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Types of Information Systems

Basic Computer Concepts

Types of InformationSystems

ØKnowledge-based systemvuses knowledge-based techniques thatsupports decision-making and is capable ofcooperating with users of informationsystems

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Transaction Processing Systems

Management Information Systems

Expert Systems

Executive Information Systems or ArtificialIntelligence

Decision Support Systems



Transaction ProcessingSystem

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transaction processing system was one of thesystems that many organizations were using inthe first generationPayroll system was the first transactionprocessing system

Features of TPSvvv

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Rapid responseReliabilityInflexibilityControlled processing

ØMethods of TPSvv

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Batch processingOn-line or Real-time processing or On-linetransaction processing (OLTP)On-line entry with delayed processing



ManagementInformation Systems

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an integrated computer system for businessand other organizations that collects andanalyzes information from all departments tosupport operations, management and decision-making functions

Outputs of MISv

vvv

Scheduled reportsKey-indicator reportsDemand reportsException reports



Database ManagementSystems (DBMS)

Øcollection of computer programs that allowusers to store, modify and extract informationfrom a database

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database - a systematic collection ofrelated information organized in such away that a computer program can quicklyselect desired pieces of informationfield - a single piece of informationrecord - one complete set of fieldsfile - a collection of records




v Example of a file, record, and field




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Query Language is a specialized language thatallows users to request information from thedatabaseSEQUEL (Structured English Query Language)Benefits of DBMS

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vvv

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Customer Details DatabaseBusiness Sales DatabaseDatabase InventorySearchable DatabaseConfidential Information Databases



Database ManagementSystems (DBMS)Hierarchical Database



Database ManagementSystems (DBMS)Network Database




ØRelational Database Management Systems(RDBMS)

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based on a relational model developed byE. F. Codddata and relations are organized in tablesa table is a collection of records and eachrecord in a table contains the same fieldscertain fields may be designated as keys,such that when searching for a particularfield, the keys will serve as indices tospeed up the search



Database ManagementSystems

ØCharacteristics of Good DatabaseManagement System

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atomicityconsistencyisolationdurability



Expert Systems

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It contain knowledge-base containingaccumulated experience and set of rulesAdvantages

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used for solving the difficult problems,usually those that require high levels ofexpertise on the part of human problemsolversprovide increased consistency andstandardization of the techniques used insolving the problemdifferent analysts using the same programwill obtain the same resultssuitable for problems that involvesdiagnosis, design and interpretation



Expert Systems

Ø Applicationsv

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medical diagnosischemical analysisgeneticsgeologycomputer fault diagnosisVLSI designsoftware development and debuggingconfiguring computer systemsfinancial analysiseducation



Expert Systems

Rule-based Expert System Architecture



Expert Systems

Ø Guidelines

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the need for a solution must justify thecosts involved in developmenthuman expertise is not available in allsituations where it is neededthe problem may be solved using symbolicreasoning techniquesthe problem is well-structured and doesnot require (much) common senseknowledgethe problem cannot be easily solved usingmore traditional computing methodscooperative and articulate experts existthe problem is of proper size and scope



Expert Systems

ØThis example will identify if a certainNorwegian coin is 20 Kroner, 5 Kroner or 1Kroner.

1.

2.

Identify the variables• SIZE• COLOR• DECORATION

Assign the range of values for eachvariable• SIZE• Diameter is > 25 mm• Diameter is < 25 mm• COLOR• Silver• Bronze• DECORATION• Head• Crown• Ship• Lion



Expert Systems

3. The rules are constructed based on thecombination of attributes

Ø RULES:v

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IF SIZE > 25 mm and COLOR is Bronze andDECORATION is Ship then coin is 20 KronerIF SIZE < 25 mm and COLOR is Silver andDECORATION is Crown then coin is 1 KronerIF SIZE > 25 mm and COLOR is silver andDCORATION is Lion then coin is 5 Kroner



Executive InformationSystems

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a tool that provides direct on-line access torelevant information in a useful and navigableformatdiffer from other traditional informationsystems in several ways

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specifically tailored to the executive’sneedsable to access data about the specificissues and problems as well as aggregateresultsprovide extensive on-line analysis, toolsincluding trend analysis and exceptionreporting capabilityaccess a broad range of internal andexternal dataparticularly easy to use, either mousedriven or touch screenused directly by executives withoutassistancepresent information in a graphical form



Executive InformationSystems (EIS)

Ø Purposev

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to support managerial learning about anorganization, its work process, and itsinteraction with the external environmentto allow timely access informationto direct management attention to specificareas of the organization or specificbusiness problems




Ø Guidelinesv

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EIS measures must be easy to understand.EIS measures must be based on a balancedview of the organization’s objectives.Performance indicators in an EIS mustreflect everyone’s contribution in a fairand consistent manner.EIS measures must encourage managementand staff to share ownership of theorganization’s objectives.EIS information must be available toeveryone in the organization.EIS measures must evolve to meet thechanging needs of the organization.




ØCharacteristics of an EISv

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vvv

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Ease of useOffer a wide range of computing resourcesHandle a variety of internal and external,both hard and softPerform sophisticated data analysisOffer a high degree of specializationProvide flexibilityProvide comprehensive communicationsabilitiesSupport all aspects of decision making


Decision SupportSystems

ØØ

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“Management Decision Systems”interactive computer-based system forinforming and supporting decision-makerstypical information that a decision supportsystem might gather and present would be:

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comparative sales figuresprojected revenue figures based on newproduct sales assumptionsconsequences of different decisionalternatives, given past experiences in acontext that is described



Decision SupportSystems

ØCharacteristics of a Decision Support Systemsv

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Handle large amounts of dataObtain and process from different sourcesProvide report and presentation flexibilityHave both textual and graphicalorientationPerform complex, sophisticated analysisand comparisons using advanced softwarepackagesSupport optimization, satisfying, andheuristic approachesPerform “what-if” and goal-seekinganalysis

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