A NEW NATION (1789-1800)

CHAPTER 6SECTIONS 2-4

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

The meeting in Philadelphia resulted in a new Constitution.

Moving forward: The task ahead of Washington and Congress was to build a government around the ideas of the Constitution

KEY CONCERNS

Establish federal laws, courts, & law enforcement officers

Solve financial problems, establish a federal treasury, & a method for collecting taxes

WASHINGTON

George Washington was elected the first U.S. President & served two terms

Was their a term limit established by the U.S. Constitution at this time?

John Adams became Vice President

PRESIDENT

Amendment 22 (1951) established the two-term limit of a president

What U.S. President was elected to the most terms prior to this Amendment?

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

INAUGURATION

Inauguration ceremonies were held in NYC on April 30th 1789

After this Presidential Inaugurations were held in March

Amendment 20 (1933), also known as the “Lame Duck” Amendment changed Presidential Inaugurations to January 20th

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER

What is a Lame Duck?

Why may the framers of the Constitution have specified a

longer lame duck period?Hint: think technology and transportation

Transportation and Technology were less advanced causing information to travel

slower

Political office holder reaching the end of their

term either because of a lack of desire to run again, a loss in

re-election, term limits, or the

termination of their office. They often have less

political power at this time.

BUREAUCRACY

• In 1789, Congress recognized a need for a bureaucracy

Congress create the following Departments: The Department of State The Department of the

Treasury The Department of War The office of the Attorney

General

SELECTING LEADERS

Washington wanted men who were “disposed to measure matters on a continental scale” rather than their home states to head the departments.

What does this quote mean?-Disposition-inclination or a tendency

-Washington wanted men who acted in interest of the country rather than their own individual state.

THE CABINET Washington chose the following men to lead the

Departments: Secretary of State-Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton Secretary of war –General Henry Knox Attorney General –Edmund Randolph

These department heads became known as the cabinet

Cabinet- a group of advisers to the president

PRESIDENTIAL CABINET(INCUMBENTS)

State

Treasury

Defense

John Kerry Jack Lew Ashton Carter

IMPORTANT MEASURES TAKEN BY CONGRESS

Other Cabinet Posts: Attorney General –

heads the Department of Justice today & the first was Edmund Randolph

EricHolder

EdmundRandolph

FEDERAL JUDICIARY

Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 13 district courts 3 courts of appeal 1 Supreme Court

Washington selected five associate judges and one chief justice

Appointed John Jay to Chief Justice

Stressed the power of Judicial Review (constitutionality of legislation)

JUDICIAL STRUCTURE

(1) Supreme Court (1)

(3) Courts of Appeal (12)

(13) District Courts (94)

TODAY

President appoints Supreme Court justices if one retires or is removed from office

However, the Senate must approve the president’s choice

How many Supreme Court justices are their today?

http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx

BILL OF RIGHTS

James Madison- Pushed for the passage of a Bill of Rights

-Drafted the Bill of Rights• Congress agreed on 12 amendments

-States ratified ten of twelve• One through eight protect individuals from

certain government actions • Nine and ten limit the powers of the federal

government

Which two rights are the only ones unique to the American Bill of Rights, and why do you think that is?

1789

Problems solved: Federal courts (the Supreme Court, 3

courts of appeal, 13 district courts) Bill of Rights (ten amendments) Cabinet (to advise president)

Existing problems: Revenue -a source of income

THE PRICE OF FREEDOM

The American revolution cost the newly independent U.S. government about 50 million dollars $40 million to American citizens (Bonds)

Bonds-a piece of paper/document that promises to repay borrowed money by a certain time with interest

$11.7 million to France, Spain, and the Netherlands 21.5 million state debt the federal government

agreed to pay (gain trust) Note: There was an annual interest on these

debts

TARIFF OF 1789

Hamilton suggested taxing imports to raise money & protect American businesses from unfair foreign competition

Congress passed the Tariff of 1789 Required importers to pay a rate/percentage of

the total value of goods brought into the United States

Shippers paid tonnage –tax on amount their ships carried

• Also, levied an excise tax on distilled liquors, which led to the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania

RESPONSE TO TAXES

Southern planters were angry because: Tariff= raise prices of European and other goods

that Southerners either wanted or needed Tonnage tax= more expensive to ship their

rice, tobacco, and other common cash crops Western farmers were angry.

in 1794, resistance to the whiskey tax boiled over in western Pennsylvania with attacks on tax collectors and the formation of several well-armed resistance movements.

WHISKEY REBELLION

Washington was alarmed by the Whiskey Rebellion, viewing it as a threat to the nation's existence.

In an extraordinary move designed to demonstrate the federal government's preeminence and power, the President ordered militia from several other states into Pennsylvania to keep order.

Washington then personally went to the site of the troubles to oversee the buildup of troops and to lend his encouragement to the enterprise.

The insurrection collapsed quickly with little violence, and the resistance movements disbanded.

Washington pardoned the men convicted of treason in the matter.

The federal government survived its first challenge.

FINANCES,1792

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN

Pay off national debt ($50 million): Incurred by the Revolutionary

War & debts owed to private citizens

Pay off state debts ($21.5 million): Compromise between Hamilton

& Jefferson Nation’s capital was moved to

the banks of the Potomac River Washington, District of Columbia

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN

Create a National Bank Hamilton argued to congress a national

bank was necessary to: Manage debts Establish a national currency - Bank

notes-paper money Promote trade Encourage investment Stimulate economic growth

OPPOSITION

Southerners opposed plan Felt Northern merchants

would own most of bank’s stock

James Madison argued congress could not create a national bank It was not among the

enumerated powers Powers specifically mentioned

in the Constitution

THE NATIONAL BANK

Hamilton argued that the elastic clause (AKA necessary and proper clause, art.1 sect.8 ) gave Congress this power

Washington knew his choice to veto or sign this bank bill set a precedent

Created implied powers

THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES

Group of people that share the same ideology (platform)

Two-party system-two main political parties of today (Democrats and Republicans)

Can we name some of today’s political parties?

Democratic, Republican, Boston Tea Party, Libertarian, Prohibition Party,

many others

CHOOSING SIDES

Washington’s first term in office Hamilton’s financial plan

Congress divided based on view of federal governments role

Nation’s first political parties Hamilton’s supporters-Federalists Madison and Jefferson –Democratic-

Republicans

HAMILTON AND THE FEDERALISTS

Favored strong national government “democracy was dangerous to liberty”

Distrust of “the people” Wanted government in hands of the elite (“rich,

well-born, and able”) Loose construction of Constitution

FEDERALISTS (ECONOMICS)

Manufacturing and trade = national wealth and power Federalists supporters- often artisans,

merchants, manufacturers, and bankers Some urban workers and eastern farmers

(trade benefit)

JEFFERSON AND THE REPUBLICANS

Jefferson led the Democratic-republicans Called Republicans (not the same as

today’s republican party) Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the

North Became party that protected right of states

vs. federal government

REPUBLICANS (ECONOMICS)

Believed strength of U.S. was independent farmers

Most people own land they would fight to keep preserve republic (agrarianism-favored rural farming over urban industry)

Believed North’s industries= sharply divide rich and poor And wealthy would corrupt government and

threaten ordinary people’s liberties Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the North

A GEOGRAPHIC DIVIDE

Rural South & West supported the Republicans

More Urban Northeast typically supported the Federalists

Conflict between France and Britain would widen the divide

DEVELOPING THE NATION’S FOREIGN POLICY

FRENCH REVOLUTION – FRANCE OR GREAT BRITAIN?

REVOLUTION

1789, the French Revolution began At first most Americans supported the

cause 1793, more radical group seized

power Took property from wealthy, executed

1000’s(including king and queen ) Federalist-horrified by chaos and violence Republicans-many still supported revolutionaries

because it seemed to be for freedom and liberty

FRANCE VS. ENGLAND

In 1789, the French people revolted against their King, England attacked France, and France asked for assistance from the United States.

What is Britain concerned about?At this time, Britain and France were both monarchs and the British Crown hoped to prevent any future rebellions within their own borders.

OPPOSING AMERICAN VIEWS

North (Hamilton) favored England because both were industrial and had strong economic ties

South (Jefferson and Madison) favored France because both were agricultural, and also to repay the help they lent during the American Revolution (Yorktown)

NEUTRALITY Washington issued the Proclamation

of Neutrality of 1793. Washington was leery of any foreign

entanglements, considering his country too weak and unstable to fight another war with a major European power.

His insistence on neutrality in foreign quarrels set another key precedent, as did his insistence that the power to make such a determination be lodged in the presidency.

Why would someone (in this case Washington) choose to be neutral?Both Britain and France traded with the United

States (economic interests)

JAY’S TREATY (1794-95)

Congress had reasons to declare war against Britain: The British were once again inciting Native Americans to

attack settlers in the West, hoping to destabilize the fledgling Republic.

The British had begun seizing American ships at sea, confiscating their cargo, & impressing their sailors.

In an effort to avoid war Washington sent John Jay to negotiate with Britain to end this disagreement diplomatically.

JAY’S TREATY

Cons: Jay had to agree that Britain had the right to seize American

Ships bound for France The then-common practice of impressment was not resolved. Britain did not have to compensate U.S. Merchants whose

goods were seized Pros:

Britain gave up forts in American territory Granted U.S. most-favored nation status

Meant American merchants could trade without being subjected to British discrimination

Note: Many Americans were angered by the conditions

JAY’S TREATY

For the first time, members of the government openly criticized Washington, which was also a milestone. The fledgling government chose partisan sides, verbally attacked their President, everyone was heard, the public hurled angry rhetoric—and the government remained standing.

It was the first example of the partisan give-and-take that has been essential to the survival of American democracy for over two centuries.

PINCKNEY’S TREATY (1795)

Fear of an alliance between the U.S. & Britain as well as a possible attack led to an agreement with Spain.

Spanish-controlled Florida agreed to stop inciting Native American attacks on settlers.

Spain conceded unrestricted access of the entire Mississippi River to Americans, opening much of the Ohio River Valley for settlement and trade.

PINCKNEY’S TREATY

WASHINGTON RETIRES

Although it was his for the taking, Washington never considered running for a third term.

By ceding office after two terms, Washington helped ensure a regular and orderly transfer of executive power. His two-term limit set a custom that would stand for a century and a half

WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS

In his farewell address, Washington warned his fellow citizens against "the baneful spirit of faction," referring to the party spirit that had disrupted his administration, and he warned against "foreign entanglements."

He could not prevent the formation of parties, nor did his warning against "foreign entanglements" prevent his successors from engaging in active diplomacy with European nations,

PRECEDENTS ESTABLISHED UNDER WASHINGTON

His reliance on department heads for advice included the cabinet as part of the President's office.

He established the President’s ability to choose his or her own cabinet.

He set the standard for two presidential terms,

He selected John Jay’s successor as a supreme court judge from outside the judiciary and thus allowing future Presidents to draw from a diverse pool of talent beyond the Court's aging incumbents.

He invoked what became known as executive privilege.

Washington presented a clear show of federal authority, established the principle that federal law is the supreme law of the land, and demonstrated that the federal government is empowered to levy and collect taxes.

PRECEDENTS ESTABLISHED UNDER WASHINGTON

He carefully avoided trying to dictate or unduly influence the judicial and legislative branches of the government.

He set the tradition by which the vice president's role is largely ceremonial.

He tolerated dissent, vicious attacks on his reputation and name, and a divisive press—all in the interest of freedom.

His presidential restraint, solemnity, judiciousness, and nonpartisan stance created an image of presidential greatness, or dignity, that dominates the office even today.

ELECTION OF 1796

The 1st contested election (Feds vs. Reps)

The Federalists nominate John Adams despite Alexander Hamilton trying to gain the nomination for Thomas Pinckney

The Dem-Reps nominate Thomas Jefferson

Adams wins! But his Vice President is Thomas Jefferson

QUASI-WAR

Jay’s treaty had improved U.S.-British relations. France though interpreted the treaty as a newly formed alliance between the United States and an old enemy,

The French retaliated by ordering the seizure of American ships carrying British goods. This plunged Adams into a foreign crisis that lasted for the duration of his administration.

VS.

QUASI-WAR – “XYZ” AFFAIR

Three U.S. commissioners identified as X, Y, & Z (Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, & Elbridge Gerry) were sent by Adams to secure a treaty with France thus avoiding war.

VS.

“XYZ” AFFAIR

French Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand first refused to receive them then requested a bribe of $250,000 and a 10 million dollar loan to initiate talks to end the war.

Americans were insulted & called for war with the rallying cry of “Millions for defense but not 1 cent for tribute”. Adams responded by asking Congress to appropriate funds for defensive measures.

In retaliation, U.S. Congress banned trade with France & the U.S. Navy began capturing French ships.

QUASI-WAR WITH FRANCE

U.S. & France began Quasi-War (undeclared) as a result of France undermining U.S. neutrality.

This war lasted from 1798-1800

A pro-war faction within the Federalist Party led by Alexander Hamilton that called for a full-scale war was resisted by Adams who instead favored diplomacy.

CONVENTION OF 1800

Napoleon seized power in France and quickly reached an agreement with Adams.

The Convention of 1800 released the U.S. from its 1778 defensive alliance with France & in return the U.S. gave up its claims to French seizures of ships & cargo

ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

4 laws passed in 1798 by a Federalist (dominated) Congress for the purpose of reducing the power of the Democratic-Republicans. 1st – Naturalization Act – extended the # of years required to

become a citizen. 2nd – Alien Act – Gave the President the power to kick out of

the country any alien regarded as dangerous to public peace & safety.

3rd – Alien Enemies Act - made it a crime to attack the government with "false, scandalous, or malicious" statements or writings.

4th – Sedition Act – made it illegal print anything “false, scandalous, or malicious” about the federal government.

Many immigrants were French and Irish (both anti-British and voted for the Republicans)

OBJECTIONS TO THE ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS

Democratic-Republicans responded with the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions Both secretly written by Jefferson and Madison Both said that since the states formed the

Constitution they had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional (introduced the idea of nullification & states right theory of government)

The states threatened secession if the Acts were not revoked.

KEY TERMS

The Virginia Resolutions interposition ; if the federal government did

something unconstitutional the state could intervene for the people and stop the illegal action

The Kentucky Resolution nullification; if the federal government passes an

unconstitutional law the states could declare the law invalid

Neither resolution is successful in 1800, however, states used both of these to “defend regional interests” in the future (i.e. Civil War)

ELECTION OF 1800

In 1800, Federalists controlled the army, presidency, and the Congress

For Adams, the Alien and Sedition Acts angered too many Americans

With a tie vote in the Electoral College (Jefferson & Burr), the House of Representatives with help from Alexander Hamilton(Federalist), chose Jefferson over Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot

12th amendment (1804) – directed electors to vote separately for pres and vice pres rather than the same ballot. This solved the problems that resulted from the elections of 1796 & 1800.

What made the election of 1800 so significant in American political history

& referred to as a revolution?

The second contested election in U.S. history went through a peaceful transition of power: the losing party accepted the choice of the people despite often strongly opposing ideologies (views) between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.

WEBSITE

http://www.glencoe.com/video_library/index_with_mods.php?PROGRAM=9780078745218&VIDEO=2839&CHAPTER=4

FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES