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year

10000

1000

100

10

1

0,1

0,01

0,001

19941990 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Capacity in Gbit/s

PDH

SDH

WDM

within 10 Years x1000

Fig. 1 Development of transmission capacity (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 5)

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414%

258%

167%

100% 99%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

350%

400%

450%

Internet Bandwidth Growth by Region,1999 - 2000

Fig. 2 Growth of internet traffic (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 5)

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TDM

Mux

#1

#2

#3

#4 #1 #2 #3 #4

FDMMux

#1

#2

#3

#4

f1

f2f3

f4f1 f2 f3 f4

WDM

Mux

#1

#2

#3

#4

l1

l2

l3

l4

l1

l2

l3

l4

Fig

.3

Comparison

be

tween

TDM,

FDMan

dWDMtec

hn

iques

(TT2560EU01TT

_0001Introd

uc

tion,

7)

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Electromagnetic spectrum

Communications radiationIR radiationUV radiationCosmic radiation X ray radiation

SWVHFTVMicrowave, radar

106108101010121014101610181020Frequency (Hz)

Visible light

Wavelenghth (m) 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 100

(1 mm) (1 m)

mm

(1 nm)(1 pm)

C0C

==

300 000 km/sl x f

Visible

light

Fiber transmission

wavelength range

lf

==

wavelenghtfrequency

102

(1 THz) (1 GHz) (1 MHz)

(100 m)

1.61.51.41.31.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.4

162515501300850 nm

12001000800 1400 1600

Multimode fiber

Single mode fiber

IR absorption

Rayleigh

scattering 1/l4

0.1

1

10

Wavelength/nmA

ttenua

tioncoe

fficien

t/dB

1st window 2nd window 3rd window 4th windowC-Band L-Band

Attenuation coefficient a of silica fibers

Fig

.4

Elec

tromagne

ticspec

trum(

TT2560EU01TT

_0001Introd

uc

tion,

11)

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1480.0 nm

202.6 THz

0.8 nm

100 GHz

1560.61 nm

192.1 THz

1528.77

196.10

Red BandBlue Band

1510.0

198.6

Fig. 5 Wavelength plan for 100Ghz grid (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 13)

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1560.61 nm

192.1 THz

1480.0 nm202.6 THz

1528.77

196.1

0.4 nm

50 GHz

1510.0 nm

198.6 THz

Fig. 6 Wavelength plan for 50GHz grid (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 13)

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SDH NE SDH NERegenerators

Fig. 7 Situation without WDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 17)

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SDH NE SDH NE

Optical

Amplifier

Optical Terminal

MUX

Optical Terminal

MUX

Fig. 8 Situation with WDM (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 17)

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DWDM

Mux

SDH NE SDH NE

DWDM

Mux

Fig. 9 Example of a short route length application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 19)

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SDH NE SDH NE

DWDM

Mux

DWDM

Mux

Fig. 10 Example of a medium route length application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 19)

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Optical

Amplifiers

SDH NE

SDH NE

DWDM

Mux

DWDM

Mux

Fig. 11 Example for long transmission route length (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 21)

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IP

SDH

ATM

PDH

SDH Mux SDH Mux

IP

SDH

ATM

PDH

Transponder DWDM

Mux

DWDM

Mux

Transponder

Fig. 12 Transponder application (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 23)

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OE E

O

Regenerator

Transponder

Transponder

SDH NE

SDH NE

DWDM

Mux

DWDM

Mux

Optical

Amplifiers

optical

crossconnect

OADM

Fig. 13 Optical NE types (TT2560EU01TT_0001 Introduction, 27)

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Optical Fibers

Micellanous

Passive Optical Components

Optical Amplifiers

G.652

G.661

G.653 G.655

G.662 G.663

G.671

G.957G.692G.681

Fi 14 S ITU t d d (TT2560EU01TT 0001 I t d ti 31)