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![Page 1: Requires a working knowledge of the sequential steps for a specific surgical procedure based upon four concepts: Approach Procedure Possible.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033106/56649dd25503460f94ac9852/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
THE PHASES OF SURGERY INCLUDING THE OPERATIVE SEQUENCE
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“Be curious always! For knowledge will not acquire you; you must acquire it...” Sudie Black
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The Art of Intelligent Assistance... Requires a working knowledge of the
sequential steps for a specific surgical procedure based upon four concepts:
Approach Procedure Possible Complications Closure
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Approach Determined by Physician Approved by Anesthesia Based upon positioning of patient Offers the best exposure Has the lowest amount of tissue trauma Subject to change given the situation
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Procedure Determined by the Physician Agreed to by the patient Specific principles of surgery Basic principles applied from similar
surgeries Services related to surgical intervention
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Possible Complications Known and unknown factors Short term and long term Direct and indirect Towards the patient Towards the Surgical team Towards the environment
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Closure Determined by Physician Many different methods May not be able to close operative site Marks the beginning of recovery
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Five Phases of Surgery Preparation Preincision Operative Sequence Closing Post operative
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Preparation… Phase 1 Selection of room and supplies Preincision count
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Preincision…Phase 2 Transfer and positioning of Patient Induction Prep and drape Suction and electrosurgical equipment
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OPERATIVE SEQUENCE…PHASE 3
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IncisionSequence 1 The skin and subcutaneous tissue are
divided with a skin knife Knife is placed on backtable
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HemostasisSequence 2 Bleeders are dealt with by electrical or
mechanical hemostatic means according to surgeon’s preference
A raytex sponge or laparotomy sponge (lap) is used to aid in further visualization for sources of bleeding
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Dissection and ExposureSequence 3 A clean knife, Metz scissors, or cautery are
used to incise deep fascia and peritoneum Various instrumentation is used to elevate
tissue and expose tissue that is to have surgery performed on it
For example a hemostat may be used to elevate the peritoneum to avoid damage to underlying contents as it is penetrated and cut with a cautery
Toothed forceps are use on fascia
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Exploration and IsolationSequence 4 Operative area is explored and pathology
is isolated At times the operative site is obscured by
surrounding tissue Bone will be scraped to expose a fracture
for plating and screw application Sponges, retractors, tissue extraction, and
manual manipulation of tissue may be used to maximize exposure
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Surgical RepairSequence 5 Excision or revision Depends upon purpose and local
anatomy May require a certain amount of
dissection Instrument length increases with depth
of incision Needed instruments and supplies given
to surgeon as needed
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Surgical Repair continued... Operation focuses on removal,
resection, reconstruction, or all to correct abnormality
May require specialized instruments
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Hemostasis and IrrigationSequence 6 Prep for closing Control bleeding Irrigate wound with saline with or
without antibiotics Insert drain if needed
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SpecimenSequence 7 Gather specimen Identify specimen verbally to surgeon
then to circulator prior to passing off Pass off field to circulator (ask surgeon’s
permission) Be sure to ask how specimen is to be
preserved (permanent or frozen/fresh)
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Closing…Phase 4 The first count takes place before the
any cavity is closed. This means everything!
The second count is done after the cavity and fascia are closed serially, again everything!
If a cavity has not been entered all sponges and miscellaneous items must be counted and verified prior to wound closure
Anesthesia reversal and stabilization Application of dressing and tape
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Postoperative…Phase 5 Maintain sterile field until patient stability has ensured by
the anesthesia provider Get their permission to break down Some cases require preservation of the sterile field until the
patient has left the room: any case where airway compromise is a potential complication (Thyroidectomy/parathyroidectomy/facial or throat surgery) and any case that has potential hemorrhage as a complication (Carotid artery endarterectomy/Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy /trauma)
Prepare to transfer Transfer to PACU Post-procedural routine
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In conclusion... Discussed the four concepts of surgery Named five phases of surgery and
discussed them Discussed preparation, preincision
operative, closing, postoperative phases.
Discussed in depth the seven steps in the operative sequence