Final Exam for Anatomy & Physiology

Name and date submitted (3 pts):

Create space in the Word document below, and write or type your answers. Turn in your completed work as an email attachment.

This is an open-book exam. You may use your textbook and the Internet to research the questions.

(35 questions, 100 points possible)

1. Identify the three anatomical planes shown belowA.B.C.

2. Identify the following body cavities and/or parts1)2)4)5)6)7)8)

3. The major categories of organic molecules in your body are (choose the best answer)a. Proteins, lipids, water, blood plasmab. Carbohydrates, proteins, sugars, salivac. Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acidsd. Water, blood, saliva, proteins

4. Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact thata. The inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperatureb. Chewing stores potential energyc. Chewing facilitates synthesis reactionsd. Saliva contains enzymes

5. The purpose of a CATALYST is to speed up a chemical reaction. a. Catalysts in the body are called ___________. b. These are made of ____________.

6. We measure acids and bases using the pH Scale.a. Substances below 7.0 are _______________. b. Substances above 7.0 are _______________. c. Vinegar and coffee are ____________. d. Baking soda and soap are ____________.

7. Lipids include ______________ and ________________.

8. Proteins are made of long strings of ____________ bonded together and folded up.

9. Identify the main parts of a human cell (Eukaryotic cell):

a. The “international border”. Separates cellular contents from the tissues and fluids outside the cell.

b. The “head office”. Contains the genetic material, or DNA, which encodes for proteins.

c. The “head office security”. Protects the genetic material from the contents of the cell.

d. The “environment”. The gel-like contents of the cell, containing the organelles and fluid.

e. The “power plant of the cell”. Produces most of the cell’s energy in the form of ATP.

f. The “protein assembly machine”. The 2-part machine where amino acids are assembled into proteins from the information contained on the mRNA.

g. The “post office or UPS”. Modifies and packages proteins and sends them where needed.

h. The “highway system” and “beams” of the cell factory. Provides strength and form to the cell, and provides cable “roads” for transporting components around the cell.

10. What is a chromosome? What do they do? How many do you have in each of your cells?

11. What is a gene? What does it do? Approximately how many genes does a human have?

12. Henrietta Lacksa. What was unique about Lacks’ tumor cells?b. What is meant by an “immortal cell line”?c. Before HeLa cells were available, how did researchers study Polio?d. What caused Mrs. Lacks’ cervical cancer? (be specific, name the causative agent)e. What was the main problem in growing/culturing human cells before 1951, before HeLa

cells became available?

13. Integumentary System (skin and its embedded structures)

Provide the correct answer (from the answer list) after each of the descriptions.

Description listAn oily secretion that helps to waterproof body surface: Outermost layer of epidermis:Become active at puberty:Epidermal pigment:Inner layer of skin:Responds to elevated body temperature:General name of entire superficial layer of the skin:Gland that secretes an oily substance:Hard protein of nails and hair:Cell division and deepest layer of epidermis:Tubelike part that contains the root of the hair:Causes hair to stand erect and goose bumps to appear:

Answer listApocrine sweat glandArrector pili muscleDermisEccrine sweat glandEpidermisHair follicleKeratinMelaninSebaceous glandSebumStratum basaleStratum corneum

14. Identify the parts of a ‘long bone’; for example the femur (thigh) or humerus (upper arm). a. The shaft of the boneb. The end of the bone nearest the body trunkc. The end of the bone furthest from the body trunkd. Membrane which surrounds the bonee. Membrane which lines the bonef. Technical name for the ‘growth plate’

15. Identify the four types of bone cellsa. Cells that build-up boneb. Cells that break down bonec. Mature cells that ‘maintain’ the boned. Stem cells that eventually become bone-building cells

16. Sally Harper case study

a. Why do bones become osteoporotic in some people? What, specifically, is happening in the bones themselves?

b. How can a person prevent or slow the onset of osteoporosis? List several factors

17. Auto Crash Spine Injury case study: a. Explain what has happened to the person’s neck shown below. Be specific and use

anatomical terms including the correct names for the two vertebrae in question.

b. What are the major causes of auto accidents each year? Requires Internet research! Give the statistics. Don’t guess.

18. Identify the following bones on the figure below a. Skullb. Mandiblec. Clavicled. Scapulae. Humerusf. Radiusg. Ulnah. Pelvisi. Femurj. Tibiak. Fibulal. Patella

19. Identify the following sections and/or bones of the spine on the figure belowa. Lumbarb. Thoracicc. Cervicald. Sacrume. Coccyx

20. Identify the following hand bones on the figure belowa. Carpalsb. Metacarpalsc. Phalanges

21. Describe the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, and how it works. I’m looking for 5-6 sentences IN YOUR OWN WORDS.

22. Identify the following muscles on the two figures belowa. Quadricepsb. Bicepsc. Deltoidd. Pectoralis majore. Rectus abdominisf. Gluteus maximusg. Hamstringsh. Gastrocnemiusi. Soleusj. Trapeziusk. Deltoidl. Triceps

23. Explain how nerve impulses are passed from one neuron to the next at the synapse. Be specific. Explain the actual physiological mechanism(s). I’m looking for 4-5 sentences. USE YOUR OWN WORDS.

24. Drugs of Abuse: Explain how Cocaine and ‘Meth’ affect neurotransmission. Be specific. Explain the actual physiological mechanism. I’m looking for 4-5 sentences. USE YOUR OWN WORDS.

25. Explain how a human eye (a ‘camera eye’) works. Be specific and use the correct anatomical terms. Start your explanation at the moment light reaches you from a distant object, and take your explanation all the way to the back of the eye, and explain how the main components work and what part they play. Be sure to discuss the rods and cones, and how they work. I’m looking for a well-written paragraph IN YOUR OWN WORDS.

26. Human digestive system: Briefly state the role/function of each, and how it contributes to the overall digestive system. a. Mouthb. Parotid glandc. Esophagusd. Stomache. Liverf. Pancreasg. Gallbladderh. Sm. intestinei. Lg. intestinej. Rectum

27. Human heart: Briefly describe what each of these is and what it does in your own wordsa. Right atriumb. Right ventriclec. Left atriumd. Left ventriclee. Aortaf. Pulmonary arteries

28. Human heart surgery simulation:a. What is atherosclerosis, and how can one prevent or slow the occurrence of it? If you want

to answer using ‘alternative medicine’, that’s okay; just be specific and explain the mechanism by which it does what you’re claiming it does. 4 to 5 sentences is enough.

b. Explain the bypass operation in the surgery simulation. Basically, what is being done to the patient? Be specific enough that I can see you understand what is going on. 4 to 5 sentences should be enough.

29. What is meant by the term “pathogen”?

30. What is meant by the term "barrier immunity"?

31. What is meant by the term "innate" immune system?

32. What is meant by the term "adaptive" immune system?

33. What is a virus and how does it work? 3-4 well written sentences in your own words.

34. How does a vaccine work? What is the mechanism by which it works? 3-4 well-written sentences is enough.

35. How can foreign bacteria enter the body? List at least 5 “routes of entry”.