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Weaving Livelihoods | 1

ContentsExecutive Summary

Section 1 Program Background

Section 2 Research Methodology

Section 3 Findings And Analysis

Annexure A

Annexure B

Annexure C

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PrefaCeTasar sericulture is one of the most preferred livelihood options for a large number of tribal families living in the poverty heartlands of the Central India. Abundance of human power, privately owned wastelands and favourable ecology create grounds for a significant expansion of tasar sericulture in the region. Short gestation and high returns to labour make tasar silkworm rearing and yarn production attractive livelihood propositions for poor families. Estimates put the number of families currently involved in the activity at 1 ½ to 2 lakhs; this does not include the thousands who are dormant as of now.

PRADAN began its interventions in building Tasar Sericulture as a serious vocation for these communities, way back in 1986. Over the years the efforts of PRADAN and its stakeholders such as the Central Silk Board (CSB) have been able to re-establish Tasar Sericulture as an important livelihood for these people. In late 1990’s the United Nations Deveopment Programme (UNDP) funded PRADAN for a pilot project on Tasar sericulture which helped set up a large – size demonstration of the technology. This subsequently led to scaling up of project through a Special Swarnjayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) project, the first ever initiative on sericulture from the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). The project was executed by CSB and implemented by PRADAN in Bihar and Jharkhand. The MoRD and CSB shared costs in the ratio 75: 25. CSB also provided technical and monitoring support.

The collaboration between MoRD, CSB and PRADAN from 2003 to 2012 under Special SGSY projects has been a resounding success. It helped direct large-scale public finances to remote villages in an efficient manner, enabling over 10,000 very poor households gain dramatically from Tasar sericulture. The increase in income also led to substantive enhancement in the quality of life and sense of well being of these households.

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Ten years of the Special SGSY project has not only led to the betterment of lives of thousands of poor families, but also has helped develop a solid knowledge base and also built robust community institutions which are a firm base for launching higher order transformative action. Empirical evidence shows that the results go far beyond poverty reduction to larger social and environmental benefits.

In 2010 PRADAN commissioned a socio-economic impact study to understand the nature and extent of changes that have been effected by the project at different levels. The study was undertaken by a development professional Manu Sinha who undertook a detailed scientific study of the project participants. The study was conducted in the period from February to June 2010.

The study has brought to light the achievements of Special SGSY projects and socio-economic impact on the participating families of all categories of producers. The study has also documented how different technical and institutional prototypes have been developed, enabling the turn-around of a fast-disappearing vocation. Small-scale private grainages, plantations on private wastelands, improved package of silkworm rearing, basic and nucleus seed production by producer’s co-operative and yarn production in common facility centres are the key components that could be replicated to attain rapid growth of the sector, creating livelihoods on a significant scale.

Institutional mechanisms like Mutual Benefit Trusts, Tasar Vikas Samity-s, Producers’ Company and producers cooperative are some of the innovative institutional forms that evolved. These collectives have been critical for integrating decentralized operations and facilitating aggregation at various levels, which offered advantages of collective action to poor producers. They also created space for the producers to take charge of the business on their own. These peoples’ institutions would now be the major drivers of growth in the sector.

The CSB as the nodal agency for sericulture in the country was an early partner with PRADAN in this endeavour. This partnership has been a mutually fulfilling engagement for both parties, and has since moved from strength to strength. The PRADAN – CSB partnership is now being scaled up into a joint venture to promote many more thousands of livelihoods among chronically poor families in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal and Jharkhand. The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) of the MORD under its Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) has awarded a large project to PRADAN-CSB combine for up-scaling Tasar 7 States. Through this project and many more to come, PRADAN and CSB will continue to strive to reach out to the entire contingent of the population across Central India who is interested in earning a decent livelihood from Tasar sericulture.


Tribal communities living in remote forested areas now earn supplementary income from tasar silk cultivation. PRADAN initiated the tasar sericulture-based livelihoods program 22 years ago with tribal communities living in remote forested areas who were otherwise engaged in small and marginal farming or migrating to nearby towns in search of livelihoods. Over the years, we have worked on each level of the value chain, starting from seed production right up to marketing the finished silk. Institutions have been set up at each level of the value chain to cater to the needs of the families who participate in the program at that level. This also creates backward and forward linkages along the value chain.

The program, which came under the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) project in 2004, has produced, as on March 2010:

y 5.7 million commercial disease free laying (of eggs) (DFLs)

y 249 million cocoons

We have introduced several technical innovations at different levels in the value chain, such as bringing in improved tasar eggs, domesticating the tasar tree, improving the reeling machine, and so on. There have also been many organizational innovations in the value chain. These include setting up private DFL producers who can maintain quality levels, developing yarn producer organizations at the village level, etc.

PRADAN commissioned this study to understand the impact of the program on primary producers at different levels of the value chain and on the value chain itself. The study covered primary producers from five districts (Banka, Godda, Dumka, Saraikela and Bhagalpur) of Bihar and Jharkhand and key stakeholders from various governmental (Central Silk Board and associated institutions, NABARD, Department of Sericulture, etc.) and non-governmental organizations.

exeCutive summary

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FINDINGS The study found that the program has had an impact on families performing different roles along the value chain.

IMpacT oN FaMIlIeS Key indicators were monitored for both participating and non-participating families.

Non-participating families

y Most families living in the surveyed areas belong to the scheduled tribes (ST).

y Most families are marginal and small farmers.

y The primary source of livelihood in the region is agriculture and wage labor.

y 71% of the families migrate for more than four months to nearby towns, and 32% migrate for more than seven months.

y 54% of the families in the region have food security for fewer than nine months.

y 70% of the non-participating families are under debt, with 37% having mortgaged their land in exchange for a loan.

y 55% of the families get loans from local money-lenders; 20% secure loans from self-help groups (SHGs). Only 14% do not take loans.

prIvaTe GraINeurS (proDucerS oF SIlkworM eGGS) y 78% of private graineurs belong to the

scheduled tribes (ST), while 11%, 4% and 7% belong to the scheduled castes (SC), other backward classes (OBC) and the general category.

y 52% have less than eight members in the family; 15% have more than 10 members.

y In terms of land holding, private graineurs comprise almost equally of marginal, small and medium farmers; only 7% of them are large farmers.


All graineurs who had mortgaged their land for loans have now freed their lands.

All graineurs have stopped migrating.

All families are now food secure, with 74% reporting a surplus.

y The major source of livelihood is agriculture (for 83% of private graineurs); 10% earn a living from non-timber forest produce (NTFP).

y 93% started working as graineurs in the last 10 years.

y 63% of graineurs earned between Rs 10,000 and Rs 30,000 a year from grainery; 4% made losses; 4% earned more than Rs 40,000 a year.

y 74% of graineurs also participated in commercial rearing and 30% in seed rearing. Only 15% of graineurs did not undertake any other activity.

y 67% of graineurs have built assets out of their earnings from grainery.

y 93% of graineurs who were previously under debt have completely repaid their loan, while 7% have partially repaid loans. 30% of graineurs had taken a loan against their land. All the families have freed their mortgaged land.

y The source of credit has changed from moneylenders to SHGs or towards not taking loans at all. There is, however, a decrease in percentage of graineurs taking loan from banks.

y All graineurs were found to have stopped migrating for work. Previously, only 33% of the families did not migrate, while the remaining migrated for varied periods – 41% for between one and three months, 19% for between four and six months, and 7% for between seven and nine months.

y All the families are now food secure, with 74% reporting surplus. Previously, 74% of families had food security for only nine months.

y 56% of women said that their workload had increased due to the vocation.

SeeD rearerS y 90% of families engaged in seed rearing

started rearing cocoons in the last 10 years.

y The average income from seed rearing varied between Rs 4,300 and Rs 10,000.

y Only 23% of the families are into seed rearing alone; about 12% also do grainage and 69% are into commercial rearing as well.

y 80% of women feel that their workload has increased due to the vocation. However, all of them want to continue as it provides a good income in a short span of time.

coMMercIal rearerS y A majority of commercial rearers (86%) belong

to the ST category.

y 74% of commercial rearers have less than seven members in the family.

y 75% of commercial rearers are marginal and small farmers; the rest are medium or large farmers, except for 1%, who are landless.

y Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for 55% of families. About 43% depend on NTFP and wage labor.

y Very few traditional rearers were located in the surveyed blocks. Their income ranges from Rs 800 to 11,000 from rearing, with an average income of Rs 4, 200 a year.

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y 93% of commercial rearers started this vocation in the past 10 years.

y 94% of commercial rearer families earned a net income of less than Rs 20,000 from the vocation in the last season. Only 6% earned a net income of more than Rs 20, 000.

y About 80% of rearers are only into rearing. Only 6% of families are also into grainage, 10% into seed rearing and 2% into reeling and spinning.

y The average opportunity cost is about Rs 3,000 for the participating families.

y Most of the income earned through commercial rearing is used for food, purchasing assets, health care and to repay loans.

y The assets that families mainly invest in are livestock and bicycles.

y Most families hope to spend their future earnings on savings, in creating assets and on education.

y Out of the 84% families previously under debt, 72% have completely repaid loans. Out of the 37% families that had mortgaged land for taking loans, 77% have freed their land.

y The source of credit has shifted from moneylenders to SHGs. There is a slight increase in families who do not need to avail of credit any longer.

y 84% of families do not migrate now, compared to 46% earlier.

y Previously, 59% of families had food security for fewer than six months; now there are only 31% in this category. 50% of families are now food secure or have surplus food, compared to 21% families earlier.

y 65% of women said that their workload had increased, but 98% said they wanted to continue with the vocation primarily because it provides economic stability and they can work from home.

reelerS aND SpINNerS y Most reelers belong to the SC and OBC

categories while spinners are in equal parts from SC, ST and OBC Categories.

y Reelers and spinners are marginal and small farmers, and agriculture is their main source of livelihood.

y Reelers and spinners started plying this vocation in the past seven years.

y Most women earn between Rs 1,000 and Rs 2,000 in a month.

y 84% of reelers are solely dependent on reeling; the figure for spinners is 50%.

y Families do not consider the opportunity cost to be high since women move to cultivation during the peak agricultural season.

y As income from both reeling and spinning is regular, it is used to meet household expenses for food, health care and education.

y A few reeler and spinner families have made small investments in assets.

y Most families have earmarked future earnings for education of children and savings.

y Previously, 93% of reelers and 75% of spinners were under debt. Close to three-fourths have completely repaid their loans. 63% of reelers had mortgaged their land to avail of loans; of them, 80% have freed their lands. 70% of spinners had mortgaged their land in exchange for loans; of them, 72% have freed their lands.

Of the 84% families practising commercial rearing who were previously in debt, 72% have repaid all debts.

24% of families engaged in spinning no longer need to take loans.


y There is substantial decrease in loans from moneylenders among spinners and marginal decrease among reelers. 24% of spinner families no longer need to take loans, whereas previously every family had a need for credit.

y Almost all reeler and spinner families have ceased to migrate, compared to 49% and 60% of families migrating in the past, respectively.

y Previously, 86% of reeler families and 80% of spinner families had food security for fewer than six months. Now, 2% of reeler families and 10% of spinner families have food security for fewer than six months.

y The workload on women has increased for 53% of reelers and 30% of spinners. However, all wanted to continue the vocation as it provides regular income from local work.

y Women want to use the income earned from reeling and spinning primarily on education, health care, house maintenance and savings.

weaverS y Handlooms face tough competition from

power looms.

y Working capital and availability of work orders are the major barriers for weavers.

y PRADAN does not have a direct program with the weaving community. About 10 years ago, the organization had provided improved handlooms to a small group of weavers.

The program has provided a model for other agencies to replicate in the regions where they work.

y Eco-Tasar gives work orders to selected weavers in the region, besides providing yarn and designs.

y Weavers prefer to work with Eco-Tasar as it provides regular work, demands less capital and has a fair and standardized system of calculating income.

IMpacT oN value cHaIN aND SuB-SecTor

y The entire value chain has been strengthened, with increased production and self-sustaining institutions.

y The program has provided a model for other agencies to replicate in the regions where they work.

y The program’s extensive testing has evolved standardized processes, technology and models for future replication.

y With increasing stake of the primary producers there is a direct impact on the conservation of the host plants.

y The program has created resource persons for tasar production, who are now building the capacities of stakeholders of other agencies.


1. ProGram BaCKGrounD

1.1 INTroDucTIoN praDaN initiated the tasar sericulture-based livelihood program in 1987, after a study of the sub-sector. The main reasons for starting this program were:

y The value chain involves mainly tribal communities, which would benefit from the program.

y Tasar can be grown on degenerated (waste) land and thus does not put pressure on fertile soils.

y The tasar production cycle complements the cultivation cycle of main crops and would thus provide supplementary income.

y There is a huge gap between the supply of tasar silk and the demand for it.

y Tasar requires low investment from producers.

The program was started in the contiguous districts of Godda, Banka and Dumka in the Santhal parganas region of undivided Bihar. In the past 22 years, praDaN has worked on all the components of tasar sericulture:

y Adapted and developed technologies best suited to local conditions;

y Worked out appropriate organizational and management systems for different components of the livelihood activity such as raising tasar host plantations, egg production, rearing, yarn production, fabric manufacturing and marketing of cocoons, yarns and fabric; and

y Established linkages with major players in the sector such as the Central Silk Board and its affiliates.

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1.2 TIMelINe

GrouND preparaTIoN (1986-1989) y The initial phase comprised a study, based on

which a project report was written.

y We undertook a systematic review of the ground experience in the tasar sector, including a visit to and consultation with the Central Tasar Research & Training Institute (CTR & TI) and the Inter State Tasar Project (ISTP) plantation in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

y The project launched in 1988 with financial assistance from ICCO, The Netherlands.

y The National Wasteland Development Board (NWDB) supported nurseries since they had reservations about using tasar plantation as means of wasteland development.

y A demo plantation was established.

y Village-level institutions known as Tasar Vikas Samitis (TVS) were set up.

y The first phase started with raising plantations on privately-owned wastelands after a demonstration in Shivdham village in Banka district of Bihar.

y Based on preliminary results, CAPART (the Council for Advancement of People’s Action and Rural Technology, Government of India) agreed to finance the project in later years. The NWDB also changed its views and accepted tasar plantation as a means of wasteland development.

y A central grainage was set up at the office premises at Godda in 1988 on a no-profit no-loss basis.

y In 1988, we introduced rearing with disease-free layings (DFLs) in the traditional areas.

y In 1989, clusters of rearing villages were formed in order to provide better support to rearers.

y The first decentralized grainage was set up in 1989 in the village of Dhoberna.

plaNTaTIoN (1990-1994) y The focus was on plantation, rather than on

rearing, in this phase.

y The first decentralized grainage was set up in Kothidinda village in Katoria block of Banka district.

y Rearing on raised plantation started in 1991 and more intensively, in 1993.


y From 1994, we scaled down plantation raising, and focused on consolidating and intensifying the existing clusters to ensure high quality and to sustain people’s interest.

y Spinning and forest-based rearing initiated.

y We started working on the rearing practices of traditional rearing.

y The first village-level private grainage opened in 1992 at Kothidinda village in Katoria block of Banka district. Since then, grainages have been owned and, to an extent, managed by local people.

y The `barethha’ concept was developed and tested in the plantation, but the concept was not accepted by primary producers.

y The seed intervention phase started.

GraINaGe (1995-1998) y We started experimenting in cocoon trading

with a loan from SIDBI (the Small Industries Development Bank of India).

y A cocoon bank was established at Godda to contain distress selling.

y Experiments were conducted in seed cocoon preservation and basic seed production.

y We started basic seed rearing along scientific lines and established linkages with grainage entrepreneurs.

y Experiments in indoor rearing were conducted.

y The supply of basic seed from the Central Silk Board (CSB) was erratic, meeting only marginal demand.

y No concrete collaboration was established at this stage with CSB.

y A spinning manager system was introduced for maintaining machines, procuring cocoon, cooking cocoons, selling yarn, and supervising spinning to ensure uniform quality in terms of thickness and color.

y Private grainage entrepreneurs were set up at

the village level with minimum equipment.

y Experiments were conducted on seed preservation with Sarihan seed cocoon and cocoons purchased from Chaibasa.

y Basic seed production started but was not successful because of the erratic emergence of moths.

y CTR & TI was not in agreement on the concept of village-level private grainages.

y In 1996, the Raw Material Bank (RMB) came into the project for the purchase of cocoons. PRADAN organized cocoon haats in every area to help rearers sell to RMB.

y The grading of cocoons was introduced in 1997 due to quality issues that had arisen in the selling of yarn.

y Reeled yarn production started in Raksa village of Dumka district in 1995 with a group of 18 women.

y Experimentation in fabric weaving began in December 1997. The strategy was to use at least 50% of the yarn produced in weaving fabric, since marketing of yarn was problematic.

rearING (1999-2003) y The UNDP (United Nations Development

Program) phase started in 2000 and ended in March 2003. The focus during this phase was on demonstrating and strengthening the technology of nylon net rearing and on establishing private grainages complete with equipment and accessories.

y The project targeted 40 cocoons for seed cropping and 50 cocoons for commercial cropping, compared to 15-22 cocoons per DFL.

y In the first year, 29 cocoons were produced in the seed crop (compared to the previous 15) and 33 cocoons in the commercial crop (compared to the previous 22). In the second year, 50 cocoons were produced in seed crop and 42 in the commercial crop.

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y Insurance for the tasar crop started as part of the UNDP project, under the National Insurance Company. In the first year, Rs 11,000 was claimed in seed crop.

y In 1999, PRADAN introduced an advanced version of the reeling and twisting device from CSB, and trained 12 women on its use.

y A standard Common Facility Center was set up, with a manager and all necessary equipment.

y A renowned designer was engaged to create new designs in tasar according to trends in the market.

y Looms were upgraded to weave complex patterns.

y An improved reeling and twisting mechanism was introduced with 50% subsidy from CSB.

y In 2001, grainage and rearing started in Chaibasa, under the UNDP project.

y In 2001, a demonstration of rearing technology was conducted in the Dumka team.

y 2002 saw an expansion of grainage and rearing activity.

y An assured supply of quality basic seed started coming in from the Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organization (BTSSO).

y There was 100% utilization of plantation raised in the past 10 years.

y Training modules on seed crop rearing and grainage were developed, taking into account the new technology adopted.

y A prototype was ready.

MeTaMorpHoSIS (2004-2007) y From March 2003, we expanded the program

with a special project on tasar under the Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY).

y Two components – block plantation (on wastelands) and chawki (rearing of young silkworms up to the second moult) gardens – were introduced under this project.

y The program expanded to other states.

y We started a producer company.

y Basic seed production started.

y Nuclear seed rearing began.

y We implemented the concept of Adopted Seed Rearing (ASR).

y Crèches were started for children whose mothers were engaged in the program.


No. Progress Jharkhand Bihar1 Cumulative block plantations (in Ha.) 743 2692 Cumulative chawki gardens (in Ha.) 314 2433 Cumulative adopted seed rearings 538 2024 Grainages 230 1205 Nucleus seed cocoons (in million) 19.5 7.746 Seed cocoons (in million) 24.2 14.49 Basic seed produced (in million) 0.33 0.2010 Cumulative seed rearers 654 24011 Cumulative grainage 162 6212 Cumulative commercial rearers 4,656 1,65013 Commercial DFLs produced (in million) 3.5 2.214 Commercial cocoons harvested (in million) 158.3 90.915 Cumulative reelers 734 22516 Cumulative spinners 240 30317 Cumulative common facility centers 28 918 Cumulative coop building 15 11

Figure 1: Achievements under the SGSY project

1.3 INSTITuTIoNal DevelopMeNT PRADAN has, over the years, established three kinds of institutions at different levels of the value chain. These are the Tasar Vikas Samiti (TVS), the Masuta Producers’ Company and Eco-Tasar.

Tasar Vikas Samiti

A Tasar Vikas Samiti comprises 25-30 members and many samitis have more than one grainage. Every grainage has three or four seed crop rearers. A single Tasar Vikas Samiti ensures sufficient seed (DFLs) for all local commercial rearers. The samiti also has the advantage of buying inputs in bulk and aggregating the sale of the product, i.e. the cocoon. Several samitis together form the cooperative, which is the leading institution at the pre-cocoon stage of the value chain.

Masuta Producers’ Company

Masuta buys cocoons from the Tasar Vikas Samitis and undertakes reeling and spinning of these

cocoons through women’s groups organized as Mutual Benefit Trusts. The reeling takes place at common facility centers while spinning is done by women at their homes.

Eco-Tasar

Eco-Tasar is a private limited company in which Masuta is a major shareholder. The company was formed to exclusively deal with the fabric market. The company provides a market for the yarn produced at Masuta.

1.4 proGraM acHIeveMeNTS

pHYSIcal acHIeveMeNTSUnder the SGSY support between 2004 and 2010, the program had the following physical achievements.

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TecHNIcal INNovaTIoNSIn addition, there have been several technical innovations at different levels in the value chain:

y Raising tasar host plantation on privately-owned wastelands, an innovative idea developed and demonstrated in the field.

y Pioneering the tasar seed production center – also called grainage – at the village level, through involvement of literate unemployed tribal youth.

y Introducing and fine-tuning the spinning machine developed by CSB.

y Masuta developing a reeling machine through its own R&D.

y Basic seed and nucleus seed production at the grassroots by the Tasar Vikas Samitis.

y Introducing new designs in weaving.

orGaNIZaTIoNal INNovaTIoNSThere have also been a number of organizational innovations in the value chain:

y Rearers and graineurs at the village level organized into Tasar Vikas Samitis.

y Aggregation of TVS at the district level into cooperatives in order to sustain the activities.

y Setting up private DFL producers to maintain quality levels.

y Providing micro-credit to make producers independent of moneylenders.

y Developing yarn producer organizations at the village level into Mutual Benefit Trusts.

y Developing a market for yarn so that women in the areas under tasar production get a market price while selling yarn to weavers elsewhere.

y Developing a national and international market for tasar silk.


2. researCH metHoDoLoGy

2.1 oBJecTIveS oF THe STuDYa. Study the socio-economic impact of the

program on primary producers and the families participating in the program

B. Study the impact of the program on the value chain and the entire tasar sub- sector.

2.2 keY areaS oF eNQuIrY (wITH ToolS uSeD)a. Socio-economic impact of the program on

primary producers and families

(i) Change in earnings as a result of the program Tools: Household Survey, Focused Group Discussion, Case Study

(ii) Change in the period of migration of the participating families Tools: Household Survey, Focused Group Discussion, Case Study

(iii) Change in the level of food security among the families Tools: Household Survey, Focused Group Discussion, Case Study

(iv) Change in assets, status of loan/ mortgage, savings, etc. Tools: Household Survey, Focused Group Discussion, Case Study

(v) Opportunity cost for the vocation Tools: Household Survey, Focused Group Discussion, Case Study

(vi) Impact on women Tools: Focused Group Discussion, Case Study

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B. Impact of the program on the value chain and the entire tasar sub- sector

(i) Change in the package of practices, technology and management systems in the value chain of tasar in the region Tools: Focused Group Discussion, Interview

(ii) Change in the availability of raw material (good quality seed-DFL) Tools: Household survey, Focused Group Discussion

(iii) Change in the availability of market and prices for cocoons Tools: Household Survey, Focused Group Discussion, Interview (Local Traders)

(iv) Change in the availability of market and prices for yarn Tools: Interview with Masuta, Interview (Local Traders)

(v) Change in the availability of markets and prices for the fabric Tools: Interview with Masuta, Interview (Traders)

(vi) Changes in the schemes or program design and policies of government agencies Tools: Interview (CSB, program implementing team, NABARD, SIDBI officials at the district and state levels)


No. Key informants Research Tools1 Target and control households Household Survey2 Tasar Vikas Samitis/ Mutual Benefit Trusts Focused Group Discussions 3 Traders Semi-structured Interviews4 Key government and non-government agencies Semi-structured Interviews5 Individual households/ Tasar Vikas Samitis/ Mutual Benefit Trusts/

Project Implementation team/ Government officialsCaselets

Figure 2: Research tools and key informants

2.3 reSearcH ToolS uSeD oN keY INForMaNTS

2.4 SaMplING INTeNSITY

HouSeHolD SurveY

Families in the target and control groups

A 5% sample has been drawn from each of the sub groups of families engaged in tasar sericulture at various levels of the value chain. A representative

sample has been drawn from the states and subsequently, from the selected districts and blocks. The number of families involved at different stages of the value chain is presented in the Annexure.

The households have been selected based upon the simple random sampling method from the list of various groups of stakeholders provided.

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Unit Size Remarks Tasar Vikas Samitis 4 2 in each stateMutual Benefit Trusts 4 1 in each state

Figure 4: Number of focused group discussions held

FocuSeD Group DIScuSSIoNS

Unit Size Remarks Local traders 4 2 in each stateDistrict-level traders 2 1 in each state State-level traders 2 1 from each district

Figure 5: Number of interviews held with local traders

SeMI-STrucTureD INTervIewS wITH TraDerS

SeMI-STrucTureD INTervIewS wITH GoverNMeNT/ NoN-GoverNMeNT oFFIcIalS

Unit Size Remarks District level 4 2 in each stateState level 2-4 Based on availability of officialsNational level 2 CSB, NABARD, BAIF, etc.

Figure 6: Number of interviews with government and non-government officials

2.5 lIMITaTIoNSa. A lot of interviews have been done over the

phone. As a result, in several cases, some details required could not be taken.

b. The number of traditional rearers proposed in the study could not be covered as traditional rearers could be found only in one block and that too, in limited numbers

Unit Sample Size Control Bihar JharkhandGraineurs 13 6 4 + 2* 9 + 4*Seed rearers 46 9 11 + 2 35 + 7Commercial rearers 330 66 (44 Control

+ 22 traditional rearers)

93 + 20 237 + 46

Reelers/ Spinners 106 23 23 + 6 83 + 17Grand Total 495 104 161 438

Figure 3: Families in the target and control groups

*The first figure under Bihar and Jharkhand represents the target families covered under the study while the second figure represents the control families covered.


3. finDinGs anD anaLysisThe findings of the study and its analysis have been presented according to the objectives of the study. The first sub-section deals with the socio-economic impact of the sericulture program on the participating families at different levels of the value chain. The second sub-section deals with the impact of the program on the value chain and the sub-sector as a whole.

3.1 SocIo-ecoNoMIc IMpacT oN FaMIlIeSThe socio-economic impact of the program has been captured on selected indicators across the families participating at different levels of the value chain. As PRADAN’s intervention was mainly in the pre-cocoon stage of the value chain and on reeling and spinning in the post-cocoon stage, the socio-economic impact covers the two stages in detail.

PRADAN’s initiative has also had an impact on weavers, though to a small extent. This sub-section also discusses the qualitative impact of the program.

seCtion 3

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a. status of non-PartiCiPatinG famiLiesGeNeral proFIleThe data on the control-group families has been drawn from the same villages as families who participated in the program (private graineurs, seed rearers, commercial rearers, reelers and spinners).

a. caste

The non-participating families across the four districts mainly comprise persons belonging to the scheduled tribes (ST) category.

b. Family size

A majority of non-participating families (i.e. about 82%) have fewer than seven members each.

Banka district has a substantial number of non-participating families of between five and seven members each. In Godda district, however, most non-participating families each have between eight and 10 members. In all, about 9% of non-participating families were found to have more than 10 members each.

c. land holding

In terms of land holding, 90% of non-participating families are marginal or small farmers. Only 2% are landless while the remaining are medium to large farmers.

d. primary source of livelihood

Agriculture, wage labor and non-timber forest produce (NTFP) was found to be the primary source of livelihood for non-participating families across the four districts. Overall, agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for 53% of families, wage labor for 40% and NTFP for 7%.

Social Category ( in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalScheduled Caste 0 0 0 0 0Scheduled Tribe 100 78 100 100 89Other Backward Classes 0 22 0 0 11General 0 0 0 0 0

Family Size (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela Total0-4 members 21 39 25 50 335-7 members 79 43 0 0 498-10 members 0 9 75 50 14>10 members 0 9 0 0 5

Families (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalLandless 8 0 0 0 2Marginal 62 70 25 100 64Small 23 26 50 0 26Medium 8 0 25 0 5Large 0 4 0 0 2

Figure 7: Caste composition of families in the control group

Figure 8: Percentage of families according to family size in non-participating families

Figure 9: Percentage of families according to land holding


Families (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalAgriculture and allied 48 56 56 67 53NTFP 8 11 0 0 7Wage labor 44 33 44 33 40Service or business 0 0 0 0 0Any other 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 10: Percentage of families according to land holding

Figure 11: Percentage of families according to number of months of migration

MIGraTIoN aND FooD SecurITY

a. Migration

Since the dependence on wage labor is high among the control-group families, there is large-scale migration. About 71% of families migrate for more than three months in a year and 39% for more than six months. Only 16% of families do not migrate at all while 7% migrate for more than 10 months a year.

Families in the control group migrated both near and far, from the nearest commercial centers such as Deoghar and Patna to as far as Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata.

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Range (in Rs) 0 - 500 501 – 1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 2001-2500 > 2500% of families 0 13 26 21 6 34

Figure 12: Savings during migration, according to percentage of families

Figure 13: Percentage of families according to number of months of food security

The following table presents the average annual savings of a family during migration.

The average annual savings during migration for the families, given that they had to pay for food, lodging, travel and miscellaneous expenses – apart from expenses during the lean period – comes to between Rs 1,000 and Rs 2,000. About 60% of non-participating families save less than Rs 2,000 and 34% save more than Rs 2,500 during migration.

The average annual savings during migration for the families, given that they had to pay for food,

lodging, travel and miscellaneous expenses – apart from expenses during the lean period – comes to between Rs 1,000 and Rs 2,000. About 60% of non-participating families save less than Rs 2,000 and 34% save more than Rs 2,500 during migration.

b. Food security

About 35% of non-participating families have food security for fewer than six months. 33% of families have food surplus. The remaining families have food security for between seven and 12 months.


Figure 14: Percentage of families according to debt

Figure 15: Percentage of families according to source of credit

Families (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalUnder debt prior to the program 79 65 80 50 70Repayment of loan 62 70 25 100 64# Completely 0 27 0 100 16# Partially 75 73 25 0 66# None 25 0 75 0 19Mortgaged land for taking loan 43 39 0 0 37Recovery of land# Completely 17 0 0 0 13# Partially 67 100 0 0 81# None 17 0 0 0 6

DeBT aND creDIT

a. Status of debt

About 70% of non-participating families had taken a loan at some time in the past. Out of these families, only 16% had completely repaid loans, while 66% had partially repaid loans. The remaining 19% had not repaid the loan at all.

Of the total number of families that had taken loans, 37% had mortgaged their land in exchange for the loan. Of them, only 13% had completely

recovered their lands, while 81% had done so in part; 6 % had not recovered their lands at all.

b. Source of credit

This sub-section discusses the source of credit for both production and consumption. The source for credit for non-participating families was primarily found to be the local moneylender, followed by Self Help Groups (SHG). Interest rates charged by moneylenders varied between 3% and 5%.

Only 14% of families said that they did not need to take a loan.

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B. status of Private GraineursGeNeral proFIle

a. Caste

Private graineurs across the four districts mainly comprise persons belonging to the scheduled tribes (ST). In case of Dumka and Godda, private graineurs were found to be only from the scheduled tribes. Only Banka district has a small number of private graineurs who belong to the other backward classes (OBC) and the general category.

b. Family size

A majority of participating families (i.e. about

74%) have fewer than seven members each. Banka district has a substantial number of participating families with between eight and 10 members each. The majority of participating families in Dumka district have between five and seven members per family. In all, about 6% of participating families were found to have more than 10 members each.

c. Land holding

In terms of land holding, 33% of private graineurs are marginal farmers, 26% are small farmers, 33% are medium farmers and the remaining 7% are large farmers. Saraikela district has only marginal and small farmers as private graineurs while private graineurs in Godda district are medium and large farmers.

Social Category (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalScheduled Castes 18 0 0 50 11Scheduled Tribes 55 100 100 50 78Other Backward Classes 9 0 0 0 4General 18 0 0 0 7

Family Size (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela Total0-4 members 18 22 0 50 195-7 members 27 33 60 0 338-10 members 36 22 40 50 33>10 members 18 22 0 0 15

Land holding (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalLandless 0 0 0 0 0Marginal 55 22 0 50 33Small 27 33 0 50 26Medium 18 33 80 0 33Large 0 11 20 0 7

Figure 16: Percentage of private graineur families according to caste composition

Figure 17: Percentage of private graineur families according to family size

Figure 18: Percentage of private graineurs according to land holding


Source (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalAgriculture and allied 82 100 63 100 83NTFP 18 0 37 0 17Wage labor 0 0 0 0 0Service or business 0 0 0 0 0Any other 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 19: Percentage of private graineurs according to their primary source of livelihood

d. Primary source of livelihood

Agriculture and non-timber forest produce (NTFP) are the primary sources of livelihood for private graineurs across the four districts where the program was implemented. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for the majority of private graineurs. For some families, NTFP and more specifically, sericulture has now become the main source of livelihood.

STaTuS oF proDucTIoN aND earNING

a. Starting of grainery

About 74% of graineurs have been running the grainery for fewer than 10 years, 63% for fewer than seven years and 19% for fewer than four years.

Only 7% have been running the grainery for more than 10 years.

The period for which they run the grainery is about two months in a year.

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Figure 21: Percentage of private graineurs according to income earned from grainery

Figure 20: Percentage of private graineurs according to the starting of the grainery

b. Net income from the vocation

A majority of private graineurs (i.e. 63%) earned an income ranging between Rs 10,000 and Rs 30,000 from the last grainery placed.

However, 4% of graineurs registered a loss; at the same time, an equal percentage earned an income of more than Rs 40,000.

The main expense in case of private graineurs is for procurement of seed cocoons, labor charges and consumables.

c. Engagement in other activities

Most private graineurs (i.e. about 74%) were found to be undertaking commercial rearing of cocoons. 30% of graineurs were found to be involved in seed rearing all by themselves during the last season. Only 15% of graineurs worked exclusively on grainage.

This implies that sericulture has given the primary producers multiple sources of livelihood and income.


uTIlIZaTIoN oF INcoMe

a. Key area of impact

Tasar-related activities provide a supplementary source of income, besides providing a local source of livelihood for the participating families. For a majority of the families (67%), the key area in which this vocation has had an impact is in the creation of assets for the household.

About a quarter of the families feel that the primary impact of the vocation has been in providing an assured source of livelihood and therefore, in reducing migration. A fraction of the farmers feel that the program has made their families debt-free and has increased food security in the region.

Figure 22: Percentage of private graineurs undertaking other sericulture-related activities

d. Opportunity cost

Most of the graineurs said that if they had not taken up the tasar program, they would have been engaged in agriculture, labor and/or domestic

work during that period. The opportunity cost for the period would range between Rs 500 and Rs 3,000, with an average opportunity cost of about Rs 1,500.

Figures in % Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalAssured livelihood 27 0 60 0 22Reduced migration 36 11 20 0 22Food security 9 11 20 0 11Asset creation 55 89 60 50 67Repayment of debts 0 0 20 0 4Family welfare 18 0 20 50 15Any other 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 23: Key areas of impact as a result of grainery, according to percentage of families

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Figure 25: Assets created, by percentage of graineur families

b. Utilization of income

Families used the income from grainery according to their priorities. About 50% used the income to buy food, on health care, education and home maintenance. A quarter of the participating families used the available money to repay loans, while 48% put their money into savings.

c. Creation of assets

78% of families invested the extra income earned through grainery in asset creation, according to the requirements of individual families. The priority spend has been in buying motor pumps for irrigation as agriculture is still considered the main source of livelihood. About 22% of families invested in vehicles and livestock procurement.

Figure 24: Utilization of income, according to percentage of families


(Figures in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalFood 0 0 0 0 0Education 27 11 20 50 22Marriage 9 0 0 0 4Saving 18 22 20 50 22Asset creation 36 78 60 50 56Loan repayment 0 0 0 0 0Others 9 0 0 0 4

Figure 26: Priorities in utilization of future income from grainery, by percentage of families

d. Utilization of future income

The participating families were very sure of being able to earn a regular income from the enterprise. They were found to have moved forward from mere subsistence, to planning what they would do with the additional income.

Most families wanted to buy productive assets to further strengthen their livelihoods. Savings and education were found to be the next priorities for utilizing the additional income.

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(Figures in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalIn debt before the program 91 89 60 50 81repayment of loan# Completely 100 88 88 100 93# Partially 0 13 13 0 7# None 0 0 0 0 0Mortgaged land for taking loan 45 22 0 50 30recovery of land# Completely 100 100 0 100 100# Partially 0 0 0 0 0# None 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 27: Status of loan repayment and recovery of land, by percentage of families of private graineurs who were previously in debt

DeBT aND creDITa. Status of debt

About 81% of current private graineurs were previously under debt. Out of these families, 30% families had mortgaged their land in exchange for a loan. Currently, 93% of families have completely repaid their loans while the remaining 7% have partially repaid their loans. All families have completely freed their land. For most of the families, getting their land back was a priority. Some families, as shown earlier, had utilized their income from grainery to buy more land.

b. Source of credit

This sub-section discusses the source of credit

for both production and consumption. The main sources for credit prior to the program were moneylenders and banks, both of which have disadvantages. Moneylenders provide loans at interest rates as high as 5-10% per month, including conditions. Loans from banks are for very specific purposes, and involve a lengthy process of application. About 24% of the families did not require any loan prior to the program.

Currently, the Mahila Mandal is the major source of credit. About 35% of families do not require any loan. There is a substantial decrease in families who take loans from the local moneylender. Conversely, there is a considerable increase in families taking loan from the Mahila Mandals.


MIGRATION AND FOOD SECURITY

a. Migration

There was large-scale migration among the families of private graineurs before they started the grainages. Those in Saraikela and Godda districts mainly migrated to nearby areas or to mainly Mizoram. In Banka district, most families migrated to cities like Patna, Delhi or Kolkata, or to nearby areas. Similarly, in Dumka district, most families migrated to the northeastern states, to West Bengal or to the coal mines in the adjoining region.

The following table presents the average annual savings of a family during migration.

The average annual savings during migration for the families, given that they had to pay for food, lodging, travel, miscellaneous expenses – apart


Range (in Rs) 0 - 500 501 – 1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 2001-2500 > 2500% of families 14 19 29 19 10 10

from expenses during the lean period – comes to between Rs 1,500 and Rs 2,000. The average annual savings during migration in Banka and Dumka districts is more than double the savings in Godda and Saraikela districts.

Given this situation, only about 33% of current private graineurs did not migrate prior to the starting of the program. After starting grainages in their homes, all families associated with this enterprise do not migrate now.

b. Food security

34% of private graineur families had food security for fewer than six months prior to the program, and 37% were food secure for between seven and nine months.

Figure 28: Source of credit, according to percentage of graineur families. The first column shows the source of credit prior to the program; the second column shows the current source of creditt

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Figure 31: Change in food security, according to percentage of families. The first column shows food security prior to the program while the second column shows current food security

As the vocation provides supplementary income at one go to these families, most families said that they would first buy grain supply for the entire year and only then think of spending the money on

anything else. Hence all the participating families were found to be food secure, with 74% families registering surplus.

Figure 30: Change in migration pattern, according to percentage of families. The first column shows migration prior to the program while the second column shows migration at present


Figure 32: Women’s perception of income utilization, according to percentage of families

IMpacT oN woMeN

a. Workload

In case of a private grainery, women are usually engaged in the cleaning of the premises. Cleaning needs to be regularly done to reduce chances of infection to the grainery. About 56% of women said that their workload had increased and 40% said that it was the same as before.


Women from families that had set up private graineries felt that the additional income should be

utilized primarily in health care, education, savings and house repairs.

Only 5% of women felt that food was a priority area for spending the additional income, and 2% felt loan repayment was a priority.

This indicates a sufficiency of households in terms of basic needs.

100% of the women surveyed said that they wanted to continue with the vocation primarily because it provides economic stability and they can work from home.

Moneylenders: Interest ratesFamilies in the Inarabaran cluster of Katoriya block mentioned that local moneylenders usually charge up to 10% in interest, depending upon the family’s economic condition. In general, they end up paying Rs 150 for a loan of Rs 100 at the end of two months. For a loan of more than Rs 5,000, they are required to mortgage their assets as collateral.

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c. STaTuS oF SeeD rearerSA detailed analysis of the impact of the program on families participating in seed rearing is not being presented, since a majority of seed rearers are also involved in either grainage and/ or commercial rearing. The impact on the family is strongly influenced by the mix of vocations that they undertake. The following section presents some of the key indicators that are unique to seed rearers.

STaTuS oF proDucTIoN & INcoMe

a. Starting of seed rearing

A majority of the seed rearers started rearing between four and 10 years ago. Seed rearers from Banka district, however, started the activity more than 10 years ago.


The average income across the four districts varied between Rs 4,300 and Rs 10,000. The average income of seed rearers in Godda and Dumka districts was low, at Rs 4,840 and Rs 4,313, respectively. Rearers in Banka and Saraikela districts, however, earned much more on an average, at Rs 10, 077 and 7, 300, approximately.


69% of seed rearers were found to be also participating in commercial rearing and 12% in grainage. Only 23% of families were found involved in just seed rearing.

It has been mentioned that most of the seed rearers are engaged in other activities, most commonly commercial rearing. The data mismatch is probably due to the small sample size.

Figure 33: Period of starting seed rearing, according to percentage of families


Figure 34: Engagement in other activities, according to percentage of families

IMpacT oN woMeNAbout 80% of women said that their workload had increased as result of the program, primarily because they have to help their husbands with seed rearing, especially in managing the tasar insects. However, almost all of them said that they would like to continue seed rearing as it provides a good income in a short duration of time.

D. CommerCiaL rearersGeNeral proFIle

a. Caste

Commercial rearers across the four districts comprise persons mainly belonging to the scheduled tribes (ST) category. In Godda and Saraikela districts, commercial rearers are almost completely from the ST category. In Banka district, many of them are from the other backward classes (OBC).

(Figures in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalSC 4 1 3 0 2ST 66 86 97 100 86OBC 30 13 0 0 12General 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 35: Social profile of commercial rearers, according to percentage of families

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b. Family size

A majority of families taking part in commercial rearing, i.e. about 74%, had fewer than seven members each. In Banka district, many families of commercial rearers had between eight and 10 members each. In Dumka, most families of commercial rearers had between five and seven members each. In all, about 6% of families had more than 10 members each.

c. Land holding

About half the families taking part in commercial rearing are marginal farmers, while the remaining are small and medium farmers. There is a negligible percentage of landless farmers and a very small percentage of large farmers engaged in commercial rearing.

d. Primary source of livelihood

Agriculture, wage labor and non-timber forest produce (NTFP), in that order, are the primary sources of livelihood for commercial rearer families across the four program districts.

(Figures in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalLandless farmers 3 0 0 0 1Marginal farmers 63 58 28 43 49Small farmers 23 26 26 30 26Medium farmers 9 15 35 26 20Large farmers 3 1 11 0 4

(Figures in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalAgriculture and allied 50 52 63 55 55NTFP 21 20 18 21 20Wage labor 27 24 18 23 23Service or business 2 2 0 1 1Any other 0 2 1 0 1

Figure 37: Landholding of commercial rearers, according to percentage of families

Figure 38: Primary source of livelihood for commercial rearers, according to percentage of families

(Figures in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela Total0-4 14 29 45 33 295-7 38 52 40 51 458-10 38 18 14 7 20>10 11 1 2 9 6

Figure 36: Family size of commercial rearers, according to percentage of families


Traditional rearersIn the blocks surveyed, traditional rearers of cocoon were only found in the Masaliya block of Dumka district. As a result, a very small number of traditional rearers are covered under the study. 75% of traditional rearers were from the scheduled tribes and the remaining from other backward classes. All of them were marginal farmers with fewer than seven members in the household. Agriculture and allied occupations, non-timber forest produce (NTFP) and wage labor are their primary sources of livelihood.

Half the traditional rearers surveyed had plied the trade for more than a decade, while the rest had started less than three years ago; the second category mainly comprised young people who had adopted traditional methods of cocoon rearing from the previous generation. The time they spend on the trade is between two-and-a-half and three months in a year, starting around June/ July. Due to this, their domestic and agricultural work gets affected. The average income for traditional rearers is Rs 4,200 and varies from Rs 800 to Rs 11,000 a year (in good years, once in three years or so).

Families engaged in traditional rearing used their earnings from the vocation in the year previous to the survey mainly on food, home maintenance, health care, loan repayment and some savings. They made small investments in building assets as well. A quarter of the families invested in a bicycle while another quarter invested in livestock. Half the families said that they had taken a loan from the money lender without mortgaging their land. Currently they have no outstanding loan. Half the families said that they still take loans from the money lender while the remaining said that they did not have any need to take a loan.

STaTuS oF proDucTIoN aND INcoMe

a. Starting of commercial rearing

About 93% of the families started commercial rearing of cocoon in the past 10 years.

64% started rearing in the past seven years.


The net income of the families engaged in commercial rearing varied between Rs 5,000 and Rs 20,000. About 6% of the families reported a net income of more than Rs 20,000 in the previous season.

The major expense for commercial rearing is for DFLs (disease-free layings) and consumables.

c. Income from other sources

80% of the families engaged in commercial rearing did not take up any other activity.

10% of the families were also engaged in seed rearing, 6% in grainage and 2% in reeling/ spinning.

d. Opportunity cost

Most of the commercial rearers said that during the period of commercial rearing of cocoons they would have been otherwise engaged in agriculture, wage labor and /or domestic work. The opportunity cost for the period would range between Rs 1,500 and Rs 5,000, with an average opportunity cost of Rs 3,000. All commercial rearers said that they preferred this vocation as it is low on risk, brings good returns in a short period, keeps them from migrating and at home, so that they can take care of domestic needs.

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Figure 39: Years of commercial rearing, according to percentage of families

Figure 40: Net income from commercial rearing, according to percentage of families

Figure 41: Commercial rearers engaged in other activities, according to percentage of families




The key areas where the vocation has had an impact on the majority of families engaged in commercial rearing are in assuring livelihoods and in repaying debts. For a quarter of the families, the additional income has helped in creating assets. A few families mentioned that commercial rearing has reduced migration and increased food security.


A majority of families engaged in commercial rearing have utilized the additional income primarily for food, buying assets, repaying loans, healthcare and education.

About a quarter of the families put some earnings into savings and about the same percentage invested some portion of their earnings into home maintenance. A few families spent the income earned on family events, such as organizing a wedding.

Source Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalAssured livelihood 65 75 58 60 65Reduced migration 14 11 12 2 10Food security 8 19 23 0 13Asset creation 19 20 26 45 26Repayment of debts 39 37 42 15 34Family welfare 24 13 12 42 21Any other 0 0 2 0 0

Figure 42: Key areas of impact on commercial rearers, according to percentage of families

Figure 43: Utilization of income, according to percentage of families

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Figure 44: Creation of assets, according to percentage of families

Source Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalFood 0 2 3 0 1Education 39 40 32 45 39Marriage 11 7 3 11 8Savings 26 39 29 24 30Housing/ Assets 63 49 68 29 53Loan repayment 6 2 0 0 2Other 3 4 0 9 4

Figure 45: Utilization of future income, according to percentage of families


26% of families invested the extra income earned through commercial rearing in buying livestock/ animals (primarily bullocks), while a few families bought vehicles (bicycles), motor pumps, and televisions/ radios. A few families bought new tracts of land. 5% of families utilized the income in paying for and freeing their mortgaged land.


A majority of families engaged in commercial rearing plan to invest any additional future income in housing or asset creation; subsequent priorities are education of children and saving for the future. 2% of the families plan to use the additional income to repay loans, and 8% on family occasions, such as a wedding. Only 1% of the families plan to use the additional income to buy food.


DeBT aND creDIT

a. Status of debt

About 84% of families engaged in commercial rearing were under debt prior to the start of the program. Out of these, 37% of families had

mortgaged their land to take a loan. Currently, 72% of families have completely repaid their loans while 24% have partially repaid their loans.

77% of families have completely freed their land while 21% have partially done so. For most families, getting their land back was a priority.

Values (in %) Banka Dumka Godda Saraikela TotalIn debt prior to the program 80 85 92 80 84Repayment of loan 39 40 32 45 39# Completely 66 74 72 80 72# Partially 33 21 27 14 24# None 2 6 2 7 4Mortgaged land for taking loan 39 39 49 16 37Recovery of land 3 4 0 9 4# Completely 77 90 63 78 77# Partially 19 6 38 22 21# None 3 3 0 0 2

Figure 46: Status of loan repayment and recovery of land, by percentage of families of commercial rearers who were previously in debt

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Figure 47: Source of credit, according to percentage of commercial rearer families. The first column shows the source of credit prior to the program; the second column shows the current source of credit

Tasar for credit worthinessHalf of the families in Sadalpur village in Saraiyahaat block of Dumka district are involved in tasar rearing. The families engaged in commercial rearing feel that their credit-worthiness has increased. Now they are locally known as tasar farmers and therefore, people take it for granted that they have money. Prior to the program, villagers would have to go looking for local medical practitioners (mostly quacks) during the rainy season (when water-borne diseases are rampant). Now, however, medical practitioners are willing to come to the village, and even to forest areas, to provide treatment – including injections and drip.

b. Source of credit

This sub-section discusses the source of credit for both production and consumption. The main source of credit prior to the program was moneylenders. Moneylenders charge interest rates of about 5% a month, including conditions. About 24% of the families did not require any loan prior to the program.

Currently, moneylenders are still the major source of loan, but the percentage of families availing loans from them has come down to 54%. There is a substantial increase in families taking loans from the Mahila Mandal. Also, the percentage of families that do not take any loan has gone up from 4% (prior to the program) to 10% at present.



a. Migration

There was large-scale migration among the families of commercial rearers prior to the program. Only 46% of these families did not migrate at that time. The following table presents the average annual savings of a family during migration.

The average annual savings during migration for the families, given that they had to pay for food,

lodging, travel, miscellaneous expenses – apart from expenses during the lean period – comes to between Rs 1,500 and Rs 2,000. The average annual savings during migration in Banka and Dumka districts is more than double the savings in Godda and Saraikela districts.

Given this situation, only about 46% of current commercial rearers did not migrate prior to the start of the program. Currently, 84% of families do not migrate. Only 1-2% families still migrate for varying periods.

Going beyond basic needsIn most tribal villages where the community had security with regard to their basic needs as a result of the tasar program, families wanted to send their children to good schools. In areas where there were missionary schools, families preferred to these schools to government schools, and were willing to pay the high fees


Figure 49: Change in migration pattern, according to percentage of families. The first column shows migration prior to the program while the second column shows migration at present

Range (in Rs) 0-500 501-1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 2001-2500 > 2500% of families 10 38 13 10 1 28

46

Tasar insures farmers against crop failureIn Banka, the families of commercial rearers were happy that they were engaged in the vocation. Even though they had lost the season’s paddy crop due to poor rainfall, the families were still food secure due to the income from tasar rearing. Families were also confident that the tasar crop, if cultivated based on prescribed scientific practices, would never completely fail.

Figure 50: Change in food security, according to percentage of families. The first column shows food security prior to the program while the second column shows current food security

b. Food security

About 59% of commercial rearer families had food security for fewer than six months prior to the program; about 20% were food secure for between seven and nine months. Only 1% of families had a surplus in food.

Currently, 31% families are food secure for fewer than six months and 10% are food secure for between seven and nine months. 29% of families are food secure for almost the whole year, while of 31% families have surplus food.


Figure 51: Women’s perception of income utilization, according to percentage of families

Forest conservationJanakpur village in Banka district is one of the many villages that have taken up commercial tasar production on a large scale. The area has limited plantations, so most rearers rear the cocoon in nearby forests. As tasar culture is now a regular and profitable activity, an area in the forest has been demarcated for individual rearers. Rearers now ensure that all trees are properly conserved in their area. This is not the case with other tasar rearing areas, where large tracts of forest and private land have only tasar host plants and mahua trees left.

In Amjhari, a forest village in Raneshwar block of Dumka district, 42 families are involved in tasar production, with an average income of Rs 10,000 per family from the vocation. Commercial rearing started just about four years ago, but the entire region is now covered with asan trees, including forest plantations being managed by the community. The community has even negotiated with the forest department that for new plantations, they would plant asan trees with guidance from Pradan.

IMpacT oN woMeN

a. Workload

In the case of commercial rearing, women usually help their male family members in managing the rearing process in the forest. In addition, since the men live in the forest for the whole of the rearing season, women have to make frequent trips to the forest to provide food and other necessary items. About 65% of women said that the workload on them had increased, while 31% said it had decreased.


Women from families engaged in commercial rearing felt that the additional income should be utilized primarily in savings, health care, education and house repairs.

A few women felt that the additional income should be utilized to repay loans and in buying assets.

This indicates a sufficiency of households in terms of basic needs.

98% of the women surveyed said that they wanted to continue with the vocation primarily because it provides economic stability and they can work from home.

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(Figures in %) Reelers Spinners 0-4 Members 21 305-7 Members 56 408-10 Members 9 30>10 Members 14 0

Figure 53: Family size of reelers and spinners, according to percentage of families

(Figures in %) Reelers Spinners Landless 0 0Marginal 81 89Small 14 11Medium 5 0Large 0 0

Figure 54: Landholding of reelers and spinners, according to percentage of families

(Figures in %) Reelers Spinners Agriculture and allied 55 64NTFP 5 0Wage labor 28 9Service or business 0 9Any other 5 18

Figure 55: Primary source of livelihood for reelers and spinners, according to percentage of families

e. reeLers anD sPinners GeNeral proFIle

a. Caste

Reelers are mainly from the other backward classes (OBC) and scheduled classes (SC), with some families belonging to the scheduled tribes (ST) and the general category also taking part in the vocation. Among spinners, there is an almost equal proportion of families from the SC, ST and OBC categories.

b. Family size

Most of the women taking part in reeling have fewer than seven members in their family each, while 14% have more than 10 members each. In the case of spinners, 70% of families have fewer than seven members each, and none have more than 10 members each.

c. Land holding

Most women taking part in reeling and spinning are marginal farmers. Only a small percentage belongs to families of small and medium farmers.

(Figures in %) Reelers SpinnersScheduled castes 23 30Scheduled tribes 2 30Other backward classes 65 40General 9 0

Figure 52: Caste composition among reelers and spinners, according to percentage of families

d. Primary source of income

Agriculture is a primary source of income for both reelers and spinners. Wage labor is a primary source of income for a substantially larger number of reelers than spinners.

STaTuS oF proDucTIoN aND earNING

a. Period of engagement

A majority of the spinners have been engaged in the activity for fewer than three years, and the remaining for between four and seven years.

In the case of reelers, most of them have been engaged in the activity for between four and seven years, and the remaining for fewer than three years.


Figure 56: Number of years since starting the activity, for reelers (left column) and spinners (right column)

b. Income from the vocation

Reeling and spinning activities take place during the entire year except during the agricultural seasons or at times, festivals. As a result, there is a locally available continuous source of income for the families.

Most women engaged in reeling and spinning earn between Rs 1,000 and Rs 2,000 in a month.


84% of reelers are solely engaged in reeling while 50% of spinners are solely engaged in spinning. About 30% of spinners also undertake commercial

rearing, while 10% each take part in grainage and seed rearing. In the case of reelers, only 5% of families are also engaged in grainage and 11% in commercial rearing.

d. Opportunity cost

Most of the families engaged in both reeling and spinning said that if they had not taken up the tasar program, they would have been engaged in agriculture, wage labor or collection of non-timber forest produce. However, they do not think that the opportunity cost is very high, as they take a break from reeling or spinning during the peak agricultural season.

50

Figure 57: Income from the vocation during the month prior to the survey, for reelers (left column) and spinners (right column)

Figure 58: Engagement in other activities related to tasar sericulture, for reelers (left column) and spinners (right column)


Figure 60: Utilization of income, according to percentage of families (left column shows reelers, and the right column shows spinners)



As reeling and spinning provide a regular and local source of income round the year to the participating families, the key area of impact has been in the form of an assured livelihood. The vocation has also contributed in other small ways.

b. Utilization of earnings

Since the income from reeling and spinning is regular, as discussed above, it is utilized for monthly household expenses.

Both reelers and spinners utilized the additional income primarily for food, health care and education. A small percentage of families utilize the extra income for home maintenance, loan repayment and savings.


Families of both reelers and spinners have invested the additional income from the vocation in the purchase of vehicles (bicycles), in recovering mortgaged land, buying televisions/ radios and livestock.


Education and savings are the main priorities for both reelers and spinners in spending their additional income from the vocations.

A good proportion of reelers also intend to spend future earnings on weddings in the family and on assets.

Areas of Impact (in %) Reelers SpinnersAssured livelihood 72 80Reduced migration 14 10Food security 16 10Asset creation 19 10Repayment of debts 16 20Family welfare 16 0Any other 0 0

Figure 59: Key areas of impact as a result of reeling and spinning, according to percentage of families

52

Figure 61: Creation of assets, according to percentage of families (left column shows reelers, and the right column shows spinners)

Figure 62: Priorities in utilization of future income, according to percentage of families (left column shows reelers, and the right column shows spinners)


Figures (in %) Reelers Spinners In debt prior to the program 93 80Repayment of loan 14 10# Completely 70 75# Partially 23 13# None 8 13Mortgaged land for taking loan 63 70Recovery of land 0 0# Completely 80 72# Partially 12 14# None 8 14

Source of Credit (Figures in %) Reelers Spinners Before After Before After

Mahajan 39 34 65 48Mahila Mandal 49 54 30 29Bank 3 6 5 0Relative/ Friend 1 2 0 0Don't take loan 7 4 0 24

Figure 63: Status of loan repayment and recovery of land, by percentage of families of reelers and spinners who were previously in debt

Figure 64: Source of credit, according to percentage of reeler and spinner families, before the start of the program and now

DeBT aND creDIT

a. Status of debt

About 93% of reelers and 80% of spinners were under debt prior to the start of the tasar program. Out of these families, about 70-75% of families from both groups have completely repaid their loans. The remaining have partially or are yet to start repaying their loans.

About 63% and 70% families of reelers and spinners, respectively, had mortgaged their land to take loans. 80% and 72% of families from each group, respectively, have completely recovered their land.

b. Source of credit

This sub-section discusses the source of credit for both production and consumption. The main sources for credit prior to the program for reelers and spinners were moneylenders and the Mahila Mandals. In the case of reelers, there is a slight decrease in the number of families taking loans from mahajans and as a result, there is a slight increase in those accessing loans from the Mahila Mandals and banks. There is a slight decrease in families who do not need to take loans.

In the case of spinners, there is a substantial decrease in the number of families who take loans from mahajans; a quarter of the families of spinners do not need to take loans now. Friends and relatives play a negligible role in providing credit.

54

Period of Migration Reelers Spinners Before After Before After

Do not migrate 51 91 40 1001-3 months 19 5 20 04-6 months 26 2 40 07-9 months 5 2 0 010-12 months 0 0 0 0

Period of Migration Reelers Spinners Before After Before After

< 3 months 28 0 20 04-6 months 58 2 60 107-9 months 7 21 10 2010-12 months 5 56 10 20Surplus 2 21 0 50

Figure 66: Change in migration periods, according to percentage of families

Figure 67: Change in food security, according to percentage of families


a. Migration

About 49% of families engaged in reeling and 60% of families taking part in spinning used to migrate before the start of the program. The following table presents the average annual savings of a family during migration. The average annual savings during migration for the families, given that they had to pay for food, lodging, travel, miscellaneous expenses – apart from expenses during the lean period – comes to between Rs 1,000 and Rs 1,500.

There is a substantial change in the percentage of families that do not migrate any longer, compared to the period prior to the start of the program. In the case of reelers, about 91% families do not migrate now, compared to only 51% of families

prior to the start of the program. Now, only 9% of reeler families migrate for varying periods of time.

In the case of spinners, none of the families migrate now, compared to 40% of families who used to migrate prior to the program.

b. Food security

Both reelers and spinners are more food secure now than prior to the start of the program. Before the tasar program started, 86% of reeler families had food security for fewer than six months, compared to 2% of families now. 77% of families have more than 10 months of food security.

In the case of reelers, only 10% of families are food secure for fewer than six months, compared to 80% prior to the start of the program. 70% of families have food security for more than 10 months.

Figure 65: Savings during migration, according to percentage of reeler and spinner families

Range (in Rs) 0-500 501-1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 2001-2500 > 2500Reelers (%) 5 60 20 10 0 5Spinners (%) 0 50 17 33 0 0


IMpacT oN woMeN

a. Workload

Both reeling and spinning involve work that is entirely done by women. However, women can do reeling and spinning while sitting at one place and at a time convenient to them.

47% of reelers and 70% of spinners said that their workload had either remained the same or decreased.


Women engaged in reeling and spinning felt that that the additional income from the vocation should primarily be utilized for food, health care, education, home maintenance and asset creation.

A very small percentage of women wanted to use the additional income to repay loans or to invest in savings.

100% of the women surveyed said that they wanted to continue with the vocation primarily because it provides economic stability and the opportunity to work from home.

Figure 68: Change in workload on women, according to percentage of families. The first column shows data for reelers and the second, for spinners

56

InnovationsShri Rajendra Singh is the center manager for the Gangotri Reeling Center in Danidih village of Paraiyahat block. He earns between Rs 1,200 and Rs 1,500 a month. The center has 25 members, all of whom are from the ghatwaar community (other backward classes). The average monthly income for each member, given the current type of reeling machine used, is between Rs 700 and Rs 1,500. Shri Singh says that Masuta has developed a new machine with the help of technicians from abroad and that the new machine can process four times the cocoon compared to the current one. As his remuneration is based upon the output of the center, he expects to earn substantially more once the new machines are introduced.

Figure 69: Women’s perceptions of priorities for spending the additional income, according to percentage of families. The first column shows data for reelers and the second, for spinners


3.2 IMpacT oN value cHaIN aND THe SuB-SecTorFigure 70: Indicative value chain of tasar

58

Figure 71: Size of the grainage (number of cocoons processed per grainage), according to percentage of graineurs

The following section has been primarily drawn from interviews with key stakeholders. In some cases, secondary literature on the subject by key officials of Central Silk Board and allied institutions has been utilized to define the impact. The discussions with different agencies point towards a varied perception of the impact of PRADAN’s sericulture program.

a. prIMarY proDucerS

prIvaTe GraINeurSa. About half of the graineurs have established

grainages to process between 20,000 and 30,000 cocoons per cycle. One-fifth of the graineurs have grainages to process more than 30,000 cocoons.

A small percentage of graineurs have established grainages to process less than 10,000 cocoons in the season prior to the survey.

b. Given the size of grainages, a majority of graineurs produce between 41 and 80 packets of disease-free layings (DFLs). About one-fifth

of graineurs produce packets of 81 to 120 DFLs.

The remaining graineurs produce fewer than 4,000 DFLs.

c. Procurement of DFLs from 81% of private graineurs is mainly done by commercial rearers. Government agencies procure DFLs from 11% of graineurs. All the graineurs said that they were able to sell their complete stock of DFLs produced.

d. 63% of graineurs said that payment for DFLs procured is immediate. 22% said that the payments are made shortly after procurement. 15% said that the payments are made in instalments, some immediately after procurement and the remaining after the harvest of cocoons.

e. Almost all graineurs (96%) said that they were getting good rates for their produce. All graineurs were confident that their complete stock of produce (DFLs) would be sold if they increased production.

f. All graineurs said that they have complete knowledge about running a grainage and that they follow guidelines.


Figure 72: Production of packets of DFL per grainage, according to percentage of graineurs

coMMercIal rearerSa. About 98% of commercial rearers said that

they bought DFLs from private graineurs for rearing in the previous seasons. The remaining sourced DFLs from government agencies.

b. 100% of rearers said that they preferred private graineurs when it came to sourcing DFLs and only approached government agencies if they could not source DFLs from private graineurs.

c. 76% of rearers said that they preferred private graineurs because of the quality of DFLs; 21% cited easy availability and 3% cited timely availability and credit facility.

d. 100% of commercial rearers said they were satisfied with the price of DFLs.

e. There has been a major change in the production of cocoons from DFLs. This is primarily due to better quality DFLs and

adoption of a scientific package of practices by rearers.

Prior to the start of the program, 96% of rearers produced fewer than 3,000 cocoons per 100 DFLs (1 packet). Currently, 79% of rearers produce more than 3,000 cocoons per 100 DFLs. About 53% of rearers produced more than 5,000 cocoons per 100 DFLs (1 packet).

f. 97% of commercial rearers said they had complete technical knowledge about rearing. 90% of rearers said they followed all the technical aspects explained to them, while 8% said that they take partial care of technical aspects.

g. 98% of rearers said they were able to sell their produce in full. The remaining rearers could only sell a portion of their produce. Most rearers sold their produce of cocoons to Masuta and traders.

60

Figure 73: Production of cocoons per packet of DFL (the left column shows production prior to the program, and the right column shows current production

B. ceNTral SIlk BoarD aND relaTeD INSTITuTIoNS

DR N.G. OJHA, CENTRAL TASAR RESEARCH & TRAINING INSTITUTE (CTR&TI), RANCHI

“PRADAN has done excellent work as an extension agency. Under the UNDP project, PRADAN professionals were trained by Central Silk Board. PRADAN’s role was primarily in extension. However, out of their own initiative and experimentation, they added a lot to the program, such as:

y Plantation on private land for rearing of cocoon. Reducing the time to raise the plantation from four years to three years by using improved agronomical practices such as the use of vermi-compost as a rooting medium.

y Reducing losses in the plantation due to grazing with social fencing. The plantations now have a survival rate of more than 90%.

y Introducing and developing the private graineur model.

y Taking tasar rearing to non-traditional areas.

PRADAN’s team is always willing to try and test new ideas in the field.”

Mr BraHMDev prakaSH, raw MaTerIal BaNk (rMB), BHaGalpur

“The role of RMB is to procure cocoons at the rate fixed by the Tropical Tasar Advisory Committee. It, therefore, ensures a base price to the primary producer and in effect, provides market for the produce. PRADAN has been a player in the market.”


Dr JaY prakaSH, reGIoNal TaSar reSearcH STaTIoN, waraNGal

(also incharge of the RMB responsible for fixing the floor price of cocoons in the region)

“PRADAN has done good work in tasar. In terms of replication of the model in Andhra Pradesh, the communities here would expect much more returns from the vocation and, therefore, might not give the same response as in the case of Jharkhand. However, the department here is trying to engage NGOs for community mobilization and organization.

Due to Pradan coming in for procurement the price of cocoon has increased substantially in the region.”

SHrI M.a. MooN, ceNTral SIlk TecHNoloGIcal reSearcH INSTITuTe, BIlaSpur

“PRADAN has been able to take tasar to non-traditional areas. As a result, new employment opportunities have been created. However, no major dent has been made in the traditional belt. They have been able to give boost to the yarn sector. They should also be given credit for marketing of yarn.”

c. DeparTMeNT oF SerIculTure

Mr DHIreNDra kuMar (I.F.S.), DIrecTor, INDuSTrIeS, JHarkHaND

“PRADAN is to be credited for keeping a dying vocation alive, though they have been confined to a very small area.

In the past couple of years, we have developed and promoted the concept of Resham Doot, in which one resham doot supplies DFLs to 20 commercial rearers with support from two seed rearers. For the 11th Five Year Plan, we have kept a cocoon production target of 900 MT.

In addition to this, we have established Common Facility Centers for reeling and spinning. Also, we have engaged weavers through Jharcraft and

brought NIFT and NID on board for technical support in design. All technical support and designs have been provided by CSB and its various institutions.”

Mr HaNSDak, ceNTral SIlk BoarD, oN DepuTaTIoN To INDuSTrIeS DeparTMeNT, JHarkHaND

“PRADAN has developed the tasar sub-sector with support from the Central Silk Board under the pilot project supported by UNDP and subsequently under the special SGSY project. The Department of State, Jharkhand, itself has sufficient human resources and technical man-power. It will need external support (PRADAN) only when the human resource in hand is exhausted.”

SHrI kHaDIM, SHrI SuDHIr kuMar, SHrI aTIk, ppo, kaTHIkuND

“PRADAN has been able to keep the vocation alive with the projects supported by UNDP and special SGSY. However, there is a complete lack of collaboration with PRADAN. We have no information about what PRADAN is doing in the field. This has resulted in overlapping of the intervention in certain areas (Gopikander).”

SHrI M.p. SINGH, aSSISTaNT DIrecTor (SIlk), SoNBHaDra

Mr Singh visited the area during the off season so could not see the rearing. He was impressed with the way private plantations have been raised for rearing.

He has sent three batches of farmers for three days’ exposure and training to PRADAN. They procured DFLs from PRADAN in 2006-07. However, he felt that the quality of the DFLs was average and that their requirement for DFLs is sufficiently met by the Basic Seed Multiplication & Training Centers. The private graineur model is also being tried at some place.

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Mr SHrIvaSTava, DeparTMeNT oF SerIculTure, MaDHYa praDeSH

“PRADAN’s model is one of the best examples of implementation of the SGSY project. The department of sericulture has been procuring DFLs from PRADAN for the past three years. The DFL has been found to be very good in terms of its quality and vigor. We have been engaging PRADAN for training and exposure visits.”

“Madhya Pradesh is a non-traditional state in terms of tasar sericulture. However, it has good potential for tasar development.”

Mr cHalpelwar, DeparTMeNT oF SerIculTure, MaHaraSHTra

Mr Chalpelwar has now moved on from tasar. He said that the Department of Sericulture, Maharashtra’s, link with PRADAN was only for DFL supply. He felt that the quality of the DFLs was very good.

Mr raMa rao, JoINT DIrecTor, DeparTMeNT oF SerIculTure, aNDHra praDeSH

“PRADAN has been procuring tasar cocoons from our area for the past three to four years. Since they have come into the picture, procurement prices have gone up. For a BV crop they paid Rs 1,050 per 1,000 cocoons while for TV, they paid Rs 870 per 1,000 cocoons. We plan to consult them about the solar-run reeling center.”

D. MIScellaNeouS

Mr JIJI MaMMeN, GeNeral MaNaGer, NaBarD, raNcHI

“PRADAN’s quality of work is very good. The Department of Sericulture has developed a very similar model to Tasar Vikas Samiti called Resham doot and one similar to Masuta called the Common Facility Centers.

We have taken them as partners for various programs such as watershed development, vegetable cultivation, wadi development, etc.”

Mr r. raMeSH, NaBarD, paTNa

“Support under NABARD’s programs is defined. Support has been provided to PRADAN under the Tribal Development Fund for forward linkage (reeling and spinning). The tasar-based model has high replicability in highly degraded areas.”

Mr H.k. GupTa, aSSISTaNT DIrecTor, weaverS ServIce ceNTer, BHaGalpur (uNDer THe MoT)

“The main focus of our work is to provide weavers with opportunities so that their livelihood is strengthened. We organize trainings and exhibitions for weavers. We are not aware of PRADAN’s/ Eco-Tasar’s work in the region. We would like to associate with good organizations working with our target group.”

Group oF TraDerS, BHorSar

“Before PRADAN, this area used to produce not more than 10-15% of the cocoon that it produces today. For communities in this area, tasar has changed their lives. During this year, even after the failure of paddy due to poor rainfall, people are food secure primarily due to income from tasar.”

“For us PRADAN has been a boon and a bane. With increased production, we are able to operate on volumes. In addition to this, the quality of produce has also gone up. However, due to procurement by Masuta, we need to pay at least Rs 50 more to their procurement price per khari.”

MOHD TEJAMUL ANSARI, WEAVER & DYER

“The handloom sector is going down. Earlier a master weaver had about 15 weavers working for him and weaving could provide employment for all of them round the year. Now, the number has reduced to six or seven weavers for eight to nine months a year. I work with PRADAN/ Eco-Tasar as it provides regular orders, in addition to the quality of yarn required for production.”


e. IMpacT oN THe value cHaIN aND THe SuB-SecTorPRADAN has been following an action research approach for research and development in its sericulture initiative. The basic technology and package of practices have been adopted from the Central Silk Board and allied institutions, while the field-level fine-tuning, trial and improvements have been done by PRADAN.

Given the responses from key stakeholders, field observations and secondary sources, the following conclusions can be made about the impact of the program on the value chain and the sub-sector.

y The program has provided a model for other agencies to replicate in their regions.

y The program has – through trials and tests – developed standard processes, technology and models for future replication.

y The entire value chain has been strengthened through backward and forward linkages and by creating self-sustaining institutions at each node of the chain.

y The program has ensured the production and availability of commercial seed at the local level. As a result, availability of seed is no longer a bottleneck in the value chain. The seed produced in the program area now caters to the need in other parts of the country as well. Additionally, the seed produced has developed its own standard of quality.

y The reeling and spinning centers developed under the program have ensured a market

for cocoons produced in the program area, as well as in other states. The technological improvements to the reeling machines are likely to further increase the income of primary producers.

y The establishment of Eco-Tasar has provided a market for all the yarn produced at the Mutual Benefit Trusts. The organization has helped increase the stake of primary producers in the value chain.

y Key innovations such as plantations on private land, commercial and basic seed production at the grassroots, and improvement in reeling machines will have a long-term impact on the sub-sector.

y The program has successfully taken tasar cultivation to non-traditional areas, thereby increasing livelihoods for a large population of families. This has paved the way for future work in this direction.

y Increased production at each level has provided an additional source of livelihood and income to the families engaging in tasar-related activities at each level of the value chain. This has increased the stake that these families have in the tasar-sericulture process. One outcome of this has been the conservation of host plants.

y The program has produced resource persons for tasar production who are being utilized by other agencies for building the capacities of their stakeholders.


annexure aperSoNS INTervIeweDShri Dayashankar Yadav, Service Provider, PRADAN

Shri Shatrughan Prasad Choudhary, Trader, Bhorsar, Bihar

Shri Thanu Singh, Trader, Bhorsar

Shri Sita Ram Choudhary, Trader, Bhorsar

Shri Rajendra Prasad, Cocoon to cloth producer, Kadirganj, Nawada district, Bihar

Shri Jogeshwar Prasad Mandal, Trader, Bhorsar

Shri Pawan Bhagat, Large trader, Kathikund, Dumka, Jharkhand

Shri Ganesh Bhagat, Small trader, Kathikund, Dumka

Shri Sugnadhi Pal, Trader, Kathikund, Dumka

Shri K.K. Singh BSM&TC, Kathikund, Dumka

Shri Atik, PPO, Kathikund, Dumka

Shri Sudhir Kumar, PPO

Shri Khadim, PPO, Katjoriya

Mr A.K. Gupta, ADI, Kathikund

Shri P.C. Patro, Asst. Director, RTRS, Dumka

ADI, KVIC, Dumka

Shri R. Ramesh, NABARD, Patna

Mr Dheerendra Kumar (IFS), Director, Industries

Dr N.G. Ojha, CTR&TI, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Mr K.K. Sharma, BSM&TC

Dr Niranjan, Scientist, Central Silk Board, REC, Hatghumaria

Mr Hansdak, Central Silk Board, On deputation, Industries department, Ranchi

Mr Jiji Mammen, General Manager, NABARD, Ranchi

Mr Brahmdev Prakash and Mr Shahi Bhushan, Raw Materials Bank, Bhagalpur

Mr H.K. Gupta, Assistant Director Incharge, Weavers’ Service Centre, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Bhagalpur

Mohd Shamshid Alam, Master Weaver, Associated with Eco-Tasar, Kamalchak, Puraini, Bhagalpur

Mohd Naeem, Master Weaver, Associated with Eco-Tasar, Kamalchak, Puraini, Bhagalpur

Mohd Gulam Mustafa, Master Weaver, Not associated with Eco-Tasar, Kamalchak, Puraini, Bhagalpur

Mohd Tejamul Ansari, Dyer & Supplier, Bhagalpur

Mr Rama Rao, Joint Director (Sericulture), DoS, Andhra Pradesh

Mr M.P. Singh, Assistant Director (Silk), Sonbhadra, DoS, UP

Mr Chalpelwar, Assistant Director (Silk), DoS, Maharashtra

Mr Shrivastava, DoS, MP

Dr Jay Prakash, RTRS, Warangal

Mr M.A. Moon, Scientist-D, CSTRI, Bilaspur

Mr H.K. Gupta, Asst. Director, Weavers Service Center, Bhagalpur (under the Ministry of Textiles)


annexure BINDIvIDual HouSeHolD SurveY ForMaT

prIvaTe GraINeurSA. Reference

A. 01. Name of the investigator

A. 02 Date A. 03 Survey Household Number

A. 04 Signature

B. General Details

# Questions response code Skip ToB. 01 Name of the State Bihar

Jharkhand12

B.02 Name of the District

B.03 Name of the BlockB.04 Name of the ClusterB.04 Name of the VillageB.05 Name of the respondentB. 06 Social Group SC

STOBCGeneral

1234

C. Production and Income details

# Questions response code Skip ToC. 01 Which year did you start the grainage? __ __ __ __ (Y Y Y Y)

C.02 What is the period of engagement for this vocation? _____________months

C.03 Does this activity overlap with any other important livelihood activity?

YesNoIf yes, then what?___________________

12

C.04 What has been your production of DFLs for the last 3 years?

2007- ______________

2008- ______________

2009- ______________

C.05 What has been the selling price for DFL during the above period?

2007- Rs __________

2008- Rs __________

2009- Rs __________

C.06 What have been your net earnings during these years? 2007- Rs __________

2008- Rs __________

2009- Rs __________

68

D. Utilization of Income

# Questions response code Skip ToD.01 Where did you primarily utilize your earnings

from the vocation in the past two years?FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) SavingsAny other – please provide details___________________

12345678

D.02 Where next did you utilize the income from the vocation in the past two years?

FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) SavingsAny other – please provide details___________________

12345678

D.03 What would you say has been the most important impact due to this vocation?

Assured livelihoodReduced migrationFood securityAsset creation Repayment of debtsFamily welfareAny other _________________

1234567

D.04 How do you intend to utilize this income in the future? Please provide details.

E. Migration and Food Security

# Questions response code Skip ToE. 01 Before starting the grainage, for how many months would

you migrate?Did not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

E.02 Where did you migrate to? Locations ______________________

Distance range _______ to _____ kmE.03 How much money did you save then? Rs ________________E.04 For how many months do you migrate now? Do not migrate

1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

E. 05 Before starting the grainage, for how many months were you completely food secure?

< 3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

1234

E. 06 After starting the grainage, for how many months are you completely food secure?


1234


F. Opportunity Cost

# Questions response code Skip ToF. 01 You said your engagement in the vocation is from ________

to ______ months. Before starting the grainage, what did you do during this period?

F.02 How much would you have earned now if you had continued with that activity?

Rs ________________

F. 03 Do you think running a grainage is more risky than the earlier activity that you did?

YesNoSameNot applicable

1234

F. 04 Do you intend to continue this vocation? YesNoNot sure

123

F. 05 Why? Please provide details.

G. Impact on Women (To be asked to Women)

# Questions response code Skip ToG. 01 In comparison to the scenario before setting up

the grainage, has your workload increased now? Increased DecreasedRemained the same

123

G.02 Why? Please provide details.

G.03 Do you see any value in running the grainage? YesNo

12


G. 05 Where do you think this income should primarily be utilized?

FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) SavingsAny other – please provide details.___________________

12345

678

G. 06 Do you think this vocation should be continued? YesNo

12

G. 07 Why? Please provide details.

70

H. Impact on the Value Chain

# Questions response code Skip ToH. 01 You said you produced about _____ (C.04) DFLs during

2009. Were you able to sell all of it?YesNo

12

H. 02 Who are the buyers of DFLs from you? Local rearersTVSGovernment agenciesNGOsTraders

12345

H. 03 Do you think if you increase your production of DFLs, you would get enough market?

YesNo

12

H. 04 How much more DFL production can you easily sell? (%)

B. SeeD rearerS

A. Reference



A. 04 Signature

B. General Details


Jharkhand12

B.02 Name of the District BankaGoddaDumkaSaraikela-Kharsawa

1234

B.03 Name of the BlockB.04 Name of the Village B.05 Name of the respondent


C. Social & Economic Profile

# Questions response code Skip ToC. 01 Social Group

SC (1), ST (2), OBC (3), General (4)

C.02 How many members are there in your family?

C.03 What is the size of the land you hold?C.04 What is the major source of income? Agriculture/ Allied

NTFPWage laborService/ businessSericultureAny other __________________

123456

C.05 Are you under debt? YesNo

12

C.06 How much of the loan remains to be paid?

D. Production and Income Details

# Questions response code Skip ToD. 01 Which year did you start the tasar seed rearing? __ __ __ __ (Y Y Y Y)

D.02 What is the period of engagement for this vocation? _______ to ________

_____________ months

D.03 Does this activity overlap with any other important livelihood activity?


12

D.04 What has been your income from seed rearing?Expenses: a._____________________ b._____________________ c._____________________d._____________________e._____________________Income: a._____________________b._____________________c._____________________

Rs ________________

D. 05 What is the contribution of the income from seed cocoon rearing to the total family income?

<25%25-50%50-75%> 75%

1234

D.06 Are you or any member of your family involved in any other component of the tasar production process?

NoSeed rearingGrainageCommercial rearingSpinning / reeling

12345

D.07 What is the total income from these vocations?a.______________________b.______________________

Rs _________________

72

E. Utilization of Income

# Questions response code Skip ToE.01 Where did you primarily utilize your earnings

from the vocation in the past two years? Check any two.

FoodEducation HealthHome maintenanceMarriagePayment of debtSavingsAny other – please provide details.___________________

12345678

E.02 What assets have you bought in the past two years?

VehicleWater pumpNew piece of landRecovered mortgaged landTelevision/ radioAny other __________

1234

56

E.03 What would you say has been the most important impact of this vocation?


1234567

E.04 How do you intend to utilize the income from this vocation in the future? Please provide details.

F. Migration and Food Security

# Questions response code Skip ToF. 01 Before starting the seed rearing of cocoon, for how

many months did you migrate?Did not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

F.02 Where did you migrate to? Locations ______________________

Distance range ________ to ______ kmF. 03 How much money did you save then? Rs ________________

F. 04 For how many months do you migrate now? Do not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

F. 05 Before starting the seed rearing of cocoon, for how many months were you completely food secure?

< 3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 monthsSurplus

12345

F. 06 After starting the seed rearing of cocoon, for how many months are you completely food secure?

1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 monthsSurplus

12345


G. Opportunity Cost

# Questions response code Skip ToG. 01 You said your engagement in the vocation is from ________

to ______ months. Before starting the scientific rearing of cocoon, what did you do during this period?

G.02 How much would you have earned now if you had continued with that activity?

Rs _______________

G. 03 Do you think seed rearing of cocoon is more risky than the activity that you previously did?


1234

G. 04 Do you intend to continue this vocation? YesNoNot sure

123


H. Impact on Women (To be Asked to Women)

# Questions response code Skip ToH. 01 In comparison to the scenario before you started seed

rearing, has your workload increased now? Increased DecreasedRemained the same

123

H.02 Why? Please provide details.

H.03 Do you see any value in the seed rearing of cocoon, other than the money aspect?

YesNo

12

H.04 What? Please provide details.

H. 05 Where do you think this income should primarily be utilized?


12345

678

H. 06 Do you think this vocation should be continued? YesNo

12

H. 07 Why? Please provide details.

74

I. Technical Aspect

# Questions response code Skip ToI. 01 Are you aware of the technologies to be adopted in seed

rearing?Yes No

12

I. 02 Did you adopt the technologies recommended for seed rearing? If so, what is the level of adoption?

FullyPartially Not adopted

123

I .04 What is the seed production rate? <2020-3030-4040-50>50

12345

I.05 What was the production per DFL earlier? <2020-3030-4040-50>50

12345

c. coMMercIal rearerS

A. Reference



A. 04 Signature

B. General Details


Jharkhand12


1234

B.03 Name of the BlockB.04 Name of the Village B.05 Name of the Respondent




SC (1), ST (2), OBC (3), General (4)



NTFPWage laborService/ businessSericultureAny other ___________________

123456

C.05 Are you in debt? YesNo

12

C.06 How much of the loan remains to be paid?


# Questions response code Skip ToD. 01 Which year did you start the tasar seed rearing? __ __ __ __ (Y Y Y Y)

D.02 What is the period of engagement for this vocation? _______ to ________

_____________ months



12

D.04 What has been your income from seed rearing?Expenses: a._____________________ b._____________________ c._____________________d._____________________e._____________________Income: a._____________________b._____________________c._____________________

Rs ________________

D. 05 What is the contribution of the income from seed cocoon rearing to the total family income?

<25%25-50%50-75%> 75%

1234



12345

D.07 What is the total income from these vocations?a.______________________b.______________________

Rs _________________

76



from the vocation in the past two years? Check any two.


12345678

E.02 What assets have you bought in the past two years?

VehicleWater pumpNew piece of landRecovered mortgaged landTelevision/ radioAny other __________

1234

56



1234567

E.04 How do you intend to utilize the income from this vocation in the future? Please provide details.


# Questions response code Skip ToF. 01 Before starting the seed rearing of cocoon, for how

many months did you migrate?Did not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345


Distance range ________ to ______ km

F.03 How much money did you save then? Rs ________________

F.04 For how many months do you migrate now? Do not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

F. 05 Before starting the seed rearing of cocoon, for how many months were you completely food secure?


12345

F. 06 After starting the seed rearing of cocoon, for how many months are you completely food secure?


12345


G. Opportunity Cost

# Questions response code Skip ToG. 01 You said your engagement in the vocation is from ________

to ______ months. Before starting the scientific rearing of cocoon, what did you do during this period?


Rs _______________

G. 03 Do you think seed rearing of cocoon is more risky than the activity that you previously did?


1234


123


H. Impact on Women (To be Asked to Women)

# Questions response code Skip ToH. 01 In comparison to the scenario before you

started seed rearing, has your workload increased now?

Increased DecreasedRemained the same

123

H.02 Why? Please provide details.

H.03 Do you see any value in the seed rearing of cocoon, other than the money aspect?

YesNo

12

H.04 What? Please provide details.

H. 05 Where do you think this income should primarily be utilized?


12345

678

H. 06 Do you think this vocation should be continued?

YesNo

12

H. 07 Why? Please provide details.

78

I. Impact on the Value Chain

# Questions response code Skip ToI. 01 Where do you get the DFLs for rearing during the last

season?Private graineursGovernment agency

12

I. 02 What is your preferred agency for procuring DFLs? Private graineursGovernment agency

12

I. 03 Why? Explain.

I .04 Are you satisfied at the rate at which you procure DFLs? YesNoExplain

12

I. 05 What is the kind of production you get per DFL?

I. 06 You said that you produced about _____ (C.04) cocoons during 2009. Were you able to sell all of it?

YesNo

12

I. 07 Who is the main buyer of your cocoons? Masuta PRADANGovernment agencyTraders Any other ___________________

12345

I.08 How is the payment done for the sale? ImmediatelyWithin a weekMore than a weekVery variable

1234

I. 09 Do you think you are getting a good price for the cocoons?

Yes No

12

I. 10 Do you think if you increased your production of cocoons, you would get enough of a market?

YesNo

12


J. Technical Aspect

# Questions response code Skip ToJ. 01 Are you aware of technologies to be adopted in silkworm

rearing?Yes No

12

J. 02 Did you adopt the technologies recommended for silk worm rearing? If so, what is the level of adoption?

FullyPartially Not adopted

123

J. 03 If adopted, which are the key steps?a. Chawki rearing technique (nylon net)b. Purchased DFLs from private grainagec. In-house hatching of eggsd. DFL incubation and brushinge. Disinfection and hygienef. Use of bleaching powder and limeg. Quality of leaf fed to silkwormsh. Care during moltingi. Transfer of worms/ spacingj. Cocoon harvesting and grading

<2 steps3-4 steps5-6 steps7-8 steps>8 steps

123455

J. 04 What is the production per DFL due to adoption of technology?

<2020-3030-4040-50>50

12345

J. 05 What was the production per DFL earlier? <2020-3030-4040-50>50

12345

D. TraDITIoNal rearerS

A. Reference



A. 04 Signature

B. General Details


Jharkhand12


1234


80



SC (1), ST (2), OBC (3), General (4)___________

C.02 How many members are there in your family? ___________

C.03 What is the size of land you hold? ___________C.04 What is the major source of income? Agriculture/ Allied


123456

C.05 Are you under debt? YesNo

12

C.06 How much loan remains to be paid?


# Questions response code Skip ToD. 01 Since when have you been doing cocoon rearing? __ __ __ __ (Y Y Y Y)

D.02 What is the period of engagement for this vocation? _____________ months



12

D.04 What has been your production of cocoon for the last two years?

2008- ______________

2009- ______________

D.05 What has been the selling price for cocoon during the above period?

2008- Rs __________

2009- Rs __________

D.06 What have been your gross earnings during these years?

2008- Rs __________

2009- Rs __________

D.07 What is the contribution of the income from cocoon rearing to the total family income?

<25%25-50%50-75%> 75%

1234




from the vocation in the past two years?FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) ___________________SavingsAny other – please provide details___________________

123456

78

E.02 Where next did you utilize the earnings from the vocation in the past two years?

FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) ___________________SavingsAny other – please provide details___________________

123456

78



1234567


# Questions response code Skip ToF. 01 For how long do you migrate? Do not migrate


12345

F.02 Where do you migrate to? Locations ______________________


F.03 How much money do you save during migration?

Rs ________________

F.04 For how many months are you food secure? < 3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

1234

82

e. reelerS aND SpINNerS

A. Reference



A. 04 Signature

B. General Details


Jharkhand12


1234




SC (1), ST (2), OBC (3), General (4)




123456

C.05 Are you in debt? YesNo

12

C.06 How much loan remains to be paid? ___________________



# Questions response code Skip ToD. 01 Which year did you join in the activity? __ __ __ __ (Y Y Y Y)

D.02 How many months per year do you work here? _________ to _________

_____________ months

D.03 On an average, how many days per month do you work?

_____________ days

D.04 What is the average income that you earn per month? Rs _________

D.05 How much does this income earning contribute to the total family income (cash)?

<25%25-50%50-75%> 75%

1234



12345

D.07 What is your total income from these vocations?a._____________________________b._____________________________

Rs _________________


# Questions response code Skip ToE.01 Where did you primarily utilize your

earnings from the vocation in the past two years? Check any two.


12345678

E.02 What assets have you brought in the past two years?

VehicleWater pumpNew piece of landRecovered mortgaged landTelevision/radioAny other __________

1234

56



1234567

E.04 How do you intend to utilize this income in the future? Please provide details.

84


# Questions response code Skip ToF. 01 Before joining the center, for how many months did

you migrate?Did not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345



F.03 How much money did you save then? Rs ________________

F.04 For how many months do you migrate now? Do not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

F. 05 Before joining the center, for how many months were you completely food secure?


12345

F. 06 After joining the center, for how many months are you completely food secure?


12345

G. Opportunity Cost

# Questions response code Skip ToG. 01 Before joining the center, what did you do during this

period?


Rs ________________


123


G. 05 In comparison to the scenario before you joined the center, has your workload increased now?

Increased DecreasedRemained the same

123


G. 07 Do you see any value in joining the center other than the income?

YesNo

12



F. coNTrol FaMIlIeS

A. Reference



A. 04 Signature

B. General Details


Jharkhand12

B.02 Name of the District

B.03 Name of the BlockB.04 Name of the ClusterB.04 Name of the Village B.05 Name of the RespondentB. 06 Social Group SC

STOBCGeneral

1234


# Questions response code Skip ToC. 01 What are your major livelihood sources?-1 Agriculture

LivestockNTFPWage laborPetty businessAny other_______________

123456

C.02 What are your major livelihood sources? - 2 AgricultureLivestockNTFPWage laborPetty businessAny other_______________

123456

C.03 What are your major livelihood sources? - 3 AgricultureLivestockNTFPWage laborPetty businessAny other_______________

123456

86

D. Utilization of Income

# Questions response code Skip ToD. 01 Where do you primarily utilize your

earnings?FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) SavingsAny other - please provide details___________________

12345

678

D.02 Where next did you utilize the earnings from the vocation in the past two years?

FoodHealth / Education Home maintenanceMarriageRepayment of debtAssets (motor pump, vehicle, etc.) SavingsAny other - please provide details___________________

12345

678

E. Migration and Food Security

# Questions response code Skip ToE.01 For how many months do you

migrate?Do not migrate 1-3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

12345

E.02 Where did you migrate to? Locations ______________________


E.03 How much money did you save then? Rs ________________

E.04 For how many months are you food secure?

< 3 months4-6 months7-9 months10-12 months

1234


annexure CSeMI STrucTureD INTervIewS (G.o. aND N.G.o.)

ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE1. What does the agency do? What is its stake and its focus in the tasar value chain?2. What is the organization’s area of influence and what are its key roles and responsibilities?3. How is the agency linked with PRADAN’s sericulture program?

INFLUENCE OF PRADAN’S WORK ON THESE ORGANIZATIONS

SEED PRODUCTION1. How would you compare the before-after situation in terms of seed availability and quality of seed in

the region?2. What is your opinion of the system and model of seed production, the concept of private graineurs and

its adoption?3. What is your opinion of institutions that PRADAN has built to support the activity?4. Have you utilized PRADAN’s human resource for replicating / training other workers?5. What would you say about the impact of PRADAN’s work on seed production?6. Have you adopted any of PRADAN’s models/ standards for promotion in your area?7. Have you brought (or do you plan to bring) changes in any of your schemes/ policies which has had a

direct influence of PRADAN’s work?

COMMERCIAL COCOON REARING 1. How would you compare the before-after situation in terms of volumes of cocoon production in the

region and benefit accruing to primary producers in the region?2. What is your opinion of the capacity building programs that PRADAN employs?3. What is your opinion of the institutions that PRADAN has built to support the activity?4. Have you utilized PRADAN’s human resource for replicating / training other workers?5. What would you say about the impact of PRADAN’s work on the volume of cocoon production?6. Have you adopted any of PRADAN’s models/ standards for promotion in your area?7. Have you brought (or do you plan to bring) changes in any of your schemes/ policies which has had a


REELING AND SPINNING 1. How would you compare the before-after situation in terms of volumes of yarn production in the

region and the benefit accruing to primary producers?2. What is your opinion of the capacity building programs that PRADAN employs?3. What is your opinion of the institutions that PRADAN has built to support the activity?4. Have you utilized PRADAN’s human resource for replicating / training other workers?5. What would you say about the impact of PRADAN’s work on the volume of cocoon production?6. Have you adopted any of PRADAN’s models/ standards for promotion in your area?7. Have you brought (or do you plan to bring) changes in any of your schemes/ policies which has had a


TECHNICAL SUPPORT 1. What kind of support have you taken from PRADAN?2. What all have you taken from the model prepared by PRADAN? 3. What all do you plan to replicate from PRADAN’s model?

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