Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues

Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid prison for fugitives & granted them jury trials

Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape- Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips- Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols- Some fugitives stayed in North; others went on to Canada

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about the cruel treatment of a slave

Caused many Americans to begin supporting the abolitionist movement

Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the south’s problem, but the nation’s problem

Uncle Tom’s Cabin showed slavery as moral problem, not just political

Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to California- It would have to cross the unorganized territory of the Great Plains

Act called for the creation of two new territories (Kansas and Nebraska)- Both were north of the Missouri Compromise line

Popular sovereignty would decide whether they were slave or free states

Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues

Act passed with support of the south

1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty on slavery

Pro and anti-slavery groups rushed to Kansas to create a voting majority, leading to violence between the groups

May 1856 – proslavery group attacked Lawrence, burned stores and homes (several died)

John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5 proslavery settlers “The Pottawatomie Massacre”

Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200

1861 – Kansas entered union as free state

9

10

KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT, 1854

THIS ACT OVERTURNED THE SLAVERY RESTRICTIONS OF THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE BY INTRODUCING THE CONCEPT OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. THIS MEANT THAT TERRITORIES THAT WERE PREVIOUSLY RESTRICTED FROM SLAVERY COULD NOW VOTE ON WHETHER OR NOT TO

BE A SLAVE STATE.

11

SCOTT v. SANFORD 1857

THIS SUPREME COURT DECISION STATED THAT BLACK PEOPLE, FREE OR SLAVE, COULD NOT BE CITIZENS OF THE U.S. THIS ANGERED

ABOLITIONISTS, THOSE WORKING TO ABOLISH SLAVERY.

DRED SCOTT, A SLAVE, HAD BEEN

TAKEN BY HIS MASTER DR.

EMERSON, AN ARMY SURGEON, TO A

FREE STATE AND A FREE TERRITORY

AND BACK TO MISSOURI, A SLAVE STATE. SCOTT AND HIS WIFE HARRIET

SUED SANFORD, THE EXECUTOR OF

EMERSON'S ESTATE, FOR THEIR FREEDOM

ON THE BASIS OF THEIR RESIDENCE

ON FREE SOIL.

JUSTICE TANEY DRED SCOTT

1857 – Dred Scott sued for freedom

Had lived in north with his master before returning to the south

Said that made him a free man after his master’s death

Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave- Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories- Also said that Congress couldn’t ban slavery- Only states could

Big victory for proslavery advocates

13

JOHN BROWN’S RAID ON HARPERS FERRY

"If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and

mingle my blood further with the blood of my children, and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and most unjust enactments, I submit: so let it be done!" (Last speech to the

court at his trial, November 2, 1859)

JOHN BROWN ATTACKED THE FEDERAL ARSENAL AT

HARPERS FERRY, VA WITH THE INTENT OF STARTING A SLAVE

REVOLT. HE AND HIS FOLLOWERS WERE CAPTURED

AND JOHN BROWN WAS HANGED. THIS ENFLAMED THE

SOUTH AND WAS A DIRECT CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR.

14

ELECTION OF 1860

THE ELECTION OF REPUBLICAN LINCOLN, WHO RAN ON THE PROMISE OF NO MORE SLAVE STATES, PROMPTED SOUTHERNERS TO SECEDE FROM THE UNION AND FORM THEIR OWN NATION, THE CONFEDERATE

STATES OF AMERICA.

Dec. 20 1860 – South Carolina seceded from the union› Said it voluntarily

joined the union it could voluntarily leave

› Other southern states leave the union in next 6 weeks states

› Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

February 1861 - the seceding states form a new nation (The Confederate States of America)

Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi unanimously elected president- Davis said that slavery was necessary for agriculture and the wants of the civilized man

Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected vice-president

Only 25% of the people in the south owned slaves Other 75 % fought battle to defend system

because they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks

17

OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR: FORT SUMTER, 1861

THE FORT LOCATED IN

CHARLESTON HARBOR, SOUTH

CAROLINA WAS THE UNION’S PROPERTY SO

WHEN THE CONFEDERATE

ARMY ATTACKED, IT

WAS AN ACT OF WAR

Lincoln called out the militia (northern states responded)

Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to enlist

Angered southern states Virginia, North Carolina,

Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy

Robert E. Lee became leader of the Confederate army

Border states were the key to the war

North had to have Maryland to keep contact with Washington D.C.- Lincoln ordered the arrest of lawmakers who had supported the south- Federal troops helped a group of western counties break away from Virginia (West Virginia)

War caused many families in the border states to spilt

North- Had more people - Had most of the natural resources (iron, coal, copper)- 86% of the nation’s factories in the north- Union kept almost every ship in the navy- More extensive railroad system- Lincoln’s leadership

South- Had better generals- cotton profits- Fighting a defensive war (more of a will to fight)

North- Aimed to conquer south and bring it back into the Union- Didn’t have a strong enough army to invade the south a the beginning- Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South- blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two in west- capture Richmond, Confederate capital

South- Only wanted to stay independent - Wanted to avoid major battles (hoped the north would get tired of fighting)- Invade North if opportunity arose- Beginning of the war south withheld cotton from Europe (hoped Europe would help south due to their need for cotton (BIG MISTAKE)- Europe found other places to get cotton

Union army found a copy of Lee’s battle plans

Bloodiest single-day battle of the war- 23,000 men died (more than the war of 1812 & war with Mexico combined)

Ended in a draw- Confederates retreat - McClellan does not pursue- Lincoln fired McClellan

Considered a political victory for the north- Caused Europe to delay plans to help the south

25

ANTIETAM BATTLE MAP

CONFEDERATE GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE PLANNED TO

INVADE THE NORTH THROUGH MARYLAND FOR SUPPLIES. A

MAP WAS FOUND BY THE UNION ARMY THAT DETAILED

THE LOCATION OF THE CONFEDERATE FORCES.

UNION GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN PLANNED AN ATTACK FOR SEPTEMBER

1862. FOR TWO DAYS 60,000 UNION TROOPS ATTACKED

30,000 CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS. BOTH SIDES LOST

MORE THAN 50% WHICH MADE THIS THE BLOODIEST BATTLE OF THE ENTIRE CIVIL WAR. THE CONFEDERATES WERE FORCED TO RETREAT

WHICH RESULTED IN A UNION VICTORY.

Neither side was completely unified

Both sides had sympathizers

Lincoln suspended writ of habeas corpus:- order to bring accused to court & name charges

Seized telegraph offices to prevent them from being used for subversion Lincoln expands presidential

powers & sets precedent (War time)

27

PROMPTED BY WIN AT ANTIETEM, LINCOLN ISSUED

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. IT WAS ANNOUNCED BY LINCOLN SEPTEMBER 22, 1862. IT

WENT INTO EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1863. THIS DECREE

FREED SLAVES IN CONFEDERATE STATES

ONLY.

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VICKSBURG JULY 1863:

THIS BATTLE SPLIT THE SOUTH IN HALF

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VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPIUNION MAJOR

GENERAL GRANT WANTED TO CAPTURE

VICKSBURG AS IT WAS LOCATED ON THE MISSISSIPPI

RIVER AND WAS A MAJOR SUPPLY ROUTE

FOR THE SOUTH. FROM THE WINTER OF 1862 THROUGH THE

SUMMER OF 1863 THE UNION ARMY ATTACKED, AND

AFTER MANY CAUSALITIES

ULTIMATELY MADE THE CONFEDERATE ARMY SURRENDER ON JULY 4, 1863.

30

GETTYSBURG, JULY 1863

THE CONFEDERATE ARMY TRIED TO

INVADE THE NORTH AGAIN THIS TIME IN PENNSYLVANIA. THE TWO ARMIES MET IN THE SMALL TOWN OF

GETTYSBURG. DURING EARLY JULY OVER THE

COURSE OF THREE DAYS THE

CONFEDERATE ARMY TRIED

UNSUCCESSFULLY TO FORCE THE UNION ARMY TO RETREAT. THE CONFEDERATE ARMY LOST 28,000

MEN.

31

GETTYSBURG BEFORE AND AFTER THE BATTLE

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LINCOLN’S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

LINCOLN TRAVELED TO GETTYSBURG TO DEDICATE THE CEMETERY AND COMMEMORATE

THE VICTORY. HE GAVE HIS FAMOUS SPEECH ABOUT SACRIFICE SO THAT LIBERTY WOULD

EXIST FOR ALL.

FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO OUR FATHERS

BROUGHT FORTH, UPON THIS CONTINENT, A NEW NATION, CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY, AND

DEDICATED TO THE PROPOSITION THAT “ALL MEN

ARE CREATED EQUAL”

DRAFT OF LINCOLN’S SPEECH

sherman & grant - march

July-Sept. 1864 General William Sherman fought for 6

weeks to capture Atlanta (center of Confederate manufacturing and railway traffic)

Atlanta burned to the ground; Sherman and his troops marched on towards Savannah and both sides knew the South would lose the war

35

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE

SEA

UNION GENERAL SHERMAN LED 62,000 SOLDIERS 285

MILES ACROSS GEORGIA TO CAPTURE SAVANNAH, THE MAJOR SEAPORT IN THE STATE. ALONG THE WAY THE SOLDIERS BURNED

AND LOOTED TO ERADICATE ALL FOOD AND SUPPLIES. THE CAMPAIGN LASTED FIVE WEEKS FROM

NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1864. THE UNION VICTORY

WAS MAJOR TURNING POINT IN THE WAR, ENDING

ANY CHANCE OF A CONFEDERATE VICTORY.

Atlanta Before & After

The Election of 1864• Lincoln faced heavy opposition in

the election • Democrats wanted immediate

armistice- Nominated George McClellan

• Radical Republicans- wanted harsh conditions for readmission to Union

• Nominated John C. Fremont • Republicans changed name to

National Union Party • Andrew Johnson was chosen as

Lincoln’s running mate (pro-Union Democrat)

• Lincoln was pessimistic about his chances

• Northern victories & troops’ votes gave him the win

38

ROBERT E. LEE SURRENDERED AT THE Mc LEAN HOUSE IN APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE ON APRIL 9, 1865. THIS ENDED

THE CIVIL WAR WITH A UNION VICTORY.

THE CIVIL WAR COST THE LIVES OF 600,000 AMERICANS. WHILE THE SOUTH WAS DEVASTATED AND IN RUINS THE NORTH EXPERIENCED

ECONOMIC GROWTH.

THE Mc LEAN HOUSE LEE SURRENDERED TO GRANT

War ended threat of secession& increases power of federal government

Ended Slavery Changed the way Americans thought about their

nation- People accepted that the Union was more important than individual states

Helped the Federal Government Expand- Placed new demands on the Gov.- 1861 – establish the 1st income tax to pay for the war- Funded transcontinental railroad and gave land to settlers

1865 - Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in all states

National Bank Act of 1863 - Established federal system of chartered banks- Set requirements for loans & called banks to be inspected

Spurred industry- Aided the growth of several postwar industries such as petroleum, steel, food and processing- Government subsidized the construction of a national railroad system

Gap between North and South widened- North: industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold- South: industry, farms destroyed

The war was a disaster for the South- Nation was faced with job of rebuilding the South

April 14, 1865 - Shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre

1st president to be assassinated

Assassin John Wilkes Booth escaped but was trapped by Union cavalry 12 days later & shot in Virginia

7 million people paid respects to Lincoln’s funeral train (almost 1/3 of population)