01 Introduction to Theory of Structures
-
Upload
aditya2053 -
Category
Documents
-
view
151 -
download
5
Transcript of 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures
![Page 1: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to TOS-I
Theory of Structure - I
![Page 2: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
2
Lecture Outlines
Introduction History of Structural Engineering Forms of Structures Materials Loads
![Page 3: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
3
Introduction
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
1ST YEAR 2ND YEAR 3RD YEAR 4TH YEAR
ENGG. MECHANICS
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
I
THEORY OF STRUCTURES
II
STRUC. ENGG.
![Page 4: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
4
History of Structural Engineering
Why history is important? One reason why history is important it that the
past has value to our society. History is the narrative of mankind. History when presented properly lends itself to
critical analysis.
![Page 5: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
5
History of Structural Engineering
Greek and Egyptian Temples Made of stone Employed beams and columns Many columns having little useful space between
them
![Page 6: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
6
Greek temple built 2500 years ago
![Page 7: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
7
Greek temples of Poseidonia (now called Paestum) dating from the sixth century BC.
![Page 8: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
8
The Temple of Debod built in early 2nd century BC
![Page 9: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
9
Egypt: Temples of Karnak built 2000 years ago
![Page 10: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
10
History of Structural Engineering
Arch structures were discovered prior to Roman era.
Roman Empire used arches extensively in construction. Stone arches had span of 100 ft and more
![Page 11: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
11
The Colosseum is one of Rome's most distinctive landmarks. Construction of this famous amphitheatre began in 72 AD.
![Page 12: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
12
Arches
Aqueducts
Aqueduct at Segovia in eastern Spain
![Page 13: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
13
The arch of Costantino built in 312 AD
![Page 14: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
14
History of Structural Engineering
From A.D. 500 to A.D.1500, structures that were built continued to employ the stone arch as the major structural forms. Gothic Cathedrals Roof was supported by flying buttresses
![Page 15: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
15
Cathedral from North East Chichester
Flying Buttress
![Page 16: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
16
Cathedral from South East Chichester
Flying Buttress
![Page 17: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
17
History of Structural Engineering Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries are known as
Renaissance. Galileo (1564-1642)
Concept of force and moments Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
Law of linear behavior of materials Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Laws of motion Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)
Buckling of columns Palladio
introduced the use of truss
![Page 18: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
18
GALILEO ROBERT HOOKE
ISSAC NEWTON LEONHARD EULER PALLADIO
![Page 19: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
19
History of Structural Engineering Modern Era
Introduction of Iron Industrial Revolution
First major structure built or iron was Severn River Bridge Coalbrookdale.
Suspension bridges Thomas Telford’s Bridge over Menai Straits in
Wales, Brunel’s Clifton Bridge in Bristol, Finley’s Bridge over Merrimack River in
Newburyport, Massachusetts.
![Page 20: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
20
Iron bridge, a cast-iron arch bridge built in 1779 across the River Severn near Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England
![Page 21: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
21
Thomas Telford built the suspension bridge in the middle in 1826. They had to destroy some of the castle to anchor it to the rock.
![Page 22: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
22
Isambard Kingdom Brunel designs the Clifton Suspension Bridge at Bristol. Two hundred feet above the River Avon, the bridge is 700 feet long.
![Page 23: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
23
History of Structural Engineering
Rank Building - City - Country Year Stories Height
1. Burj Dubai, Dubai, UAE 2008 189* 850m*
2. Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan 2004 101 509m
3. Petronas Tower 1, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 88 452m
4. Petronas Tower 2, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 88 452m
5. Sears Tower, Chicago, USA 1974 110 442m
6. Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, China 1999 88 421m
![Page 24: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
24
![Page 25: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
25
Forms of Structures
Structural Forms
Cables Arches Trusses Beams
Surfaces
Membranes Plates Shells
![Page 26: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
26
Cables
Cables stretch well and are light, so they are useful in large structures. They only take tension stresses.
Cables can be crisscrossed and combined with surface materials to achieve light and large structures.
Examples of this technique are Suncoast Dome and Georgia Dome in the United States
![Page 27: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
27
![Page 28: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
28
![Page 29: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
29
Cable
Road WayCable Anchorage
TowerHanger
Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco
![Page 30: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
30
Cables Grace Memorial Bridge over the Cooper River
Between Charleston, South Carolina (USA) and Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, stands the Grace Memorial Bridge.
Completed in 1929, the cantilever steel structure has a main span of 1050 ft., or 320 m. and a total length of 3.6 miles or 5.79 Kilometers.
A parallel bridge, with a similar design but a shorter main span, was built in 1966. This allowed the old bridge to be converted to one-way traffic.
![Page 31: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
31
Grace Memorial Bridge over the Cooper River
![Page 32: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
32
Arches
An arch is a curved structure capable of spanning a space while supporting significant weight (e.g. a doorway in a stone wall).
The arch is significant because, in theory at least, it provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning an open space.
All the forces are resolved into compressive stresses.
![Page 33: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
33
Chinese Moon Bridge
![Page 34: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
34
Made by Zhao1974 in Hebei Province, China. Built by the architect Li Chun from 595 to 605 AD. World's oldest fully-stone, open-spandrel, segmental arch bridge.
![Page 35: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
35
Triangular Arch Round Arch Segmental Arch
Rampant Round Arch
Lancet Arch Shoulder Flat Arch
Three-Foiled Cusped Arch
Equilateral Pointed Arch
![Page 36: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
36
Horseshoe Arch Three-centered Arch
Elliptical Arch
Inflexed Arch Ogee Arch Reverse Ogee Arch
Tudor Arch
Parabolic Arch
![Page 37: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
37
Truss
In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose ends are connected at joints.
A plane truss is one where all the members and joints lie within a 2-dimensional plane, while a space truss has members and joints extending into 3 dimensions.
![Page 38: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
38
Truss
All members are assumed in axial compression or tension.
Members are joined with the help of frictionless pins.
Loads are applied at joints only.
![Page 39: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
39
Types of Trusses
Common Truss
It is characterized by its triangular shape.
It is most often used for roof construction.
Flat Truss
It gets its name from its parallel top and
bottom chords.
It is often used for floor construction.
Truncated Truss
A combination of the two is a truncated
truss.
It is used in hip roof construction.
![Page 40: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
40
Support structure under the Auckland Harbour Bridge.
![Page 41: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
41
A Vierendeel bridge; note the lack of diagonal elements in the primary structure and the way bending loads are carried between
elements
![Page 42: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
42
Beams
A beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in bending (flexure).
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an earthquake or wind).
The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression members.
![Page 43: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
43
Beams
It requires only vertical supports at ends generally.
It is a compact structure. It’s disadvantage is that it sometimes uses
materials less economically than other structural systems.
![Page 44: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
44
![Page 45: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
45
![Page 46: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
46
Surfaces
Surfaces
Membranes ShellsPlates
![Page 47: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
47
Membranes
Thin sheets of material
Resist applied loads by tension.
Examples are tents, sails, balloons etc
![Page 48: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
48
Plates
Plates are flat surfaces that transfer loads by bending in a manner similar to beams.
![Page 49: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
49
Shells
Shell is rigid surface that transfers loads in two directions.
The primary difference between a plate and a shell is that the shell has curvature whereas the plate does not. TWA Flight Center, John F. Kennedy
International Airport, New York.
![Page 50: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
50
Materials
Properties of Material
StrengthDeformation
Characteristics
Comp. Tension Resist.
Strength to
weight ratio
Stiff Elastic Ductile
![Page 51: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
51
Materials
Aggregates Steel Concrete Wood Aluminum Fiber Glass Composite Materials etc.
![Page 52: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
52
Loads
Loads
Static LoadsDynamic
Loads
Loads
Dead Live
![Page 53: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
53
Loads
Live Loads
Building Live Loads
Bridge Live Loads
Snow Loads
Wind Loads
Earthquake Loads
![Page 54: 01 Introduction to Theory of Structures](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022061123/5475d3c9b4af9f3e118b4628/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
54