Study Guide: REL 105 – Dr. SnyderFall 2017

Scheindlin - The Book of Job

Summary - Job, a righteous and prosperous man, struggles with suffering when all his possessions are taken away from

him (due to a deal between the Accuser and God). His friends (Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar) believe that Job is receiving punishment for his sins and urges him to repent. Job ends up almost cursing God. Elihu says that Job is wrong to curse God and the day he was born. God answers Job and says that he has no idea who God is and the power he possesses. Job repents for cursing God and continues being a righteous man now blessed yet again.

Focuses two issues - Suffering: Is there a reason behind this? - Knowledge: Can I know it? (idea of talking to someone, in this case God)

Theodicy: definition of the problem of evil in light of God - Atheist argument - good/evil and right/wrong- “Why?” - even Jesus asks this question himself

Theodicy Thoughts:- Should we deserve punishment because of original sin, if so how much? - Also just because someone is a sinner does that mean they should suffer more than others? - Story says Job is righteous, yet he still suffered - “Do we not accept the good with the bad?” -Job- Justice- ppl ask what am I doing wrong? Yet we many not be doing anything wrong and the fact that we

center that question around ourselves may be arrogant. Scientific Naturalism:

- Belief that all effects are caused by material things. May or may not imply spirit, yet spirit has nothing to do with creating or natural process.

- Box theory: Is the box steel or spongy? Can we hear/see God or is the box sealed from all intelligent design concepts (blind watchmaker)

Craftsmanship:- Real character and story/ historical but slightly changed? Yet message of the book is the same either way

whether historically accurate or not. Presented literarily. - Structure = Prose, Poetry, Prose - Parallelism: orderly, Hebrew poetry is very orderly, yet Scheindlin says poetry is more free

Scheindlin’s Interpretation:- Prose: sets the stage, introduction is on the rational basis, the original story- Poetry: shows the emotion and expression, shows the Author still had a love of life, comforting to move

“from rational to emotional like beautiful diversion which gives rich delight that takes away from pain and gives us a voice to vent.”

- Story of Job = the story of Everyman - relatable story, gives emotion to our venting- Theodicy: there doesn’t have to be a reason for suffering and we may not have the knowledge to know why

something happens and that’s okay. - We are looking for meaning that doesn’t exist - Satin isn’t mentioned in his introduction… do we dismiss chp 1-2 or not?

Different Jobs?- Do you see commonality between raging Job and Job the patient or are they separate?

Meditation on Wisdom:

- At surface it is still poetry, yet on what basis do we prove it is real poetry or not? - Sheindlin this it’s too rational to match the overall emotion of the rest of the poetry. - Useful for people who are more rational and need a bit of summary in their reading to follow along

Ecclesiastes-Summary:Vanity vanity vanity. No context

● Wisdom literature○ Job-suffering/why do we suffer?○ Psalms-worship○ Proverbs-family/work○ Ecclesiastes-meaning of life/whats the point?○ Song of Solomon-love song/deals with marraige

Focuses on the meaning of life ● Ch. 1-Endless cycle of vanity● Ch. 12-coming death● Thesis: Vanity of vanities● Basis: Observation and reflection● Experiment: Ch.2- try to enjoy life

○ Difference? Wise and fool both die● Both books point to a need for the resurrection● Conclusion: There has to be a resurrection, otherwise life is pointless

○ “Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die”○ “Heaven will make life on earth look like one night in a bad hotel”

Thornbury - “Assessment of Shaffer on Aquinas”● Schaeffer say Aquinas separates philosophy from theology● Schaeffer says Thomas said “will is fallen, intellect is not”● “What Schaeffers argument lacks in technical merit, it gains in historical applicability.

Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles, 1.3-4, 7-8 ● Because we are human, we are limited in what we are able to understand about God

○ God is not limited by our perception of sense/reason

● “As the eyes of bats are to the sun, so is the intelligence of our soul to the things most manifest by nature”● 3 disadvantages of leaving God to reason

1. Knowledge of God confined to few■ Some too stupid, busy, or lazy

2. Would take a very long time3. Bound to make errors

● “No opinion or belief is sent to man from God contrary to natural knowledge”● “...because it surpasses reason, it is counted by some as contrary to reason which cannot be”● Conclusion: understanding God is impossible

Schaeffer, Escape from ReasonFact/value Split:

- Upper story/lower story - Some argue no connection between the two - Yet in order to gain value we need to take a leap of faith

facts/proof/objective/value/faith/religion/

- Its impossible to maintain a split - instances like racism prove this Leap of Faith/Faith:

- Leap of faith: a risk, some unknown; go out on a limb to do something that doesn’t seem rational, belief in the irrational, not reasoned, a faith in faith.

- God could be a sense of purpose/ an idol we live for - People wanted to maintain christianity's meaning so showed piousness towards God- It’s okay to not know everything about God/ part of believing means not knowing all the answers- We are personal and not infinite so we can talk to God and he hears but may not respond.

Necessary and Sufficient:- Difference between these reasons

Collection of books not just one singular book. Because one story is proved inaccurate doesnt mean the others are as well.

Summary of a bunch of authors and the modern diversion away from a world where we are separate from but also connect to God simultaneously.

Wells, “Survival of the Fakest” The Design Inference:

- Methodological naturalism: look for natural causes, nothing besides nature, we can only deal with causation.

- Philosophical naturalism: we are in a box but can look outward beyond the box to help get more of an understanding

What if the thing I’m looking at includes more than nature? What if data implies intelligence? All sides agree that nature has an appearance of design.

Gould, “Impeaching a Self-Appointed Judge”Split between religion and science

Johnson, “Response to Gould”Racism is both science and morality, therefore it is impossible to maintain a split

Ruse, “Transcript”Accepts that evolution is a theory but still believes in it Just as much faith to believe in religion or macroevolution

Meyer, “A Scientific History- and Philosophical Defense - of the Theory of Intelligent Design” Intra vs interspecies: intra = adaptation within species and inter = all from one speciesWhat kind of Science? - a historical evaluation of causes that affect what you see. creating past causes from current events. Not repeatability: not scientific law From this you acquire firm lawWhat kind of Data?

- Irregular and complex - no patterns, scatter plot- Regular and not complex - natural causes- Regular and complex - language, hint at intelligent design

Explanatory Limits:- Specified complexity: is regular and complex- Irreducible complexity: you can’t break down any further

Analogous Model/ Language Families:- Can’t go back to one source but few are at the start of creation

- Distinct ones cannot be linked together Information through intelligence, life is too complicated to be chance which shows some sort of design

GenesisContext:

- our questions about the creation of man wasn’t part of the original context. Genesis was rather a map of the beginning of families and where nations came from.

A book of Beginnings - Man as man: in the image of God (Genesis 9:6 - whoever harms man will also be harmed because you

are ruining the image of God)- Family: woman is from man - Sin & Death: moral cause- Government: covenant - Nations: tower of Babel (languages create nations, unique way of binding ppl together)- A tradition of Faith: “father of..” “seed of…” “named…”

Summary:- 1.light and dark 2. Heaven and earth 3. Land and sea 4. Stars(sun) and moon 5. Water and air life 6. Land

life (humans and animals)Introduction to Genesis:

- Identity: Who are we? heritage/ nations/ actions/ beliefs/ passions/ associations? Memory is key to identity

Outline: (toledoth: historical narrative) - Chp 1-11: World

- 1:1 Introduction (story)- 2:4 Heavens and Earth - 5:1 Adam (genealogy)- 6:9 Noah (story)- 10:1 Sons of Noah (genealogy)- 11:10 Shem (genealogy)- 11:27 Terah (story)

- Chp 12-50: 1 family (toledoth generations)- 25:12 Ishmael (genealogy)- 25:19 Isaac (story)- 36:1 Esau (genealogy)- 37:2 Jacob (story)

As Humans we need 2 big things - THIS WILL BE ON TEST - Revelation- Resurrection

Abraham: The Father of Faith: Calling, Lying, Believing, Covenant, Seed, Tested- Seed and antithesis, will never combine seed of women and seed of serpent

Themes: - Genesis 1:1 create, form and fullness, historical narrative

- “In the beginning God created the heavens & the earth” - Genesis 12:1-3 promises of land and seed, blessings v. curse, relationship with God

- “Go forth from your country and from your relatives, and from your father's house, to the land which I will show you. And I will make you a great nation… and so you shall be a blessing… and in you all the families of the earth will be blessed.”

- Questions: Who is God? Who is man? What is the problem? Solution?

Exodus 1-24, 32-34Documentary Hypothesis:

- documents behind the texts we have point to different names of God, ppl stitched them together to form a single book. (JEDP)

Name of God: Yahweh = I am, verb to be, “I am who I am,” “I will be what I will be,” “Gracious on whom I am gracious,” shows God is whenever and wherever he wants.

Time In the Land Out of the land 2000 B.C. patriarchs Egypt Wilderness1400 B.C. judges and kings babylon and cyrus600 B.C.Scribes 70A.D. Jesus Roman Empire

Slavery Salvation Sinai Multiplication Burning Bush Rock and MannaMoses Plagues Ten “words”

Passover Golden CalfRed Sea

“Higher Criticism” - the Cyrus question - Isaiah 45:1 - did people insert prophesies or were they already there, Ch 44-66 written later Response:

- 1. No manuscript poof 2. Different names of God mentioned don’t lead to two different sources 3. Repetition proves against 2 sources

God protects them when few in number and under threat - Israel multiplies and then becomes a target to Egypt, plagues come and pumble Egyptians, God remembers

covenant with Abraham and so he blesses them Golden Calf + Ten commandments: (know 3)

- Godly: - 1. No other Gods - 2. No graven images - 3. Name not in vain - 4. Sabbath

- Lineage/ Heritage: - 5. Honor father and mother

- Neighborly: - 6. No murder- 7. No adultery - 8. No stealing - 9. No false witness - 10. No coveting/strong desires(what breaks a man’s pride lies in his heart. Most common)

Plagues and Passover:- Lots of plagues… last one = first born dies. (blood over door of Jews means their first born would live)

The Canonization of Israel:

Judge Saves

Lord Pity Israel Did evil

Israel Lord angryGroans

Enemy Oppressed

At the end of each cycle the people became worse and more corrupt along with the judges.

Dan: Spiritual Apostasy Benjamin: Moral Apostasy

Canonization: ppl don’t follow God’s command to break away from canan lifestyle so they soon become corrupt and allow both cultures to mix.

Judges: people who save sinful israelites Conquest → Judges → Kings Joshua Othniel Saul

Ehud DavidBarak Solomon

Why Total Gideoneliminate JephthahLeast be a Samsonsnare Eli

SamuelWhy Slow?Testing them Teaching them

1 Samuel ● Why a king?

○ Wanted a physical leader to follow○ A king like the other nations○ King was not necessary for Israelites reasons ○ Necessary for God’s reason, people need more gov.

■ King is a necessary evil

Judges 2

● They need a king that will lead them to God

● What do we learn about man?○ Faith-Jonathan, David - represent faithful men to God ○ Pride-Saul - representation of pridefulness and how it corrupts

● What do we learn about God?○ “Let me know your ways that I may know you” - Exodus 33:13○ Glory realism, not idealism

2 Samuel David (King)Absalom (David’s Son)Joab (Leader of David’s army)

Summary:

What can we learn about man?- Sentimentalism can lead to a loss of focus- Loyalty and Patriotism can lead to immortality - (either can be extreme/ taken too far)

What can we learn about God?- Silence doesn’t imply approval, justice can be delayed and subtle

Lesson- The best of men, are men at best. (David = humanized)

New Era/lines- Samuel - creates a line of prophets- David - creates a line of Kings (dynasty) (man of war)- Solomon - built God’s Temple (man of peace)

Covenant (promise or oath to be or to do) - Noah: won’t flood the earth again - Abraham: land and seed - Moses: If... Then… (Ex 19:5-6) covenants - David: have a house (dynasty) for eternity (seed promises) - New Covenant ( Jeremiah 31:31-34)

Psalm 110 Most cited part of Bible God isn’t only interested in what is said but how it’s said, not only truth but also beauty (like Hebrew scriptures)

Isaiah 36-55From Isaiah comes a series of prophets

History: Old testament writing is of promises, things God says he will do.

Promise: Things God says he will do - Monotheism Challenge: tell us what you’re going and then do it

Law: Added. Only there to prove that people are sinful and not religious. Gov/kings it’s a necessary evil Gospel: good news. That God is fulfilling his promises in the person and work of Jesus Christ.

The overall message is that God is not as wrathful as we think in the Old Testament and it’s not just comprised of law. Law was added on top of promises and proves that God had good intentions later in time

Lessons: - Christianity is…

- Not an ideal (philosophical) - Not an ethic (morals)- But an event (history) - real people, real places, real times

- God gives us a witness on our level where we can test and examine it - Prophecy: the monotheism challenge to the idols (Isaiah 41-48)

Historicism: (when scientific naturalism applies to history)- Seamless web of inevitable progress. Incidents MUST happen which rivals prophecy. - Think of the box

C.S. Lewis and Truck Picture:- View from the pack of a pickup truck mimics life. You can only see backwards and the further forward

you go the more you forget what is behind you/ can’t see it once it’s too far. If you look left you miss the right and if you look right you miss the left.

- The only person who can see forward is the driver, this is God Responses:

- Skepticism: no one know the big picture - Traditionalism: comfort in a large group - Revelation: ask the driver

Jeremiah 25, 31Reset of Israel, “If my people are judged, all nations will be judged”

Habakkuk1. Violence in Israel leads to judgement by Babylon

a. Punishment fits the crime2. “They’re worse than us”

a. Wicked are punished3. Praise song: “In wrath remember mercy”

Daniel● Old Empires

○ Egypt-South

A.B.

Ge

“add

GoslPromSeed of Seed of

○ Israel○ Assyria-North

● New Empires○ Babylon-

■ head of Gold■ Lion w wings

○ Medo-Persian-■ chest of silver■ Bear on one side

○ Greece-■ Legs of Bronze■ Leopard with 4 wings

○ Rome-■ feet of Iron/clay■ Beast w iron teeth

○ Kingdom of God-rock - mountains that rise up from stone

● Empires as beasts-cruelty of empires. People complain about other’s sinning yet are wiped out themselves. God levels the playing fields by crushing them all. (all proud ppl will be punished. Those who are saved are righteous and live by faith. In vain you must remember God’s mercy)

● Antichrist pattern-little horn, rulers that use religious like words but use them for evil. Necessary evil to punish people and to lead them more towards God instead of depending on the ruler.

● The hand-Sovereignty of God that controls all things.

ORDERPeople:AdamJobNoahShemAbrahamIsaac/IshmaelJacob/EsauJudah/JosephMosesJoshuaOthnielEhudBarakGideonJephthahSamsonEliSamuelSaulDavid/ Absalom/ Joab

SolomonIsaiahDaniel

Books:GenesisExodus Deuteronomy Judges1 Samuel 2 Samuel Job Psalms ProverbsEcclesiastesSolomon Isaiah Jeremiah Daniel HabbakukMalachi

POSSIBLE ESSAY QUESTIONS- Explain intelligent design using the following words: design inference, complex & regular, specified

complexity, irreducible complexity - Explain Sheindlin's view of the book of Job and poetry v. prose

EXAM 2Mark

Christianity and Liberalism by Machen Sermon on the Mount - Matthew 5-7John 1,5,13-17Acts 1-2, 15Galatians, Romans 1 PeterPliny’s LetterMartyrdom of PerpetuaNicene CreedChalcedonian CreedAthanasian Creed

EXAM 2Mark 10/13

● Four Gospels: the four portraits all give a very different image of a complicated character. Still about one event.

○ Matthew - Jewish Audience, Son of David the King, emphasis on authority ○ Mark - Roman audience, suffering servant ○ Luke - Greek Audience, Son of Man, Jesus’ humanity ○ John - Universal audience, Son of God, Jesus’ divinity

● We don’t have the exact words of Jesus but we have his voice through the gospels, they are flexible culturally

● No BIOGRAPHIES but portraits - these are called Preachments instead, way to preach (know and believe), Jesus is the fulfillment of God’s promises

● Relationship○ The synoptic problem: all very related and intertwined but different wording each○ Quelle - hypothetical theory of source material quotes in order to promote political viewpoints of

this section in the church. They often put words into Jesus’ mouth in order to prove their point, rewrote everything to fit their history

● What do men say that I am, what do you say that I am ?● Catagories

○ Elijah, other prophets, messiah, Son of God ● Identity “Christ”

○ Didn’t know this till he said he would die on the cross. ○ The “Anointed One” = Christ = messiah

■ 1. Kingly: Reign of God to Man - top down ■ 2. Priestly: Represents sin of Man to God - bottom up ■ 3. Jesus is the mediator who goes between two parties

Christianity and Liberalism by Machen 10/16 - 10/23● Modernism and Machen

○ Machen (1881-1937) - influenced by professor Herman, German religious thought and deep faith in Christianity

○ How can we not believe in physical resurrection and while still be devoted to Christ? ● Modernism

○ Progressivism- translate into new age, old document but can be brought into new era

○ The theological progressives believe that Jesus isn’t his literal son but that his relationship to God makes him a son of God.

○ Theological liberalism - Christianity is a life/spirit, not doctrine ■ Gospels are fiction and natural describe psychologically what happened in the form of a

myth, no historical claims ● Common Factor

○ Schleiermacher - faith is a feeling of dependence on God ○ Strauss - first one to flat out deny that Gospels are accurate - begins quest for historical Jesus

● Machen - basically a polemic writing to attack out of level of disgust. repetitive/emphasis ● Liberalism

○ Throws out all miracles, determines their view of Christianity ○ Conflict with history/ facts/ and miracles

■ Temptation to say “How do we know he has risen?”● Need of the hour - to reflourish Christian education. Starts at home with family and church ● Fact/Value split is bad. We need history and personal experience

○ Science doesn’t apply to religion, only personal experience - this is where problems come fromSermon on the Mount 10/16

● Jesus sat down and spoke “blessed are the….for they shall recieve____. Marks on their way to heaven”● Differentiates himself from them - goes over teachings and how they correlate to actions ● Teachings

○ If you’ve been angry = sin, look lustfully = sin○ Presses the law in full, they are ABSOLUTES ○ Love your enemies and pray for them

● Action ○ Praying and fasting, feeding the poor○ You can do these things in secret without recognition ○ Can’t serve God and curse at the same time ○ He is about the heart not appearances ○ If you’re life doesn’t surpass the scribes and pharisees then you don’t get into heaven ○ 2 kinds of people

■ Seed of women ■ Seed of serpent

○ Do the will of the father in heaven in order to receive eternal life. Need to be changed by God through actions.

● Jesus split the nation. Didn’t bring peace but a sword

Matthew 5-7 10/16● All that God has promised is now being fulfilled through Jesus

○ Son of David: eternal throne ○ Son of Abraham: worldwide blessing

● Assessment - how we assess claims, docs, persons. Because Jesus didn’t write anything● Present: Puzzle of his person

○ Humility and Claims - egotistical claims with humility ○ C.S. Lewis - liar, lunatic, lord ○ J Gresham Machen -○ Future: Phenomenon of the Church ○ Martyrs of Peace - witness, died w/o fighting back ○ Movement

● Past: Prophecies of Old Covenant

○ Messianic Psalms ○ Isaiah 53 - looks like Jesus, remarkably like him

John 1,5,13-17 10/18 BOMFOG-Brotherhood of Man, Fatherhood of God

-chief doctrine of liberalismJesus-The Apostle of God

● Apostle-official representative of someone w/their authority and their message (John 5:19)● Jesus in the gospel of John

○ Spoke God’s words○ Did God’s works

● Traits○ Limited to God’s works and words○ Coextensive with God’s works and words

● Conclusion○ Jesus is translation of God into “our terms”

■ God became one of us to be understood○ Image/revelation- “The word”○ Worship

Jesus-The Lamb of God● Central message of New Testament-1 Corinthians 15

○ Christ died for our sins “Gospel”-Christ rose again● Traits:

○ Deliberate: Jesus chose to die-not a victim○ Unjust: Oppression-trial by night was illegal○ Public: crucifixion- “lifted up”-humiliating○ Vicarious: For others, died in their place○ Abandoned: “My God, why have you forsaken me?”○ Vindicated: Rose again, coming soon

10/20 ● Apostle: ambassador and messenger in the name of authority/ God

○ You cannot self appoint yourself as an apostle ○ Jesus = an apostle of God

● John ○ 1:1 word was God ○ 1:14 Word became flesh among us ○ 1:18 he explained him as God the Son ○ Send truth of Holy Spirit out with them

● God →Jesus → Holy Spirit (Apostles) ○ All work at revealing the invisible God to us. Apostles sent out with Holy Spirit

● Spirit of Truth ○ Teach them truth ○ Bring to remembrance of his words ○ Bear witness to Jesus ○ Guide them all into truth ○ Disclose to them the things to come

● Apostles ○ Peter and John in Palestine with Jesus

To gentil

Sual

The 12 gone

Apostles

○ Saul = not one of 12 disciples ○ Target Audience = gentiles

Acts 1-2, 15 10/25

Galatians 10/25Main Issues in Theology:

● Authority (Chs. 1-2) - Who says? ○ Chapter 2 - Paul corrects Peter.○ Galatians 1:8-9 - “But even if we, or an angel from heaven, should preach to you a gospel

contrary to what we have preached to you, he is accursed!...”

● Justification (Chs. 3-4) - “Being right with God” (How saved?)● Liberty (Chs. 5-6) - How live?

Romans 10/25Orderly Presentation of Christian Theology

1. The wrath of God2. The righteousness of God3. The Glory of God4. The people of God5. The Church of God● Bible is like the constitution of the Church.● Christianity is…

○ Universal religion○ Grace religion○ Resurrection religion○ Exclusive - Jesus alone is the way!○ Inclusive - Open to all who believe!

1 Peter 10/30

Pliny’s Letter 10/30

Martyrdom of Perpetua 10/30

Nicene Creed 10/30325 AD

● “Begotten not Made”-must be eternal● Trinity-1 being, 3 persons● Discusses divinity of Christ

Chalcedonian Creed 10/30● Definition of Chalcedon-451 AD

○ Incarnation-1 person, 2 natures-hypostatic union○ Apollinarius-1 person, 1 nature-no human mind○ Nestorius-2 person, 2 natures

● Four Fences-2 natures without…○ Confusion, Change, Division, Separation

○ Can't explain incarnationAthanasian Creed 10/30Athanasius of Alexandria

● Arian Controversy○ Arius: “There was a time when he (Jesus) was not”

● Nicene Creed○ “Begotten, not made”-must be eternal

● Arian Persecution-Athanasius exiled 5 times○ Constantine baptized by Arian

● Cappadocian settlement○ Like the Father in all things-consubstantial

On the incarnation - Athanasius 11/1- - 11/33 eras in Church History

● Patristics-70 AD○ Nero-begins Roman persecution○ Constantine-ends persecution○ Barbarians-Rome sacked

● Medieval-600 AD○ Pope Gregory I○ Mohammed○ Charlemagne-coronated, became king, Dec 25 800-promoted education

● Modern-1517 Ad○ Erasmus-published New Testament “Laid the egg Luther hatched”○ Luther, Calvin○ Council of Trent-Catholic response to reformation

On the Incarnation● Tradition-sign of the cross

Confessions - Augustine 11/6Augustine

● Uniquely western writer○ Could there have been a reformation without Augustine?

● Writings:○ Confessions○ City of God○ On the Trinity○ Pelagian Controversy

● “Could not live without a woman”-Lust● Confessions

○ Definition-confess sins to God○ Humility-Chief initial virtue○ Love-result of humility, chief goal for Augustine

Body soul God● Use vs. Enjoy-use created things to enjoy God, not vice versa● Found Beauty in God

Developments in Christianity● Bishops

○ Guarantee of Orthodoxy○ Patriarchs vs Primacy of Rome

■ Alexandria, Antioch--Rome, Constantinople--Jerusalem● Rituals

○ Infant baptism?--original sin■ If babies don't have sin, why do we baptize them?

● Saints and Icons--relics○ Honor or Worship? Honor can lead to idolatry and worship○ Iconoclasm- “Battle against the Icons”--removing of statues, paintings, etc.

● Mary○ Theotokos- “God bearer”- “Mother of God”○ Lex Orandi-Lex Credendi? Other way around○ Legitimate doctrinal development?

● Imperial Impulse in western christianity ○ Gregory I (540-604) first medieval Pope/Political leader

■ Governmental■ Expansive-expands Rome’s dominance over Europe■ Paternalistic-writes the mass-Father over all Christians

Confessions - Patrick 11/8Patrick of Ireland (390-460)Evangelical impulse in western christianity

● Hagiography vs. Confession-Many legends about Patrick● Personal Traits● Legacy

○ The Great Commission○ Western Civilization

● “Man of one book”-Bible● Believed he was fulfilling the Great Commission

On Free Will - Anselm 11/10

Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages - Gilson 11/10Development of the Papacy

● Gospel goal-freedom○ Unity vs uniformity

■ Unity-ok with differences-ex. Dress code as guidelines■ Uniformity-everyone must be the same-ex. Dress code as what you must wear

● Polity-Decentralized government○ 12 Apostles & Paul

● Leadership-representative on earth?○ Human tendency: visible king-Christ like figure

■ Is this necessary/allowed?○ Test: Office? Man?○ Criteria: Doctrinal & Moral “Fruit”-evaluated theology with morality○ Challenge: Jesus Himself fulfills role of David; Holy Spirit is His Vicar on earth

Imperial Papacy-Trend toward temporal power● Gregory I-Purgatory

● Gregory III-Images● Adrian I-Excommunicated a King● Leo III-Right to judge everyone● Nicholas I-Princes over all the earth● Papal States-Vatican political state● Capitulary of Saxony-Charlemagne forces saxons to convert● Pseudo Isidorian Decretals- Proven false● Pornocracy-Prostitutes involved with Pope

Cluny Reforms● Issues

○ Incontinence with Priests○ Simony○ Lay Investiture

● Gregory VII (1073-1085)● Innocent III (1198-1216)● Lateran Council (1102)● Paschal II (1116)

Results● Authority-Lateran council (authority to Rome), Paschal II (Indulgences)● Crusades (use of sword)● Inquisition (use of sword)

Islam and Scholastic Theology 11/13Assessment of the “A” team

● Bible Exploration○ Athanasius○ Augustine

● Logical Exploration○ Anslem○ Aquinas

● Discovery leads to scholasticism○ Faith vs. Reason

■ Augustine-Faith seeking understanding■ Aquinas-reason seeking faith

Freedom of a Christian - Luther 11/15

The Indulgence Controversy3 components

● Martin Luther (1483-1546)○ Augustinian Monk○ Doctor of Sacred Scripture○ Parish Priest

● Calls for reform○ 2 ways

■ Council-external■ Mysticism-internal/personal■ Example: Lateran vs. council (1512-1517)

○ New way■ Pico della mirandola-Humanism, improve morals by education

● Piety and Paideia (Classical education)■ Erasmus-published Greek New Testament (1516)

● “Laid egg Luther hatched”○ Protestant way: Radical

■ Independent of Papacy■ Want doctrinal change

● Late Medieval scholastic theology○ Synthesis: Augustine & Aquinas○ Sacramental theology: ex opere operato○ Sum:

■ Grace: a power■ Salvation: a process of merit

● Process: no certainty of heaven● Merit: Depends on us (our will)

■ Church: salvation in the church, on authority of tradition○ Key difference: Change/Full acceptance

Reformation Debate - Calvin and Sadoleto 11/17, 11/2011/17Reformed Christianity

● 3 eras, 3 groups, 3 protestant groups○ Lutheran-German○ Reformed-Scotland, Dutch, English Puritans○ Anglican-Church of England, Episcopalians---methodists

● Beginnings: Switzerland○ Zurich: Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

■ Covenant Baptism-replaced circumcision■ Memorial supper (communion)-not literal body and blood of Jesus-no transubstantiation ■ “Bibliocracy”-Bible is King

● Anabaptists-Ana=again○ Geneva: John Calvin (1509-1564)

■ Humanist and sudden conversion■ Institutes of the Christians religion■ 2 curses threatened if Calvin didn't stay to preach in Geneva

How did these groups relate to each other?● Reformed and Lutheran

○ Marburg Colloquy (1529)■ Agreed on everything but communion-transubstantiation

● Protestant and Catholic○ Augsburg (1530)-first confession from protestants to catholics○ Regensburg (1541)- “Double Justification”-protestant and catholic view combined

■ Luther:● Too vague● Consequences

● Catholicism○ Catholic reform or counter reformation?○ Council of Trent (1545-1563): confession

● Jacopo Sadoleto○ Motive- salvation○ Principal-value of your soul○ Charge-schism-break up with church (pride)○ Principle- unity of the one church

● John Calvin○ Motive-glory to God○ Principle- authorized worship○ Charge-spirit without word○ Principle- ministry of word

11/20The Justification Controversy“The main hinge on which religion turns”Challenges:

● Different than former controversies○ Not over God but salvation○ Not over subtractions, but apparent additions

● Same terminology but different meanings○ Justify: “To make Righteous” declared-status/transformed-inner change

■ Calvin: reckoned righteous--forensic definition/courtroom■ Trent: be made just--medical/healing

○ Grace■ Calvin: Personal Favor (freely given)■ Trent: Empowerment

Comparison

Calvin● Description of Justification: acceptance reconciled

○ Forgiveness of sins○ Imputation of Christ’s righteousness

● Mode of Justification: Imputation (reckoning)● What is received: Christ is received

○ Both as righteousness and sanctification--guaranteed● What result: Certainty of Heaven

Trent● Description of Justification:

○ Forgiveness of sins○ Sanctification and inner renewal--PROCESS

● Mode of justification○ Faith, hope, and love○ Infusion

● What is received: grace○ Makes process possible, but not guaranteed

● What result: possibility of heaven

11/27Protestant Developments

● Benefits of Reformation

○ Gospel Clarity■ Justification by grace alone, through faith alone, in Christ alone

○ Vernacular Bible■ Vulgate Bible-Luther/German Bible

○ Congregational Singing■ Luther-Hymns-normative principle-not prohibited=ok■ Reformed-Psalter-regulative principle-”only offer to God what He has prescribed”

● Protestant Denominations○ Forms

■ Creed-confession of faith■ Liturgy-Form of worship■ Polity-form of governance

Developments in England● Bible before reformation

○ William Tyndale-English Bible○ Henry VIII○ Thomas Cranmer○ “Bloody” Mary-Foxe’s book of martyrs○ Queen Elizabeth I-compromise: Elizabeth settlement-protestant doctrine, catholic form

● Genevan Influence: Marian Exiles○ John Knox-Scottish Presbyterian○ English Puritans-purify church of england from Pope

■ Steps● Congregational-no bishop● Separatists- no state church/separate church and state-pilgrims● Baptists-no infant baptism

● Results: Presbyterian vs Baptists Hermeneutics-End of Christianity○ Hermeneutics=interpretation of Bible○ Presbyterian-if it's ok in Old Testament and no cancelled in New Testament, its OK

■ Circumcised young--Baptize young○ Baptists-If in New Testament, its ok

■ No infant baptism, no heretical punishment● Religious liberty

Resolutions - Edwards 11/29Pietism and the Evangelical Revivals *review of theological principles

● Roman Catholic vs Protestant○ Nature

■ Grace continuum (catholic) vs grace alone (protestant)○ Christ

■ Church continuum (catholic) vs Faith alone (Protestant)● Lutheran vs Reformed

○ Real Presence (lutheran) vs Spiritual presence (reformed)○ Normative principle (lutheran) vs Regulative principle (reformed)

● Presbyterian vs Baptist○ Covenant Baptism vs Believers Baptism○ Old Testament abrogated? Vs New Testament command

● Pietists vs Anabaptists (formalism)○ Philipp Jakob Spener

○ Heart only vs form only○ Liberalism: separation of head and heart

Evangelicalism: A renewal movement in protestantism● Illustrations: John 2:23-3:8--Nicodemus● Key idea:must be born again in Jesus● 2 roots

○ Puritans-Form is important■ Regenerate Church membership-Baptists

○ Pietism-form doesn't matter as long as heart is in right place■ Church within a church-methodists

First Great Awakening (1740s)● Puritan: Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)

○ Theologian on revival: religious affections● Pietist: George Whitefield (1714-1770)

○ Grand Itinerant● End of Parish System

Real American Dream - Delbanco 12/1, 12/4, 12/612/1Delbanco-The Real American Dream

● Secularization throughout American history● Melancholy-suspicion that life is meaningless

○ Ecclesiastes-everything is vanity○ Delbanco believes everyone needs hope

■ Story that transcends “little self” and gives hope■ American Colonist story-Christianity

● Pragmatism-doesn't matter if it is true as long as it works for you● Delbanco was negative towards the Puritans● Something has to make you live for something more than yourself

12/4Delbanco-Real American Dream

● American always has object of hope○ First God, but turns into Nation

● First story-Puritans○ God at center-reason for hope

● Second story-what it means to be an American○ Nation becomes center/reason for hope○ Men become more concerned w/ discover/progress

● Practicing deconstruction-cycle of construction/destruction○ Builds up story then tears it down

The Modern Missions Movement● The Great Commission

○ Abraham○ Isaiah 49:6 & Psalm 2:8 (messiah)○ Matthew

The Great Omission● Roman Empire● Patrick and the Irish● Post Reformation Development

○ Jesuits○ Moravians-radical lutherans○ American Puritans

The Theological Impasse● 1700’s British Calvinism

○ If God requires you to do it, you have the ability○ No obligation because no ability

● Solution○ Jonathan Edwards: Natural ability (as created) - Moral ability (as fallen)○ George Whitfield: Power of the word○ Andrew Fuller: Duty Faith○ William Carey: “Expect great things from God, Attempt great things for God”

● Result: A missions century (1800)12/6Delbanco Ch. 3

● Reason for faith-not just what you believe but WHY you believe it○ signs/experience draw conclusions○ Human testimony○ Divine testimony

■ Saving faith● believe in God/God’s word● I believe in Jesus

● Pietism and Liberalism ○ Heart vs. Form○ Spirit vs Words

Influence of Liberalism● German Liberalism-Ph. D.-Wilhelm Herrman● American Denominations-Fundamentalists

○ Inerrancy■ Bible without error/Biblical Literalism

○ Northern Presbyterian (liberal)○ Northern baptist (liberal)○ Southern Baptist (not liberal)○ Lutheran Missouri Synod (not liberal)

● Roman Catholicism-Vatican II (1962-65)○ Aggiornamento-modernize○ Resourcement- new resources○ Doctrinal development-new doctrine

■ Pastoral style-no anathemas (curses)

Q. How are Puritans and Pietists similar/different?● Write essay on final.

Reformation - essay The catholics justify authority with the cannon

Protestant just have inspiration through God and the Bible

Important Concepts: Fact/Value Split - leap of faith Isaiah and Habakkuk Questions - led to documentary hypothesis Ecclesiastes and vanity Land and Seed - Father Abraham Promise, Law and Gospel (Good news)Fiat - God’s spoken word, Fall- going one way and then changes processes Flood- wiped out restarts (sin cant be traced back) - prevents extrapolation and historicity Scientific Naturalism- Ten CommandmentsName of God - I AMModernism Apostles (God to Jesus to Holy Spirit, apostles work through the later)Main issue in theology (Authority, Justification, Liberty) Begotten not made Consubstantial with the father - the same substance as, Eucharist Question of authority - scripture, tradition, creedView of trinity - Eastern vs Western Poetry (Habakkuk, Job 3-41, Psalms) vs. Prose (Genesis, Job 1-2, 42, 1 Samuel, Daniel, Exodus) Lay InvestiturePiety - heart vs. form and spirit vs. words Gnosticism - knowledge, spark of God in man, demiurge (God of matter and matter is evil) dualistic religion spirit vs. body (divine logos became flesh to restore body from decay and corruption and the restore the image of God) Gideon - sign Hezekiah - reformation from Idols Sampson - worst judge Judges: need king because unruled, necessary evil, battle Samuel : king like david not saul, loving and Godlike Covenant: promise or oath Irreducible Complex and irregular - random event, - too many pieces that all function together Irreducible Complex and regular - language, DNA, flagellum Specific complexity and regular - natural causes C.S. Lewis truck analogy

Three’s - Patristics, Medieval, Modern Catholic, protestant, orthodox Lutheran, reformed and anglicanCreed, liturgy, polity Reasons for faith - Signs/Experience, Human Testimony, and Divine Testimony

Difference between: Lutheran and reformed Presby and Baptist Pietist (form doesn’t Matter) vs Puritan and Anabaptist Calvin and Luther Roman v Protestant

Methodists Creeds!!! - Baptismal, Apostles, Nicene

Impulses of Western Christianity:Imperial: Gregory I

● Political leader/temporal power● Expanded Rome’s dominance● Came up with the concept of purgatory

Evangelical: Patrick ● Great Commission

Important People in order:Matthew - gospel to JewsMark - Romans (Gospel) - Christ = both David and Abraham Luke - Greek (Gospel) John - universal (Gospel) Jesus 1. Spoke God’s words 2. Did God’s works Arius: a time when God was not, 3 beings and 3 persons, lead to Jehovah’s witnessAthanasiusAugustinePatrick of Ireland: @ end of world, uneducated, missions, kidnapped as boy Gregory I - Pope that sent out missionaries Charlemagne - King that began the Holy Roman EmpireAnselmAquinasErasmus - Humanist, classical education movement Martin Luther - Augustinian Monk, against indulgences, felt the church needed to be remodeled, indulgences don’t promote charity, pope is the antichrist, spiritual abuse, should be a priesthood of all believers, keys given to congregationCalvin - Geneva, French humanist, much more reserved, analytical/logical, ON/OFF status of justification - certainty of Heaven, receive Grace one time event, sanctification guaranteed, motive of christians = glory to God with authorized worship, claims church has spirit w/o word needs ministry of wordWilliam Tyndale- translates Bible from Greek/Latin to English (humanists against this and wanted classical and Greek) Henry VIII wanted annulment, declares himself head of church of England, separate from Pope. Thomas Cranmer - grants annulment, Mary kills him Queen “Bloody” mary - daughter of catherine, mary kills him Queen Elizabeth: moderate, protestant, catholic form to protestant doctrine, daughter of Ann John Knox: Scottish Presbyterian Jonathan Edwards: Puritan, theologian of revival, born again, natural ability as created and moral inability as fallenGeorge Whitefield: pietist preacher, end of parish system, power of the word, born again John Wesley: Oxford Holy club, moravians - pietism Machen - Amr. theology, studied in Germany, wrote about Liberalism

Dates:800 A.D. Christmas Day - Charlemagne October 31st 1517 - 99 theses Reformation 70 A.D. Temple Destroyed

1054 Great Schism

Pietist under Lutheran - church within a church Puritans under Reformed follow the BibleReformed = Regulative, only do what’s said (Psalms)Pietists = Normative, if it doesn’t prohibit you can do it (Hymns)