Study Material of 14/7/2020

For Class Nursery to KG II and IX to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Worksheet –Match the following

· Check WhatsApp

Math

· Worksheet –Match the following

· Check WhatsApp

Bengali

· অ – ঔ লেখঃ

· Write in copy

Hindi

· बाद वाला अक्षर लिखो:

· Check WhatsApp

· Write in copy

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Write I -M

· Write in copy

Math

· Write 26 – 50

· Write in copy

Computer

· Oral sheet for Evaluation I

· Learn 6 – 10

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Write A – Z in capital cursive letters

· Write in the copy

Math

· Write table of 2 and 3

· Write in the copy

GK

· Oral sheet for evaluation I

· Check WhatsApp for the oral sheet.

· Learn 1 – 6

Bengali

· অ–কার যোগে ১০টি শব্দ লেখঃ

· Write in the copy

Hindi

· आ, इ की मात्रा से पांच शब्द लिखो:

· Write in the copy

Class IX

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Economics

Revision

Today I am going to give you some revision questions from chapter 1 and 2

Questions:

What do you mean by economics activities?

Give Robbin’s definition of economics.

Give growth definition of economics.

Distinguish between microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Define the term utility.

Define consumption.

Define production.

Mention two characteristics of wealth.

Mention two characteristics of wants.

Distinguish between value and price

Define the term market.

What do you mean by goods?

English literature

Television

Answer the following questions:-

1. Explain the use of the rhetorical like the apostrophe by the poet.Ans:- This rhetorical device is used when a poet addresses his or her poem to an absent audience. Dahl uses the device of apostrophe when he addresses his poem to English parents and advises them on doing away with their television sets.

2. How has Dahl used personification in his poem?Ans:- Dahl uses the device of personification in two cases –first, when he gives television the human ability to kill something, and second, when he gives ‘imagination’ the human ability to die at his hands.

3. Explain and analyze the use of hyperbole in the poem.Ans:- If we look at the expression rots, kills, dead, clogs, clutters, dull ad blind, as soft cheese, rust and freeze, they are full of negative connotation and exaggeration. They are there to emphasises the threat brought by television to the child’s growth. It is not a matter of fact that the voice is taking about but the impacts of television are seen as negative as that expression. The word choices support the tone of anger, anxiety, even sarcastic of the voice. Consequently, they reveal the negative attitude of the voice towards television.

Geography

Materials ofthe Earth'sCrust-Rocks

METAMORPHIC ROCKS:

Metamorphic rocks are those which are formed By the process of metamorphism or alteration of pre-existing rocks. Metamorphism means change of form which may be physical or chemical or both.

Metamorphic rocks have their minerals arranged in a series of bands. This is called foliation.

Limestone gets altered to form a rock called marble.

Slate is a metamorphosed form of shale.

Sandstone gets metamorphosed to form a rock called quartzite.

Graphite is a metamorphosed form of coal.

Metamorphism may be thermal, dynamic or regional. Fossils are not likely to be found in these rocks.

THERMAL METAMORPHISM: Metamorphism caused by high temperature is called thermal metamorphism e.g. graphite.

DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM: Dynamic metamorphism refers to the alteration caused by high pressure during Earth movements e.g. 'hornfels'.

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM: Metamorphism caused by large-scale Earth movements, such as mountain building, affect rocks over a large area burying igneous and sedimentary rocks deep in the crust of the Earth. This is known as regional metamorphism e.g. quartzite.

ROCK CYCLE OF TRANSFORMATION:

A knowledge of the various types of rocks, their mode of occurrence as also the changes and processes they undergo are of paramount importance to geographers as also to the geologists in the study of the Rock Cycle of Transformation.

Magma located beneath the Earth's crust is ejected and igneous rocks are formed as the molten matter in gigantic masses cools and solidifies. Solidified igneous rocks are the ancestors of all other rocks and make up 85% or more of the Earth's crust having been formed at all ages and stages in the Earth's history.

Subsequently, sedimentary rocks came into existence. Sediments are deposited in the bed of the ocean in large quantities and get solidified due to Lithification. Earth movements, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are responsible for the creation of metamorphic rocks.

Erosion and weathering of all types of older rocks to finer materials like sand and silt, transportation of these materials by the agents of denudation such as rivers, the sea and even winds, and their eventual deposition in the sea form the first and basic process of the rock cycle that takes place on the Earth's surface.

The cycle of rock transformation is a continuous transforming process over the centuries, changing old rocks into new ones at varying speeds. This speed does not depend on the type or structure or components of the rock but on cataclysmic changes that may occur.

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF ROCKS:

Rocks are of great significance to us.

Rocks on the Barth's crust break up gradually into small particles which get transformed by chemical and biological processes to form soils.

Rocks are a storehouse of minerals. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of ancient geological periods are rich in metallic minerals.

Iron, lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, platinum and others occur as chemical compounds of metals.

Sedimentary rocks contain valuable deposits of coal, oil and natural gas. These are sources of mechanical power needed for all industrial and economic activities.

Rocks provide us building stones like granite, marble or sandstone.

Rocks are also used for the construction of roads, dams and other structures.

Limestone and gypsum are used for the manufacture of cement.

Rocks provide the raw materials for a large number of mineral-based manufacturing industries. These include the manufacture of iron and steel, aluminium and other metals.

Refining of petroleum forms the basis of a large number of petrochemical industries.

Q1. What is Metamorphism? How are Metamorphic rocks formed?

A1. Metamorphism means change of form which may be physical or chemical or both.

Metamorphic rocks formed by thermal, dynamic or regional processes.

Q2. State the properties of metamorphic rocks.

A2. the properties of metamorphic rocks are:

Metamorphic rocks have their minerals arranged in a series of bands.

Fossils are not likely to be found in these rocks.

Much strong from the other rocks.

Q3. Give an example of Metamorphic rock and one use of it.

A3. Limestone gets altered to form a rock calledmarble.

Marble is used for making statues and for the construction of buildings.

Q4. Classify the following rocks according to their types.

Basalt, Schist, Peat, Gneiss, Rock Salt, Gypsum.

A4.

Rocks

Types

Basalt

Extrusive igneous rock

Schist

Metamorphic rock

Peat

Sedimentary rock

Gneiss

Metamorphic rock

Rock Salt

Sedimentary rock

Gypsum

Sedimentary rock

Q5. Explain the difference between Thermal metamorphism and Dynamic metamorphism.

A5.

Thermal metamorphism:

Metamorphism caused by high temperature is called thermal metamorphism e.g. Graphite.

Dynamic metamorphism:

Dynamic metamorphism refers to the alteration caused by high pressure during Earth movements e.g. 'hornfels'.

Q6. Explain the difference between Detrital sediments and Chemical sediments.

A6.

Detrital sediments:

Mechanical sediments are derived by the process of denudation of the land. These are called the Detrital sediments or Clastic sediments.

Chemical sediments:

Chemical sediments are commonly formed by the process of evaporation of water containing salts in solution.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Chemistry

CH-3

-Study of Acids, Bases and Salts

(A)General Properties of Preparation of Acids:-

1. Direct Combination of Hydrogen with Non-metals(synthesis):-

Hydrogen + Non-metal Acid

(i) H2 +Cl2→ 2HCl

(ii) H2 + S → H2S

(iii) H2 + Br2→HBr

2. Non-metal/acidic oxide+ water→Acid:-

(i) SO2 + H2O→H2SO3

(ii) SO3 + H2O→ H2SO4

(iii) CO2 + H2O→ H2CO3

3. By Oxidation of Non-metals:-

(i) S + 6HNO3→H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O

(ii) P + 5HNO3→H3PO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

4. By displacement of more volatile acids from their salts by less volatile acids:-

Salt + Non-volatile acid →Volatile acid

Normal salt + Conc. H2SO4→Acid salt + displaced volatile acid

(i) NaCl + H2SO4 →NaHSO4 + HCl

(ii) KNO3 + H2SO4→KHSO4 + HNO3

(B)General Properties of Acids:-

1) Taste: - Acids generally have a sour taste.

2) Action on skin:-

Mineral acids (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4) are corrosive to clothing and skin.

(i) Conc. HCl stains the skin amber colour.

(ii) Conc. HNO3 stains the skin yellow.

(iii) Conc. H2SO4 stains the skin black.

3) Effect of electric current:-

Aqueous solution of acids are generally good conductors of electricity. On passing electricity through their aqueous solutions, acids decompose liberating hydrogen gas at the cathode.

4) Effects of Indicators:-

Certain coloured substances (many extracted from plants) have been found to change colour if added to an acid solution. This colour change is reversed if the acid is cancelled out or neutralized. Such substances are known as “Indicators”.

→Some important indicators are:-

(a)Litmus solution

(b)Phenolphthalein

(c)Methyl orange

(d) pH papers

5) Reaction with Base-neutralization:-

Acids react with bases (oxides and hydroxides of metals and ammonium hydroxide) to form salt and water.

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

2KOH + H2SO4→K2SO4 + 2H2O

6) Reaction with active metals:-

Dilute acids react with active metals and hydrogen gas is evolved.

Metal + Dilute acid →Salt + Hydrogen

Zn + H2SO4(dil) →ZnSO4 + H2

Mg + 2HCl(dil)→ MgCl2 + H2

7)Action of dilute acids on salts:-

(i) Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates:-

Acids react with metallic carbonates and bicarbonates to liberate CO2. The carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved with Brisk Effervescence.

Metal carbonate + Acid(dil)→ Metal salt + Water + CO2

Na2CO3 + H2SO4→Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2

(ii)Reaction with metallic sulphites and bisulphites to liberate SO2 gas:-

Sulphite + Acid →Salt + Water + SO2

Na2SO3 + 2HCl →2NaCl + H2O + SO2

Bisulphite + Acid → Salt + Water + SO2

NaHSO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + SO2

(iii)Reaction with metallic sulphides and bisulphides to liberate H2S gas:-

Sulphide + Acid→ Salt + Hydrogen sulphide

Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S

Bisulphide + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen sulphide

NaHS + HCl → NaCl + H2S

(C)Some Common Acids:-

Q. 1) What are Indicators? Give examples with brief description.

A.

Indicators:- The substances which determine the acidic or basic nature of a solution by a characteristic change in their colour are known as ‘INDICATORS’.

→Some important indicators are:-

(a)Litmus solution

(b)Phenolphthalein

(c) Methyl orange

(d) pH papers

(e) Universal indicator

Q. 2) What are the indicator properties of Acids?

A.

INDICATOR

COLOUR CHANGE

1.Blue litmus solution

Turns Red

2.Phenolphthalein

Remains Colourless

3.Methyl orange

From Orange to pink

4.Universal indicator

Turns to Red

Q. 3) What do you mean by Volatile Acids? Give examples.

A.

Volatile acids are those which vaporized easily, i.e., at room temperature or on heating at about 100Oc.

e.g. – Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Q.4) What are Acid anhydrides?

A.

Oxides which give acids on their dissolution in water, they are termed as “ACID ANHYDRIDES”.

e.g. – SO3,N2O5,P2O5, P4O10etc.

(i) SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

(ii) N2O5 + H2O→ 2HNO3

(iii)P2O5 + 3H2O → 2H3PO4

(iv)P4O10 + 6H2O → 4H3PO4

Q. 5) Write a short note on “Acid Rain” :-

A.

· Definition of Acid Rain:-

The term “ACID RAIN” literally means the presence of excess amount of acid in the rain. Acidity of water is measured on a pH scale. Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7. Though rain is the purest water, pH of rain water is 5.6 due to the dissolution of atmospheric CO2 while falling. If pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is termed as “ACID RAIN”.

· Acid rain is generally a complex mixture of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), Sulphurous acid (H2SO3), Nitric acid (HNO3)along with Nitrous acid (HNO2).

· Cause of Acid Rain:-

(i)It is caused by human activities that release oxides od sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere.

(ii)Burning of fossil fuels, coal, petrol and diesel produce Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

(iii)The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur undergo many photochemical reactions and form H2SO4 and HNO3.

· Harmful Effects of Acid Rain:-

(i)It dissolves heavy metals from soils and rocks. Heavy metal ions leached from the soil, enter the water bodies and produce the variety of toxic effects.

(ii)It also corrodes the water supply pipes resulting in leaching of heavy metals such as iron, copper and lead in the drinking water.

(iii)It increases the acidity of soil and reduces the fertility of soil.

(iv)It causes respiratory diseases in human beings and animals.

(v)It destroys marine life due to change in pH of environment.

(vi)Marble structures and buildings, often of great historic and artistic value such as Taj Mahal get corroded.

Subject:-History and Civics

Topic

The First War Of Independence (1857)

Summary

Political cause:

The main political cause for the great revolt of 1857 was the policy of Doctrine of Lapse. It was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie as per which any princely state or territory under the British East India Company would automatically be annexed if the ruler died without a male heir. 

Doctrine of Lapse:-

The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1859. ... The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough.

British annexation:-

On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh (Wajid Ali Shah) was deposed, and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule.

Religious and social causes:-

Indian society was divided on the basis of religion, language, and castes. The Hindu society was divided into four varnas and multiple sub-castes. The Muslims were also divided into different castes and tribes.

The Hindu society was over-sensitive to the ideas of purity, and severe restrictions were imposed by caste rules.

Religion was considered as the most sacrosanct identity among Indians

By and large, there were many orthodox principles governing religious practices in India

Indians were assumed to have been a deeply conservative people whose traditions and ways of life had been disregarded by their British rulers.

Reforms, new laws, new technology, even Christianity, had been forced upon them.

Economic Causes of 1857 Revolt

Destruction of Agriculture. Under the British rule, there was a severe deterioration of the condition of Indian agriculture.

Permanent Settlement System.

Resentment Among Zamindars.

Heavy Taxation.

Destruction of Traditional Industries.

Destruction of Trade.

Protectionist Policies.

Military cause:-

The Indian military was not a professional military- they were just peasants in uniform. Thus every impact on peasantry had large repercussions in the form of military discontentment.

Also, the policies followed by Lord Dalhousie and Lord Canning greatly hurt the sentiments of the Indian military.

The Indian military was already largely discriminated against in terms of salaries, pensions, promotions. Indians were subjugated in the military while their European counterparts faced no such discrimination. During the time of Lord Canning, two important laws were passed: Both these acts were passed in 1856, i.e. on the eve of revolt.

General Service Enlistment Act: This act meant that if Indian military personnel were posted abroad, they wouldn’t be entitled to get extra allowances. Thus this act was a jolt to the prospects to the Indian military personnel serving under the East India Company.

Religious Disabilities Act: For Indian soldiers, the belief was that if they crossed the ocean, they would lose their religion. They would thus be socially ostracized. But, after the passing of the “Religious Disabilities Act”, they would have to compulsorily take the appointment; otherwise, they would lose their job. At the same time, the use of religious symbols in the military was also restricted.

Execution

Answer the following questions:-

What are the causes of the first war of Independence?

Homework:-learn.

Subject - Biology

Topic – Chapter —6: Photosynthesis

Summary

Execution

Today we will know about adaptations in leaf for photosynthesis, end products and their fate and factors affecting photosynthesis.

Q3. What are the adaptations in leaf for photosynthesis?

I) large surface area for maximum light absorption.

Ii) Leaf arrangement at the right angle to obtain maximum light.

Iii) Numerous stomata allow rapid exchange of gases.

Iv) Extensive vein system and thinness of leaves for transport of water.

V) Chloroplast for trapping solar energy.

Q4. Write about end products and their fate in photosynthesis.

.

I) Glucose –stored in the form of starch or converted into sucrose, protein or fat.

Ii) Water - reutilized in the continuance of photosynthesis.

Iii) Oxygen—small portion may be used by plant for respiration and major portion diffuses out into the atmosphere through stomata for all organisms’ respiration.

Q5. Write about factors which are affecting photosynthesis.

External factors:

I) Light intensity: ii) Carbon-di-oxide concentration:

Both are helpful up to a certain limit, after that photosynthesis decrease.

Iii) Temperature: Optimum temperature is 35* C. After 40*C photosynthesis stop.

Iv) Water content: Only 1% water absorbed by the root is utilized in photosynthesis.

Internal factors:

I) Chlorophyll - Nutritional deficiencies of minerals cause drop in trapping solar energy.

Ii) Protoplasm – Dehydration of protoplasm reduce photosynthesis.

Iii) Structure of leaf – the thickness of cuticle, distribution of stomata and vein, size of leaf influence photosynthesis process.

Class XI

SUBJECTS

TOPICS

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

English Literature

Fritz

Q) What according to you was fritz actually was? Support your answer.Ans:-The short story “Fritz” written by Satyajit Ray is about two friends Shankar and Jayanto. They planned a trip and decided to visit Bundi which is a village in Rajasthan. Jayanto had often visited the place during his childhood days. He recollects the memories about the place and things and the people he had met there. While narrating some of the instances from his memories, he tells Shankar about Fritz. Fritz was a one-foot tall doll which was brought from Switzerland by his uncle for him. He added that he was very fond of the doll and was very much attached to it. Hr felt devastated when two stray dogs destroyed it. With grief in his heart, he buried the doll under the same Deodar tree which still stood there. That night the doll appears in Jayanto’s dream who came back to play with his master.

At the end of the story, it is seen that the bones of a human are found at the place where he had buried the doll. Hence, it is left for the readers to analyze that whether Fritz was a doll or a human. The story ends with a mystery which is unsolved. Satyajit Ray has been known for his great and shocking endings which leave his readers and viewers to think and examine the story as per them.

Commerce

Chapter: Promotion of a company

Sub Topic: Promotion of a company

Today , I am going to give you the concept of Promotion of a Company,

Meaning of Promoters

Role of Promoters

Steps involved in the promotion of the company.

Meaning of Promotion:

Promoting of a business simply refers to all those activities that are required to be undertaken to establish a new business unit for manufacturing or distribution of any product or provide any service to the people. It starts with conceiving an idea of business or discovers an opportunity for doing a business, assess its feasibility and then take the necessary steps to launch the business unit. This involves ascertaining as to whether all the basic requirements such as land, building, raw material, machine, equipments etc. are available or not. If they are available one can assemble them, arrange the necessary funds and set up the business unit to give shape to the initial idea of establishing the business. The whole process is called business ‘promotion’ and the person who does it is called the ‘promoter’. Before knowing the various 

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PROMOTER:

A promoter can be defined as a person or group of persons who conceive the idea of setting up a new business, assess its feasibility and take necessary steps to arrange the basic requirements and establish a business unit say, a Company and put into operation. Promoter plays a pivotal role in the promotion of a company. He conceives the idea of business enterprise, analyses its prospects, works out a tentative scheme of organization, brings together the requisite men, material, machines and money and starts the enterprise.

STEPS INVOLVED IN THE PROMOTION OF THE COMPANY:

1.Discovery of a business idea

2. Investigation and Verification

3. Assembling

4. Financing the Proposition 

Geography

GEOGRAPHY AS A DISCIPLINE

GEOGRAPHY AS AN INTEGRATING DISCIPLINE

Geography adopts a holistic approach in its study and recognizes the inter dependencies that exist in the world. Quick and efficient means of transportation have converted the present day world into a global village. Data base has been enriched by audio-visual media and information technology. Being an integrating discipline, geography is linked with several natural and social sciences. The primary aim of natural and social sciences is to understand the reality. Geography is equipped to comprehend the associations of phenomena as related in sections of reality.

Geography is broadly divided into three broad branches which are known as physical geography, human geography and biogeography.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL SCIENCES

Physical geography is closely related to physical or natural sciences. Traditionally physical geography is strongly linked with geology, meteorology, hydrology and Pedology. As such, geomorphology, climatology, oceanography and soil geography are important branches of physical geography. These branches borrow from their respective sciences and enrich geographical knowledge. Similarly Bio-Geography is closely linked with Zoology, Botany and Ecology.

1. Physical Geography and Mathematics and Astronomy: A geographer is supposed to have the basic knowledge of mathematics because geography is concerned with astronomical locations and deals with latitudes and longitudes which help us in determining the locations of places on the globe. Further, cartographic and quantitative techniques require sufficient knowledge of mathematics .According to Hartshorne, "Mathematica lgeography consisted in large part the study of earth as an astronomical body."

2. Physical Geography and Geology: There is large scale exchange of knowledge between physical geography and geology. Geology mainly deals with origin of the earth, its internal structure, minerals, rocks and landforms found on its surface. Geography studies the areal distribution of these elements and their utility to mankind. According to W.M.Davis, "Geology is the geography of the past and geography the geology of the present".

Ritter opined that geology can contribute a lot to the advancement of geography and vice- versa. While advocating the role of geology for the advancement of geography he emphasised that" the geographer must take from the geologist."

3. Physical Geography and Meteorology: Science in its widest sense, Its concerns include the physics, chemistry and dynamics of the atmosphere and the direct effects of those dynamics on the earth's surface and on life in general. Meteorology is closely related with climatology which an integral part of study of physical geography. Climatology studies the conditions of the atmosphere which surrounds the earth from all sides.

4. Physical Geography and Hydrology: Hydrology is that branch of science which deals with underground and surface water. About 71 per cent of the earth's surface is covered by ocean water. The study of ocean water is known as oceanography which is the third important component of physical geography after geomorphology and climatology.

5. Physical Geography and Pedology: Pedology is the study of soils, their origin, characteristics and utilisation. Soil has great bearing on geographical studies as most of the agricultural activities of man are dependent on soil. All ancient civilizations flourished in the river valleys because these areas have vast stretches of fertile soils.

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. History and Geography: History and geography are closely related to each other because these two subjects are concerned with time and space respectively. About five centuries before Christ, Herodotus emphasised that "All history must be treated geographically and all geography must be treated historically." According to Hartshorne "Description according to 'time' is history that according to 'space' is geography. History is an arrative, geography a description. "Development of any region has its roots in the past.

2. Geography and Political Science: Political science is primarily concerned with territory, people and sovereignty while political geography is interested in studying the state as spatial unit as well as people and their political behaviour. Sir Helford J. Mackinder observed that "No rational political geography could exist which is not built upon and is subsequent to political geography."

3. Geography and Economies: Economic geography is a very important branch ofhuman geography which has a very deep relation with economics. We find large scale similarities in the subject matter of economics and economic geography. Economics deals with economic needs of man and the sources of their supply. As such economics is primarily concerned with production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods. Each of these attributes has spatial aspect which is studied by economic geography.

Similarly population geography is concerned with demography, social geography with sociology and cultural geography with anthropology.

Q1. Name the different branches of physical geography.

A1. Geomorphology, climatology, oceanography and soil geography are important branches of physical geography.

Q2. Name the different branches of cultural geography.

A2. Political geography, human geography, social geography, regional geography is important branches of cultural geography.

Note: Any relation can be asked as question.

Physical Education

– concept of physical education

our life is much different from that our forefathers in the past, life was natural, simple healthy and happy, the reasons for this dramatic change are not difficult to pinpoint-rapid mechanization industrialization and urbanization resulting in pollution, I’ll health, economic disparity and unhappiness, despite best of health care and medical facilities within our reach, more deaths are occurring due to cardiac disorder, mal-nutrition and psychosomatic diseases like hypertension, diabetes stock, etc. then ever before. Increasing junk food culture and decreasing physical activity from our moral routines are compounding. The situation further, making it difficult for us to maintain a high level of health and fitness. So necessary for a productive life. Greater use of the brain might be making our children mentally sharper and more acute but decreasing use to large muscles is causing a slide in their potential for growth of strength and endurance. Both and the poor suffer alike from an unhealthy lifestyle. The reach often live a sedentary luxurious life and have bad eating habits, the poor are overworked and live on scanty. Mal-nutrition food. They are harming them selves in body and mind one way or the other.

Definition of physical education:-

1. according to J.B Naah” physical education is that phase of the whole field of the education that deals with big muscle activities and their related response”..

2.According to C.A. Bucher” physical education is an integral part of the total educational process and has as its aim the development physically mentally emotionally and socially dit citizens through the medium of physical activities. Which have been selected with a view to realizing these outcomes”.

Meaning of physical education;- physical education is a course taught in school that focuses on development physical fitness and the ability to perform and enjoy day-to-day physical activities with case. Kids, as well as adults, benefit from regular exercise. Health benefits from regular exercise. include: stronger muscles and bones, increased coordination and energy, and decreased risk of developing chronic disease such child total growth and development. Kids also necessary to participate in a wide range of activities such as soccer , basketball or swimming. Regular P.E. classes prepare kid to be physically and mentally active fit and healthy into adulthood.

Aim of physical education;- The aim of physical education is the whole some development of personalityof an individual which mean making and individual physical fit. Mentally alert, emotionally balance, socially well adjusted morally true and spiritually uplifted.

About aim ot physical education:-

· According to J.F.Williams:-“physical education should aim to provide skilled leadership, adequate facilities and ample time that will afford an opportunity for the individual or group to act in situations that are physically wholesome mentally stimulating and satisfying. And socially sound.

· According to national planning of physically education and recreation:-“the aim of physical education much to be make every child physically mentally and emotionally fit and also to develop in him such personal and social qualities as will help him to live happily with other and build him up a good citizen.

Objective of physical education;- objective are steps towards the attainment to aim, when an aim is achieved it becomes on objective there are different objectives of physical education.

There are different objectives of physical education----

According to J.B Nash:-

· Organic development

· Neuro- muscular development

· Interpretive development

· Emotional development

· Health development

· Organic development:- the primary objective is the development of our organic systems, digestive system, nervous system, muscular systems, physical activities and exercise have various effect on our organic systems which increase efficiency, capacity, shape and size.

· Social development:- Various physical activities programs give individual opportunity for social contact and group living which help them to adjust themselves in different situation and building relations the qualities like cooperation, obedience, temperament, sacrifice, loyalty, sportsmanship, self-confidence develop. These developments help them to become good human being and forms a healthy society.

· Neuro- muscular co- ordination :- The physical activities help in maintaining a better relationships between nervous system and muscular systems. The development neuro- muscular co- ordination develops control and balance of the body – various games develops our ability of activities such as running, bouncing, catching etc. It also helpful in proper use of energy.

· Emotional development:- The program of physical education tell us how to control our various types of emotions such as anger, pleasure, jealousy, fear loneliness etc. It makes an individual emotionally balanced.

· Health development :- Physical Education develop health through health education it develops healthy habits of sleeping, exercises, food etc. It also reduces worries and anxieties through developing appropriate interests and habits of engaging in exercise and game.

Class XII

SUBJECTS

TOPICS

SUMMARY

EXECUTION

Hindi 2ndlang

उद्दयमी नर

3.प्रकृति नहीं डरकर झुकती है कभी भाग्य के बल से सदा हारती व मनुष्य के उद्दयम से ,श्रम जल से।ब्रह्मा का अभिलेख पढ़ा करते निरुद्यमी प्राणी,धोते वीर अंक वालों का बहाभ्रूवोसे पानी ।

शब्दार्थ

उद्दयम –परिश्रम

श्रम जल-पसीना

अभिलेख- महत्वपूर्ण लेख

निरुद्यम -मेहनत ना करने वाला

कुअंक –बुरा निशान

भ्रूवो से पानी –पसीना

व्याख्या

प्रस्तुत पंक्ति में कभी रामधारी सिंह दिनकर जी कहते हैं कि प्रकृति किसे भाग्य के बल से नहीं डरती। सदा मनुष्य के परिश्रम के आगे झुक जाती है। उन स्पष्ट किया है। कि प्रकृति स्वतंत्र हैं वह किसी मनुष्य के बल के आगे नहीं झुकती सुख संपत्ति की अपार राशि पाने के लिए प्रयास एवं परिश्रम करने वाले व्यक्ति के उद्ययम एवं पसीने के सम्मुख वह झुक जाती है संसार में आलसी लोग भाग्य पर निर्भर रहने का प्रयास करते हैं। वे ज्योति आदि द्वारा ब्रम्हा के लिखे महत्वपूर्ण लेख को पढ़ते हैं। उनके हाथ कुछ नहीं लगता।वीर ,साहसी व्यक्ति परिश्रम के बल पर पसीना बहा कर अपार धन खोज निकालते हैं और अपने माथे पर लिखे दुर्भाग्य के चिन्ह को मिटा देते हैं।

4.भाग्यवाद आवरण आपका और शस्त्र शोषण का,जिससे रखता दबा एक जन से भाग दूसरे जन का पूछों किसी भाग्यवाद इसे यदि विधि अंक प्रबल है पद पर क्यों देती ना स्वयं वसुधा निजी रतन उगलहै।“

शब्दार्थ

भाग्यवाद -भाग्य अनुसार शुभअशुभ मानने का सिद्धांत ।

आवरण – पर्दा

शोषण - दूसरों के श्याम का अनुचित लाभ उठाना

भाग – हिस्सा

भाग्य वादी–भाग्यवाद के सिद्धांत को मानने वाला।

विधि - ब्रह्मा

प्रबल – शक्तिशाली

पद-पैरों मे

वसुधा – पृथ्वी

निज -अपना

रतन – रत्न

व्याख्या

इस पंक्ति में कवि भाग्यवाद के दोष को बताते हुए स्पष्ट करते हैं कि किसी भाग्य वादी के भाग्य प्रबल होने पर भी पृथ्वी उसके लिए रखना अपने आप नहीं उगल देती है उसे भी परिश्रम करना पड़ता है। अर्थात जो शुभ अशुभ हो रहा है ।वह भाग्य के आधार पर हो रहा है ।ऐसे सिद्धांत को पाप का आवरण अर्थात पर्दा पड़ा हुआ मानते हैं ।यह एक ऐसा शस्त्र है जो दूसरों का शोषण करता है ।भाग्यवाद के कारण ही एक मनुष्य दूसरे मनुष्य के भाग को दबा कर रखता है।कवि धन्यवाद बेटी से प्रश्न पूछते हैं कि यदि किसी का भाग्य बहुत शक्तिशाली है तो प्रकृति अपने आप उसके पैरों में रत्न क्यों नहीं उगल देती उसे रत्न पाने के लिए हाथ पांव क्यों माने पढ़ते हैं ?

English Language

Tenses and their use-II

Simple past tense and past continuous tense

The simple past tense is used to:

· To Indicate past actions.

· To denote past situation

· To Indicate past habitual or regular actions.

· In subordinate clause.

· In polite enquiries

The past continuous tense is used:

· To suggest a gradual development of the action in the past.

· Actions in progress in the past.

· To indicate repeated actions.

· With a time adverbial.

· To denote actions which began before something else happened.

· To Indicate a more casual lawless deliberate action

Exercise 1.

Fill in the blanks using the simple past or the past continuous tense of the words given in brackets:

1. It_____ (rain) heavily all night.

2. He_______(wait)for me when I______( arrive).

3. While they_____( come) home this evening they____( see) an accident.

4. It_____( rain) slightly when we_____( leave) the café.

5. While the teacher____ (not look) the student talk.

6. You _____(rinse) your mouth after every meal. Why you ______ (not do) it now?

7. You usually ______(not carry) an umbrella. How is it that today you______( carry) one.

8. He_____ (work)all weekend.

9. I lived in Patna, when you,_____( live) in Delhi.

10. We______( play) a table tennis at that time.

Bengali

কোনি।

অষ্টম পরিচ্ছেদ।

প্রশ্ন) “একটু অসুবিধায় পড়ল ঘরটা খুঁজে বার করতে“

ক) কে কোন অসুবিধায় পড়েছিল ?

খ) কোন ঘরটার কথা বলা হয়েছে ?

গ) অসুবিধায় পড়ার কারন কী ?

ঘ) কীভাবে এই অসুবিধাটা দূর হয়েছিল ?

ঙ) উদ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি ঘরটায় পৌঁছে কী করেছিল ?

উত্তর ) ক) মতি নন্দী রচিত ‘কোনি‘ উপন্যাসে ক্ষিতীশের একটু অসুবিধা হল শ্যামপুরের বস্তিতে কোনি দের ঘরটা খুঁজে পেতে। তার একটা কারন বস্তিতে আলো নেই তাই কোন ঘরটায় কোনি থাকে সেটা চিনতে অসুবিধা হয়।

খ)শ্যাম পুকুরের যে ঘরটায় কোনিরা থাকত সেই ঘরটির কথা বলা হয়েছে।

গ)অসুবিধায় পড়ার কারন বস্তিতে সে একবারেই এসেছিল তাই ঠিক মনে করতে পারেনি। দ্বিতীয় কারন বস্তিটি অন্ধকার সেখানে আলো নেই। তাই অসুবিধায় পড়েছিল।

ঘ)ক্ষিতিশ অবশেষে কোনিদের ঘরটা খুঁজে পায়। একটি ছোট ছেলে ক্ষিতিশকে কোনি দের ঘরটা দেখিয়ে দেয়।

ঙ) উদ্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি অর্থাৎ ক্ষিতিশ কোনিকে জিজ্ঞাসা করে সেদিন সে ট্রেনিং এ যায়নি কেন। এমন ভাবে কামাই করলে দাদা কমলকে জানাতে ক্ষিতীশ জানাতে বাধ্য হবে যে কোনির দ্বারা কিছু হবে না। কিন্তু কোনি নির্বাক হয়ে দাঁড়িয়ে থাকে। অবশেষে বস্তিরই একজন জানায় যে কোনির দাদা মারা গেছে।প্রথমটা বুঝতে না পারলেও পরে বুঝতে পারে একটা ঝড় তাদের ওপর দিয়ে বয়ে গেছে।ক্ষিতিশের শরীরটা কেঁপে ওঠে।শুনতে পেল কোনি খুব ক্লান্ত, তাদের এখন কী করে চলবে – এই চিন্তা তাকে ভাবিয়ে তুলেছে।

Biology

Chapter -5: Human Health & Diseases

ii) Dengue:

· Caused by the virus of genus – Flavivirus.

· Transmission of dengue virus occurs by the bite of Aedesaegypti mosquito (a vector).

· Symptoms: It includes severe headache, severe muscle and joint pain, rash, enlargement of liver, haematocryal, fall in platelet counts.

· Bleeding nose and gums, refusal of intake of food and drink, difficulty in breathing.

· Prevention:

· No specific medicine is present.

· Increased intake of fluids and complete bed rest usually suggested to the patients.

· Proper solid waste disposal, elimination of stagnant water in domestic environment.

· Aerosol and liquid sprat has to be applied directly to kill mosquito.

iii) Chikungunia :

· Caused by Chikungunia virus transmitted Aedesaegypti.

· Symptoms: One to three days of high fever followed by headache, vomiting, photophobia, joint pain swelling and rashes.

· Because of arthritis, the patient develops stooped posture, so it is known as ‘bent up’ disease.

· Treatment: No specific treatment but drugs like Paracetamol, Chloroquin etc. used.

· Prevention: Remove all unwanted water containers around and inside the houses which will prevent mosquitoes.