The main source, ways and extent of environmental

pollution. Sources of pollution in medicine and pharmaceutical industry.

ААuthoruthor: : Lototska O.VLototska O.V

Introduction

health of the population

genetic factor

(18-22 %),

genetic factor

(18-22 %),

pollution of an environment (17-20 %)

pollution of an environment (17-20 %)

medical etiological factors

(8 -10 %)

medical etiological factors

(8 -10 %)

  way of life (49-53 %)

  way of life (49-53 %)

MedicineMedicine

PROPHYLACTIC MEDICINEPROPHYLACTIC MEDICINE

Object of studying: Object of studying: healthy healthy man, and groups of the man, and groups of the

practically healthy peoplepractically healthy people

MEDICAL

Object of studying:Object of studying:

sick mansick man

physical factors

Ecology is constituted by the total environment of Ecology is constituted by the total environment of human. The environment of modern human is partly human. The environment of modern human is partly

natural and partly man-made.natural and partly man-made.

1. air

social factors

1. customs

2. water

3. food

2. beliefs

3. laws

5. modes of living of human beings

4. peculiarities3. vectors

biological factors

4. buildings

1. pathogens,

2. microorganisms as well as living

beings

4. plants

Environmental SanitationThe word sanitation is derived from the Latin word

Sanitas which means a state of health. Environmental Sanitation means the control of all

those factors in man's surroundings, which cause or may cause adverse effects on his health. The sanitarian directs his efforts towards hygiene of water and food supply, hygienic disposal of human wastes, hygiene of housing and control of vectors and rodents etc.

Pollution

- Introduction by man, waste matter or surplusenergy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment

Pollutant - A substance or effect whichadversely alters the environment by changing the growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or property values of people

Anything andEverything is toxic ifthe dose is made so !!Paracelsus(1493-1541)

TYPES OF POLLUTION

. Water Pollution . Air Pollution . Land Pollution . Noise Pollution . Thermal Pollution . Electro Pollution . Visual Pollution

Water Pollution

Inorganic materials - alkalis, acids, inorganic salts, ammonia,

phosphates, etc. Heavy metals - chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, cadmium etc. Disinfection byproducts - trihalomethanes Other harmful substances - organochlorides etc. Physical factors - turbidity, colour, temperature etc.

c) Land Pollution

Urbanization and Concentration of Population

Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste Uncontrolled .Land Treatment. Burning open dumps and forest fires Deforestation Mining and Erosion

d) Noise Pollution

Exposure to prolong noise affects speech,

hearing, general health and behaviour. Noise Levels . dB Intensity frequency periods of exposure and duration

Intensity (Loudness) Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations . Expressed in terms of sound pressure . Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale

Industrial Noise Sources

.Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.) . High pressure burners in furnaces . Turbines . Compressors . Pumps .Welding machines . Cranes and other vehicles . Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids .Vibrating and grinding equipment

Typical WastewaterProcessing

Physical Methods

Objective Remove solid or liquid pollutants based on density difference or other physical property (eg. SS or floating solids) . Solvent extraction . Evaporation . Distillation . Filtration . Reverse Osmosis . Electrodialysis . Adsorption

Biological waste water treatment

Aerobic treatment Anaerobic treatment The organic load is defined by the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). In aerobic systems the water is aerated with compressed air (in some cases oxygen). Anaerobic systems run under oxygen free conditions . biogas is a useful product.

Chemical Wastewater Treatment

. Neutralization - NaOH, Ca(OH)2, HCl, H2SO4 . Coagulation and Flocculation - Alum, FeSO4, . Oxidation - Sodium hypochlorite . Disinfection - Cl2, O3, NaOCl

Air Pollution Control

. Use tall stacks . Source reduction by process and raw material changes (eg. Improved furnace design and low S fuel) . Recover valuable material (eg. Hg) . Bag filters, scrubbers, ESP, cyclone separators . Absorption, adsorption, combustion and catalytic reaction

Air Pollution and Control

Land Pollution Control

. Integrated Solid Waste Management . Good agricultural practices . Remediation of polluted soils . Prevention of erosion and silting . Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment using land treatment techniques

3R Principle

.Reduce .Reuse .Recycle

Noise Pollution Control

. Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design modification, mounting and proper layout . Isolation or use of baffles . Use of ear protection devices

People in ancient societies were concerned about personal hygiene and sanitation for religious reasons. The Bible contains many rules for cleanliness, and describes public health measures still important today. These include quarantining the sick to prevent the spread of disease and avoiding contact with objects used by sick people.

The Greek physician Hippocrates first made the connection between disease and natural environmental factors in the 4th century bc. His treatise Airs, Waters, and Places described how diseases can result from way of life, climate, impure water, and other environmental factors. For the next 2000 years, it was the most widely used text on public health and epidemiology.

What is pollution?What is pollution?The word comes from the The word comes from the Latin Latin pollutus, pollutus, which means which means made foul, unclean, or dirty. made foul, unclean, or dirty. Some is obvious like smoke Some is obvious like smoke which you can see but much which you can see but much of it is not obvious at all. Yet of it is not obvious at all. Yet you're eating it and drinking you're eating it and drinking it and breathing it most of it and breathing it most of the time. And what is worse the time. And what is worse is that all this muck affects is that all this muck affects all other life on Earth. all other life on Earth.

You can find pollution made by people just about You can find pollution made by people just about everywhere on the planet. Even remote places like everywhere on the planet. Even remote places like the Arctic are the Arctic are badly polluted by nasty chemicals by nasty chemicals made by people. The polar bears and seals there made by people. The polar bears and seals there have poisonous chemicals made by people in their have poisonous chemicals made by people in their bodies and so do the Inuit people who live with bodies and so do the Inuit people who live with them. These nasty things kill many animals and them. These nasty things kill many animals and make others sick -- including penguins in the make others sick -- including penguins in the Antarctic.Antarctic.

On a degree of danger distinguish four groups of On a degree of danger distinguish four groups of chemical substances – pollutes:chemical substances – pollutes: I I - especially high toxic (middle death doze -LD- especially high toxic (middle death doze -LD

5о5о - is lower - is lower

than 50 mg/kg of weight of body); than 50 mg/kg of weight of body); II - high toxic (LDII - high toxic (LD

5о5о = 50 - 200 mg/kg); = 50 - 200 mg/kg);

Ш - middle toxic (LDШ - middle toxic (LD5о5о = 200 - 1000 mg/kg); = 200 - 1000 mg/kg);

IV - low toxic (LDIV - low toxic (LD5о5о- more than 1000 mg/kg) - more than 1000 mg/kg)

The concept about first driving force of process of The concept about first driving force of process of change of level of health allows to study laws of change change of level of health allows to study laws of change of polluting substances in an environment, their of polluting substances in an environment, their decomposition and transformation under influence of the decomposition and transformation under influence of the physical and chemical factors of an environment. The physical and chemical factors of an environment. The basic purpose of these measures is the decreasing of basic purpose of these measures is the decreasing of concentration of polluting substances in an environment concentration of polluting substances in an environment up to a level, which is safety for health of the population.up to a level, which is safety for health of the population.

polluting substance

AIR MAN

water

Plants

MAN

Animals

MAN

SOIL

The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible

The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible

polluting substance

polluting substance

Serious pollution sources include chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste dumps, regular garbage dumps (many toxic substances are illegally dumped there), incinerators, PVC factories, car factories, plastics factories, and corporate animal farms creating huge amounts of animal waste. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can release very severe pollution when accidents occur. Some of the more common contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals like lead (in lead paint and until recently in gasoline), cadmium (in rechargeable batteries), chromium, zinc, arsenic and benzene.

Traditional forms of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, and radioactive contamination while a

broader interpretation of the word has led to the ideas of ship pollution, light pollution, and noise pollution.

There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include •smog, •acid rain,•the greenhouse effect, •and "holes" in the ozone layer.

Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment.

Common Sources of Primary Pollutants

   Source  PollutantsChemical Formulae

Cars, Trucks, Buses

   Nitrous oxide,      carbon monoxide,      carbon dioxide,     hydrocarbons 

NO2   CO  CO2  CxHy

                                        Industry

  Nitrous oxide,      carbon monoxide,      carbon dioxide,      hydrocarbons   + others 

        NO2           CO          CO2          CxHy

 Aerosol cans    CFCs  

      (chlorofluorocarbons),     hydrocarbons 

  Various

Burning   Coal

  Carbon monoxide,     carbon dioxide     sulfur dioxide  

        CO          CO2          SO2 

The most common gaseous The most common gaseous

pollutants arepollutants are

nitrogen oxides

carbon monoxidehydrocarbons

particulates

photochemical oxidants

sulfur dioxide

lead

Green House Effect:Green House Effect: Green houses are glass huts seen in

hilly areas and in the agricultural processing areas.

Mechanism : When light falls on any surface which is transparent, some rays are reflected and some are refracted. A process of partial retention of light takes place in the

green house, so temperature in the glass house is increased.

Causes of Green house effect: The air pollution causes emission of gases

likeCO2, CH4, CO, CFC's,NO2,,Chlorine, Methyl

chloroformThese gases are known as Green

house gases. These gases cause partial retention of light in the air and so

temperature of the atmosphere increases.

Hazards of Green House Effects: Global warming Increased evaporation from sea. Melting of Ice at poles of earth. Increase in sea level. Floods. Disturbance at coastal areas due to increased sea

level.

Prevention: Decreased industrialization Treatment of Industrial smoke Check unfit automobiles.

Acid rain forms when moisture in the air interacts with nitrogen oxide and sulphur dioxide released by factories, power plants, and motor vehicles that burn coal or oil. This interaction of gases with water vapour forms sulphuric acid and nitric acids. Eventually these chemicals fall to earth as precipitation, or acid rain. Acid rain pollutants may travel long distances, with winds carrying them thousands of miles before they fall as dew, drizzle, fog, snow or rain.

Hazards of Acidic Hazards of Acidic Rain :Rain :..

Discoloration of Discoloration of houses,houses,

Rusting of metals. Rusting of metals.

Damage of crops. Damage of crops. Skin cancerSkin cancer Damage to marine Damage to marine

lifelife Lead poisoning Lead poisoning

due to damage to due to damage to lead pipes.lead pipes.

Prevention:Prevention: i.i. Treatment of Treatment of

industrial smokeindustrial smoke ii.ii. Increase Increase

plant growing i.e. plant growing i.e. ForestationForestation

This chemical oxides causes acid rain

This chemical oxides causes acid rain

Acid rain causes damage toAcid rain causes damage to1.1. Lakes and riversLakes and rivers2.2. TreesTrees3.3. PeoplePeople4.4. BuildingsBuildings

Here you can see the Here you can see the damagesdamages

Damage to the Damage to the ozoneozone layer is primarily layer is primarily caused by the use of caused by the use of chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). Ozone is a form of oxygen Ozone is a form of oxygen found in the earth's upper found in the earth's upper atmosphere. The thin layer of atmosphere. The thin layer of ozone molecules in the ozone molecules in the atmosphere absorb some of atmosphere absorb some of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays before it reaches the earth's before it reaches the earth's surface, making life on earth surface, making life on earth possible. The depletion of possible. The depletion of ozone is causing higher levels ozone is causing higher levels of UV radiation on earth, of UV radiation on earth, endangering both plants and endangering both plants and animals.animals.

Indoor Air Indoor Air PollutionPollution

AsbestosAsbestosVinyl chlorideVinyl chloride

FormaldehydeFormaldehydeSmoking Smoking

radon gasradon gas

The environment is polluted not only under the action of people, but some pollutants come from natural sources.

Volcanoes spew out ash, acid mists, hydrogen sulfide, and other toxic gases. Sea spray and decaying vegetation are major sources of reactive sulfur compounds in the air. Forest fires create clouds of smoke that blanket whole continents.

Trees and bushes emit millions of tons of volatile organic compounds (terpenes and isoprenes).Pollen, spores, viruses, bacteria, and other small bits of organic material in the air cause widespread suffering from allergies and airborne infections. Storms in arid regions raise dust clouds that transport millions of tons of soil and can be detected half a world away. Bacterial metabolism of decaying vegetation in swamps and of cellulose in the guts of termites and ruminant animals is responsible for as much as two-thirds of the methane (natural gas) in the air.

People also become ill through exposure to hazards in the environment. Many diseases are linked to

environmental problems such as polluted drinking water, poor waste disposal and air and exposure to

mosquitoes and other carriers of disease.

People also become ill through exposure to hazards in the environment. Many diseases are linked to

environmental problems such as polluted drinking water, poor waste disposal and air and exposure to

mosquitoes and other carriers of disease.

Air pollution can affect our health Air pollution can affect our health

in many ways with both short-term in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. effects of air pollution.

Effects of Air PollutionPeople with People with

health problems such health problems such as asthma, heart and as asthma, heart and lung disease may also lung disease may also suffer more when the suffer more when the air is polluted. The air is polluted. The extent to which an extent to which an individual is harmed individual is harmed by air pollution usually by air pollution usually depends on the total depends on the total exposure to the exposure to the damaging chemicals, damaging chemicals, i.e., the duration of i.e., the duration of exposure and the exposure and the concentration of the concentration of the chemicals must be chemicals must be taken into accounttaken into account..

Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great "Smog Disaster" in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the high concentrations of pollution.

Long-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. It is estimated that half a million people die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes.

Air Pollutant Health Effects

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Colourless and odourless gas.  Reacts with haemoglobin in preference of oxygen. This reduces the amount of oxygen being carried around the body and can result in suffocation. Fortunately, this reaction is slow and requires very high concentrations before advserse effects are felt.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Brown poisonous gas.  Effects trachea and lungs causing respiratory problems.

Ozone (O3)

Colourless gas, slightly sweet odour at low concentrations.  Causes eye irritations at concentration of 0.3ppm and respiratory problems at higher concentrations

PAN gas Effects eyes, nasal passages and respiratry system.

Thank your for Thank your for attentionattention!!

Light Pollution

Why is light directed upward?

Light directed upward is wasted.

Los Angelesfrom Mount Wilson Observatory1908

Los Angelesfrom Mount Wilson Observatory1988

Wouldn’t it be more effective to put the lights

above and direct it down?

Too much light goes upward.

needs better shielding

better shieldingvery little goes up

Street Light Spectra

Mercury Vapor

High Pressure Sodium

Low Pressure Sodium

Low Pressure SodiumLow Pressure Sodium

best outdoor lighting for all safety best outdoor lighting for all safety concernsconcerns

pierces fogpierces fog

expensive bulbexpensive bulb

energy efficientenergy efficient

brighter than high pressure sodiumbrighter than high pressure sodium

Low Pressure SodiumLow Pressure Sodium

PURIFICATION OF AIRPURIFICATION OF AIRAir is purified naturally. But due to increased rate of Air is purified naturally. But due to increased rate of

pollution, there are artificial methods also required for air pollution, there are artificial methods also required for air purification. purification.

A. Natural methodsA. Natural methodsB. Artificial methodsB. Artificial methods

A- Natural MethodsA- Natural Methods WINDS: WINDS: Winds take away air from industrial areas to deserts, Winds take away air from industrial areas to deserts,

forests region, from where fresh air comes.forests region, from where fresh air comes.

LARGE SIZE: LARGE SIZE: Air purifies by dilution, as very large area occupied Air purifies by dilution, as very large area occupied by air and as soon as polluted air comes it is diluted.by air and as soon as polluted air comes it is diluted.

SUNLIGHT: SUNLIGHT: Sunlight kills bacteria and neutralizes smell producing Sunlight kills bacteria and neutralizes smell producing substances.substances.

RAIN: RAIN: Rainfall settles down the suspended air particles.Rainfall settles down the suspended air particles.

PLANTS: PLANTS: They purify air by process of photosynthesis. They take They purify air by process of photosynthesis. They take up COup CO22 and give O and give O22, which is used up by human beings. They also , which is used up by human beings. They also lower the temperature.lower the temperature.

B- Artificial MethodsB- Artificial Methods1.1. CONTAINMENT:CONTAINMENT:

It means arresting pollutant air at the source, neutralizing It means arresting pollutant air at the source, neutralizing it and detoxifying it and finally it is released in atmosphere, so it and detoxifying it and finally it is released in atmosphere, so that it is least toxic.that it is least toxic.

2.2. REPLACEMENT:REPLACEMENT:It means either replacement of process (that is causing air It means either replacement of process (that is causing air

pollution) or replacement of substance, (e.g.) Use of electricity in pollution) or replacement of substance, (e.g.) Use of electricity in place of coal is an example of replacement.place of coal is an example of replacement.

3.3. DILUTION:DILUTION:The establishment of "green belts" between industrial and The establishment of "green belts" between industrial and

residential areas is an attempt of dilution.residential areas is an attempt of dilution.4.4. DISINFECTION:DISINFECTION:The methods employed for disinfection areThe methods employed for disinfection are a.a. Ultraviolet radiation: They are used for disinfection in O.T. Ultraviolet radiation: They are used for disinfection in O.T.

and wards.and wards. b.b. Chemical mist: Triethylene glucol vapours are effective Chemical mist: Triethylene glucol vapours are effective

bactericides.bactericides. c.c. Dust control: Application of oil to floors of hospital wards Dust control: Application of oil to floors of hospital wards

reduces bacterial content.reduces bacterial content.