HISA 2002 Medieval India

Mr. Barnett Fall 2016 Ofc. Hrs: Thurs 2-3:15 384 Nau Hall 4-6396 rbb@virginia.edu

Goals of the course Ancient India was an Indic Civilization; medieval and modern South Asia became Indo-Islamic.

This course goes beneath the political, cultural, and ethnic warfare of present-day South Asia to discover and assess the growth and development of this Indo-Islamic legacy. By challenging various communalist, regionalist, and colonial postures, we suggest how Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi publics (and their well-wishers) might revise the ideologically-driven, media-exploited, and socially devastating stereotypes of their medieval and early modern pasts.

Topical Focus

We cover Medieval Indo-Muslim civilization and political systems from the time Muslims arrived there; Turkic invasions; the urban revolution of the 14th and 15th centuries CE; major Islamic dynasties, especially the Delhi Sultanate; Indian Sufi mysticism; Bhakti mysticism; the cosmopolitan Vijayanagara Empire; the Mughals; imperial decentralization; the rise of regional political systems and the massive cultural revival associated with them; early Europeans in South Asia; establishment of English domination of the maritime provinces and hegemony over some hinterland states; finally, the beginnings of the British Raj.

Emphasis will be on cultural and intellectual as well as political history, on major ethnic and confessional identities within India, and on the South as well as the North. Our geographical spread is modern Afghanistan to East Bengal, and Kashmir to Sri Lanka, with a lecture- discussion format, student participation, audio-visual materials, frequent handouts of study aids, and a free-wheeling narrative style.

Requirements: You may choose between the two plans below, according to your personal aptitudes:

I IIOne mid-term 50% 10-page paper or in-class report 30%The final exam 50% One mid-term 35%

The final exam 35%

Suggested background aids

This course has no prerequisites. Those wishing to familiarize themselves with the ancient history and geography of South Asia, or with Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam as interrelated complexes of historical institutions, may consult the following:

Burjor Avari, India: the Ancient Past (2007)A. L. Basham, ed., A Cultural History of India Fazlur Rahman, IslamR. Thapar, ed., Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History D. N, Jha, Ancient India T. J. Hopkins, The Hindu Religious TraditionJ. Schwartzberg, ed., A Historical Atlas of South Asia (referred to below as HASA; this

large prize-winning atlas is also an important part of our required reading; several copies are on reserve in Alderman and Clemons; ask at the reserve desk)HASA is also available on line; just google it.

Texts and Assignments Readings are grouped topically, divided into required and suggested. All required readings are on

2-hour reserve. A photocopy packet is available at N.K. Print & Design on Elliewood Avenue, and is denoted below as PHOCO. Our texts are in University Bookstore:

Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot, India Before Europe (Cambridge U.P., 2006)Annemarie Schimmel, The Empire of the Great Mughals (London: Reaktion Books, 2004)Richard M. Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier (Berkeley: U.C. Press, 1993)

Lectures and Readings. All are very strongly urged to read ahead of the lectures. Asking in an uninformed way about

something in class that is clearly presented in the readings will reveal what you have not done, and will reduce everyone’s level of comfort.

Note: the lectures, not being crammed into predigested time slots, are not dated. The reason? It allows free play of discussion, Q & A, and tangents such as connections to news items in class. If this bothers you, do not take this class.

I. Instructor orientation. Introduction to course; geography as destiny in South Asia

II. Background to medieval India

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 1-24 Ashok K. Dutt, “India: A Geographic Preface,” in Neil DeVotta, ed., Understanding

Contemporary India, 2nd ed., 22-10 (PHOCO)Benjamin Cohen, “The Historical Context,” in DeVotta, ed., 31-65 (PHOCO)

SuggestedR. B. Inden & R. W. Nicholas, Kinship in Bengali CultureK. M. Ashraf, The Life and Condition of the People of HindustanAndré Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1

III. Ghaznavid expeditions; Turkic occupation of Upper India

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 25-35Eaton, xxi-21A. Embree, “Introduction” to Alberuni’s India (PHOCO)M. Mujeeb, "The Qutb Complex as a Social Document," in his Islamic Influence on

Indian Society, 114-127 (PHOCO)

SuggestedYusuf Husain, Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period)K. S. Lal, Muslim Slave System in Medieval India

IV. The Delhi Sultanate; “Slave” Sultans; Raziyya Sultana

V. Indianization of the Khalji polity

VI. Early Indo-Muslim ethnic and cultural accommodation

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 35-52Muhammad Habib, "An Introduction to the Study of Medieval India (A.D. 1000-1400),"

in his Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period (K. A. Nizami, ed.), 3-32 (PHOCO) Eaton, 22-70

SuggestedSimon Digby, War-Horse and Elephant in the Delhi SultanateH.A.R. Gibb, ed., The Travels of Ibn Battuta, vol. III K. S. Lal, History of the Khaljis

VII. The Tughluqs; political decentralization; regional political systems

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 84-105Eaton, 71-112K. A. Nizami, Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India During the 13th Century,

89-149 (PHOCO)

SuggestedM. Mujeeb, The Indian Muslims, 168-235K. S. Lal, Twilight of the SultanateIqtidar Husain Siddiqi and Q. H. Ahmad, A Fourteenth-Century Arab Account of India

Under Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq Muzaffar Alam, “Shari’ah and Governance in the Indo-Islamic Context,” in David

Gilmartin and Bruce B. Lawrence, eds., Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (Gainesville: Univ. Of Florida Press, 2000), 216-245

VIII. Muslim mystics, conversion, and Indo-Muslim synthesis

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 105-114 Eaton, 113-134 Richard M. Eaton, “Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States,” David Gilmartin and

Bruce B. Lawrence, eds., Beyond Turk and Hindu: Rethinking Religious Identities in Islamicate South Asia (2000), 246-281 (PHOCO)

SuggestedAsim Roy, The Islamic Syncretistic Tradition in BengalCharlotte Vaudeville, Myths, Saints, and Legends in Medieval IndiaK. A. Nizami, The Life and Times of Farid ud-Din Ganj-i ShakarAnnemarie Schimmel, Mystical Dimensions of IslamM. Ishaq Khan, Kashmir’s Transition to Islam: The Role of Muslim RishisBruce Lawrence, Nizam ud-Din Awliya

IX. Medieval South India; Vijayanagar

X. Configurations of 15th-century South Asia; Afghan political experimentation in Hindustan

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 53-83Burton Stein, Vijayanagar (New Cambr. History of India), xi-12, all plates, 140-146

(PHOCO)

HASA, 38, pl. V.2(a-e); 39, pl. V.3 (a-d); 41, pl. V.5 (a-c) (Clemons or Alderman)Philip B. Wagoner, “Harihara, Bukka, and the Sultan: The Delhi Sultanate in the Political

Imagination of Vijayanagar,” in David Gilmartin and Bruce B. Lawrence, eds., Beyond Turk and Hindu 300-326 (PHOCO)

SuggestedB. Stein, ed., South Indian Temples, 11-46George Mitchell, The Architecture and Art of Southern India: Vijayanagara and the

Successor States, 1350-1750 (1995) R. Sewell, A Forgotten Empire

Mid-term examination (1/2 multiple choice, 1/2 essay). NB: Exam date fixed by the progress made in class. If we go beyond, or fall short, of this point on the syllabus, correspondingly more or less will be covered in the mid-term. The exam is an open-book, untimed, take-home gift on a silver platter, but the questions demand some deep thinking and diligent attention to the readings.

XI. Early Mughal political competition; Babur, Humayun

RequiredHASA, 40, pl. V.4 (a-e); 44, pl. VI.A.1 (a-c) Asher & Talbot, 115-123Schimmel, 7-8, 15-19, 21-31Eaton, 137-158

SuggestedYusuf Husain, Two Studies in Early Mughal History, Part II, "The Emergence of the

Empire," 74-114Mohibbul Hasan, Babur I. Prasad, The Life and Times of HumayunI. H. Siddiqui, Mughal Relations with the Indian Ruling EliteRumer Godden, Gulbadan: Portrait of a Rose Princess at the Mughal CourtZahir ud-din Muhammad Babur, Babur Nama (Note: this has been translated

several times, with varying success; one of the more attractively-produced translations is by Harvard’s Persian and Arabic professor, Wheeler M. Thackston (New York: OUP / Freer Gallery, 1996).

XII. The Rise of Akbar

XIII. Agrarian, military and administrative aspects of the Mughal system

RequiredHASA, 45, pl. VI.A.2Asher & Talbot, 123-151 Eaton, 159-193Schimmel, 32-45, 65-81, 107-141

SuggestedCatherine B. Asher, Architecture of Mughal India (New Cambridge History of India)Milo C. Beach, Mughal and Rajput Painting (New Cambridge History of India)D N. MacLean, “Real Men and False Men at the Court of Akbar: the Majalis of Shaykh

Mustafa Gujarati,” in David Gilmartin and Bruce B. Lawrence, eds., Beyond Turk and Hindu, 199-215

Abul Fazl, The Akbar-Nama, 3 vols. (H. Beveridge, trans.)

XIV. Mughal political processes: the imperial social order

XV. Imperial patronage and new art forms

RequiredHASA, 48, pl. VI.A.5 Asher & Talbot, 152-185

SuggestedMichael Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in GujaratIrfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal IndiaJ. F. Richards, ed., The Imperial Monetary System of Mughal India

XVI. The Mughal Empire, 1605-1707, reconsidered

RequiredAsher & Talbot, 186-224Eaton, 194-227Schimmel, 167-224

SuggestedYohanan Friedmann, Shaykh Ahmad SirhindiAhsan Jan Qaisar, ed., Art and Culture: Endeavors in Interpretation (1996)

XVII. Aurangzeb, Orthodoxy, and Reaction to his predecessors' image of tolerance; the Sikhs

RequiredJ. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab (New Cambridge History of India), xiii-41

(PHOCO)Asher & Talbot, 225-236Schimmel, 51-55, 225-261

SuggestedMunis D. Faruqui, The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719 (CUP, 2012)W. H. McLeod, The Evolution of the Sikh Community, 1-19, 37-58M. Athar Ali, The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb, 1-68, 74-94W. H. McLeod, "Sikhism," in Basham, A Cultural History of India, 294-302Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity,

and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition

XVIII. Aurangzeb and the Marathas

RequiredHASA, 49, VI.B.1; 50, VI.B.2Stewart N. Gordon, The Marathas 1600-1818 (New Cambridge History of India),

178-195 (PHOCO)Eaton, 228-267Asher & Talbot, 236-255

SuggestedStewart N. Gordon, “Maratha Patronage of Muslim Institutions in Burhanpur and

Khandesh,” in Gilmartin and Lawrence, eds., Beyond Turk and Hindu, 327-338Andre Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the

Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarajya

XIX. Early European Activity in India

XX. Mughal decline; 18th-c. Political Systems

RequiredEaton, 268-316Schimmel, 299-302Asher & Talbot, 256-286J. B. Harrison, "The Portuguese," in Basham, ed., Cultural History, 337-347 (Clemons)R. B. Barnett, North India Between Empires, 1-41 (PHOCO)HASA, 51, VI.B. 3; 52, VI.B.4; 53, VI.B.5; 54, VII.A.1

SuggestedM. N. Pearson, The Portuguese in India (New Cambr. Hist. of India)Bernard S. Cohn, "Political Systems in Eighteenth Century India: the Banaras Region,"

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1962, 312-320M, Athar Ali, "The Passing of Empire: the Mughal Case," Modern Asian Studies 9:3

(1975): 385-396Satish Chandra, Parties & Politics at the Mughal CourtSanjay Subrahmanyam, Sinners and Saints: the Successors of Vasco da GamaSushil Chaudhury, From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth-century Bengal

XXI. The Struggle for another Empire

XXII. Pulasi, Baksar and the establishment of British rule in Bengal

XXIII. British OrientalismRequired

HASA, 55, VII.A.2; 59, VII.A.6R. Barnett, North India Between Empires, 240-252 (PHOCO)Asher & Talbot, 287-291Hermann Goetz, "The Crisis of Indian Civilization in the 18th and early 19th Centuries,"

University of Calcutta Reprint, 1938 (PHOCO)

SuggestedP. J. Marshall, Bengal: The British Bridgehead, 1740-1828P. J. Marshall, East Indian Fortunes: the British in Bengal in the Eighteenth CenturyR. Russell & K. Islam, Three Mughal PoetsS. N. Mukherjee, Sir William Jones and British Attitudes to IndiaDavid Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance

XXIV. Warren Hastings; Land Revenue Settlement; the Rule of the East India Company

XXV. Early British Social Relations with Indians

RequiredP. Spear, The Nabobs, 1-41, 126-148 (PHOCO)HASA, 56, pl. VII.A.3; 60, pl. VII.B.1; 61, pl. VII.B.2; 62, pl. VII.B.3

SuggestedC. A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars

Seema Alavi, The Sepoys & the Company: Tradition & Transition in North India 1770-1830

HISA 2002 OUTLINE AND VOCABULARY PAGE 1

Background to the arrival of Turks in North IndiaA. Geography’s influence on political and social configurations

1. Rivers and river valleys

2. The Gangetic and Indus plains versus the segmented terrain of South India

3. Conclusions regarding communication, invasion routes, population, the rise of

empires, taxable surplus wealth, and southern conquests

B. Indian society and political organization before the Muslims’ arrival

1. Basics, implications, and limitations of caste rules and restrictions

2. Kshatriya and other ruler statuses

3. Brahmins as teachers, priests, custodians of sacred texts and rites, and

(occasionally) advisors (and agents of legitimation) to kshatriya rulers

4. Avoiding the image of a static, uniform South Asian society & polity

C. Prequel to the northern rule of the Turks: the Arab invasion of Sindh and Multan

1. Trade and traders in the Arabian Sea and Indian littoral

2. Conflict between the brahmin ruler of Sindh and al-Hajjaj, the Ummayad

governor of Iraq (661-714)

3. Muhammad ibn Qasim’s “punitive” campaign of 711-12 in Sindh

a. Dahar, the “offending” ruler of Sindh, defeated and killed

b. The conquest of Multan in 713

c. Political change in Damascus causes Md. ibn Q (not yet 19

years old) to be recalled, jailed

d. Arabs now in the lower Indus Valley to stay, even though

they cannot conquer more Indian territories

4. Principles of Arab rule, and precedents for later Muslim political hegemony

a. Conciliation, not annihilation: make better deals with local magnates

b. High degree of sensitivity to Hindu and Buddhist values, customs

c. Classifying Hindus and Buddhists as ahl-i kitab, thus dhimmi

(zimmi) or “protected people of the book” rather than kafirs

d. Temples maintained as before; cow killing banned in Multan

5. Abbasid Revolution (750 CE) barely affects Arab rule in Indus Valley; 10th-

century CE Fatimids in Egypt sever Sindh and Multan from Baghdad’s

control, but local intermarriage, cultural accommodation succeeds in Indianizing

and domesticating Muslims there (Sindhi replaces Arabic, etc.)

6. Riverine changes, fluctuating deserts did not allow Arab architecture to survive

umma “Brahmanábád” vaishya shudra misr (pl. amsár) Shari’ah Law

HISA 2002 OUTLINE AND VOCABULARY PAGE 2

D. Muslims absorb and transmit classical Indian science, arts and letters, 8th-10th cents.

1. Scholarly curiosity about Greek and Sanscrit classical texts in Baghdad

a. al-Ma’mún (753-774) and the Bayt ul-Hikma, 830 CE

b. Indian contributions to knowledge

c. Indian contributions to arts and letters

2. Institutional preservation and transmission of Indian knowledge to Europe a

major component of the Enlightenment and European technical power

al-Mansur Brahma Siddhanta al-Khwarezmi Hunayn ibn-Isháq sifr

al-ruqum al-Hindiyya chaturanga, shatranj, esches, chess Hítopadesha

Sheherezáde

Ghaznavid expeditions; Turkic occupation of North India

A. The Turks, and their reasons for coming to India

B. Mahmud of Ghazni: defender of his Khurásání homeland, or iconoclastic

ghazi foe of unbelief?

1. The setting: Qara Khanid rivalry, need for financing

2. Fighting Ånandpál and the thakur confederacy, 1008 CE

3. Image vs. reality: the ideology of jihád; the Siyásat Námah

4. al-Berúní and the Táríkh ul-Hind, 1033 CE

C. Shiháb ud-Dín Muhammad Ghórí’s occupation of Multan, the Punjab, and upper Sindh

1. Battle(s) of Tarain, 1191-1192, vs. Prithví Ráj Chauhán (Rai Pithórí in Persian

MSS)

2. The conquest of Upper India, Bengal; Qutb ud-Dín Aibak in Delhi & Punjab

To-Kiu Sámánid Dynasty ghulám, ghulemán Suleiman Range

Alptegin Subuktegin Bukhará Somnáth Káthiáwar Peninsula

Lahore Nizám ul-Mulk (author of Siyásat Námah) Mas’úd

Saljúq Turks Haryána _______________

HISA 2002 OUTLINE AND VOCABULARY P. 3

The Delhi “Slave” Sultanate; the Khalji Dynasty

A. Factors in the relative ease of Ghorian conquest

1. Caste?

2. Military technology

3. Conciliatory policies

B. Long-term consequences of the Ghorian (Turkish) conquest

1. Growth of cities

2. Populism, economic and social mobility for ritually depressed Hindus

3. Technology

4. Administrative consolidation, a limited internal truce

5. Liberation of hoarded wealth from temples

C. The political thread, 1206-1290 CE

1. Qutb ud-Dín Aibak, 1206-1210

a. Background

b. Policies

c. Monuments

2. Iltutmish, 1210-1236

a. Ethnic, structural, and legal configurations of his rule

b. The threat from the Mongols

c. The growth and centrality of Delhi

3. The Raziyya episode, 1236-1240

4. Balban, 1246-1287, and the Turkán-í chihilgán

_ kharáj “Lákhbaksh” Harsha (7thC BCE) Tájiks

Hanafí School of fiqh Chingiz Khán Md. Sháh Khwárizmí

Jalál ud-Dín Ilkhánid Empire Húlágú Chaghtáí Turks

Qutb Minár Ilbárí Turks sajda páibós

qasba Kaiqubád ______________

D. The Khaljí Dynasty, 1290-1320

1. Jalál ud-Dín, 1290-1296

2. Alá’ ud-Dín (1296-1316), the Deogíri expedition, and his coup by assassination

HISA 2002 OUTLINE & VOCABULARY P.4

3. Indianization of the Turkish polity

4. Centralization of authority

5. Khaljis face off with the Mongols

6. The nature of the Khalji Revolution

a. End of the slave nobility

b. Incorporation of non-Turkic Muslims into the nobility

c. Promotion by merit, not birth

d. 3 eras of the Delhi Sultanate: 1200-1290, 1290-1320, 1320-1388

E. The Career of Amír Khusrau (1254-1324)

_ sack of Baghdád 1258 CE Zafar Khán & Battle of Kili 1300

iqta’ , muqtí Kárá Malik Anbar(Kafúr)

Deogir/Devagir

Dává Khán Ranthambór, Chitór, Ujjain, Warangal dágh

The Tughluqs; the regional sultanates

A. Excesses under Mubárak Sháh Khaljí, coup by Ghyás ud-Dín Tughluq (r. 1320-25)

B. The controversial reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325-1351)

1. Our sources: Ísámí and Baraní, and their enmity to Md. b. T.

2. The vast extension of territorial control

3. Three major controversies

a. The ‘shift’ of the capital, 1327-29: critics’ views, the regime’s reasons

b. Introducing the token currency

c. The Khurásán Expedition

4. Rebellion, economic dislocation

5. Resentment of the old aristocracy

C. Political decentralization

1. 1351-98 a period of fragmentation and rise of regional political systems

a. “Saltanate-e Sháh Älam, az Dillí tá Pálam”

b. Fírúz Sháh Tughluq a patron of arts, architecture, Indology

2. Regional sultanates as arenas of Indo-Muslim syncretism and innovation;

the role of Súfí saints

_ Khusrau Khán Taimúr Ashoka’s Pillars tanka

face value vs. intrinsic value ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

HISA 2002 OUTLINE & VOCABULARY P.5

Muslim mystics, conversion, and the Indo-Muslim synthesis

A. Definition, extent and development of Sufism

1. táríqa vs. Shar’iah

2. Basic concepts and metaphors

3. Sufi institutions

B. Sufism in India

1. The Chishtí Order; basic features, most famous saints

Mu’ín ud-Dín, d. 1193;

Bakhtiyár Kákí, d. 1236;

Bábá Faríd ud-Dín Ganj-i Shakar, d. 1265;

Nizám ud-Dín Auliya, d. 1325;

Nasír ud-Dín Chirágh-i Dillí, d. 1367

2. The Suhrawardí Order and its basic features

Sháh Bahá ud-Dín Zakarayya,

Sháh Rukn ud-Dín Multání (both 14th C)

3. The range of Sufi orders: Shattárí (more elitist); Qádirí (populist);

Naqshbandí (flourished later; more intellectual); qalandars and malangs

_ bátin záhir muríd murshíd

faná’ baqá’

maqámát ahwál haqíqah(t) pír walí

al-Ghazzálí khánqáh barakah(t) dargáh dhikr (zikr)

silsilah sama’

sajda futúh ‘urs tawáf

Medieval South India; Vijayanagar

A. Environment, geopolitics, local autonomy, warfare in the Kistna & Kaveri basins

B. Rise of Vijayanagar

1. Background of communal tolerance, political violence; raids of Malik Kafur

2. Founding and expansion under Hari Hara and Bukka, 1330s: Sangam Dynasty

3. Sources for the study of Vijayanagar

C. Features of the imperial capital and countryside

D. The disastrous war of 1565; retreat and decline to 1614

mandalam perianádú brahmodeya nagaram K.A.N. Sastri

HISA 2002 OUTLINE & VOCABULARY P.6

S.K. Iyengar Robert Sewell Hastinávatí (Hampí) Pándyas Reddís Gajápatís

Farishta ‘Abdur Razzáq de Vartema de Conti Domingo Paez Raichur

Doab Shaivite, Vaishnavite

Roberto de Nobili Krishna Deva Raya

Configurations of South Asia in the 15th century

A. India [al-Hind] as a concept: Hindustan, Deccan [Dakshin, Dakan], regions

B. Population estimates, in the absence of censuses

1. Hindu majorities, varnas, relative size of majorities north and south

2. Muslim minorities

a. Ashráf and ajláf

b. “Geneological” status groups of ashráf: Saiyad; Mughal (Irani, Turani);

Shaikhzádá; Pathán/Afghán

c. Occupational groups of South Asians: nobility, merchants, artisans,

cultivators, aboriginal tribal groups

3. Upward mobility in all categories, both group and individual

4. Qualities of urban, cosmopolitan cultures

5. India used to Muslims as elites

C. Monotheistic reform movements

1. Bengali Vaishnavism, Krishna worhip; social implications of Caitanya

2. Kabír as religious reformer, social radical, poet

3. Guru Nának and Sikhism

Rádhá muwahhid patwárí Kabír Panth Ådí Granth (Granth Sáhib)

Singh, Kaur bhaktí

Afghan Ascendancy in Hindustan

A. Aftermath of Taimur’s sack of Delhi in 1398; regional realms, syncretism in “nuclear areas”

B. Saiyid Dynasty

C. Lodi Dynasty and its characteristics: Sikandar Lodí, Ibráhím Lodí, Daulat Khán Lodí

D. Bábur and the 1st Battle of Pánipat, 1526, against Ibráhím Lodí

E. Bábar and the Battle of Khanua, 1527, against Ráná Sanga

F. Bábar’s views about India

G. Humáyúñ’s accession, problems with Gujarát’s Bahádúr Sháh and Sher Khán Súr

H. Sher Sháh, ruler of Delhi, 1539-1545; Islam Shah Sur

_

HISA 2002 OUTLINE AND VOCABULARY PAGE 7

Chaghtá’í Turk Mewár Safavid Tabríz Todar Mal

dágh Grand Trunk Road Bábur Námah seh-bandí troopers

The rise of Akbar and the evolution of his imperial policies

A. Accession and early problems

1. Humayun’s accidental death; Akbar only 13 years old; Bairam Khan’s regency

2. Conquest and conciliation of the Rajputs

3. Periodicizing Akbar’s “tolerance”: jizya, the rebellion of the Mirzas,

sulh-i kul, orthodox patronage, jihad, intermarriage

a. Appeasing the Rajputs: recruitment, jizya & pilgrimage taxes 1561-7

b. Military expansion to placate the Mughal nobility 1568-73,

including the “Fatehnama of Chitor” and annexing Rajput states

B. Abul Fazl and the new ideology of rulership: genes, social contract, divine right

1. The Mahzar of 1579

2. The Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri

3. The so-called Din’i Ilahi episode, and Bada’uni’s bombastic reaction

A’in-i Akbari

_ Himu Maham Anaga Adham Khan Raja Man Singh

Todar Mal Sadr us-sadoor Ranthambor Kavi Rai

Salim Abdul Nabi Shaikh Mubarak ijtihad mobed

Mirza Muhammad Hakim Muntakhab ut-tawarikh iradat, muridi

“A’in-i iradat gazinan” Allah-o Akbar Blochmann Akbar Namah

Mughal administrative, military, and agrarian systems

A. The mansabdari system; origins and evolution

1. Jagirs and military service

2. The dual ranking system: zat and suwar

a. Classes of mansabdars; their duties

b. Watan jagirs

3. Jagir transfer; escheat (jagirs not inherited)

4. Advantages and disadvantages of this “patrimonial-bureaucratic system”

B. Economic and agrarian configurations of the empire

1. Vested interests of jagirdars/mansabdars, zemindars, and cultivators

2. Land use rights vs. ownership rights

HIAS 2002 OUTLINE AND VOCABULARY PAGE 8

dahbashi dah-hazari khalisa dagh-o chihra paibaqi

panchayat faujdar qanungo muqaddam patel

patwari ra’iyati zor-talab __________ ___________

Mughal administrative, military and agrarian systems, cont’d.

C. Principles of the mansabdari system: public numerical ranks, jagir transfer, escheat,

direct command, flexibility (e.g., naqdi mansabdars and watan jagirs

D. Mughal central administration: diwan (or wazir), mir bakshi, khan-i saman, sadr us-

sudur, qazi al-quzzat, mufti, zawabit versus Shari’ah

E. Mughal provincial administration: subahdar/nazim, diwan-i subah, faujdar, amil,

amin, qanunqo

F. Zamindars and the question of subinfeudation

Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb

A. Jahangir’s consolidation and continuity

1. His twelve special orders

2. The role of Nur Jahan

3. Deccan campaigns

B. Shah Jahan and the creative zenith of Mughal rule

1. Territorial expansion

2. Cultural investment, especially in architecture, cities

3. The career of Dara Shukoh

4. The 1658 War of Succession: Dara, Murad, Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb

C. Aurangzeb, the question of an orthodox reaction, and the question of imperial decline

Mumtaz Mahal Habshis Bijapur Golconda Uzbeks Transoxiana

Upanishads Duperron Mingling of the Two Oceans

The Sikhs in the Panjab

A. Historiographical problems and definitions

B. The rise of Guru Nanak

C. Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das: routinization; Amritsar

D. Guru Har Gobind and the militarization of the Sikhs

E. The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur; activism under Guru Gobind Singh; the 17thC

HISA 2002 OUTLINE AND VOCABULARY page 9

kirtan, bhajan Kartarpur misl Adi Granth, Granth Sahib

Gurmukhi five symbols the Khalsa Maharaja Ranjit Singh

The Marathas, and their place within or without the Mughal Empire

I. Historiographical, terminological, ideological problems

II. Phases in Maratha history

A. Royal period, 1660-1700: hereditary kingdom/zamindari

B. Peshwa period, 1700-1802

III. Shivaji’s “conflict” with the Mughals; his coronation

IV. Shambhuji, Shahu, Rajaram; Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns

bakhars Jadunath Sarkar Afzal Khan Manucci shudra

kunbi Shaista Khan V D Savarkar Malik Anbar Jai Singh

chauth qilagiri Jaswant Singh Chattrapati

Early European activity in South Asia

I. Reasons for Europeans’ interest in Asia, India

II. Portuguese exploration, settlement, trade patterns, eclipse

III. Dutch activity; early English presence

Prince Henry “Moors” Linschoten Job Charnock

Bartholomew Diaz Albuquerque Chola Mandalam Sir Thomas Roe

Vasco da Gama Konkani Madurai

Prester John St. Francis Xavier Swally Roads

Zamorin of Calicut casta/caste Thomas Stevens

Mughal decline: 18th-century political systems

I. Aftermath of Aurangzeb’s death: Bahadur Shah 1707, Jahandar Shah 1712, Farrukhkhsiyar

1713, Muhammad Shah “Rangile” 1719-1748

II. “Explanations” for “decline”: Oriental despotism, communalism, historical accidents, versus

data on transactions among nobles of talent and ambition, who left for provincial capitals

A. Effect of global trade, bullion imports, “inflation”

B. Effects of technicalism, modern commercial interventions

C. Effects of the 1% concentrating all of the surplus wealth and wasting it (cf. USA)

III. Regional political systems, autonomy with allegiance to Mughal crown preserved/pretended

IV. Factions at court, relative unimportance of qaum identity

Nizam ul-Mulk (Hyderabad) Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan (Bengal)

Saadat Khan (Awadh) Nadir Shah (Kabul, invaded 1739) Saiyad Brothers (Delhi)