485

MTP3, 135, 595load sharing, 149management messages, 458–459message formats, 140

SIF, 142–144SIO, 140–142

message handling, 145–153Point Codes. See also Point Codes, 139testing, 496–497

signal message handling, 498–500signaling link management, 497

multi-homing, SCTP, 412MV (mandatory variable) part, SCCP messages, 238

NNAI (Nature of Address Indicator) field

(CgPA/CdPA), 257national ANSI parameters, 299–305national Point Codes

ANSI, 137–139ITU-T, 136–137

National Spare network types, 145national standards, 37

ANSI, 37–38ATIS, 40BSI, 40IETF, 41NICC, 40–41T1 Committee, 38Telcordia, 38–39TIA/EIA, 39

nationalization, 35NDC (National Destination Code), 369network addressing

GT routing, 249CgPA, 253–258GTT, 249–252

SSN routing, 245–2483GPP SSNs, 248ITU-T SSNs, 247

network protection timer, 190, 207Network Resource Management message

(ISUP), 528 Network Termination 1 (NT1), 91networks

ANSI-41D map operations, 553–555architecture

ISUP, 75levels, 74MTP, 74–75PCs, 59

MS (mobile stations)


687

SCCP, 75–76signaling modes, 68–70TCAP, 76–77TUP, 75

FSM map operations, 549–553indicator values, 141international, 84National, 145PSTN

access/transmission facilities, 87–95CO, 97–103hierarchies, 83integrating SS7, 103–105next generation, 105timing, 95–97topology, 82United Kingdom hierarchies, 86United States hierarchies, 83–86

signaling, 6, 15SPs, 59

linksets, 60routes, 61routesets, 61SCPs, 63signaling links, 60, 64–67SSPs, 63STPs, 62, 70–72

NGNs (Next Generation Networks), 405–406NI (Network Indicator), 145NICC (Network Interoperability Consultative

Committee), 40–41NOC (Nature of Connection Indicators), 200nodes

EO, 82messages, discrimination, 145–146Point Codes, 136

ANSI national, 137–139ITU-T international and national, 136–137

Tandem, 82Transit, 82

non-associated signaling (CCS), 24non-circuit related signaling, 7, 22Normal Class cause value, 637, 640North American Bell System hierarchy, 86NP (Numbering Plan) field (CgPA/CdPA), 256

NSDUs (Network Service Data Units), segmentation, 232

NSP (Network Service Part), 75, 227NSS (Network and Switching Subsystems), 363NT1 (Network Termination 1), 91number services (IN/1), 319

E800 toll free service, 320–322

OO (optional) part, SCCP messages, 239O Abandon TDP, 342O Answer TDP, 341O Called Party Busy TDP, 340O Disconnect TDP, 341O Midcall TDP, 341O No Answer TDP, 341O Re-Answer TDP, 341O Suspend TDP, 341O Term Seized TDP, 340OBSCM (Originating Basic Call State Model), 337

in IN CS-1/AIN 0.1, 333in IN CS-2/AIN 0.2, 338

PICs, 338TDPs, 339triggers, 339–342

OC (Optical Carrier) units, 94off-hook, 13on-hook, 13OPC (Originating Point Code) parameter, 136, 459OPDUs (Operational Protocol Data Units), 276open transactions, 325operation and maintenance (MAP), 391–392operation codes (ANSI), 278, 297, 299Optical Carrier (OC) units, 94optional fields, ISUP messages, 198–199OR (Onward Routing), 211Orig Null PIC, 338originating call half, 327

IN CS-1, 333Originating Point Code (OPC), 136Originating Restrictions parameter (ANSI), 302Originating Transaction IDs, 273origination, call processing, 100Origination Attempt Authorized TDP, 339

Origination Attempt Authorized TDP


688

Origination Attempt TDP, 339OSS (Operations Support Subsystem), 363overlap signaling, 193Overload message (ISUP), 529

Ppackage types (TCAP), 270PAM (Pass Along Method), ISUP end-to-end

signaling, 215parameters

ANSI, 299–305CC messages, 241CR messages, 240CREF messages, 241DT1 messages, 243of components, 279–280RLC messages, 242RLSD messages, 242SCCP messages, 461UDT messages, 243UDTS messages, 244

Partial Reliability, SCTP, 413Pass-Along message (ISUP), 529PBX (Private Branch Exchange), 87PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation), 90PCs (point codes), 59Physical Plane (INCM), 331PIC (Points In Call), 323

in IN CS-2 OBCSM, 338in IN CS-2 TBCSM, 342–343

Point Codes, 136alias routing, 148ANSI national, 137–139ITU-T international and national, 136–137

POP (Point of Presence), 84post-dial delay, 183Precedence Identifier parameter (ANSI), 305pre-divestiture Bell system hierarchy, 86prepareHandover messages, 387prepareSubsequentHandover messages, 389Pre-Release Information message (ISUP), 529Present Call PIC, 343pre-SS7 systems, 56–57preventative cyclic retransmission, 123–126PRI (Primary Rate Interface), 91, 94

primitives, 277, 419TCAP messages, 284

Private Branch eXchange (PBX), 87processAccessSignaling messages, 388processor outage condition, 131progession of IN development, 317–319

AIN 0.1, 317AIN CS-1, 317AIN CS-2, 317IN/1, 317standards, 318

Protocol Abort messages (ANSI TCAP), 296protocol classes (SCCP), 236–237

connectionless services, 232–233connection-oriented, 233

Protocol Error Class cause values, 639Protocol Errors (TCAP), 288

at component sublayer, 289at transaction sublayer, 288

protocol stack (SS7), 73ISUP, 75levels, 74MTP, 74–75

screening, 457SCCP, 75–76, 227

screening, 457TCAP, 76–77, 267

component sublayer, 270generic service interface, 268role in call control, 269transaction sublayer, 270

TUP, 75protocols

in GSM, 372, 374–377ITU-T, comparing to ANSI, 595–597

provideRoamingNumber messages, 395proving period, 127–128PRS (Primary Reference Source), 96PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 81

access facilities, 87–95CO, 97–103hierarchies, 82–83

United Kingdom, 86United States, 83–86

next generation, 105SS7 integration, 103–105timing, 95–97

Origination Attempt TDP


689

topology, 82transmission facilities, 87–95

Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM), 90pulse dialing, DTMF, 11–12purgeMS operation (MAP), 387PVNs (Private Virtual Networks), 350–351

QQ.752 Recommendation, traffic monitoring

measurements, 463ISUP-related, 471–472MTP-related, 463–467SCCP-related, 468–471TCAP-related, 472

Q.931 messages, 543, 546QOR (Query On Release), 211QoS, 44quasi-associated signaling, 68

ISUP, 185quasi-associated signaling (CCS), 23Query messages (ANSI TCAP), 294

Rrecommendations, 29

ITU Q.12xx, INAP, 351–354 Q.752, traffic monitoring measurements, 463

ISUP-related, 471–472MTP-related, 463–467SCCP-related, 468–471TCAP-related, 472

Reference ID parameter (ANSI), 304regional standards, 35

3GPP, 36–373GPP2, 37ETSI, 36

registerPassword operation (MAP), 397registers, 63registerSS operation (MAP), 396REL (Release message), 188, 205Release Complete message (ISUP), 529release complete timer (ISUP), 190Release message (ISUP), 529releasing transaction IDs, 274

remotes, 89replicate subsystems, 261Reset Circuit message (ISUP), 529reset operation (MAP), 391resolving circuit glare, 194–195Resource Unavailable Class cause values, 638–640Responding Transaction IDs, 273Response messages (ANSI TCAP), 295restoreData operation (MAP), 391Resume message (ISUP), 529Return Result component, 277–278Returned Data parameter (ANSI), 303ring splash, 14ring trips, 90ringing, 14

PSTN, 90RKM (Routing Key Management) messages, 427RLC (Release Complete) messages, 189, 206

parameters, 242RLSD (Released) messages, 242roaming numbers, 614rotary dialing

address signals, 11pulse dialing, 9

Route Select Failure TDP, 340routesets, 61routing, 61

alias Point Code, 148call processing, 101cluster, 147GT, 76labels

ANSI, 143fields, 143ITU-T, 143

MTP3, 146route selection, 101

Routing Context, 416Routing Keys, 416–418RTP (Release To Pivot), 211

SSAM (Subsequent Address Message), 203SANC (Signaling Area/Network Code), 137

SANC (Signaling Area/Network Code)


690

SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part), 607, 75–76, 227, 596

architecture, 229comparing SCOC and SCLC, 231

message screeningmanagement messages, 460security parameters, 461

messages, 236–237, 533–537CC, 240–241CR, 240CREF, 241DT1, 243MF part, 237MV part, 238O part, 239Protocol Class parameter, 232RLC, 242RLSD, 242UDT, 243UDTS, 244

network addressingGT routing, 249–258SSN routing, 245–248

NSDUs, segmentation, 232protocol classes

connectionless service, 232–233connection-oriented, 233

Q.752 traffic monitoring measurements, 468–471

SCLC, 234SCMG, 260

concerned subsystems, 260–261messages, 262–263replicate subsystems, 261

SCOC, 234–235messages, 235–236

SSNs (Sub-System Numbers), 377subsystems, 230testing, 507–510user data, 232User messages, screening, 460

SCCP Method, ISUP end-to-end signaling, 215SCE (Service Creation Environment), 313

distributed functional planese, 332IN CS-X/AIN, 330SIBs, 355–357SLPs, 358

SCLC (SCCP connectionless control), 234versus SCOC, 231

SCMG (SCCP Management), 260concerned subsystems, 260–261messages, 262–263replicate subsystems, 261

SCOC (SCCP connection-oriented control), 234–235

versus SCLC, 231SCPs (Service Control Points), 63

AIN 0.2, call control messages, 345distributed functional planes, 332in IN CS-X/AIN, 329messages

exchange with SSP, 312open transactions, 325

versus Adjunct, 314SCRC (SCCP Routing Control), 244

network addressingGT routing, 249–258SSN routing, 245–248

screeningMTP3 messages, 458–459

DPC parameter, 459OPC parameter, 459

SCCP messagesmanagement messages, 460security parameters, 461User messages, 460

SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol), 409Dynamic Address Reconfiguration, 413failure detection, 411head-of-line blocking, 410multi-homing, 412Partial Reliability, 413

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 93segmentation, NSDUs, 232Segmentation message (ISUP), 529Select Facility PIC, 343Select Route PIC, 338selection of routes, 101Send Call PIC, 338sendEndSignal messages, 387sendIdentification operation (MAP), 386sendRoutingInfo messages, 394sendRoutingInfoForSM message (MAP), 398–399SEP (Signaling End Point), 146

SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part)


691

Sequence Number parameter (ANSI), 305Service Data, 313–314Service Information Field (SIF), 142–144Service Information Octet (SIO), 140–142Service Logic (IN), 313Service or Option not Available cause values, 640Service or Option Not Implemented Class cause

values, 639Service or Option Unavailable Class cause

values, 638Service Plane (INCM), 331Service Portability, 348Service Provider Portability, 348Service Switching Point (SSP), 103services

AIN 0.2, Time of Day routing, 346IN, 315LNP, 347–348toll free service (INAP), 354

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 105Set and Clear LPO While Link in Service

testing (MPT 2), 488set-up phase (subscriber signaling), 7SF (single frequency) signaling, 18–20SG (Signaling Gateway), 405, 415SGP (Signaling Gateway Process), 415SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node), 372short message (SMS), 616SIBs (Service Independent Building Blocks),

355–357SIF (Signaling Information Field), 140–144signal message handling tests (MTP 3), 498–500signaling

as defined by ITU-T, 5CAS, 15

address signals, 16–17limitations of, 20–21supervisory signals, 18–20

CCS, 21associated mode, 22circuit related signaling, 22non-associated mode, 24non-circuit related signaling, 22quasi-associated mode, 23

circuit supervision, 7example, 6

history of, 8CCS, 10DDD, 10early telephone switches, 8IDDD, 10pulse dialing, 9Strowger exchange, 9

indicators, IAM messages, 215–216ISUP, 184

associated signaling, 185call processing, 206call release, 208call setup, 206, 208CIC, 190–191enbloc signaling, 193overlap signaling, 193terminal portability, 208

message handling, 145–153network signaling, 6, 15non-circuit related signaling, 7Point Codes, 136

ANSI national, 137–139ITU-T international and national, 136–137

subscriber signaling, 6, 11address signals, 11–12call phase, 7clear-down phase, 7set-up phase, 7

supervisory signaling, 13ringing, 14tones, 13–14

signaling (D) channels, 91 Signaling Information Field (SIF), 140signaling link activation, 497signaling link alignment procedure, 126–128Signaling Link Code (SLC), 150signaling link error monitoring, 130

AERM, 131SUERM, 130

signaling link management tests (MTP 3), 497signaling links, 60, 64

access links, 64bridge links, 65cross links, 65diagonal links, 66extended links, 67fully associated links, 67

signaling links


692

signaling modes, 68–70Signaling Networks Identifier parameter

(ANSI), 304signaling point status management, 263SIGTRAN

Cisco SLTs, 445, 447–448H.323/SIP interworking, 448SCTP, 409

Dynamic Address Reconfiguration, 413failure detection, 411head-of-line blocking, 410multi-homing, 412Partial Reliability, 413

transport protocolTCP, limitations of, 408UDP, limitations of, 408

UA layers, 413–415IUA, 444M2PA, 440–443M2UA, 434–435, 437–439M3UA, 418–423, 425–427Routing Keys, 416–418SUA, 428, 430, 432–433

SIGTRAN Working Group, 407SIM (subscriber identity module), 52, 369simulation, SS7 test equipment functionality, 477single directory number, 46SIO (Service Information Octet), 140–142

validation testing (MPT 2), 485SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), 105

SIGTRAN interworking, 448 SIPO (status indication processor outage), 131SLC (Signaling Link Code), 150SLPs (Service Logic Programs), 313, 358SLS

ANSI, 150ITU-T, 150

SLTs (Signaling Link Terminals), 445–448SMH (Signaling Message Handling), 135, 140SMS (Service Management System)

distributed functional planes, 332in IN CS-X/AIN, 330

SMS (short message service), 49, 397, 616forwaredSM message, 398sendRoutingInfoForSM message, 398–399

SNM (Signaling Network Management), 75, 135SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 93

specifications for SS7 tests, 478–479ISUP, 500–507MTP 2, 480–495MTP 3, 496–500SCCP, 507–510TCAP, 511–514

SPs (signaling points), 59linksets, 60routes, 61routesets, 61SCPs, 63signaling links, 60, 64

access links, 64bridge links, 65cross links, 65diagonal links, 66extended links, 67fully associated links, 67

signaling modes, 68–70SSPs, 63STPs, 62

standalone, 70–72SSF (Service Switching Function), 332SSF (Subservice Field), 140SSN (subsystem number) routing, 245–247

3GGP specified SSNs, 248ITU-T specified SSNs, 247SSN values, 247–248

SSNM messages (M3UA), 423–425SSPs (Service Switching Points), 63, 103

distributed functional planes, 332donor switches, 349in IN CS-X/AIN, 329messages, open transactions, 325recipient switches, 349 message exchange with SCP, 312

standalone STPs, 62, 70–72Standard Announcement parameter (ANSI), 300Standard User Error Code parameter (ANSI), 301standards

Internet, 41ISUP, 186national, 37

ANSI, 37–38ATIS, 40BSI, 40IETF, 41

signaling modes


693

NICC, 40–41T1 Committee, 38Telcordia, 38–39TIA/EIA, 39

nationalizing, 35regional, 35

3GPP, 36–373GPP2, 37ETSI, 36

telephony, history of, 28–29ITU-T, 29–35

STPs (Signal Transfer Points), 62home pair, 70message screening, 456standalone, 70–72traffic screening, 456

Strowger exchange, 9structured dialogues, 280–281STS (Synchronous Transport Signal), 94SUA (SCCP User Adaptation), 428–430

messages, 430Connectionless, 432Connection-oriented, 432–433

Subscriber Line Concentrators, 89Subscriber Line Multiplexes, 89subscriber management (MAP), 390subscriber signaling, 6, 11

address signals, 11–12call phase, 7clear-down phase, 7set-up phase, 7

subscriber tracing, 391Subsequent Address message (ISUP), 529Subsequent Directory Number message (ISUP), 530Subservice Field (SSF), 140subsystem status management, 263subsystems, 230

concerned, 260–261replicate, 261SCMG, 260

SUERM (Signal Unit Error Rate Monitoring), 130supervision messages, 102supervisory signaling, 13, 18

digital, 20ringing, 14SF, 18–20tones, 13–14

supplementary services (MAP), 395supplementary services testing (ISUP), 504–507supplementary telecommunications services, 46SUs (signal units), 112

delimitation, 115error correction, 118

basic method, 118–123preventative cyclic retransmission,

123–126error detection, 117–118fields, 114FISUs, 112flow control, 131LI, 116–117loss of alignment, 117LSSUs, 113processor outage, 131signaling link alignment procedure, 126–128signaling link error monitoring

AERM, 131SUERM, 130

Suspend message (ISUP), 530suspend/resume (ISUP), 208Suspended PIC, 338switching

matrices, 98nodes, 82

TT Abandon TDP, 345T Answer TDP, 344T Busy TDP, 343T Disconnect TDP, 344T Midcall TDP, 344T No Answer TDP, 344T Re-Answer TDP, 345T Suspended TDP, 344T1 Committee, 38TAC (Type Approval Code), 366TALI (Transport Adaptation Layer Interface), 445tandem node processing (ISUP), 82

continuity testing, 213message processing, 212

TBSCM (Terminating Basic State Call Model)in IN CS-1/AIN 0.1, 334–335

TBSCM (Terminating Basic State Call Model)


694

in IN CS-2/AIN 0.2, 342PICs, 342–343triggers, 343–345

TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part), 76–77, 267, 596, 607

ANSI messages, 293Conversation, 295Protocol Abort, 296Query, 294Response, 295Unidirectional, 293User Abort, 296

ANSI operation codes, 297–299ANSI parameters, 299–305component sublayer, 270error handling, 288

of Application Errors, 289of End Use Errors, 289of Protocol Errors, 288–289

generic service interface, 268messages, 271, 290, 539–541

Abort, 292–293ANSI Dialogue, 282Begin, 291constructors, 284Continue, 292Element Identifier, 284elements, 283encoding, 282–283End, 291Identifier tag, 285ITU dialogue, 280–281layout, 286Length Identifier, 286primitives, 284Unidirectional, 290

package types, 270Q.752 traffic monitoring measurements, 472role in call control, 269testing, 511–514transaction sublayer, 270transactions, 272

ANSI, 275Component IDs, 278component parameters, 279–280components, 276Invoke and Return Result component, 277

Invoke component, 276–277ITU, 275Operation Codes, 278Return Result component, 277–278transaction IDs, 273–274

TCP (Transport Control Protocol), limitations of SIGTRAN transport layer implementation, 408

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing), 92TDP (Trigger Detection Point), 324–325

escape codes, 327in IN CS-2 OBCSM, 339–342in IN CS-2 TBSCM, 343–345trigger processing, 326

Tektronix, supporting traffic, 607–633Telcordia, 38–39

protocol specification documents, 602telecommunications services

CLASS, 47CNAME, 47do-not-call enforcement, 50EMS, 49LIDB, 48LNP, 48single directory number, 46SMS, 49supplementary services, 46telephone marketing numbers, 45televoting, 46webifying, 51

Telephone User Part (TUP), 150telephony standards, history of, 28–29

ITU-T, 29–35televoting, 46Term Active PIC, 343Term Alerting PIC, 343Term Null PIC, 342Term Suspended PIC, 343terminal portability, ISUP, 208terminating call half, 327

IN CS-1, 334–335Terminating Restrictions parameter (ANSI), 302Termination Attempt Authorized TDP, 343Termination Attempt TDP, 343testing SS7

equipment used, 476–478ISUP, 500–502

called address sending, 503

TBSCM (Terminating Basic State Call Model)


695

continuity check procedure, 502supplementary services, 504–507timers, 503

MTP2, 480Check RTB Full, 492Congestion Abatemen, 495corrupt LSSU validation tests, 485emergency alignment tests, 484FISU tests, 482Forced Retransmission, 493Link Aligned Ready tests, 486–487power up tests, 481–482Set and Clear LPO While Link in Service

tests, 488SIO validation tests, 485

MTP3, 496–497signal message handling, 498–500signaling link management, 497

SCCP, 507–510specifications, 478–479TCAP, 511–514

TIA/EIA, 39Time Of Day routing service, AIN 0.2, 346timers

ISUP, 189, 503, 563–570MTP, 557, 559–561

TimeStamp parameter (ANSI), 300timing networks, 95–97TLV (Tag, Length, Value) format, 283

atomic values, 284TMR (Transmission Medium Requirement), 202TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity), 368toll free service, 45

in INAP, 354tones, 13–14topologies, PSTN, 82trace files, 607traffic monitoring, 461–462

benefits of, 463Q.752 measurements, 463

ISUP-related, 471–472MTP-related, 463–467SCCP-related, 468–471TCAP-related, 472

traffic screening, 455–457transaction IDs

establishing, 273releasing, 274

transaction sublayer, 270Protocol Error handling (TCAP), 288

transactions (TCAP), 272ANSI, 275components, 276

Component IDs, 278Invoke, 276–277Invoke and Return Result, 277Operation Codes, 278parameters, 279–280Return Result, 277–278

ITU, 275Transaction IDs, 273

establishing, 273releasing, 274

transceiver circuit testing, 196–197transfer messages (M3UA), 423Transit node, 82transmission facilities, PSTN, 87–95transport protocols, SCTP, 409

Dynamic Address Reconfiguration, 413failure detection, 411head-of-line blocking, 410multi-homing, 412Partial Reliability, 413

triggersIN CS-2 OBCSM, 339–342IN CS-2 TBSCM, 343–345

trunkscircuit states, 221group, 101members, 101–102PSTN, 87–95

TT (Translation Type) field (CgPA/CdPA), 254TUP (Telephone User Part), 75, 185two bearer (2B) channels, 91

UUA (User Adaptation) layers, 413–415

IUA, 444M2PA, 440–443M2UA, 434–435

messages, 435–439M3UA, 418–420

messages, 420–427

UA (User Adaptation) layers


696

Routing Keys, 416–418SUA, 428–430

messages, 430–433UCIC (Unequipped Circuit Code), 192UDP (User Datagram Protocol), limitations of

SIGTRAN transport layer implementation, 408UDT (Unitdata ) message parameters, 243–244unavailability, MTP3 management messages, 458Unblocking Acknowledgement message

(ISUP), 530unblocking circuits (ISUP), maintenance

messages, 223Unblocking message (ISUP), 530Unequipped CIC message (ISUP), 530Unidirectional Dialogue, 281Unidirectional messages (TCAP), 274, 290, 293United Kingdom, PSTN hierarchies, 86United States, PSTN hierarchies, 83–86unstructured dialogues, 280–281unsuccessful call attempts, ISUP, 189updateLocation messages, 385User Abort messages (ANSI TCAP), 296user data (SCCP), 232User messages (SCCP), screening, 460User Part Available message (ISUP), 530User Part Test message (ISUP), 530User-to-User Information message (ISUP), 530USI (User Service Information), 202USSD (unstructured supplementary service

data), 396USSs (unstructured supplementary services), 395

Vvalidation testing, 475values

cause, 637–640network indicator, 141service indicator, 141

variants of ISUP, 186versions of IN (Intelligent Network), 312Visitor Location Register (VLR), 607VLR (Visitor Location Register), 371, 383, 607voice encoding, 90VoIP (voice over IP), 91W-X-Y-Z

W-X-Y-ZWAP (wireless application protocol), 396White Book, 58WLANs, hotspot billing, 52WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access), 36webification of telecommunication services, 51

yellow book recommendations, 57

UA (User Adaptation) layers


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