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No accepted definition. Dictionary: the use of force or threats to demoralize, intimidate and...
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Transcript of No accepted definition. Dictionary: the use of force or threats to demoralize, intimidate and...
![Page 1: No accepted definition. Dictionary: the use of force or threats to demoralize, intimidate and subjugate, especially as a political weapon Civilians.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e015503460f94aeba14/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Terrorism
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What is Terrorism?
No accepted definition. Dictionary: the use of force or threats
to demoralize, intimidate and subjugate, especially as a political weapon
Civilians as victims only › innocent civilians in Israel and US do not
exist-Bin Laden Tactic Goals vary by group
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Methods of Terrorism
Firearms Explosive and Incendiary Devices Chemical Agents Biological Agents Nuclear Weapon
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Chemical Agents
Chemical agents kill or incapacitate people, destroy livestock or ravage crops
Some agents are odorless and tasteless
They can have an immediate or a delayed effect
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Biological terrorism
Dispersal of microbes or their toxins to produce illness, death and terror
The paths of infection can be contaminated water, food, air and packages.
Microbes› Bacteria› Viruses› Toxins
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Is this something new?
14th Century – Kaffa› City on Crimean Peninsula
Hurled plague infested corpses over walls of city to infest it
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Is this something new?
18th Century French and Indian War› British Officers gave blankets from
smallpox victims to Indians aligned with French
› Caused an epidemic in tribes› Effective means of incapacitating group
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Anatomy of a Bioterrorist Attack
Preparation5 years
Execution 1 day
Diagnosed case 3 days
First Death
Multiple deaths
Terrorism takes much time and planning
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Nuclear Terrorism
Spreading of radioactive materials through ventilation system or explosion
Disable nuclear reactor cooling system and cause leakage of radioactive materials
Detonate a nuclear weapon No use of nuclear material for non-
military terrorism has ever occurred
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Types of Terrorism
Domestic International Religious/Apocalyptic, Political, Social,
Environmental, leftist/fundamentalist
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Types of Political Terrorism
National Separatist: cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial separation from the larger group, often with demands for independence or autonomy
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Religious/ Apocalyptic Terrorism
Killing in the Name of God; Often political undertones.
Al-Qaeda? Abortion Clinic Bombers Suicide Bombers? Aum Shinrikyo
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Environmental Terrorism
Earth Liberation Front: acts of terrorism, violence or sabotage committed in support of ecological, environmental, or animal rights.
Common Tactic: Arson, Robbery, Tree Spiking, bombing Recent example: Discovery Channel Hostage taking More common in developed world
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Leftist Terrorism
Maoists in Nepal, East India. Marxists (Shining Path) Techniques generally include:
kidnapping, bombing, guerilla warfare
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Perpetrators of Terror
Lone Wolf vs. Sophisticated Group
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Why? Varies substantially depending on group
and region Suggested Theories:
Poverty Regime Type
Inequality Revenge
Lack of Education Religiously Motivated
Anger
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Poverty and lack of education?
In international terrorism perpetrators and leaders generally very educated and from a privileged background: 9/11 Hijackers, London Bombers, ‘Underwear bomber’.
Domestic Terrorism: Often poor and uneducated; no other path
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Sex and Money? Lures young men with raging hormones Promise of Houri’s Palestinian/Pakistani groups recruit poor children,
offer money and heaven.
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Revenge
In interviews with Palestinian ‘failed suicide bombers’, almost all reported being upset that family members had been killed or incarcerated by Israelis.
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Regime Type
Positive correlation between democracy and terrorism
Why? Open media Opportunity
Civil Liberties Persecution/Rule by Iron Fist in
Authoritarian Regimes
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Goals
Fear (most Groups i.e Greek Anarchists, ELF/ALF, )
Media Coverage (Almost all groups) Martyrdom (National Hero) As many deaths as possible (new
phenomena; Al Qaeda, Shining Path, Tamil Tigers)
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Total number of Terrorist Attacks
87,710 Total Attacks
› 44,715(0 victims)› 32,140 (1-10 victims)› 3,613 (11-50 victims)› 288 (51-100 victims)› 112 (101+ victims)
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Regions with Most Attacks
South America (17266) Middle East/North Africa (15346) Western Europe (14474) South Asia (13072) Central America (10539) Sub-Saharan Africa (5825) Southeast Asia (4938)
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States with most attacks (1970-2007)
Colombia (7004) Peru (6082) El Salvador (5347) India (5178) Ireland (3975) Spain (3224) Pakistan (3209) Turkey (2776) Sri Lanka (2498)
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States with Deadliest Attacks (Over 100 killed in a single attack)
Nicaragua (12) El Salvador (10) Burundi (7) Sri Lanka (6) Rwanda (6) Russia (4) Nepal (4) Angola (4) Ethiopia (3)
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Strategic Logic of Terrorism
Main points: › World leader in suicide terrorism is LTTE
(Tamil Tigers)› 180 suicide terrorist attacks from 1980-
2001› Why? Because it works; no internment› Most common goal: withdrawal of military
forces in land; independence