01 Tm2100eu02tm 0001 Introduction

8/13/2019 01 Tm2100eu02tm 0001 Introduction

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Introduction Siemens

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Contents

1 History 3

2 GSM 21

3 Current Situation, Market & Trends 35

Introduction


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Siemens Introduction

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1 HistoryIntroduction

History

Fig. 1


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The beginnings: "archaic mobile communication"

visual transmission(smoke/light signals,...)

audible transmission(drums, horns,...)

Electronic

communication:

"terrestrial network"

Telegraph1st telegraph line 1843

Washington - Baltimore

Telephone

P. Reis 1861 A.G. Bell 1876

World Exhibition Philadelphia

Radio transmission:1873 Maxwells theory of electromagn. waves

1887 H. Hertz: experimental proof1895 Marconi: 1st wireless transmission1901 1st transatlantic transmission

1903 Dt. Telefunken GmbH: AEG, Siemens& Halske

1906 1st speech and sound transmission1909 1st radio broadcast

1917 1st mobile transmission:radio station - train

History of Mobile Communications

Fig. 2


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Connection Types

There are two principles for radio connections:

Simplex Connection

Simplex connections are a "one-way street" for communication in the form of (mostlyfixed) transmitters and mobile receivers. This has been realized as e.g. (broadcast)radio and television. But simplex connections are also used for direct communicationexchange i.e. two-way communication using stations which can be used both as atransmitter and a receiver (e.g. walkie-talkies). However the equipment (transmitting /receiving stations) cannot transmit and receive simultaneously. The call cycles or callintervals are determined by prior agreement or personal code words ("over").

Duplex ConnectionsDuplex connections signify two-way communication. Users can transmit and receivemessages simultaneously. An example of an early duplex connection is radiotelegraphy.


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Simplex Connection:transmit orreceive

Duplex Connection:simultaneous

transmission and reception

Over

Fig. 3


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Single Cell Systems

The first Mobile Telephone Service to offer duplex connections comparable to fixed

network based telephone services started in 1946 as a car phone service in St.Louis, Missouri. Comparable mobile telephone services appeared in post-war Europesome years later.

Problems in early mobile (car) telephone services (late 1940s/early 1950s):

An operator was needed to connect calls within the wireless network. The equipment required was extremely heavy, bulky (therefore only feasible as a

car phone service) and expensive.

The service range was limited to the area that could be covered by a singletransmitting or receiving station (single cell system).

The HF frequency range available was (is) very limited; it had to be (and still hasto be) distributed among competitors (e.g. the military, radio, and television).

The result was limited capacity, rapid market saturation, high equipment costs andlow service quality.


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Car telephone service

Since the late 40s

Low service and speech quality

Heavy, bulky and expensive equipment

Small coverage area No handover

Manual exchange

Low capacity

First Mobile

Services:

Single Cell Systems:

Fig. 4


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Innovations in Mobile Radio Communications

Technical Innovations / Equipment

Fast development of new technologies such as semiconductor technology, diodes,transistors, integrated circuitry, microprocessors,...

automatic switching reduction of hardware costs reduction of size and weight of equipment (in the 1950s/1960s a car phone took

up half of a car trunk; 1988: introduction of the mobile phone)

but:

very limited telephone network capacity.

During the 1970s large-scale integrated, electronic applications and the developmentof microprocessors made the configuration of more complex systems possible. Oneresult of this was the development of single-cell transmitter systems with multiplereceiving stations. This made it possible to extend the range of the supply area, i.e.the operational range of the subscriber because the mobile station's transmitterpower limits the size of the cell in Single Cell Systems. However no increase incapacity resulted from this.

Cellular Mobile Radio SystemsThe breakthrough in capacity, which resulted in a significant increase in the numberof subscribers, was achieved with the introduction of the Cellular Radio System in thelate 1970s/early 1980s. The coverage of the supply area of a mobile communicationoperator involves many radio cells with cellular radio systems, in which theaforementioned limitation of the available HF frequency range is neatly circumventedthrough the repeated use of the HF channels.


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Quantum Leap in Mobile Communications:Single Cell SystemsCellular Systems

radiusr

re-use distance

r

Single Cell

System

Cellular

System

Fig. 5


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First Generation (1G) Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Information transmission of first generation cellular mobile radio system takes place

via analogue radio interface. These systems were tested in many countries in the endof the 70s.

In 1979, mobile services were introduced for commercial operation; in the USA,AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service), and in Japan, NTT-MTS (NipponTelegraph & Telephone Co.).

In the early 80s, the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) was introduced in Scandinavia,in 1985 TACS (Total Access Communication System) was introduced in England andthe C450 System in Germany.


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First Generation Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

Country System Frequency range[MHz]

Introduced

in year

USA AMPS 800 1979

Japan NTT-MTS 800 1979

Sweden, Norway,Finland, Denmark

NMT 450, 900 1981 - 86

Great Britain TACS 900 1985

Germany C450 450 1985

France Radiocom2000

NMT

450

900

1985

1989

Italy RTMS

TACS

450

900

1985

1990

Fig. 6


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Second Generation (2G) Cellular Mobile Radio Systems

A further and very significant innovation in mobile radio communications took place

with the introduction of the second generation cellular mobile radio system (e.g.GSM) in the early 90s. Transmission via radio interface is now digital. Along with asignificant improvement of transmission quality and expansion of services, there hasbeen a considerable increase in capacity. The increase in subscribers led to moreconvenient, lighter and less expensive equipment with a wide range of possibilitiesfor use.

Portable Mobile Equipment

Mobile phones were first introduced in 1988. The weight of the equipment decreased

from 1 kg to less than a

100 g within few years. At the same time, mobility clearly improved despitedecreasing weight owing to improvements in rechargeable batteries. Standby timesof more than 5 days can be achieved.


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Example: Mobile Subscriber in Germany

Since the early 50s there have been several regional networks at 30, 80, 100 MHz.

They were allocated only to public authorities and organizations with security tasks.The regional networks (DBP) were combined in the so-called A-network in 1958 al-lowing private use for the first time.

A-network: in operation: 1958 - 1977; frequency range: 156 - 174 MHz; in thebeginning 16, later 37 radio carrier; analogue transmission, manual switching; max.11,000 users (1971); closed in 1977; its frequencies were transferred to the B-network.

B-network: in operation: 1972 - 1994; frequency range: 146 - 164 MHz; from 1977 to174 MHz (from A-network); in the beginning 38, later 75 radio carrier; analoguetransmission, automatic switching; max. 27,000 users (1986); problem: max.

capacity, no further channels; closed in 1994.

C-network (C450): in operation: 1985 - 2000; frequency range: 451.3 - 455.74 MHz& 461.3 - 465.74 MHz; 222/287 radio charier; system technology: Siemens. TheC450 system was the first German cellular system and led to an enormous increaseof subscribers (max. 850,000 users). The C-network was similar in structure tomodern digital networks.

D-networks (GSM900): Introduction in 1992 (D1 & D2); 900 MHz frequency range (+minor extensions in the 1800 MHz range from 1999 on; system technology partlyfrom Siemens (D900).

E-networks (GSM1800): Introduction in 1994 (Eplus) and 1998 (E2); 1800 MHzfrequency range; System technology partly from Siemens (D1800).

The digital D and E networks, being GSM900 / GSM1800 networks, led to a rapidand steady increase of the number of subscribers in Germany. In 12/2000, a total of46 million mobile subscribers were registered in the 4 networks, D1, D2, Eplus & E2.


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0,01

0,1

1

10

100

Subscr

iber[M.]

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Year

Germany

Subscriber trends (Example):Germany 1978 - 2000

B-netw

ork

introdu

ction

C-network

in

troduction G

SM(

D1,D2)

introduction

GSM(

Eplus)

introduction

GSM(

E2)

introduction

Fig. 8


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Limits of the First Generation Mobile Radio Systems

1. Capacity: The capacity limits of analogue technology are reached quickly even

with cellular networks. The demand increases with the offer and the sinkingprices. A number of 850,000 subscribers, i.e. the maximum capacity of theanalogue C-network, corresponds to less than 7 % of the mobile subscribers in1998 (only 6 years after introducing digital networks). The capacity of digitalnetworks has not yet been exhausted.

2. Quality: A second problem was the often inadequate transmission quality of theanalogue systems, which increased with the distance of the mobile subscriber. Adetailed description and discussion of the problems regarding the transmissionquality or the disadvantages of the analogue system in comparison to digital onecan be found in the next chapter.

3. Incompatibility: One or more analogue networks on frequency bands 450/900MHz existed in most European states in the late 1980s. Every one of thesenetworks formed a mobile communication island since the individual standards ofthese networks were incompatible in most cases (or still are, as far as they stillexist); they prevented mobile phone traffic across borders (InternationalRoaming). Europe thus looked liked a rag rug of incompatible systems.

The limits of existing analogue systems

1. Capacity: the number of potential mobile phone customers is larger than theexpected capacity of analogue systems,

2. Quality: insufficient transmission quality with increasing distance between themobile station and the base station,

3. Incompatibility: between different national standards,

were already recognized since the early 80s and were discussed on an internationalEuropean level. The need to develop a new, standard cellular system for Europe wasacknowledged.

The GSM Standardwas developed for this purpose.


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CapacityQualityIncompatibility

European mobile

communication market

early 90s

1G Limitations

Fig. 9


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2 GSMIntroduction

GSMGlobal System for

Mobile Communications

Fig. 10


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The GSM History

The foundation for the GSM Standard was laid already in 1978, four years before the

name GSM was established. In 1978 the CEPT reserved a frequency range round900 MHz for mobile communications in Europe. The limits of analog mobilecommunications in Europe were recognizable in the early 80s. At that time the firstanalog cellular networks were just beginning their operation and were still far fromtheir maximum capacity. Despite this a group of experts was formed to establish thelonger-term challenges of mobile communications and to develop a new bindinginternational standard for digital mobile communications in Europe. Thus the GSMStandard became undoubtedly one of the most successful European products of thepast decades; its sphere of influence is extended far beyond the originally plannedEuropean scope.

Milestones of the GSM Standard

1982: The CEPT forms a team of experts, the Group Special Mobile (GSM) withthe purpose of developing a binding international standard for mobilecommunications in Europe.

1984 86: Various technical possibilities are compared in order to achieve anoptimal utilization of the predefined frequency ranges.

1986: A permanent core of experts is employed. 1987: Main transmission principles are selected; 13 countries agree in the MoU

(Memorandum of Understanding) to start GSM networks until 1991.

1988: The ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) is founded;most of the standardizing activities of the CEPT, including GSM, are assumed bythis new body. Along with state-owned operators, industry, private networkoperators and consumer groups participate in the ETSI, too.

1989: GSM is renamed from "Group Special Mobile" to "Global System for MobileCommunications".

1990: GSM900 Standard (Phase 1) is adopted. DCS1800 Standard (Phase 1) isdeveloped as first GSM adaptation. The first GSM systems are in test operation.

1992: Commercial introduction of many large GSM900 networks. 1993: Work begins on updating the GSM900/DCS1800 standards: GSM Phase 2. 1995: GSM-R (Railway): The ETSI reserves further frequency range for a railway

networks; first test projects are started. GSM Phase 2 work is completed.

1996: Worldwide success of GSM Standard; used in more than 50 countries.PCS1900 (Public Cellular Systems) as further GSM adaptation in the USA.


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GSM Milestones

1978 CEPT reserves 2 x 25 MHz in 900 MHz range

1982 CEPT founds "Groupe Special Mobile" GSM

1984-86 Comparison of technical possibilitiesGoals: - free roaming

- international accessibility under 1 number (international roaming)- large network capacity (bandwidth efficiency)

- flexibilityISDN- broad service offering- security mechanisms

1986 Core of experts meets continuously

1987 Selection of central transmission techniques

Memorandum of Understanding: MoU1988 ETSI founded

1989 GSMGlobal System for Mobile Communication

1990 GSM900 Standard(phase 1)

1991 DCS1800 adaptation

Trials / "friendly user" operation

1992 Start of commercial operation

1993 Beginning of work on phase 2

1995 Completion of work on phase 2(GSM900/DCS1800)

Reservation of GSM-R frequencies (ETSI)

1996 PCS1900 adaptation (USA)

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1997: GSM Phase 2+ Annual Release 96: CAMEL Stage 1, ASCI for GSM-R.DCS1800 / PCS1900 are renamed to GSM1800 / GSM1900. Dual bandequipment for GSM900 / GSM1800; 10 years of MoU: 109 countries; 239

operators; 44 million GSM subscribers; 28 % share of the world market. 1998: Phase 2+ Annual Release 97: HSCSD, GPRS Stage 1, CAMEL Stage 2,...

08/98: 100 million GSM subscribers in 120 countries; 35 % share of the worldmarket; GSM is quasi world standard. GSM-R networks in operation. World-wideservicing through co-operation with mobile satellite systems (IRIDIUM).

1999: Phase 2+ Annual Release '98; 250 million subscriber; 130 countries 2000: Phase 2+ Annual Release '99: GPRS Stage 2, CAMEL Stage 3, EDGE,

Virtual Home Environment VHE, Adaptive Multirate speech AMR,...GSM Rel. '99services identical to UMTS Rel. '99 (first UMTS release); 410 million subscriber;161 countries; approx. 60% of world-market


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1997 Phase 2+:Annual Release `96

DCS1800 / PCS1900 GSM1800 / GSM1900

Dual-band devices

GSM: practical world standard (109 countries/regions; 28 % market share)

1998 Phase 2+: Annual Release `97: GPRS, CAMEL,....

First GSM-R networks

World-wide accessibility using dual mode GSM/IRIDIUM

35 % of world market

1999 Phase 2+: Annual Release 98

250 M. subscriber, 130 countries

2000Phase 2+: Annual Release 99

: AMR, VHE,... identical to UMTS Rel. 9960% of world market; 410 M. subscriber, 161 countries

GSM Milestones

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The GSM Technical Guideline

Objective (1982): Development of a unified, international standard for mobile

communications. Guideline from the start:2 x 25 MHz frequency bands at 900 MHzare reserved by the CEPT for mobile communications in Europe in 1978. 1982:Roaming; the user can change location, keep the connection and be reached in theentire range of a PLMN and in the entire GSM range (International Roaming) as longas roaming agreements have been made. One user - one number; the subscribercan be reached at a single personal number in the entire GSM range, i.e. in variouscountries and PLMNs.

Late objectives: Maximum flexibility to other services, e.g. ISDN (Integrated ServicesDigital Network; 1984) Vast service offers, i.e. technical possibilities of the PSTN/ ISDN and special features of mobile communications Safeguarding from

interception and subscriber license fraud; data protection.

The GSM Recommendations

The GSM Standard is a consistent and open standard for cellular mobilecommunication systems established by the ETSI. All aspects of the realization of theGSM Standard have been established in now more than 150 recommendations(technical specifications). Subsystems, network components, interfaces, signaling,tests and maintenance aspects etc. are described. This allows a harmoniousinteraction of all elements of a mobile communication network designated as PLMN

(Public Land Mobile Network). At the same time the Recommendations are flexibleenough for the different realizations of various vendors. The Recommendations areorganized into 12 series according to different aspects. This structure reflects thestructure of the PLMN system and its interfaces.


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GSM Recommendation

MSC

PSTN

ISDN BSS MS

Series 01: General

Series 02: Service Aspects

Series 03: Network Aspects

Register

Series 04:

MS/BS Interface

& Protocols

Series 05:

Um Radio

Transmission

Series 06:

Speech Coding

Series 067:

Terminal

Adaptors for MS

Series 08:

MSC-BSS Interface

Series 09:

Network Interworking

Series 10:

Service Interworking

Series 11: Equipment & Type Approval Specifications

Series 12: Operation & Maintenance

12 Series; each max. 100 Rec.:e.g. GSM Rec. 08.07

Fig. 13


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The Evolutionary Concept

The GSM Standard consists of multiple of recommendations. They are organized by

various aspects and already comprised 5230 pages when the first phase wasadopted in 1990. It was originally planned to comprise every specification in the GSMStandard (with the exception of half rate speech") from the start, i.e. when thestandard was adopted. In 1988 it was recognized that not all of the planned servicescould be specified in the expected time frame. This led to the important decision toleave the GSM Standard incomplete and to leave space for further modifications andtechnical developments. This evolutionary concept secures for GSM the possibility ofpermanently adapting to the requirements of the market and thus ensures of notbecoming old-fashioned within a couple of years owing to the extremely fastdevelopment in this market sector.

GSM Phase 1

The Phase 1 standardization was closed in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 forGSM1800. The implementation of GSM systems Phase 1 comprises all of the mostimportant prerequisites for digital information transmission. Speech transmission is ofthe greatest importance here. Data transmission is also defined by data transmissionrates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 comprises only a few supplementary servicessuch as call forwarding and barring.

GSM Phase 2

The Phase 2 standardization work started shortly after completion of Phase 1 andwas closed in 1995. In Phase 2 Supplementary Services comparable to ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network) were included in the standard. Technicalimprovements have been specified, e.g. the Half Rate Speech. In Phase 2, thedecision on future downward-compatibility with older versions is of high importance.

GSM Phase 2+

GSM Phase 2+ refers to a smooth transition in contrast to Phase 2. A new completeupdate of the GSM Standard is not planned. Individual topics are discussedseparately and the update is added to the GSM standard in Annual Releases. Maintopics are new Supplementary Services as the ASCI services (Advanced Speech

Call Items). Furthermore, the IN feature Customized Applications for Mobile networkEnhanced Logic CAMEL and Virtual Home Environment VHE are very important.Especially the introduction of features to achieve higher data rates, i.e. HSCSD (HighSpeed Circuit Switched Data), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution) has received much attention. GSMPhase 2+ thus paves the way to 3G (UMTS).


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Phase 1Phase 2

Phase 1

Phase 2+

Phase 2

Phase 1

Services

Year1991 1995 1997Full Rate Speech (FR),

Standard services

Data: max. 9.6 kbit/s

New services e.g.

MTPy, CUG, AoC;

Half Rate Speech (HR)

New services e.g.

ASCI, SOR, UUS

EFR;

IN: CAMEL

Data: HSCSD, GPRS,

EDGE (> 100 kbit/s)

Annual Releases !

GSM: Evolutionary Concept

Downward compatibility

MTPy:

CUG:

AoC:

ASCI:

SOR:

UUS:

EFR:

IN:

CAMEL:

HSCSD:

GPRS:

EDGE:

Multiparty Service

Closed User Group

Advice of Charge

Advanced Speech Call Items

Support of Optimal Routing

User to User Signalling

Enhanced Full Rate Speech

Intelligent Network

Customized Applications for

Mobile network Enhanced Logic

High Speed Circuit Switched Data

General Packet Radio Service

Enhanced Data Rates for the GSMEvolution

Fig. 14


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Adaptations of the GSM Standard

The GSM adaptations GSM900, GSM1800, GSM1900, GSM-R and GSM400 differ in

the frequency ranges used and the resulting different technical implementations.

GSM900 (GSM, E-GSM)

Originally 2 x 25 MHz in the frequency range around 900 MHz (890 - 915; 935 - 960MHz) were provided for mobile communication applications. In an extension of thisrange, called E-GSM (Extended GSM) these ranges will be increased to 2 x 35 MHz(880 - 915; 925 - 960 MHz) on a national level when further operation licenses expire.

GSM1800 (DCS1800)

As an adaptation of the GSM900 Standard the DCS1800 Standard (Digital Cellular

System) was introduced in 1991. The DCS1800 was a British initiative with theintention of opening mobile communications to all sections of population as a massmarket, especially in urban areas. The GSM1800 has 2 x 75 MHz in the frequencyrange around 1800 MHz (1710 - 1785; 1805 - 1880 MHz). In 1997 the designationDCS1800 was changed to GSM1800 in order to clarify the common standard.

GSM1900 (PCS1900)

The PCS1900 Standard (Public Cellular System) is the American branch of the GSMStandard since 1995/96 in the frequency range around 1900 MHz. The frequencyrange available between 1850 - 1910; 1930 - 1990 MHz in the USA was split up in

1995 and auctioned off to different net-work operators. In 1997 the PCS1900 wasrenamed GSM1900 in order to clarify the common standard.

GSM-R (Railway)

For mobile communication of railway operators 2 x 4 MHz in the frequency range of876 880 MHz & 921 925 MHz have been reserved.

GSM400

With Rel. '99 the frequency ranges between 450.4 457.6 MHz & 460.4 467.6 MHzrespectively the ranges (of former 1G systems) between 478.8 486 MHz & 488.8

496 MHz are foreseen for GSM400. The GSM400 frequency range enables largearea cells for rural environment.


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876 880

890

GSM

900

915 921 925

935

960 1710 1785 1805 1850

1880

1910 1930 1990[MHz] [MHz]

GSM

900

E-GSM E-GSM

GSM

1800

GSM

1800

GSM

1900

GSM-R GSM - Adaptations

GSM

1900

Frequency Range[MHZ] Useable HFchannels Application Area

GSM400 450.4 457.6 / 460.4 467.6

478.8 486 / 488.8 - 496

35 rural environment

GSM900E-GSM

890 - 915 / 935 - 960880 - 915 / 925 - 960

124174

Worldwide exceptAmerica

GSM1800 1710 - 1785 / 1805 - 1880 374 Worldwide exceptAmerica

GSM1900 1850 - 1910 /1930 - 1990 299 America

GSM-R 876 - 880 / 921 - 925 19 Railway systems

Fig. 15


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The GSM-PLMN

In the GSM System there must be a distinction between network operator, provider of

telecommunication services, supplier of terminal equipment and manufacturer ofnetwork components. Especially the sale of telecommunication services and terminalequipment differs from the conventional fixed network and mobile communicationnetwork of the first generation, in which state-owned network operators, serviceproviders and equipment suppliers usually form a monopoly. In GSM the actualnetwork operator often transfers services to private providers who supply theservices to the mobile subscribers under different conditions. With the wide range ofproducts there is also great competition in the field of mobile equipment as well as ofmobile communication network components which should force further technicaldevelopment and keep the prices down.

PLMN - Public Land Mobile Network

A PLMN is a terrestrial mobile communication network set up and run by public andprivate operators. It is used to provide public mobile communication services.

General Objectives of a GSM-PLMN (with respect to service aspects):

a) Provision of a wide range of speech and non-speech services andcompatibility to those services offered in fixed telecommunication networkssuch as PSTN, ISDN and PDN;

b) Additional provision of specific services for mobile access environment;

c) Compatible access for mobile subscribers in all countries where the GSMSystem is operated;

d) Provision of roaming (roaming agreement) and automatic updating;

e) Location registration of mobile subscribers in these countries;

f) Provision of sufficient quality of service;

g) Provision of services with a wide range of mobile stations, e.g. permanently in-stalled in vehicles, so-called portables and hand stations (mobile phones).

General Objectives of a GSM-PLMN (with respect to performance aspects):

a) Guarantee of a high spectrum efficiency;

b) Provision of a system concept which will lead to attractive costs regardinginfra-structure and mobile equipment


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GSM-PLMN(Public Land Mobile Network)Example:

Germany

Competition concept:different network operators,

providers and manufacturers

D1Telekom

D2Mannesmann

Eplus

E2Viag Intercom

Fig. 16


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3 Current Situation, Market & Trends

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Introduction

Current Situation,

Market & Trends

Fig. 17


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Overview: Systems/Standards

At the time there is a wide spectrum of mobile communication systems of the first and

second generation along with the GSM Standard and its adaptations. Importantexamples include:

Paging Systems Cordless Telephone Wireless Local Loop Private Mobile Radio Cellular Mobile Systems Mobile Satellite Systems

These different systems differ in:

Target groups Services offered Prices Coverage Degree of mobility Technical principles / realization


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analogue cordlesstelephone systems

e.g. CT1, CT1+

digital

paging systemse.g. ERMES

analogue

paging systemse.g. Citycall

Cordless

telephone booth

digital cordlesstelephone systems

e.g. DECT, PACS, PHP

analoguePrivate Mobile Radio

PMR

Wireless Local Loop

WLL

digitalPMR

e.g. TETRA

digitalcellular systems

e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,

PDC, IS-95

digitalsatellite systemse.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,

Globalstar

analoguecellular systems

e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS

analoguesatellite systemse.g. INMARSAT

CurrentMobile

Communication

Systems

Differences: target groups

services offered

prices

coverage

degree of mobility

transmission technique

...

1G 2G

Fig. 18


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1G Systems

C450: closed 12/2000

TACS (Total Access Communications System): closed 2001.

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): closed 2001.

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): The AMPS system was introduced in 1979in the USA. The system, operated in the frequency range of 800 MHz, was the mostsuccessful mobile radio system in the world until 1997. It still has an increasingnumber of subscribers, because of its large coverage in the USA. 12/2000, more than75 million AMPS subscribers were registered.

2G SystemsGSM (Global System for Mobile Communications):The GSM Standard wasadopted as the first digital mobile communication standard, as planned since theearly 80s. Commercial operation started in 1992. This led to the world-wide use ofGSM net-works, which were originally planned for the European system, in more than120 countries and regions. GSM uses a hybrid solution of FDMA and TDMA as anaccess technique. GSM used currently 900 / 1800 /1900 frequency ranges.

D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System):The D-AMPS was conceivedas a supplementary system to the successful analogue AMPS in the USA andCanada. The commercial start was 1991/92. D-AMPS as IS-136 standard is based

on a combined FDMA/TDMA access technique. It shares the 800 MHz range withAMPS (824 - 849; 869 - 894 MHz). It expanded to the 1900 MHz range in 1995.Multimode / multiband equipment is used for AMPS/D-AMPS.

PDC (Personal Digital Cellular): With the influence of D-AMPS, PDC (originallycalled JDC - Japanese Digital Cellular) was standardized for the Japanese market.The commercial start was 1993/94. A combined FDMA/TDMA procedure, similarly tothe D-AMPS, is used as an access procedure. Mobile stations transmit at the higherfrequency with PDC, in contrast to all other systems. Frequencies around 900 MHz

(810 - 826; 940 - 956 MHz) & 1500 MHz (1429 - 1453; 1477 - 1501 MHz) are used.

IS-95 CDMAIS-95 CDMA was developed in the early 90s based on CDMA spreadspectrum digital technology and was declared IS-95 standard in 1993. Thecommercial start was 1995/96. IS-95 CDMA networks are emerging world-wide withemphasis on North America and Eastern Asia. Frequencies in the 800 MHz and 1900MHz range are used world-wide, and also in the 1700 MHz range in Korea.


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Cellular SystemsFirst generation:C450

NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone

TACS - Total Access Communications SystemAMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone System

Second generation:

GSM D-AMPS PDC IS-95

Start 1992 1991/92 1993/94 1995

Coverage worldwide especiallyUSA, Canada

Japan especially USA,Canada, EasternAsia

Frequency

ranges [MHz]

900 / 1800 /1900 (America)

800 / 1900 900 / 1500 800 / 1700 (Korea) / 1900

Multiple

Access

TDMA / FDMA TDMA / FDMA TDMA / FDMA CDMA

Speech [kbit/s] 13 / 5.6 7.95 6.7 9.4 / 13

Data (max.)

[kbit/s]

9.6(n14.4; n = 1...8)

4.8 4.8 9.6 / 14.4

Subscribers(02/2001)

~ 410 million ~ 35 million +75 million (AMPS)

~ 55 million ~ 85 million

Fig. 19


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Mobile Satellite Systems MSS

Large areas of the earth's surface can not be covered by fixed or mobile networks.

Mobile Satellite Systems MSS are offered for supplying scarcely populated regionsand areas with weak infrastructure. Satellite supported mobile communicationsystems are useful for high-sea ship transport, for catastrophe regions, and foremergency supply.

Satellite systems can be distinguished with respect to their orbits:

GEostationary Orbit - GEO, with approx. 36,000 km altitude; High Elliptic Orbit - HEO; Medium Earth Orbital - MEO, from 10,000 - 20,000 km; Low Earth Orbital - LEO, from 700 - 1,500 km.1G MSS

MARISAT (Maritime Satellite): MARISAT went into operation in 1976 as the firstmobile satellite system, initiated by the USA.

INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization): INMARSAT is taking adominant role in 1G MSS. Founded in 1979, it is used by more than 100 membershipcountries. The four INMARSAT (operation) satellites are in a geostationary orbit(about 36,000 km altitude). With the exception of a the pole caps, a globaltransmission to the world is achievable. Digital transmission is via INMARSATsatellites since 1995., i.e. INMARSAT has turned over to a 2G MSS system

2G MSS

Digital information transmission and a larger number of satellites in lower orbits (LEOand MEO satellites) allow considerably higher capacity. Several services similar tothose of GSM should be possible. A problem of the 2G systems is the comparablehigh price and fast extension of 2G terrestrial networks

Iridium (closed 2000) Globalstar

ICO Ellipso ORBCOMM Teledesic Skybridge


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Supply to/ in case of:

- inaccessible, underpopulated areas

- poor infrastructure- high seas- catastrophe areas

- failure of other supplies

Supply to/ in case of:Supply to/ in case of:

- inaccessible, underpopulated areas- poor infrastructure

- high seas

- catastrophe areas- failure of other supplies

GEOGEostationary Orbit

10,000- 20,000 km

700- 1,500 km

MEO MediumEarth Orbit

approx.36,000 km

LEOLow Earth Orbit

Mobile Satellite Systems MSS

HEOHigh Elliptic

Orbit

1G:

MARISAT (USA) since 1976

INMARSAT (International Maritime

Satellite Organisation): since 1979; > 80 member countries 4 GEO satellites; global access

2G: Iridium, ICO, Globalstar

private MSS operator speech- & low data rate services

Earth

Fig. 20


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The Mobile Market: Subscriber Trends 1980 - 2000

Before the introduction of first generation of cellular mobile communication systems,

the mobile communication market was unimportant. One-cell systems had only a fewthousand subscribers and slow annual growth rates in Europe, North America, andJapan. Until the introduction of the first cellular systems in 1979 (AMPS: USA, NTT-MTS: Japan) fewer than a million subscribers were registered worldwide.

The introduction of the first generation (analog) cellular mobile communicationsystems led to a quantum leap on the mobile communication market. There wereannual growth rates of 10 to more than 50 %. In the early nineties, there were morethan a million subscribers registered in both the USA (AMPS) and Great Britain(TACS) each. Several hundreds of thousands of subscribers were registered in other

countries with systems such as NMT, C450, NTT-MTS. The number of worldwidesub-scribers exceeded 10 million in 1990. Simultaneously the limits of analoguecellular systems were apparent in many countries owing to capacity problems,especially in densely populated urban regions.

The introduction of GSM as the first mobile communication standard of the second(digital) generation allowed an improved transmission quality, a larger offer ofservice, various technical / organizational improvements, and a considerably moreefficient use of radio interface resources. A significant increase of capacity and thusfurther growth of the mobile communication market became possible. Already shortly

after the start of GSM in 1992, subscriber numbers exceeded the million mark inmany countries. Other digital systems such as IS-95 followed. A development to agenuine mass market has been evident since the introduction of the secondgeneration of mobile communications.


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0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

Subscriber[M.]

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Year

Germany

World

Subscriber trends:

1980 - 2000

1G

IntroductionSingle cell

systems

2G

Introduction

Fig. 21


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Trends & Outlook

The mobile communication market will expand greatly in the future as well. In

contrast to the fixed network sector, which has developed slowly in the past decadesand has only recently become more dynamic, many predict unhindered growth for themobile communication sector beyond the year 2000. Only the growth of the Internetis expected to exceed the growth of the mobile communication sector. It is generallyexpected that the number of the mobile communication subscribers will rapidlyapproach that of the fixed subscribers, and that in regions with a poorly set up infra-structure, the number of mobile communication subscribers will clearly exceed that offixed subscribers within the foreseeable future.

Almost three billion mobile communication subscribers world-wide are expected by2015. This growth is apparent in the currently developing countries and newly

industrialized countries of the Asian / Pacific region. A 50 % share of the worldwidemobile communication market is expected for the Asian / Pacific region by 2015; forindustrial nations in North America and Europe (EU15), a share of only about 7 % -11 % is expected.


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0'

500'

1000'

1500'

2000'

2500'

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

RoW

As ia / P ac ific

North A m erica

EU15

UMTS Forum

Report #1

Trends & Outlook

Subscriber[M.]

Year

Fig. 22


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Mobile Trends

The mobile radio systems of the second generation have been optimized for speech

transmission. Data transmission is possible, but has previously been consideredsecondary. Taking the increasing mobility in the professional world (work outside theoffice, telework) into consideration, the need for mobile transmission of data is in-creasing. Comparatively user-unfriendly terminals (adapter solution) and relativelylow data transmission rates are problems for data transmission of the secondgeneration of mobile communications. The data rates for GSM are between 0.3 - 9.6kbit/s, the transmission rates of other cellular standards are comparable or less. Thefirst mobile satellite systems of the second generation also have only low datatransmission rates (Iridium max. 2.4 kbit/s, Globalstar max. 9.6 kbit/s). These ratesare considerably lower than those of ISDN (64 kbit/s).

A large variety of demands are being placed on future mobile communications. Alongwith improved world-wide service, user friendliness and cost reduction, mobile PCInternet connection with a high data transmission rate is required.

Many of these demands are taken into account in GSM Phase 2+.

In this way bearer services were standardized with transmission rates in order to in-crease data transmission rates as well as to realize mobile computing and accessto the Internet. Data transmission rates can be adapted to the transmission rates ofISDN and can be increased significantly further (up to more than 100 kit/s) by meansof these bearer services. User friendly equipment and cost-reduced features are alsoplanned, such as improvements in speech quality and world-wide availability by

means of satellite roaming. Furthermore flexible services adaptable to customer re-quests and intelligent network services are planned.


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Trend:VoiceData

Mobile Trends

Source:UMTS Forum

0

20

40

60

80

100

Traff

ic[%]

1996 2001 2005 2007

Year

Voice

DataRequirements: high data rates user-friendliness

improved service offering

cost reduction

worldwide accessibility

GSM Phase 2+ data rates > 100 kbit/s mobile computing, Internet

new, integrating ME

new flexible services + IN

satellite roaming

& much more

Fig. 23


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TM2100EU02TM_000148

Mobile Forecast (Europe)

10 % of the traffic is expected to be on the data transport radio interface already in

2001, 30 % in 2005.If further capacities and higher data transmission rates are achieved, there are hardlyany limits to a further growth of the mobile communication market even after thenumber of subscribers reaches saturation.

The market share of speech transmission is as of 2007 expected to be less than 50% in the entire volume of traffic.

An enormous change in the proportion of speech transmission to data transmissionhas thus been predicted in the use of mobile communications in the first decade ofthe 21st century.

It will be expected change from speech to data transmission high data rate multimedia applications.Predictions assume a minor but slowly increasing share of multimedia users inEuropean mobile communications after the implementation of GSM Phase 2+features, HSCSD and GPRS (as of 2000).

This is also the limit of GSM. Although the performance capacity of GSM Phase 2+far exceeds the original expectations for the second generation of mobilecommunications, neither the frequency ranges available nor the narrow-band

frequency use in GSM suffice for the predicted increases and demands regardingdata transmission, especially multimedia use.

The third generation of mobile communications with GSM's successor, the UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is to deal with these applications anddemands as of 2002.

A considerable increase in multimedia use is expected with a wide-range expansionof UMTS as of 2005. Predictions of the UMTS forum assume that of the approx. 260million European mobile communication subscribers in 2010, approx. 90 million couldbe multimedia users, while the rest of the users use only speech and low data rateservices. Multimedia users will produce more than 50 % of the entire traffic rate.


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Mobile subscriber

(total)

Mobile subscriber

all applications from

voiceto Multimedia

Mobile subscriberSpeech only/

low data rates

Mobile communication

forecast (Europa)

mobile Multi Media:

Startwith GSM Ph2+

Breakthrough:

3G (UMTS)Source: UMTS-Forum

0'

50'

100'

150'

200'

250'

300'

1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

Subsc

riber[M.]

Fig. 24


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The Third Generation (3G)

There are at the time many mobile communication standards of both the second and

(still) first generations. Cellular mobile networks of the most different standardscomplement one another or compete with private mobile radio systems, cordlessstandards, paging systems and satellite systems, etc. Every one of these standardshas specific features, advantages and disadvantages, applications and user circles.Many of these systems exist only on a national level and/or are incompatible. To acertain extent this scenario reassembles on a world-wide level the situation of thecellular systems in Europe before the introduction of GSM.

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000)

The third generation of mobile communications represents a world-wide system of

compatible standards, in which the most various current and future demands ontelecommunications have to be dealt with. The main task is to provide services to thecustomer, independently of his location and the specific available infrastructure.Smooth mobility should be guaranteed over all operator-dependent, national andgeographic borders at any location.

The demands on the third generation mobile communication systems have beendiscussed since the early 90s under the term FPLMTS (Future Public Land MobileTele-communications Systems). The term FPLMTS was changed into a term easierto pronounce, IMT-2000, in the mid 90s for countries in which English is not a nativelanguage. IMT stands for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 indicatesboth the approximate date of introduction and the frequency range.

The International Telecommunications Union - ITU - is responsible for the IMT-2000specification. IMT-2000 is planned as the world-wide guideline of all standards of thethird generation of mobile communications. All of the "regional" standardization unitsfor developing standards must fulfil the ITU stipulations for IMT-2000. This ensures acompatibility of the standards to be specified without hindering innovative individualdevelopment and competition.

Many regional standardization committees create their own standards under the IMT2000 "roof". Nevertheless, UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) asGSM successor system is expected to dominate the 3G market


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e.g. UMTS, cdma2000, UWC-136

2G

(digital)

Paging Systems

e.g. ERMES

Cordless Telephonee.g. DECT, PACS, PHS

WirelessLocal Loops

WLL

PMR

e.g. TETRA

Cellular systems

e.g. GSM, D-AMPS,IS-95, PDC

MSS

e.g. IRIDIUM, ICO,Globalstar

1G

(analog)

Cordless Telephonee.g. CT1, 1+

Paging Systems,

e.g. City Call

wirelessTelephone cell

Private Mobile Radio

PMR

Cellular systems

e.g. C450, NMT, AMPS

MSS

e.g. INMARSAT

3G

1 family of

standards

for all

applications

countries

different, incompatible standards for

different applications, countries & regions

IMT-2000

Fig. 25


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UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

The ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) has specified UMTS as

the successor of GSM; a forum call Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP, co-operating with the most important standardization organizations of the world isresponsible since 12/98. UMTS will fulfil the requirements for IMT-2000.

With UMTS world-wide multimedia access is possible at any time to all ranges whichare currently operated by various mobile communication systems of the first andsecond generations.

Data rates of 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s are to be supported. UMTS will support zone 1 3 ofthe four zones of the IMT-2000 concept:

Zone 1 Indoor: for offices, private households,...; for low speed (stationary / up to10 km/h) max. data rates up to 2 Mbit/s are theoretically possible.

Zone 2 Urban: for city, shopping malls, railway stations, subways, airport halls forlow speed (stationary / up to 10 km/h) max. data rates up to 2 Mbit/s aretheoretically possible.

Zone 3 Suburban/Rural: For wide range mobility (car, train) with higher / highspeeds (up to 120 / 500 km/h), 384 kbit/s 144 kbit/s should be possible. (Remark:for UMTS only the lower speed value is currently planed)

Zone 4 Global: For rural, thinly populated areas with low user densities. All speedsfrom stationary (individual buildings, measuring stations), to intermediate speeds(car, train, ship), to 1000 km/h (airplanes). Mobile satellite systems (e.g.

INMARSAT: Horizons) which ensure up to 144 kbit/s are planned for servicing.

For IMT-2000 the frequency ranges from 1885 - 2025 MHz and from 2110 - 2200MHz should be reserved (requested by ITU).

UMTS uses in Europe the frequency ranges of 1900 - 1980 MHz, 2010 - 2025 MHzand 2110 - 2170 MHz.

The frequency ranges of 1980 - 2010 MHz and 2170 - 2200 MHz are reserved for 3GMSS.


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Zone 4: Global

Zone 3:

Suburban / Rural

Zone 2:Urban Zone 1:

IndoorPicoCellMicro

Cell

Macro

CellMSS

max.

data rate144 kbit/s 384 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s144 kbit/s

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

1 8 5 0 1 9 0 0 1 9 5 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 5 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 5 0

cellular MSS cellular MSS

1885

2010

2110

1980

2025

2170

2200

Frequency range [MHz]

Fig. 26


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01 Tm2100eu02tm 0001 Introduction

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