Introduction to the U.S. Constitution Written in Philadelphia

Original intent was to revise the Articles

James Madison was the “Father” of the Constitution

39 men signed it in 1787

The Preamble—The Introduction to the Constitution Two main Questions found in the Preamble:

1. Why they are writing it?

(to form a more perfect union)

2. What are the goals to be reached?

(establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty)

Constitution

How the Constitution is divided:

1. Articles—the major divisions

2. Sections---divisions of an article

3. Clauses---divisions of a section

Article I---Legislative Branch Section One—What is a Congress?

1. Bicameral Legislature---There are two houses, a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section Two---House of Representatives

1. Clause One A Representative serves a two year

term

2. Clause Two---Qualifications for a member of the U.S. House of Representatives?

•25 years old

•7 year citizen of the United State

•Resident of the state one is elected in

3. Clause Three--Who determines the amount of

Representatives each state will receive?

(Congress)

Clause Three

Gerrymandering--Redrawing district lines

to favor a political party

One man – one vote (each district has to

have about the same number of people)

4. Clause Four-- What happens if a Representative dies in

office?

Usually a governor will issue an election to fill the

vacancy

5. Clause Five---Where does the impeachment process start?

The House of Reps. will start the impeachment process

Andrew Johnson---First U.S. President to be

impeached, but fell one vote shy of the Senate’s

conviction

Richard Nixon---Resigned before official impeachment

could take place

Bill Clinton---Impeachment articles were passed by the

U.S. House of Reps, but the Senate found him NOT

guilty of those articles

Speaker of the House - Controls the discussion of the floor

Majority Leader - Helps the speaker & leads his party

Majority Whip - Helps majority leader

Minority Leader - Serves as a watchdog over the majority party

Minority Whip—Helps minority leader

Section Three---The Senate1. Clause One - How is a Senator different from a

member of the House of Representatives?

Senators term is 6 years

1 vote per Senator

2 Senators per state (all states get the same amount)

Originally Senators were chosen by state legislatures

Today chosen by direct election (17th Amendment)

2. Clause Two--Is it possible for both Senators from one state to

be up for re-election at the same time? (No)

All of the members from the first Senate did not get a 6 year

term.

The founding fathers wanted the Senate to have experienced

members so they created a staggered election.

First class = 2 year term

Second class = 4 year term

Third class = 6 year term

Never will the Senators term from one state be up for re-

election at the same time

3. Clause Three - What are the qualifications for a

Senator?

30 years old

9 year citizen of the United States

Be a resident of the state you are elected from

4. Clause Four—

The Vice-President (Joe Biden) of the U.S. is the

President of the Senate (very little power and

seldom is seen on the Senate Floor )

President of the Senate (Biden) only votes if there is

a tie

5. Clause Five -Officers of the Senate - 114th Congress

President of the Pro Tempore (Pat LeahyOrrin

Hatch) - presides temporarily when vice-president is

not available (very little power)…most senior member

of majority party

Majority Leader (Harry ReidMitch McConnell) -

controls the agenda of the majority party

Majority Whip (John Cornyn) - helps the majority

leader

Minority Leader (Harry Reid) - A watchdog function

over the majority party

Minority Whip (Richard Durbin) - helps the minority

leader

6. Trial of Impeachments - Does the Senate actually serve

as the Jury in impeachment proceedings? (Yes)

Senate tries impeachments (acts as a jury)

House of Reps. introduces the Articles of

Impeachment

House needs a majority (218) vote to bring up

charges

Senate needs 2/3s majority (67) to convict

7. Clause Seven—What happens if someone is impeached?

A guilty conviction on the Articles of Impeachment is

removal from office

A U.S. President cannot be pardoned if found guilty by

2/3s of the Senate (part of the checks and balance system)

1. Clause one - When are the national elections held?

At one time federal elections were not uniform. Some states held them on different days and months.

National Election Day was set by Congress (1st Tuesday after the first Monday of November)

2. Clause Two - So When does Congress Meet?

Must meet one time a year (Why?)

1933—20th Amendment established January 3rd as the

meeting date (a two year working period)

1. Clause One - Can an elected official be removed from office? (Yes)

Each House determines the qualifications of their members

Brigham Roberts—1901, polygamist from Utah, The Senate refused to seat him

Victor Berger—1919, Socialist from Wisconsin, The House refused to seat him

Adam Powell—1967, African-American who allegedly misappropriated federal funds The House refused to seat him

Powell v McCormack(1969) - SC allowed Powell his seat in the House of Representatives

2. Clause Two—Does the House and the Senate following the

same proceedings and rules? (No)

House of Reps and the Senate have different rules

Filibuster—Delaying a bill through the use of discussion

Senate has Filibusters, House is more stringent on how they

control debate so they do not

Strom Thurmond—longest filibuster, 24 hours 18 minutes

Cloture rule—rule in the Senate that will end a filibuster if

60 Senators agree to vote for the closing of debate

Censure—punishing a member of Congress, take away

some of their power or seniority

3. Clause Three - Can I get information about how a member of

Congress voted? (Yes)

Congressional Journal—Published at the end of the

session, contains the bare facts about the session

Congressional Record—Published daily, includes word

for word what people had to say

Sunshine Law—All meetings must be open to the public

and all records about the session are open to the public as

well

4. Clause Four - Can the House and the Senate adjourn at different

times?

Adjourn—to stop meeting

Consent—Need consent of the other house if you are going

to adjourn for more than three days (law making process

would stop if only one house adjourns, usually joint

adjournment)

1. Clause One - What is the salary and benefits for a member of Congress? Compensation—members of Congress will be

paid ($150,000 per year)

Congressional immunity-can’t be arrested for minor crimes when traveling to or from Congress (breach of peace, treason, felony, are not exempt from this immunity)

Slander—saying something that is not true, they can do this in the House and Senate (done so that speech is not limited or censored)

Franking—free mail service

Other Privileges

Salary

Travel expense account

Office in D.C. and their state

Special allowance for stationary, phone calls, faxes

Pension

Some tax exemptions

15% of salary for speaking engagements

Unlimited income from book royalties

2. Clause Two - Can a member of Congress also be a federal

judge? (No)

Separation of Powers—can’t hold two offices at once

from different branches of government

1. Clause One - Where do tax bills start?

All tax bills start in the House.

2. Clause Two - How does a bill become a law?

Procedures vary slightly in each house and all bills must go

through committee work before they get to the floor. Here is a

simple overview:

First method—passes one house by majority vote, passes

second house by majority vote, goes to president, president

signs it into law

Second method—passes one house by majority vote,

passes second house by majority vote, goes to president,

president vetoes, goes back to house it originated in and

must pass by 2/3 vote, then goes to next house and must

pass by 2/3 vote to become a law

Third method-- passes one house by majority vote, passes

second house by majority vote, goes to president, president

delays action for ten days excluding Sundays, becomes law

Pocket Veto - What if Congress adjourns and a bill has not

been signed by the President?

Passes one house by majority vote, passes second house by

majority vote, goes to president, delays action for ten days

excluding Sundays, within that time Congress adjourns,

BILL DOES NOT BECOME A LAW (Reagan had 8 pocket

vetoes)

3. Clause Three - Can the Congress express their opinion

without creating a formal law? (Yes)

Resolution—a formal expression of opinion or will

Simple resolution—deals with the matters of one

house

Concurrent—deals with both houses Joint—deals

with both houses and goes to the president for

approval

1. Clause One - Why can Congress collect taxes?

Congress can collect taxes for three purposes:

Pay off debts

Provide defense

Provide for the common welfare

2. Clause Two - Can Congress Borrow Money?

They can borrow money on the credit of the United

States (selling bonds is one example)

Debt—Total amount of money that the government

owes ( currently over $17 trillion)

Deficit—Yearly amount of money that the government

owes

3. Clause Three - Can Congress regulate trade?

Interstate—Trade between two or more states

Intrastate—Trade within a state

Congress can only regulate interstate trade

4. Clause Four—Naturalization and Bankruptcy

Natural born citizen—born in the United States

Naturalized citizen—foreigner becoming a citizen by

following rules set by Congress

Jus soli - “law of land” - if you are born here you are a

citizen

Jus sanguinis - “law of blood”- if one of your parents is

an American citizen then you are as well

A naturalized citizen can never be President of the U.S.

Bankruptcy—courts declare bankruptcy

5. Clause Five - Can a bank make money? (No)

Congress will make money

Congress will set up our weights and measures

1831—English system (foot-pound-mile)

1866—if states wanted to, they could go on the metric

system

We are the only large country not on the metric system

6. Clause Six -

Congress will punish counterfeiters

Minting edge - lip on penny and nickel

7. Clause Seven - Mail Service

Federal government will establish a mail service

8. Clause Eight

Congress promotes inventions

Copyrights—Secures rights of ownership for the life of the

owner (publications and literature)

Patents—Secures the rights of inventors generally for 20

years

9. Clause Nine

Congress establishes and abolishes courts

10. Clause Ten

Congress can punish for crimes committed on

the water

11. Clause Eleven

Only Congress can declare war—power to many

people as opposed to one

Marque and Reprisal—allowing pirates (Treaty of

Paris outlaws this)

War Powers Resolution (1973) - Attempted to limit

presidential power of war

12. Clause Twelve

Congress controls the power of the purse regarding the

military

Can’t allow stock piling of money

13. Clause Thirteen

Congress can maintain a navy

14. Clause Fourteen

Congress establishes rules for the military

Court martial - Court proceedings that

follow military laws

15. Clause Fifteen

Congress governs state militias (National Guard)

National guard can be deployed for three reasons:

Execute laws of the union

Suppress insurrections (riots)

Repel invasions

16. Clause Sixteen

Congress allows the states to appoint National Guard

officers and train their own soldiers

17. Clause Seventeen—Who controls the District of Columbia?

Washington, in the District of Columbia, is a federal city

under the control of Congress

Since 1973, people of the city elect their own officials

18. Clause Eighteen—Necessary and Proper Clause

Congress has the power to establish any rules they

deem necessary and proper

Elastic Clause—expands the powers of Congress

1. Clause One - What about the issues of slavery?

Congress stopped the importation of slaves in 1808

Use the word “such persons” as opposed to “slaves”

2. Clause Two - Can I be thrown in jail for having blue eyes?

(No)

Habeas corpus - “you have the body” - You have the

right to test the legality of your detention - judge is not

concerned with guilt or innocence

The writ can be suspended in times of rebellion,

invasion, or the public safety requires it (Abraham

Lincoln during Civil War)

3. Clause Three

Congress cannot pass a bill of attainder (legislative act

against a named person)

Congress makes a law that says Mike Sims is a thief and

will serve 25 years in prison - This is Unconstitutional!!

Congress cannot pass an ex post facto law (after the fact)

Betty Boone sells fireworks on July 4th - On July 10th,

Congress passes a law that makes it illegal to sell fireworks

and tries to punish Betty for what she did on July 4th

4. Clause four

Congress cannot put a direct tax on an individual (16th

amendment overrides this)

5. Clause five

Congress cannot tax an export

6. Clause Six

Import taxes must be the same at all ports.

7. Clause Seven

Congress controls the federal budget

8. Clause Eight - Can I receive a title of Duke or

Earl of the U.S.?

Titles of nobility will not be granted

Any gifts from foreign countries must

approved by Congress

1. Clause One - Can Minnesota create an alliance with Canada? (No)

States cannot form treaties or alliances with any other states or countries

States cannot coin money

2. Clause Two

States can not tax imports or exports with the consent of

Congress

3. Clause Three

States can not harbor troops in times of peace

States can not engage in war

Section One—President &

Vice President

1. Clause one—How long is the President in office?

Four year terms

1951—22 Amendment changed it to a maximum

of 2 terms or ten years

FDR served the most years in office (12)

Grover Cleveland served 2 nonconsecutive terms

(22nd & 24th President of the United States)

2. Clause Two - How is the U.S. President elected?

Electors—Presidential voters

Electoral college—system used to elect the President,

founders didn’t want a pure form of democracy, wanted a

representative democracy

538=total number of Presidential electors, must have

270 to become president

Purpose of the electoral college---give each state

somewhat equal representation

3. Clause Three—former method of electoral college

(changed by 12th Amendment)

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each had the same

number of electoral votes (73)

Tie would go to the House of Representatives and

each state gets one vote, still have to get a majority

Election of 1860 Popular Votes Electoral

Lincoln 1, 866,352 180

Douglas 1,375,157 12

Breckenridge 847,953 72

Bell 589,581 39

Close Elections in History

Popular Votes Electoral Votes

Hayes (1876) 4,033,950 185

Tilden (1876) 4,284,855 184

Bush (2000) 50,456, 169 271

Gore (2000) 50, 996, 116 266

4. Clause 4 - When does the Electoral College vote?

Official ballot for President is cast by the Electoral College

Electoral College—cast votes on the first Monday after the

second Wednesday in December

5. Clause Five—What are the qualifications for U.S. President?

35 years old, 14 year resident, natural born citizen

1st seven presidents were not natural born

1st natural born was Martin Van Buren

Youngest—Teddy Roosevelt=42

Youngest elected—John Kennedy=43

Oldest—Ronald Reagan=69

6. Clause Six - Changed by the 25th Amendment

The amendment provides for involuntary removal of the

President from his power.

7. Clause Seven - Can the Congress decrease the President’s

salary midway through the term? (No)

Can not increase or decrease during the term

Can not receive any other salary from the federal

government during the term

Pays taxes on the income

2001 - Salary doubled to $400,000/ year

8. Clause Eight - The Presidential Oath

Any judge can swear a president into office, most

common is the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Calvin Coolidge—Sworn in by his father - a Justice of

the Peace

LBJ—sworn in on Air Force One by a Dallas judge

“So help me God.”---Washington added this to Oath

1. Clause One—What are the Military Powers?

President is the head of the military -Commander in Chief

President can grant pardons to criminals who have committed federal crimes

2. Clause Two—Treaties and Appointments

President needs approval by the U.S. Senate to

create certain and specific treaties and

appointments

3. Clause Three - What if an ambassador dies when the

Senate is in recess?

The President can fill position by temporarily

State of the Union Address - The President explains the condition of the country - usually in January

President can convene and adjourn Congress in the event of a special circumstance

Main job is to see that the laws are faithfully executed

President, Vice President, and all civil officers can be impeached

Can only be impeached for three things: treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Judges are civil officers that are the most often convicted of impeachment

Members of the Congress are expelled by their own house, they do not go through the formal impeachment process

1. Clause One - Who interprets the law?

Judicial branch interprets the law (Courts)

Legislative makes the law (Congress)

Executive enforces the law (President)

Judicial powers—the power to hear cases

Federal Judges are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate

1. Clause One—Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction—power and right to apply law

Plaintiff—one who brings charges

Defendant—one being charged

Criminal case—when government is plaintiff (California vs. O.J. Simpson)

Civil case—between two or more people (O. J. Simpson vs. Goldman family)

2. Clause Two - How does a case reach the Supreme Court?

SC has two kinds of jurisdiction:

a. Original—a case is first heard by the SC

b. Appellate—cases that are appealed by a lower court

(Most cases come to the SC through appellate

jurisdiction)

Thousands of cases are brought to the SC each year

About 75 are heard each year

Writ of Certiorari—an order from a higher court to a

lower court to see the records and proceedings of a

previous case

3. Clause Three—Conduct of Trials

Guarantees a trial by jury in federal courts

Extradition—returning a fugitive to the state in which the

crime was committed

1. Clause One - What is treason?

Only crime defined in the Constitution (helping a nation’s enemies or carrying out war against your country)

2 ways of being convicted:

1. Confession in court room

2. Having two witnesses testify against you

2. Clause Two - What is the penalty for treason?

Treason can only happen during time of war

Maximum penalty is death

Espionage, Sabotage, conspiracy to overthrow the

government are all similar to treason but happen

during times of peace

1. Clause One - I live in Minnesota do I have to follow the rules of North Dakota? (Yes - full faith and credit)

Each state shall respect legal action of another state (marriage licenses, speed limits, fines, drivers license)

1. Clause One - Can I buy a lake home in Minnesota if I live in Illinois? (Yes)

State cannot discriminate against you because you are a citizen of another state

2. Clause Two—Extradition

Bringing back a fugitive (interstate rendition)

“shall”—tradition, custom, and the courts have

interpreted this to mean “may”

Governors can refuse to return a fugitive

3. Clause Three—Fugitive slaves (nonexistent) - Changed by

amendment after the Civil War.

“persons” refer to slaves

If a slave escapes from a slave state to a free state, the

slave is not free

1. Clause One - How does a state become admitted to the Union?

Only Congress can admit states

2. Clause Two -

Congress will make all laws for all U.S. territories

The federal government guarantees each state a republic

Republic—Representative democracy where we elect officials to represent our concerns

The government will protect us from invasions

1st Method - need 2/3 of Congress to PROPOSE an Amendment

2nd Method - need 2/3 of the state legislatures to ask Congress for a national convention to propose an Amendment (this method has never been used)

Need 3/4 of all states to actually ratify or APPROVE an Amendment. This is done by state legislatures or a special ratifying convention.

Over 4000 proposed Amendments since the early 1800s

Only 27 have been ratified

1st Ten Amendments were a package deal, 18 and 21 cancel each other out, leaves 15 separate Amendments that went through the process

Section One - Could the new government evade debts owed as a result of the Revolutionary War?

New government can’t evade old debts

Section Two - Is the federal law the supreme law of the land?

Yes - State law cannot override a federal law

Section Three—all officers, state and federal, must take an

oath to support the U.S. Constitution

Can’t have a religious requirement has part of the Oath

Section One—

Convention—calling of delegates from each state to ratify the Constitution

Must have nine states to approve the Constitution

Constitution was finished September 17, 1787

55 total delegates during the convention

42 were present on the final day but only

39 people signed the Constitution

The following two years provided debate for ratification

The United States Constitution took effect April 30 , 1789 when George Washington was sworn in as President