01 bio lecture_presentation

PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN

Chapter 1

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

Biology: Exploring Life

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction

Snowy owls are the result of evolution, the process that has transformed life from its earliest beginnings. Snowy owls exhibit adaptations for life in their frozen, barren habitat, including:


Figure 1.0-1

•  feathers that provide insulation in subzero weather •  keen vision and acute hearing that help owls locate prey •  feathers the color of the owl’s surroundings •  sharp beaks and talons for catching and eating prey

THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY


THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

What is biology? What is life? How do we know something is living?

the scientific study of life

Intro to the Properties of Life


• How do we know something is living? • The properties of life include

1.  Order—the highly ordered structure (including cells) that typifies life,

2.  Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA,

3.  Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce (make more of) their own kind,

4.  Energy processing—The use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,

OGRE RRE

1.1 All forms of life share common properties

5.  Regulation—or homeostasis: an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life,

6.  Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli, and

7.  Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve or change over many generations, as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.



Figure 1.1-1

1.  Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life,


2. Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA,


Figure 1.1-2

3. Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind,


Figure 1.1-4

4. Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,


Figure 1.1-5

5.  Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life,


Figure 1.1-6

6. Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli, and


7. Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations, as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level • Biological organization unfolds as follows:

• Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that support life,

•  Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact,

• Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem,

•  Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area,

• Organism—an individual living thing,

1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level

• Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function,

• Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues, •  Tissue—a group of similar cells that perform a

specific function, • Cell—the fundamental unit of life, • Organelle—a membrane-enclosed structure that

performs a specific function within a cell, and • Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called

atoms held together by chemical bonds.

B E C P O Os Or T C O M


Biosphere Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that support life,

Ecosystem Florida

Everglades Florida

Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact,

Community (All organisms in this wetland ecosystem)

Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem,

Population (All alligators living

in the wetlands)

Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area,

Organism (an American alligator)

Organism—an individual living thing, Organ system (Nervous system)

Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function,

Nerve Spinal cord

Brain Organ (Brain)

Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues, Tissue

(Nervous tissue)

Tissue— group of similar cells that perform a specific function,

Cell (Nerve cell)

Cell—fundamental unit of life,

Nucleus

Organelle (Nucleus)

Molecule (DNA)

Atom Organelle—a membrane-enclosed structure that

performs a specific function within a cell, and

Molecule—a cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds.


Biosphere

Florida

Ecosystem (Florida

Everglades)

Community (All organisms in this wetland ecosystem)

Population (All alligators living

in the wetlands)


all of the environments on Earth that support life,

all organisms living in a particular area + physical components

the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem

all the individuals of a species living in a specific area

an individual living thing



Organ system (Nervous system) Nerve Spinal

cord

Brain Organ (Brain)

Tissue (Nervous tissue)

Cell (Nerve cell)

Nucleus

Organelle (Nucleus)

Molecule (DNA)

Atom

several organs that cooperate in a specific function

a structure that is composed of tissues,

group of similar cells that perform a specific function,

fundamental unit of life

a membrane-enclosed structure that performs a specific function within a cell

cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds

an individual living thing

basic unit of matter

Emergent properties are new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life from the arrangement and interactions among component parts.

At each level of life’s hierarchy, novel properties arise—properties that were not present at the previous level.

“We are more than the sum of our parts!”

If you took a dog apart and laid all the pieces out on a table, you'd still have all the parts to make a fully functioning dog. However, none of it would be functioning because the parts are not interacting with each other. When these parts interact with each other, certain properties emerge as a result of this interaction. A better example: As cells get more complex and make tissues, emergent properties result. As tissues are built into organs, certain functions emerge. Organ systems are created, and so forth.

Emergent Properties: NOT a difficult concept!

• The same analogy of emergent properties can be used for an engine. You can have all the parts to build it, but without them interacting with each other, they're just pieces.

• As you start putting the engine together with the transmission, the emergent property would be the ability to have multiple gears. As the axle is connected, now you can have multiple gears along with the emergent property of motion through wheels.


Get it?

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

• Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.

• A cell can •  regulate its internal environment, •  take in and use energy, •  respond to its environment, •  develop and maintain its complex organization,

and •  give rise to new cells.



• All cells •  are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the

passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and

•  use DNA as their genetic information.



• There are two basic forms of cells. 1.  Prokaryotic cells

•  were the first to evolve, are simpler •  have DNA but no nucleus •  are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.

2.  Eukaryotic cells •  are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists and •  are subdivided by membranes into various functional

compartments, or organelles, including a nucleus that houses the DNA.



Figure 1.3

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus)

Membrane

Organelles

Nucleus (membrane- enclosed)

DNA (throughout nucleus)


Prokaryotes—bacteria and blue-green algae--are adaptable and do have a plasma membrane and DNA.

They do not have membrane-bound organelles

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life • Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the

correlation of structure and function. • Structure is related to function at all levels of

biological organization.


1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy

• Living organisms interact with their environments, which include

•  other organisms and •  physical factors.

•  In most ecosystems, •  plants are the producers that provide the food, •  consumers eat plants and other animals, and •  decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex

matter into simpler chemicals that plants can absorb and use.



Figure 1.4-0

ENERGY FLOW

Sun

Inflow of light energy

Producers (plants)

Chemical energy in food

Consumers (animals)

Outflow of heat

Leaves take up CO2 from air; roots absorb H2O and minerals from soil

Decomposers such as worms, fungi,

and bacteria return chemicals to soil

1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy

• The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes:

1.  the recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers, and decomposers back to the air and soil and

2.  the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight and exiting as heat.


EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY


1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code

• All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes. • Genes

•  are the unit of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring,

•  are grouped into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes, and

•  control the activities of a cell.


(Genes contain instructions for making proteins)

• A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of the four kinds of building blocks making up DNA’s double helix.

•  All forms of life use essentially the same code to translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.

•  The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences.



Figure 1.5-0

Nucleus DNA

Cell

C G

C G

C G

C G

C G

C G

C G

C G

C

G

A T

A T

A T

A T

A T

A T

A T

A

T

A 5-Carbon Sugar

Four nitrogen bases

A Phosphate Group

A nucleotide consists of the 5-carbon sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.


Figure 1.5-1

Nucleus DNA

Cell

C G

C G

C G

C G

A T

A T

1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code

• The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.

•  In recent years, scientists have determined the entire sequence of nucleotides in the human genome.


For the human species, whose genome includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, a complete genome sequence will involve 46 separate chromosome sequences.


Systems biology talks about how to integrate all of the constituent parts. You can study them individually, but also with an eye toward how they fit together to make a whole. The VERTICAL SCALE of biology refers to the hierarchy of biological organizations from molecules to the biosphere. At each level, EMERGENT PROPERTIES arise from the interaction and organization of component parts. The HORIZONTAL SCALE or dimension refers to the incredible diversity of organisms, past and present, including 1.8 million species in three domains.

1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains

1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains • Diversity is the hallmark of life.

•  Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species. •  Estimates of the actual number of species range

from 10 million to over 100 million. • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that

•  names species and •  classifies species into a hierarchy of broader

groups: genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.


1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains • The diversity of life can be arranged into three

higher levels called domains. 1.  Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread

prokaryotes. 2.  Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s

extreme environments. 3.  Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include

•  single-celled protists and •  multicellular fungi, animals, and plants.



Figure 1.6-0

Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya

Bacteria

Domain Archaea Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Plantae

Archaea

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life • Evolution can be defined as the process of

change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.

• The fossil record documents •  that life has been evolving on Earth for billions of

years and •  the pattern of ancestry.



Fossilized Mammoth Bones

1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life •  In 1859, Charles Darwin

published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which articulated two main points.

1.  Species living today descended from ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification.”


2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.

Evolution in the Galapagos



Galapogas Finches

Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations. 1.  Individual variation: Individuals in a population vary in

their traits, many of which are passed on from parents to offspring.

2.  Overproduction of offspring: High population. A population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support.


• From these observations, Darwin drew two inferences.

1.  Unequal reproductive success: Differential survival. Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited individuals.

2.  Accumulation of favorable traits over time: Inheritance. As a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations, an increasing proportion of individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits.



Figure 1.UN03

Observations Inferences

Heritable variations

Overproduction of offspring

Natural selection: Unequal reproductive

success leads to evolution of adaptations

in populations.


Natural Selection - Peppered Moth

• Darwin realized that numerous small changes in populations as a result of natural selection could eventually lead to major alterations of species.

• The fossil record provides evidence of such

diversification of species from ancestral species.


Figure 1.7e-0

Millions of years ago

Years ago

34 24 5.5 2 0 104

Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)

Loxodonta africana (Africa)

Elephas maximus (Asia)

Mammuthus

Stegodon

Platybelodon

Mammut

Deinotherium

This phylogenetic or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or showing the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species of elephant.

Note how the three living species of elephant are descended from their ancestor, the mammoth.


Figure 1.7e-1


Years ago

34 24 5.5 2 0 104

Stegodon

Platybelodon

Mammut

Deinotherium


Figure 1.7e-2


Years ago

34 24 5.5 2 0 104

Loxodonta cyclotis

Loxodonta africana

Elephas maximus (Asia)

Mammuthus

African savannah elephant (heavier and taller)

African forest elephant

THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE


1.8 In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses

• Science is a way of knowing that stems from our curiosity about ourselves and the world around us.

• Science is based upon inquiry, the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena.

• Scientists typically • make observations, •  form hypotheses, proposed explanations for a set

of observations, and •  test them.



• Two types of data are frequently collected in scientific investigations.

1.  Qualitative data is descriptive. 2.  Quantitative data includes numerical

measurements.


• Scientists use two types of reasoning. 1.  Inductive reasoning makes broader

generalizations based on collecting and analyzing a large number of specific observations. (From specific to broad generalizations)

Example: Ms. Samfield is a teacher. All teachers I have observed are nice. Therefore, it can be assumed that Ms. Samfield is nice. 2.  Deductive reasoning flows from general premises to predicted and specific results.


Example: All dolphins are mammals and all mammals have kidneys; therefore, all dolphins have kidneys.


• We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. •  A common example would be the reasoning we use

to answer the question, “Why doesn’t a flashlight work?”

•  Two reasonable hypotheses are that 1.  the batteries are dead or 2.  the bulb is burned out.



Figure 1.8-1

Observation: Flashlight doesn’t work.

Question: Why doesn’t the flashlight work?

Hypothesis #1: Batteries are dead.

Hypothesis #2: Bulb is burned out.


Figure 1.8-2 Observation:

Flashlight doesn’t work.




Prediction: Replacing batteries

will fix problem.

Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem.

Test of prediction: Replace batteries.

Test of prediction: Replace bulb.


Figure 1.8-3 Observation:

Flashlight doesn’t work.




Prediction: Replacing batteries

will fix problem.

Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem.

Test of prediction: Replace batteries.

Test of prediction: Replace bulb.

Results: Flashlight doesn’t work.

Hypothesis is contradicted.

Results: Flashlight works.

Hypothesis is supported.

However, what if the bulb was working, but simply loose?

Retest your hypothesis!


• A scientific theory is • much broader in scope than a hypothesis and •  supported by a large and usually growing body of

evidence. • Science is a social activity in which scientists

• work in teams, •  share information through peer-reviewed

publications, meetings, and personal communication, and

•  build on and confirm each other’s work.


1.9 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can be tested using controlled field studies

• Scientists conducted a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis that color patterns have evolved as adaptations that protect animals from predation.

• The experiment compared an experimental group consisting of non-camouflaged mice models, and a control group consisting of camouflaged models that matched the mice native to each area.

• The groups differed by only one factor, the coloration of the mouse models.



Figure 1.9-0

Beach population Inland population

1.9 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can be tested using controlled field studies

• Results, as presented in Table 1.9: •  the non-camouflaged models had a much higher

percentage of attacks in the beach and inland habitats and

•  these data fit the key prediction of the camouflage hypothesis.



Table 1.9

BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE


1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives

• Evolution is a core theme of biology. • Humans selectively breed plants and animals in

the process of artificial selection to produce • move productive crops, •  better livestock, and •  a great variety of pets that bear little resemblance to

their wild ancestors.



Ancestor crops like the grass teosinte bear little resemblance to their modern-day genetic cousins.

1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives

• Humans also unintentionally cause •  the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, •  the evolution of pesticide-resistant pests, and •  the loss of species through habitat loss and global

climate change.


Scientific literacy is "the capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions, and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human activity.” Without it…

1.11 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways

• Many issues facing society •  are related to biology and •  often involve our expanding technology.

• The basic goals of science and technology differ. •  The goal of science is to understand natural

phenomena. •  The goal of technology is to apply scientific

knowledge for some specific purpose.


1.11 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways

• Although their goals differ, science and technology are interdependent.

• Research benefits from new technologies. •  Technological advances stem from scientific

research. • Technologies of DNA manipulation are the results

of scientific discovery of the structure of DNA.


You should now be able to 1.  Describe seven properties common to all life. 2.  Describe the levels of biological organization from

molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels.

3.  Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it.

4.  Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5.  Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem.


You should now be able to

6.  Explain how DNA encodes a cell’s information. 7.  Compare the three domains of life. 8.  Describe the process and products of natural

selection. 9.  Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative

data. 10. Compare the definitions and use of inductive and

deductive reasoning in scientific investigations. 11. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a

hypothesis.


You should now be able to

12. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and give an example.

13. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans.

14. Compare the goals of science and technology. Explain why an understanding of science is essential to our lives.



Life

Evolution

Natural Selection

Unity of Life

3 Domains (many kingdoms; 1.8 million species)

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