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Waves of energy that travel through the earth after rock has been elastically deformed 1. The crust...
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Transcript of Waves of energy that travel through the earth after rock has been elastically deformed 1. The crust...
Seismic Waves
Waves of energy that travel through the earth after rock has been elastically deformed
1. The crust layer is stressed and begins to deform
2. If the crust breaks it releases energy
3. The energy waves travel through the earth to the surface
The seismic waves have names
Body waves – seismic waves that travel through the earth’s interior which include:
1. Primary waves (P) 2. Secondary waves
(S) Surface waves (L) –
Long waves, travel on the surface
Primary Waves – also called P waves
Waves that spring back and forth until the rock goes back to its original or new shape
Travel through solids, liquids and gasses
Are the fastest First to be
detected
Secondary Waves – also called “shear waves”
Waves travel side to side after rock is back in original or new position
Second fastest Cannot travel
through liquids or gasses
Called secondary or shear waves
Surface waves – also called L waves
L WAVES = LAST TO ARRIVE!
Waves travel along the surface
Travel more slowly but are more destructive
Most damage comes from surface waves
Move the ground up and down and in circles
SURFACE WAVES = L WAVES
Seismograms are used to calculate when and where an earthquake started
EPICENTER AND FOCUS
SEISMOGRAPH – RECORDS SEISMOGRAMS
The FOCUS is the earthquakes starting point
The EPICENTER is the point on the earth’s surface directly above the starting point (focus)
How do scientists find the epicenter of an earthquake?
• Scientists collect several seismograms of the same earthquake from different locations
They calculate the arrival time difference between the S and P waves
They plot these differences on a time distance graph to determine the distance of the epicenter to the recording seismograph
TIME/ DISTANCE GRAPH
Finding the epicenter …
Using the data from the time distance graph scientists can calculate the radius of the area the waves travel
Then scientists construct the diameter of each area and where they all overlap is the epicenter
After shock!
When another earth- quake occurs at the same epicenter shortly after the first earth quake
Not usually as strong
Sometimes occur a few days after the initial earthquake
Can cause damage!