Â²ÑÍÈÊ NATIONAL...

Â²ÑÍÈÊ ÎÄÅÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÓÍ²ÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒÓ Òîì 20. Âèïóñê 2 (23). 2015ÑÅÐ²ß ÑÎÖ²ÎËÎÃ²ß ² ÏÎË²ÒÈ×Í² ÍÀÓÊÈ

ODESA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

HERALD Volume 20. Issue 2 (23). 2015

SERIES SOCIOLOGY

AND POLITICS

Series: Sociology and Politics

Scientific journal

Published two times a year

Series founded in July 2006

Volume 20. Issue 2 (23). 2015

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University

Odesa «Astroprint»2015

ISSN 2304–1439

VISNYK ODESKOHO NATSIONALNOHO UNIVERSYTETU (Odesa National University Herald)

Ì²Í²ÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÑÂ²ÒÈ ² ÍÀÓÊÈ ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÈ Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà

Â²ÑÍÈÊ ÎÄÅÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÍÀÖ²ÎÍÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÓÍ²ÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒÓ

Ñåð³ÿ: Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ ³ ïîë³òè÷í³ íàóêè

Íàóêîâèé æóðíàë

Âèõîäèòü 2 ðàçè íà ð³ê

Ñåð³ÿ çàñíîâàíà ó ëèïí³ 2006 ð.

Òîì 20. Âèïóñê 2 (23). 2015

Îäåñà «Àñòðîïðèíò»2015

ISSN 2304–1439

Çàñíîâíèê: Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà

Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ æóðíàëó: ². Ì. Êîâàëü, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê (ãîëîâíèé ðåäàêòîð); Â. Î. ²âàíèöÿ, ä-ð á³îë.

íàóê (çàñòóïíèê ãîëîâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà); Ñ. Ì. Àíäð³ºâñüêèé, ä-ð ô³ç.-ìàò. íàóê; Þ. Ô. Âàêñìàí, ä-ð ô³ç.-ìàò. íàóê; Â. Â. Ãëºáîâ, êàíä. ³ñò. íàóê; Ë. Ì. Ãîëóáåíêî, êàíä. ô³ëîë. íàóê; Ë. Ì. Äóíàºâà, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê; Â. Â. Çàìîðîâ, êàíä. á³îë. íàóê; Î. Â. Çàïîðîæ÷åíêî, êàíä. á³îë. íàóê; Î. À. ²âàíîâà, ä-ð íàóê ³ç ñîö. êîìóí³êàö³é; Â. ª. Êðóãëîâ, êàíä. ô³ç.-ìàò. íàóê; Â. Ã. Êóøí³ð, ä-ð ³ñò. íàóê; Â. Â. Ìåí÷óê, êàíä. õ³ì. íàóê; Ì. Î. Ïîäðåçîâà, äèðåêòîð Íàóêîâî¿ á³áë³îòåêè; Ë. Ì. Ñîëäàòê³íà, êàíä. õ³ì. íàóê; Â. ². Òðóáà, êàíä. þðèä. íàóê; Â. Ì. Õìàðñüêèé, ä-ð ³ñò. íàóê; Î. Â. ×àé-êîâñüêèé, êàíä. ô³ëîñ. íàóê; ª. À. ×åðêåç, ä-ð ãåîë.-ì³íåðàë. íàóê; ª. Ì. ×åðíî³âà-íåíêî, ä-ð ô³ëîë. íàóê.

Ðåäàêö³éíà êîëåã³ÿ ñåð³¿: ². Ì. Êîâàëü, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê (íàóêîâèé ðåäàêòîð); Î. Ð. Ëè÷êîâñüêà, êàíä.

ñîö³îë. íàóê (â³äïîâ³äàëüíèé ñåêðåòàð); Ðîìàí Áåéêåð, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê, Î. ². Áðóñè-ëîâñüêà, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê, Å. À. Ãàíñîâà, ä-ð ô³ëîñ. íàóê, Ò. Ã. Êàìåíñüêà, ä-ð ñîö³îë. íàóê, Í. Â. Êîâàë³ñêî ä-ð ñîö³îë. íàóê, Õð³ñò³àíà Êîíñòàíòîïîëî, ä-ð ñîö³îë íàóê, Ì. ². Ì³ëîâà, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê, ²âàíêà Ìàâðîä³ºâà, ä-ð ô³ëîñ. íàóê, Ñ. Ì. Íàóìê³íà, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê, Â. Ì. Îí³ùóê, ä-ð ñîö³îë. íàóê, Ñëàâîì³ð Ïàðòèöüêèé, ä-ð ñîö³îë. íàóê, Ã. Ì. Ïåðåïåëèöÿ, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê, Í. Î. Ïîáºäà, ä-ð ô³ëîñ. íàóê, Â. ². Ïîäøè-âàëê³íà, ä-ð ñîö³îë. íàóê, ïðîôåñîð, Àíäæåé Øåïòèöüêèé, ä-ð ïîë³ò. íàóê.

Editorial board of the journal: I. M. Koval, DrSc (Politology) (Editor-in-Chief); V. O. Ivanytsia, DrSc (Biology)

(Deputy Editor-in-Chief); S. M. Andriievskyi, DrSc (Physico-mathematical Scienc-es); Yu. F. Vaksman, DrSc (Physico-mathematical Sciences); V. V. Hliebov, Cand-Sc (History); L. M. Holubenko, CandSc (Philology); L. M. Dunaieva, DrSc (Politol-ogy); V. V. Zamorov, CandSc (Biology); O. V. Zaporozhchenko, CandSc (Biology); O. A. Ivanova, DrSc (Social Communications); V. Ye. Kruhlov, CandSc (Physico-math-ematical Sciences); V. G. Kushnir, DrSc (History); V. V. Menchuk, CandSc (Chemis-try); M. O. Podrezova, Director of the Scientific Library; L. M. Soldatkina, CandSc (Chemistry); V. I. Truba, CandSc (Jurisprudence); V. M. Khmarskyi, DrSc (History); O. V. Chaikovskyi, CandSc (Philosophy); Ye. A. Cherkez, DrSc (Geological and Miner-alogical Sciences); Ye. M. Chernoivanenko, DrSc (Philology).

Editorial board of the series: I. M. Koval (Redactor-in-Chief), O. R. Lychkovska (Executive Secretary), Roman

Backer, O. I. Brusylovska, E. A. Gansova, T. G. Kamenska, N. V. Kovalisko, Chris-tiana Constantopoulou, Ivanka Mavrodieva, M. I. Milova, S . M. Naumkina, V. M. On-yschuk, Slawomir Partycki, G. M. Perepelytsia, N. O. Pobeda, V. I. Podshyvalkina, Andrzej Szeptycki

Ç 2012 ðîêó (ç 17 òîìó) «Â³ñíèê ÎÍÓ. Ñåð³ÿ: Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ ³ ïîë³òè÷í³ íàóêè» ìàº âëàñíó ïîäâ³éíó íóìåðàö³þ

© Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà, 2015

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ISSN 2304–1439. Â³ñíèê ÎÍÓ ³ì. ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà. Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ ³ ïîë³òè÷í³ íàóêè. 2015. Ò. 20. Âèï. 2 (23).

ÇÌ²ÑÒ

Ñ Î Ö ² Î Ë Î Ã ² ß

ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍ² ÌÅÕÀÍ²ÇÌÈ ÑÓÑÏ²ËÜÑÒÂ, ÙÎ ÒÐÀÍÑÔÎÐÌÓÞÒÜÑß: ÒÅÎÐ²ß ² ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃ²ß ÄÎÑË²ÄÆÅÍÜ

Ëèñèöà Í. Ì. Ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé êîíòåêñò âûñøåãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ............................................................................... 11

Ïîäîëüñüêà ª. À., Íàçàðê³í Ï. Î. Íîâèé ñåíñ é ³ííîâàö³éí³ ñïîñîáè çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè ..................................................................................... 19

Ëÿï³íà Ë. À. Ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì ÿê âèçíàííÿ: ñîö³îëîã³÷íà êîíöåïö³ÿ ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà ........................................................................ 26

Ñåíþðà Î. Â. Ñó÷àñíèé ñòàí òà ïåðñïåêòèâè äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîáëåì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ................................................................................ 34

Êðèâîøåÿ Ò. È. Ìîäà êàê ôàêòîð ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ èäåíòè÷íîñòè ñîâðåìåííûõ ãîðîäñêèõ æèòåëåé ..................................................................... 43

ßòâåöüêà Ã. Â. Ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò â ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³îêóëüòóðíèõ âçàºìîä³é ........ 51

Ó Ê Ð À ¯ Í À ² Ñ Â ² Ò

Ì²ÆÍÀÐÎÄÍÈÉ ÂÈÌ²Ð ÒÐÀÍÑÔÎÐÌÀÖ²ÉÍÈÕ ÏÐÎÖÅÑ²Â

Brusylovska Î. I. Russian-Ukrainian conflict. First stage: propaganda war ................... 59

Bakanova À. A. Foreign policy orientations of Ukraine compared with Belarus and Russia ................................................. 65

Sira Î. V. Relations between the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China: contemporary realities and trends .................................... 71

Chumak K. Î. Development of the US foreign policy under Obama’s first administration: main impact factors ............................................... 78

Øåâ÷åíêî Î. Ì. Âïëèâ ªâðîìàéäàíó òà ïîäàëüøèõ ïîä³é â Óêðà¿í³ íà ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äíîñèíè .................................................................. 85

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Lozova V. V. The CTBT: Possible Subsequent Domino Effect of the U. S. Ratification in the Context of the Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime ...................................................................................... 95

Ëóê’ÿíîâà ². Î. Êîíôë³êò â ªìåí³ ÿê àðåíà ïðîòèñòîÿííÿ ì³æ Ñàóä³âñüêîþ Àðàâ³ºþ òà ²ðàíîì ..................................................................................102

Ðîìàíîâà Î. Â. Ôðàíöèÿ â ïðîöåññå ïîäãîòîâêè è ðàòèôèêàöèè Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà ...................................................................................110

Paiuk K. A. Changing Turkey: political paradigm .............................................118

Ðóñîâà Î. Ñ. ªâðîïåéñüê³ ³íòåãðàö³éí³ ïðîöåñè â óìîâàõ ñó÷àñíèõ âèêëèê³â ñèñòåìè ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ...................................................124

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CONTENTS

S O C I O L O G Y

SOCIAL MECHANISMS OF TRANSITIONAL SOCIETIES: THEORY & RESEARCHES METHODOLOGIES

Lysytsya N. M. Socio-psychological context of higher economic education .................. 11

Podolska Y. A., Nazarkin P. O. New sense and innovative ways to ensure social security ................... 19

Liapina L. A. Multiculturalism as recognition: the sociological concept of Charles Taylor ......................................................................... 26

Senyura O. V. Present and future research into the problems of social mobility ........ 34

Krivosheia T. I. Fashion as a factor in identity formation of modern city people ......... 43

Yatvetska G. Public transport in the area of social and cultural interaction ............ 51

U K R A I N E & W O R L D

INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION OF TRQNSITIONAL PROCESSES

Brusylovska Î. I. Russian-Ukrainian conflict. First stage: propaganda war ................... 59

Bakanova À. A. Foreign policy orientations of Ukraine compared with Belarus and Russia ................................................. 65

Sira Î. V. Relations between the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China: contemporary realities and trends .................................... 71

Chumak K. Î. Development of the US foreign policy under Obama’s first administration: main impact factors ............................................... 78

Shevchenko O. M. Influence of Euromaidan events and further military activity on relations of Poland and Ukraine ................................................ 85

Lozova V. V. The CTBT: Possible Subsequent Domino Effect of the U. S. Ratification in the Context of the Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime ...................................................................................... 95

Lukianova I. O. The conflict in Yemen as the arena for confrontation between Saudi Arabia and Iran ..........................................................................102

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Romanova O. V. France in the process of the preparation and ratification of the Lisbon Treaty ...................................................................110

Paiuk K. A. Changing Turkey: political paradigm .............................................118

Rusova O. S. European integration processes in response to the current challenges of the system of international relations .........................................124

Ñ Î Ö ² Î Ë Î Ã ² ß

ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍ² ÌÅÕÀÍ²ÇÌÈ ÑÓÑÏ²ËÜÑÒÂ, ÙÎ ÒÐÀÍÑÔÎÐÌÓÞÒÜÑß:

ÒÅÎÐ²ß ² ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃ²ß ÄÎÑË²ÄÆÅÍÜ

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ÓÄÊ 378:331.5

Ëèñèöà Í. Ì. äîêòîð ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð, ïðîôåññîð êàôåäðû ýêîíîìèêè è ìàðêåòèíãà Õàðüêîâñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Ñåìåíà Êóçíåöà ïð. Ëåíèíà, 9à, ã. Õàðüêîâ, 61166, Óêðàèíà òåë.: (057) 702–02–65 e-mail: [email protected]

ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎ-ÏÑÈÕÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÊÎÍÒÅÊÑÒ ÂÛÑØÅÃÎ ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÃÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß

Â ñòàòüå ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ àíàëèç òðåáîâàíèé ðàáîòîäàòåëåé íà ðûíêå òðóäà äëÿ âûïóñêíèêîâ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî âóçà. Êîíòåíò-àíàëèç îáúÿâëåíèé ðàáî-òîäàòåëåé ïîçâîëÿåò âûÿâèòü ñïðîñ íå òîëüêî íà âîñòðåáîâàííûå ïðîôåñ-ñèîíàëüíûå êîìïåòåíöèè ïî ñïåöèàëüíîñòè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ïðîôèëÿ, íî è ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè. Ïðåäëîæåíû ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå è ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè (ïî ìåðå çíà÷èìîñòè), êîòîðûå îæèäàþò ðàáîòîäàòåëè. Îïðîñ ñòóäåíòîâ-âûïóñêíèêîâ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî âóçà ïîçâîëèë îïðåäåëèòü ïåðå÷åíü ëè÷íîñòíûõ êîìïåòåíöèé, êîòîðûå, ïî ìíåíèþ ñòóäåíòîâ, ïîìîãóò â äîñòè-æåíèè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óñïåõà. Ñîâìåùåíèå êîìïåòåíöèé, èìåþùèõñÿ è âîñòðåáîâàííûõ, ñòàíåò îñíîâîé äëÿ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî ðîñòà è êîíêóðåí-òîñïîñîáíîñòè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå êîìïåòåíöèè, ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåí-öèè, ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé êîíòåêñò, êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòü, ïðî-ôåññèîíàëüíûé ðîñò, ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûé óñïåõ, ðûíîê òðóäà.

Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìû. Ñîâðåìåííûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ âñå ÷àùå âûíóæäå-íû ïîâîðà÷èâàòüñÿ ëèöîì ê ïîòðåáèòåëÿì èíäèâèäóàëüíûì è êîðïîðàòèâ-íûì, ðàçíîãî ðîäà ïîñðåäíèêàì, êîíêóðåíòàì äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü-ñÿ ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìè ê ïåðñîíàëó, êîòîðûé íåîáõîäèìî ïîäáèðàòü, îáó÷àòü è ôîðìèðîâàòü. Êðîìå òîãî, ÷òîáû âîâðåìÿ èñïîëüçîâàòü âñå íåîáõîäèìûå íîâåéøèå òåõíîëîãèè, êîòîðûå ìîãóò ïðèâëå÷ü êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûõ ñïå-öèàëèñòîâ, çàèíòåðåñîâàòü èõ â óñïåøíîé êîìàíäíîé ðàáîòå, íåîáõîäèìî ó÷èòûâàòü ñèëüíûå è ñëàáûå ñòîðîíû êàê ïàðòíåðîâ, òàê è êîíêóðåíòîâ.

Âîçìîæíûìè ïîñðåäíèêàìè âûñòóïàþò âûñøèå ó÷åáíûå çàâåäåíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ, îðãàíèçóþùèå òðåíèíãè, ìàñòåð-êëàññû. Ñåãîäíÿ ïðåäëàãà-þòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ôîðìû ïîëó÷åíèÿ çíàíèé. Ñðåäè íèõ êëàññè÷åñêîå îáðà-çîâàíèå â óíèâåðñèòåòàõ è èíñòèòóòàõ è âàðèàòèâíîñòü ïðåäëîæåíèé îá-ðàçîâàòåëüíûõ óñëóã òèïà ìàñòåð-êëàññîâ «start up» äî ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ ìàñòåð-êëàññîâ ñ ïðèãëàøåíèåì ýêñïåðòîâ, à òàêæå òðåíèíãîâ, îðèåíòèðî-âàííûõ êàê íà ôîðìèðîâàíèå îòäåëüíûõ óìåíèé è íàâûêîâ, òàê è íà ñîâî-êóïíîñòü ïîñëåäíèõ, ïðèìåíÿåìûõ è âîñòðåáîâàííûõ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ñôåðàõ ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè.

ßðêîé ÷åðòîé ñîâðåìåííîñòè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñîöèàëüíûå è ïñèõîëî-ãè÷åñêèå èçìåíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé: ñîöè-

© Ëèñèöà Í. Ì., 2015

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àëüíîå âñåãäà ñòàíîâèòñÿ ïëàòôîðìîé äëÿ èçìåíåíèÿ âîñïðèÿòèé, äëÿ ïåðåñìîòðà íîðì è öåííîñòåé è, êîíå÷íî, äëÿ íîâûõ ðÿäîâ ïîñëåäîâàòåëü-íîñòè âñåãî ïåðå÷èñëåííîãî. Ñîöèîëîãè èñïîëüçîâàëè ðÿä ïðåäïèñàíèé, îáúÿñíÿþùèõ ñîöèàëüíûå èçìåíåíèÿ, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû ïðåäñêàçàòü íåêèå ðåçóëüòàòû èçìåíåíèé. Íà óðîâíå ìàêðîòåîðèè — ýòî ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ êàê åäèíèöà àíàëèçà. Ãëîáàëèçàöèÿ âëèÿåò íà âñå âèäû ñîöèàëüíûõ èçìå-íåíèé, òåì ñàìûì ïðèâîäèò ê òðàíñôîðìàöèÿì íà ìåçî- è ìèêðî-óðîâ-íÿõ. Èçâåñòíàÿ ïàðàäèãìà Ò. Ïàðñîíñà AGIL — A (adaptation), G (goal orientation), I (integration), L (Latency) — îáúÿñíÿåò íàáîð âçàèìîçàâè-ñèìîñòåé, êîòîðûå îáåñïå÷èâàþò àäàïòèâíóþ ñïîñîáíîñòü ãëîáàëüíîé ñè-ñòåìû. Îäíàêî íà ïóòè ê îïòèìàëüíîìó ðàçâèòèþ âîçíèêàþò áàðüåðû, íàïðèìåð, íà ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì óðîâíå (êîððóïöèÿ è ò. ä.). Íà óðîâíå ÷å-ëîâå÷åñêèõ ðåñóðñîâ — ñîîòíåñåííîñòü öåííîñòåé ñîâðåìåííîé ýïîõè, òà-êèõ êàê ïðàâà ÷åëîâåêà, ðàâíîïðàâèå äëÿ ìåíüøèíñòâ, äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîå ó÷àñòèå â âûáîðàõ [1].

Äâà îñíîâíûõ ïðîöåññà âûñøåãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ íà-áëþäàþò ó÷åíûå: ïîâûøàåòñÿ ðîëü âóçîâ â ïåðåäà÷å çíàíèé (ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ íîâûå àñïåêòû â ðàçíûõ íàóêàõ: ýêîíîìèêà çíàíèé, ñîöèîëîãèÿ çíàíèé). Êàê ñëåäñòâèå ãëîáàëèçàöèè — âûñøåå îáðàçîâàíèå ïðèîáðåòàåò, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, èíäèâèäóàëüíîñòü, ïîâûøàþùóþ êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòü, à, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, îòòåíîê êîììåðöèàëèçàöèè, êîòîðûé ñïîñîáñòâóåò ðàç-âèòèþ, ìîäåðíèçàöèè âûñøåãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è îáåñïå÷èâàåò â îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ åãî æèçíåñïîñîáíîñòü. Ôîðìèðóåòñÿ íîâàÿ ìåíåäæåðñêàÿ ñðåäà âûñøåãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ. Â ýòîé ñðåäå íàáëþäàþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíûå èçìåíå-íèÿ, à èìåííî: ïîâûøàåòñÿ ðîëü ïðàâèë äåëîâîãî îáùåíèÿ, ìåíÿåòñÿ çíà-÷èìîñòü ñòàòóñîâ (âîñòðåáîâàííûì ñòàíîâèòñÿ íå òîëüêî òîò, êòî ìîæåò ïðåäúÿâèòü äèïëîì ñ îòëè÷èåì, è, êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ïîëó÷èòü áîëåå ïåð-ñïåêòèâíóþ è âûñîêîîïëà÷èâàåìóþ äîëæíîñòü, à òîò, êòî ðåàëüíî äåëàåò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïðèâîäÿùèå ê ïîÿâëåíèþ íîâûõ òåõíîëîãèé, îáëàäàåò êðå-àòèâíîñòüþ).

Öåííîñòè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ êîìïåòåíöèé ôîðìèðóþò ðûíîê, â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, âîçíèêàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü â ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîì êîíòåê-ñòå, â êîòîðîì ñîâìåùàþòñÿ êàê êëàññè÷åñêèå ðîëåâûå ðåïåðòóàðû, àäàï-òèðîâàííûå è ïðèçíàííûå, òàê êàê ïðîâåðåíû íà ïðàêòèêå, òàê è ðîëåâûå ðåïåðòóàðû, è ñöåíàðèè, ó÷èòûâàþùèå ïîñëåäíèå òðåáîâàíèÿ ê âûñøåìó îáðàçîâàíèþ êàê ðàáîòîäàòåëåé, òàê è ïîòðåáèòåëåé. Îíè áîëåå ãèáêèå, òàê êàê ñïîñîáíû âïèòàòü ìåæäèñöèïëèíàðíîñòü è èííîâàöèè ïðîôåññèîíàëü-íîãî õàðàêòåðà.

Âîçìîæíîñòü ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ äóàëèçìà òàêîãî ðîäà îáîñíîâà-íà íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ ñîâìåùåíèÿ äâóõ âèäîâ âûñøåãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ: áþäæåò-íîãî è êîíòðàêòíîãî. Óæå íà óðîâíå îáùåíèÿ â âóçå ñòóäåíòû îùóùàþò ïîòðåáíîñòü áûòü êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíûìè: êîíòðàêòíèêè, òàê êàê õîòÿò ïîëó÷èòü âîçìîæíîñòü ïåðåéòè íà áþäæåò; ñòóäåíòû, êîòîðûå ïîëó÷èëè âîçìîæíîñòü áåñïëàòíî ó÷èòüñÿ, ïîíèìàþò, ÷òî èì íàäî äîêàçûâàòü ïðàâî íà áåñïëàòíîå îáðàçîâàíèå è îñîçíàþò, ÷òî åñòü êîíêóðåíòû, ñòðåìÿùèåñÿ ïîëó÷èòü áþäæåòíîå ìåñòî.

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Ïîäîáíàÿ ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñðåäà ñòàíîâèòñÿ íîðìàëüíûì êîíòåêñòîì äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ íîâûõ ìîòèâîâ è ìîòèâàöèé ó òåõ, êòî ó÷àñòâóåò â ïðîöåññå îáó÷åíèÿ (ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé, ñòóäåíòîâ). Ìîòèâàöèÿ ïîíèìàåòñÿ êàê ïðîöåññ îðèåíòàöèè àêòèâíîñòè ÷åëîâåêà, ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïîáóæäåíèÿ ê äåéñòâèþ. Ìîòèâ — ýòî îñíîâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ, ïîñòóïêà, äåÿòåëüíîñòè, ïî-âåäåíèÿ [2, ñ. 115].

Ñåãîäíÿ ìû âñå ÷àùå ñòàëêèâàåìñÿ ñ ïîíèìàíèåì, ÷òî íîâîå çíàíèå äëÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííîé ðàáîòû è äëÿ âûæèâàíèÿ — ýòî òî, ÷òî íåîáõîäèìî, íî íå âñåãäà äîñòàòî÷íî. Íîâîå çíàíèå êàê ïðîäîëæåíèå òðåáóåò çàêðåïëå-íèÿ åãî â óìåíèÿõ è íàâûêàõ è îïðåäåëåííîãî ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêî-ãî êîíòåêñòà.

Ñîâðåìåííîå îáùåñòâî õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ íîâûì òèïîì îòíîøåíèé, ñêëàäûâàþùèõñÿ ìåæäó ïðîèçâîäèòåëÿìè, ïîñðåäíèêàìè è ïîòðåáèòåëÿ-ìè ìàðêåòèíãîâûõ óñëóã. Ìàðêåòèíã óñëóã â XVI âåêå îðèåíòèðîâàí íà ðûíî÷íûå îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó íàçâàííûìè ó÷àñòíèêàìè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, îñíîâíîé öåëüþ ìàðêåòèíãà ñòàíîâèòñÿ âûáîð àäåêâàòíûõ ìåõàíèçìîâ, ñïîñîáíûõ îáåñïå÷èòü óïðàâëåíèå, îðèåíòèðîâàííîå íà ðûíîê. Ìàðêåòî-ëîãè, çàèíòåðåñîâàííûå â ðàçâèòèè ðûíî÷íûõ îòíîøåíèé, îòëè÷àþòñÿ òåì, ÷òî íà âñåõ óðîâíÿõ ïîñòîÿííî îòñëåæèâàþò ïîòðåáíîñòè ïîòðåáè-òåëåé è óñëîâèÿ êîíêóðåíöèè âî âíåøíåé ñðåäå. Ïðåäëàãàåòñÿ êîíöåï-öèÿ ðûíî÷íîé ñåãìåíòàöèè, ïðèñïîñàáëèâàþùàÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðîäóêòîâ è ìàðêåòèíãîâûå ïðîãðàììû ê îïðåäåëåííûì ïîòðåáíîñòÿì ðàçëè÷íûõ öåëåâûõ ðûíêîâ. Â óñëîâèÿõ ñíèæåíèÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðîäóêòîâ ïðåä-ïðèÿòèÿìè ëåãêîé è òÿæåëîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè àêòèâíî ïðîäàåòñÿ èí-ôîðìàöèÿ, âîñòðåáîâàííûìè îñòàþòñÿ îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå óñëóãè. Îäíàêî, åñëè íåñêîëüêî ëåò òîìó íàçàä êà÷åñòâî ïîäãîòîâêè ñïåöèàëèñòà (îáðàçî-âàòåëüíàÿ óñëóãà) îöåíèâàëîñü íà óðîâíå ïîëó÷åííîãî ñåðòèôèêàòà (äè-ïëîì îá îêîí÷àíèè âûñøåãî ó÷åáíîãî çàâåäåíèÿ), òî ýòî áûëî îñíîâàíèåì äëÿ ðàáîòîäàòåëåé ïðåäëàãàòü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå äîëæíîñòè. Ñåãîäíÿ íå ìåíåå çíà÷èìûìè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè (ïðåäëàãàþùèå îïðåäåëåííûé ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèé êîíòåêñò) è ïðîôåññèîíàëü-íûå êîìïåòåíöèè (ïîçâîëÿþùèå ðàáîòîäàòåëþ ïîäîáðàòü ïåðñîíàë ñ òåìè óìåíèÿìè è íàâûêàìè, êîòîðûå íåîáõîäèìû äëÿ òîé èëè èíîé ñôåðû äå-ÿòåëüíîñòè). Â ýòîé ñâÿçè âîçíèêàåò ïðîáëåìà: ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåäîñòàòî÷íî ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ÷üè ëè÷íîñòíûå è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå êîìïåòåíöèè ñîâïà-äàëè áû ñ òðåáîâàíèÿìè ðàáîòîäàòåëåé. Âûÿâëåíà ýòà ïðîáëåìà áûëà â ðå-çóëüòàòå êîíòåíò-àíàëèçà îáúÿâëåíèé ðàáîòîäàòåëåé, àíàëèçà èíòåðâüþ ñ âûïóñêíèêàìè ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà è îáðàáîòêè àíêåò ñòó-äåíòîâ ñòàðøèõ êóðñîâ (n= 3600), êîòîðûì ïðåäëàãàëîñü ñàìîñòîÿòåëü-íî îöåíèòü ñâîè ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óñïåõà.

Öåëüþ ñòàòüè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëåíèå ðîëè ëè÷íîñòíûõ êîìïåòåíöèé êàê îñíîâû ñòàíîâëåíèÿ ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîíòåêñòà âûïóñêíèêîâ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî âóçà â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ êîìïåòåíöèé, âîñòðåáîâàííûõ ðàáîòîäàòåëÿìè è îáåñïå÷èâàþùèõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûé óñïåõ.

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Ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Â ïåðèîä ñ 17.02.2012 ïî 17.03.2015 ã. áûëî ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíî 4200 îáúÿâëåíèé î âàêàíñèÿõ íà äîëæíîñòè, êîòîðûå ìîãóò áûòü èíòåðåñíû âûïóñêíèêàì ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «ìàðêåòèíã» (èñòî÷-íèêîì èíôîðìàöèè î âàêàíñèÿõ âûñòóïèë ñàéò www.jobs.ua). Èç ÷èñëà îáúÿâëåíèé áûëè îòîáðàíû 240 íàèáîëåå ñîäåðæàòåëüíûõ è èíòåðåñíûõ â ïëàíå àíàëèçà.

Â ðåçóëüòàòå êîíòåíò-àíàëèçà îáúÿâëåíèé î âàêàíñèÿõ áûëè âûáðàíû ñëåäóþùèå äîëæíîñòè: «ìàðêåòîëîã», «áðåíä-ìàðêåòîëîã», «äèðåêòîð ïî ìàðêåòèíãó è ðåêëàìå», «ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ìàðêåòèíãó è ïðîäàæàì», «ìàð-êåòîëîã-ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ïðîäâèæåíèþ», «ñòàðøèé ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ðåêëàìå è ìàðêåòèíãîâûì êîììóíèêàöèÿì», «äèðåêòîð ïî ìàðêåòèíãó», «ÏÐ-ìåíåäæåð», «ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ïðîäâèæåíèþ òîâàðîâ», «ñóïåðâàéçåð», «ïðî-äàêò-ìåíåäæåð», «ìåíåäæåð ïî çàêóïêàì», «ìåíåäæåð ïî ðàçâèòèþ», «äè-ðåêòîð ïî ðàçâèòèþ», «ìåíåäæåð ïî ðåêëàìå», «ìåíåäæåð ïî ïðîäàæàì». Ðàáîòîäàòåëè ôîðìóëèðîâàëè ñâîè îñíîâíûå òðåáîâàíèÿ ê ñîèñêàòåëÿì, êîòîðûå ñâîäèëèñü ê ãðàôèêó ðàáîòû, îáðàçîâàíèþ, îïûòó ðàáîòû, íàè-áîëåå çíà÷èìûì ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûì êîìïåòåíöèÿì, çíà÷èìûì ïðîôåññèî-íàëüíûì êîìïåòåíöèÿì, íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûì ëè÷íîñòíûì êîìïåòåíöèÿì, çíà÷èìûì ëè÷íîñòíûì êîìïåòåíöèÿì, âîçìîæíîé çàðàáîòíîé ïëàòå, äî-ïîëíèòåëüíûì óñëóãàì.

Â áîëüøèíñòâå âñåõ ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàííûõ îáúÿâëåíèé î âàêàíñèÿõ ïðåä-ëàãàåòñÿ ïîëíàÿ çàíÿòîñòü, óäàëåííàÿ çàíÿòîñòü ïðåäëàãàëàñü â îáëàñòè èíòåðíåò-ìàðêåòèíãà (2013, 2014, 2015).

Âî âñåõ ðàññìîòðåííûõ îáúÿâëåíèÿõ î âàêàíñèÿõ òðåáîâàëèñü ñîòðóäíè-êè ñ âûñøèì îáðàçîâàíèåì, èíîãäà óòî÷íÿëîñü ïðåäïî÷èòàåìîå îáðàçîâà-íèå (íàïðèìåð, æåëàòåëüíî ìàðêåòèíã, ýêîíîìèêà, ìåíåäæìåíò, ñîöèîëî-ãèÿ, ôèíàíñû, æóðíàëèñòèêà, èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê).

Ïðåäïî÷òåíèå îòäàâàëîñü ñîèñêàòåëÿì ñ îïûòîì ðàáîòû 1–2 ãîäà, äëÿ ðóêîâîäÿùèõ äîëæíîñòåé 2–5 ëåò èëè âûøå.

Ðåæå òðåáîâàëèñü ñîòðóäíèêè áåç îïûòà ðàáîòû èëè ñ ìèíèìàëüíûì îïûòîì ðàáîòû (îò 6 ìåñÿöåâ); ñ îïûòîì ðàáîòû íå ìåíåå 5–7 ëåò.

Íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûìè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûìè êîìïåòåíöèÿìè íàçûâàëè: – ñâîáîäíîå âëàäåíèå ÏÊ (MS Office, ãðàôè÷åñêèå ðåäàêòîðû), Internet

íà óðîâíå ïðîäâèíóòîãî ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ; – çíàíèå àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà óðîâíå íå íèæå ñðåäíåãî; – çíàíèå ìàðêåòèíãà, íàâûêè ìàðêåòèíãîâîãî àíàëèçà è ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ,

ìåäèà-ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ; – íàâûêè ïðîäâèæåíèÿ ïðîäóêòà/áðåíäà; – íàâûêè îðãàíèçàöèè è ïëàíèðîâàíèÿ ìàðêåòèíãîâûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Çíà÷èìûìè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûìè êîìïåòåíöèÿìè ðàáîòîäàòåëè ñ÷èòàþò: – çíàíèå Google Analytics; – íàâûêè â âåäåíèè ïåðåãîâîðîâ; – ðàçðàáîòêó ìàðêåòèíãîâîãî ïëàíà è ñòðàòåãèè; – íàâûêè îðãàíèçàöèè ðåêëàìíûõ êàìïàíèé è PR êàìïàíèé; – çíàíèå îñíîâ ãðàæäàíñêîãî ïðàâà, òðóäîâîãî, òàìîæåííîãî, ôèíàíñî-

âîãî è õîçÿéñòâåííîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà;

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– óìåíèå ëåãêî ïèñàòü ðàçëè÷íûå òåêñòû, ñöåíàðèè, çàìåòêè, ïîñòû; – ðàçðàáîòêó íîâûõ òîâàðîâ (ïðîäóêò, äèçàéí, öåíà, áðåíäèíã). Êîíòåíò-àíàëèç îáúÿâëåíèé ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ðàáîòîäàòåëè îáðàùàþò âíè-

ìàíèå è íà ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè áóäóùèõ ñîòðóäíèêîâ, ïîýòîìó çàÿâ-ëÿþò îá ýòîì â îáúÿâëåíèÿõ.

Íàèáîëåå çíà÷èìûå ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ðàáî-òîäàòåëåé:

– îòâåòñòâåííîñòü; – êîììóíèêàáåëüíîñòü; – íàöåëåííîñòü íà ðåçóëüòàò; – îðãàíèçàòîðñêèå ñïîñîáíîñòè; – àíàëèòè÷åñêèå ñïîñîáíîñòè; – èíèöèàòèâíîñòü; – âíèìàòåëüíîñòü. Çíà÷èìûå ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè: – àäàïòèâíîñòü; – óìåíèå ðàáîòàòü ñ áîëüøèìè îáúåìàìè èíôîðìàöèè; – ëèäåðñêèå êà÷åñòâà; – ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü; – ñàìîîðãàíèçîâàííîñòü; – ðàáîòîñïîñîáíîñòü; – óìåíèå ïðèíèìàòü ðåøåíèÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî; – ïîðÿäî÷íîñòü; – öåëåóñòðåìëåííîñòü; – ñïîñîáíîñòü ðàáîòàòü â êîìàíäå; – ñòðåññîóñòîé÷èâîñòü – ãðàìîòíàÿ ðå÷ü, õîðîøî ïîñòàâëåííûé ãîëîñ; – äîáðîæåëàòåëüíîñòü; – òàêòè÷íîñòü; – êðåàòèâíîñòü; – àêòèâíîñòü. ×àùå âñåãî â îáúÿâëåíèÿõ î âàêàíñèÿõ ïðåäëàãàëàñü äîãîâîðíàÿ çàðïëà-

òà èëè çàðïëàòà (3000–6000 ãðí.). Ïðåäëàãàëèñü ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà äîïîëíèòåëüíûå óñëîâèÿ (ïðåèìóùåñòâà)

ðàáîòû: ñîöèàëüíûé ïàêåò, ìåäèöèíñêàÿ ñòðàõîâêà, îôèöèàëüíîå òðóäî-óñòðîéñòâî, ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî ðîñòà, ñâîåâðåìåí-íàÿ îïëàòà òðóäà, âîçìîæíûå ðåäêèå êîìàíäèðîâêè, íàëè÷èå âîäèòåëü-ñêèõ ïðàâ è îïûòà âîæäåíèÿ, îïëà÷èâàåìûé îòïóñê, ñîöèàëüíûå ãàðàíòèè ñîãëàñíî ÊÇîÒ, êîìàíäèðîâî÷íûå, ïèòàíèå, ìåäèöèíñêîå îáñëóæèâàíèå, ìîáèëüíàÿ ñâÿçü, äîñòàâêà íà ðàáîòó ñîãëàñíî ãðàôèêó, áåñïëàòíîå ïðî-æèâàíèå, ãèáêèé ãðàôèê, ðàáîòà â äðóæíîì êîëëåêòèâå, êîðïîðàòèâíûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ (ïðàçäíèêè, ñïîðò, îòäûõ), òðåíèíãè, îáó÷åíèå.

Ïîäîáíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ïîñëåäíèå ïÿòü ëåò â Õàðüêîâñêîì íàöèîíàëüíîì ýêîíîìè÷åñêîì óíèâåðñèòåòå. Ñóäÿ ïî îáúÿâëåíèÿì, íà-áëþäàåòñÿ ñòàáèëüíûé ñïðîñ íà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ-ìàðêåòîëîãîâ, ÷òî ÿâëÿåò-ñÿ òðåáîâàíèåì ñîâðåìåííîé ýïîõè. Ñèñòåìàòèêà êîíêóðåíòíûõ ñòðàòåãèé

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(ñî÷åòàíèå íåîáõîäèìûõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ è ëè÷íîñòíûõ êîìïåòåíöèé) ñîèñêàòåëåé âàæíà äëÿ ïðåäïðèíèìàòåëåé, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî â ðåàëüíîé æèçíè áîëüøèíñòâî èç íèõ íà÷èíàþò ïðîôåññèîíàëüíóþ àêòèâíîñòü íà ðûíêå êàê ðàçâåä÷èêè. Ñáîð èíôîðìàöèè íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ èçó÷åíèÿ ïîòðå-áèòåëåé, êîíêóðåíòîâ, ïàðòíåðîâ-ïîñðåäíèêîâ, òåíäåíöèé ðàçâèòèÿ ðûí-êà òðóäà. Ñòàáèëüíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ñïðîñà íà ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ñïîñîáíûõ ïðî-âîäèòü ìàðêåòèíãîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ, ôîðìèðîâàòü áðåíäû ïðåäïðèÿòèé, ãîòîâèòü PR-àêöèè, îáîñíîâûâàòü âûáîð ñòðàòåãèé áðåíä-ìåíåäæìåíòà íà ðûíêå òðóäà, ïðîâîäèòü ðåêëàìíûå êàìïàíèè, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò íå òîëüêî îá àêòóàëüíîñòè ñïåöèàëüíîñòè «ìàðêåòèíã», íî è íåîáõîäèìîñòè è âîç-ìîæíîñòè ðåãóëèðîâàíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ïîâûøåíèå ìàð-êåòèíãà îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ óñëóã.

Îäíîâðåìåííî ñ èçó÷åíèåì òðåáîâàíèé ðàáîòîäàòåëåé ïðîâîäèëèñü îïðîñû âûïóñêíèêîâ âóçà íà ïðåäìåò âûÿâëåíèÿ ëè÷íîñòíûõ êîìïåòåí-öèé, êîòîðûå, ïî ìíåíèþ ñòóäåíòîâ, ïîìîãóò äîñòè÷ü ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óñïåõà.

Òàáëèöà 1

Ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè, íåîáõîäèìûå äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óñïåõà (íà îñíîâå îïðîñà ñòóäåíòîâ Õàðüêîâñêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî

ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà N=3600)

¹ Ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè2012–2013

2013–2014

2014–2015

1 îòâåòñòâåííîñòü 59 56 652 êîììóíèêàáåëüíîñòü 49 46 493 îðãàíèçàòîðñêèå ñïîñîáíîñòè 44 47 464 èíèöèàòèâíîñòü 25 30 315 ñïîñîáíîñòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî óãëóáëÿòü çíàíèÿ 35 33 306 äèñöèïëèíèðîâàííîñòü 31 29 307 ñïîñîáíîñòü ê áûñòðîìó óñâîåíèþ íîâîé èíôîðìà-

öèè43 32 29

8 îáùåêóëüòóðíàÿ ýðóäèöèÿ 29 23 269 ñòðåìëåíèå ê ñàìîðåàëèçàöèè 20 23 2410 ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ëèäåðñòâó 27 22 2211 ãîòîâíîñòü ê ñèòóàöèè ðèñêà 26 19 2212 òâîð÷åñêèå ñïîñîáíîñòè 23 24 2213 ñïîñîáíîñòü ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü ðåçóëüòàò 33 21 2214 âíèìàòåëüíîñòü 28 20 2115 îáùèé óðîâåíü èíòåëëåêòà 26 18 2016 ñïîñîáíîñòü ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ñèòóàöèè ïðè ïðèíÿòèè

ðåøåíèÿ25 17 18

17 ñïîñîáíîñòü àäåêâàòíî ïîíèìàòü è áûòü ïîíÿòûì 24 21 1818 îáúåêòèâíîñòü 16 13 1719 ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòå 24 14 1620 íàïðàâëåííîñòü íà æèçíåííûé óñïåõ 21 18 1521 àáñòðàêòíîñòü ìûøëåíèÿ 9 9 1422 ïóíêòóàëüíîñòü 16 13 1323 ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå ñïîñîáíîñòè 6 7 924 ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü â äåéñòâèÿõ 8 7 725 êðîïîòëèâîñòü 3 7 3

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Òàáëèöà 2

Ïðèîðèòåòíûå ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ óñïåõà (ìíåíèÿ ñòóäåíòîâ)

¹ Ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè2012–2013

2013–2014

2014–2015

1 îòâåòñòâåííîñòü 59 56 652 íàïðàâëåííîñòü íà æèçíåííûé óñïåõ 62 55 553 ñòðåìëåíèå ê ñàìîðåàëèçàöèè 55 55 524 äèñöèïëèíèðîâàííîñòü 60 53 515 ñïîñîáíîñòü ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòå – 47 506 ïóíêòóàëüíîñòü 51 – –

Âûâîäû è ïåðñïåêòèâû äàëüíåéøåãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ. Íà îñíîâå àíàëèçà ñèòóàöèè íà ðûíêå òðóäà ìîæíî ïðåäïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ðîëü ëè÷íîñòíûõ êîì-ïåòåíöèé ñîèñêàòåëåé âàæíà, òàê êàê îíè íå ìåíåå çíà÷èìû, ÷åì ïðîôåñ-ñèîíàëüíûå êîìïåòåíöèè. Èìåííî îíè ôîðìèðóþò ñîöèàëüíî-ïñèõîëîãè÷å-ñêèé êîíòåêñò, íåîáõîäèìûé äëÿ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîãî óñïåõà. Ëè÷íîñòíûå êîìïåòåíöèè, âîñòðåáîâàííûå ðàáîòîäàòåëÿìè, íåîáõîäèìî ôîðìèðîâàòü è ðàçâèâàòü â ïðîöåññå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû íàä ñîáîé åùå â âóçå. Äëÿ ýòîãî ñëåäóåò îáåñïå÷èâàòü ýêñïëèöèòíîñòü òðåáîâàíèé ðàáîòîäàòåëåé. Ïî-ñëåäíåå âîçìîæíî ëèøü ïðè óñëîâèè ìîíèòîðèíãà îáúÿâëåíèé ðàáîòîäà-òåëåé, âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ âóçîâ, ðóêîâîäèòåëåé ïðåäïðèÿòèé è ó÷åíûõ, âû-ñòóïàþùèõ ïîñðåäíèêàìè, îáîáùàþùèìè ïîëîæèòåëüíûé îïûò óñïåøíûõ âûïóñêíèêîâ. Âûøåíàçâàííûå ëè÷íîñòíûå è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûå êîìïå-òåíöèè â ñîâîêóïíîñòè íå òîëüêî îáåñïå÷èâàþò ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûé ðîñò, êîíêóðåíòîñïîñîáíîñòü, íî è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñòèìóëîì äëÿ âûáîðà ñîèñêàòåëåé ðàáîòîäàòåëÿìè.

Ñïèñîê èñïîëüçîâàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû

1. Parsons T. Some Problems of General Theory in Sociology / T. Parsons; John C. McKinney and Edward A. Tiryakian (eds) // Theoretical Sociology, Perspectives and Development. — New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970. — P. 27–68.

2. Èëüèí Å. Ï. Ìîòèâàöèÿ è ìîòèâû / Å. Ï. Èëüèí. — ÑÏá.: Ïèòåð, 2000. — 512 ñ. — ISBN: 5–272–00028–5.

Ñòàòòÿ íàä³éøëà äî ðåäàêö³¿ 31.08.2015

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Ëèñèöÿ Í. Ì. êàôåäðà åêîíîì³êè ³ ìàðêåòèíãó Õàðê³âñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî åêîíîì³÷íîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ Ñåìåíà Êóçíåöÿ ïð. Ëåí³íà, 9à, ì. Õàðê³â, 61166, Óêðà¿íà

ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍÎ-ÏÑÈÕÎËÎÃ²×ÍÈÉ ÊÎÍÒÅÊÑÒ ÂÈÙÎ¯ ÅÊÎÍÎÌ²×ÍÎ¯ ÎÑÂ²ÒÈ

Ðåçþìå Ó ñòàòò³ ïðîïîíóºòüñÿ àíàë³ç âèìîã ðîáîòîäàâö³â íà ðèíêó ïðàö³ äëÿ âèïóñêíè-

ê³â åêîíîì³÷íîãî âíç. Êîíòåíò-àíàë³ç îãîëîøåíü ðîáîòîäàâö³â äîçâîëÿº âèÿâèòè ïî-ïèò íå ò³ëüêè íà çàòðåáóâàí³ ïðîôåñ³éí³ êîìïåòåíö³¿ ç³ ñïåö³àëüíîñò³ åêîíîì³÷íîãî ïðîô³ëþ, àëå é íà îñîáèñò³ñí³ êîìïåòåíö³¿. Çàïðîïîíîâàíî ïðîôåñ³éí³ òà îñîáèñò³ñ-í³ êîìïåòåíö³¿ (ïî ì³ð³ çíà÷óùîñò³), ÿê³ î÷³êóþòü ðîáîòîäàâö³. Îïèòóâàííÿ ñòóäåí-ò³â-âèïóñêíèê³â åêîíîì³÷íîãî âíç äîçâîëèâ âèçíà÷èòè ïåðåë³ê îñîáèñò³ñíèõ êîì-ïåòåíö³é, ÿê³, íà äóìêó ñòóäåíò³â, äîïîìîæóòü ó äîñÿãíåíí³ ïðîôåñ³éíîãî óñï³õó. Ïîºäíàííÿ êîìïåòåíö³é, íàÿâíèõ ³ çàòðåáóâàíèõ, ñòàíå îñíîâîþ äëÿ ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ðîñòó òà êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæíîñò³ ñïåö³àë³ñò³â.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïðîôåñ³éí³ êîìïåòåíö³¿, îñîáèñò³ñí³ êîìïåòåíö³¿, ñîö³àëüíî-ïñèõîëîã³÷íèé êîíòåêñò, êîíêóðåíòîñïðîìîæí³ñòü, ïðîôåñ³éíèé ð³ñò, ïðîôåñ³éíèé óñï³õ, ðèíîê ïðàö³.

Lysytsya N. M. Department of Economics and Marketing Kharkov National University of Economics named after Simon Kuznets Lenin Avenue, 9a, Kharkov, 61166, Ukraine

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT OF HIGHER ECONOMIC EDUCATION

Summary The article deals with the analysis of demands of employers in the labor market

for the graduates of the higher educational establishments. Content analysis of the advertisements of employers allows discovering the demand not only for professional competences in economics, but personal competences as well. Professional and per-sonal competences, which the employers expect are suggested in the article. Research of graduates of university of economics made it possible to define the list of personal competences, which as the students consider will help to achieve professional success. Combination of competences will become the basis for professional growth and com-petitiveness of specialists.

Key words: professional competences, personal competences, socio-psychological context, competitiveness, professional growth, professional success, labor market.

19


ÓÄÊ 316.47

Ïîäîëüñüêà ª. À. äîêòîð ñîö³îëîã³÷íèõ íàóê, ïðîôåñîð, çàâ. êàôåäðîþ ô³ëîñîô³¿ òà ãóìàí³òàðíèõ äèñöèïë³í Õàðê³âñüêîãî ãóìàí³òàðíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó «Íàðîäíà óêðà¿íñüêà àêàäåì³ÿ» ïðîñï. Ïåðåìîãè, 67, êâ. 259, ì. Õàðê³â, 61174, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (057) 337–51–59 å-mail: å[email protected] Íàçàðê³í Ï. Î. ìàã³ñòð ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî ôàêóëüòåòó Õàðê³âñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ Â. Í. Êàðàç³íà âóë. Àðõ³òåêòîð³â, 32, êâ. 37, ì. Õàðê³â, 61174, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (057) 337–72–00 å-mail: å[email protected]

ÍÎÂÈÉ ÑÅÍÑ É ²ÍÍÎÂÀÖ²ÉÍ² ÑÏÎÑÎÁÈ ÇÀÁÅÇÏÅ×ÅÍÍß ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍÎ¯ ÁÅÇÏÅÊÈ

Îá´ðóíòîâàíî íîâå âèçíà÷åííÿ ñóòíîñò³ áåçïåêè: çä³éñíåíî ïåðåõ³ä â³ä ïå-ðåâàæíî¿ îð³ºíòîâàíîñò³ íà òåðèòîð³àëüíó áåçïåêó äî çíà÷íî á³ëüøî¿ îð³ºí-òîâàíîñò³ íà áåçïåêó ëþäåé, â³ä áåçïåêè ÷åðåç îçáðîºííÿ äî áåçïåêè ÷åðåç óñòàëåíèé ëþäñüêèé ðîçâèòîê. Òåðì³í «ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà» îòðèìàâ íîâå ñìèñëîâå íàïîâíåííÿ: öå íå ïðîñòî çàõèñò â³ä çàãðîç, àëå é ³íñòðóìåíòàð³é îö³íêè ñòóïåíÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ö³ëåé ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïîë³òèêè. Íà îñíîâ³ ïîêàçíèê³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè âèä³ëåí³ çàãðîçè ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè íà ïðèêëàä³ ñó÷àñ-íî¿ Óêðà¿íè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ìîäåðí³çàö³ÿ, íàïðóæåí³ñòü, ñóñï³ëüíèé ïîðÿäîê, ñîö³àëü-íà áåçïåêà, çàãðîçà.

Â óìîâàõ ñêëàäíî¿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ äèíàì³êè ç óðàõóâàííÿì ì³ë³òàðèçàö³¿ òà ï³äâèùåíî¿ êîíôë³êòîãåííîñò³ ñóñï³ëüíèõ â³äíîñèí íàäçâè÷àéíî àêòóàëü-íèì äëÿ ñîö³îëîã³¿ ñòàº ïîøóê ³ííîâàö³éíèõ ñïîñîá³â çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³-àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè. Ðîçðîáêè òàêèõ çàðóá³æíèõ äîñë³äíèê³â, ÿê Ð. Ìåðòîí, Ó. Áåê, Ð. Äàðåíäîðô, Å. Íüþìàí, Ð. Óëüìàí òà ³í., äîçâîëÿþòü âèçíà÷à-òè äæåðåëà çàãðîç ñîö³àëüí³é áåçïåö³. Â ö³ëîìó, âèçíà÷èëèñü äâà íàïðÿ-ìè ðîçóì³ííÿ ñóòíîñò³ áåçïåêè: 1) ïðàö³ Ì. Äóãëàñ, Ó. Áåêà, Å. Ã³ääåíñà, À. Â³ëäàâñüê³, Â. Ãåéçåíà, Í. Ëóìàíà ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ êîíöåïòóàëüíèì, ìåòî-äîëîã³÷íèì ³ ïðèêëàäíèì ïèòàííÿì ðèñêîëîã³¿; 2) ó ïðàöÿõ Î. Â³êòîðîâà, ². Äóáðîâñüêîãî, Â. Ïîêëàäà, ². Ðóùåíêà, Ã. Ñ³ëëàñòå, Â. Óëüÿíîâñüêîãî âèâ÷àþòüñÿ êîíêðåòí³ âèäè áåçïåêè (íàö³îíàëüíî¿, åêîíîì³÷íî¿, ³íôîð-ìàö³éíî¿, êðèì³íàëüíî¿ òîùî). Çàâäÿêè ïðàöÿì òàêèõ â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ â÷å-íèõ, ÿê ª. À. Ãóãí³í, Î. À. Ãóæâà, Î. Ä. Êóöåíêî, Â. Ì. Í³êîëàºâñüêèé, Â. Ñ. Ðåçí³ê, À. Â. ßêîâåíêî òà ³í., îáãðóíòîâàíî ïîëîæåííÿ ïðî òå, ùî íà â³äì³íó â³ä ïðîáëåì óñòàíîâëåííÿ ãðîìàäñüêîãî ïîðÿäêó, ùî ìàþòü ïî-ë³òèêî-³äåîëîã³÷íèé õàðàêòåð, çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè ìàº ³íøèé õàðàêòåð — çàãàëüíîëþäñüêèé, â³òàëüíèé. Ó çâ’ÿçêó ç öèì àêòóàë³çóþòü-

© Ïîäîëüñüêà ª. À., Íàçàðê³í Ï. Î., 2015

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ñÿ ïðîáëåìè ðîçðîáêè ³ííîâàö³éíèõ ï³äõîä³â äî çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè íà îñíîâ³ óòî÷íåííÿ ¿¿ çì³ñòó ç óðàõóâàííÿì ñó÷àñíî¿ ñèòóàö³¿ â Óêðà¿í³. Ðîçêðèâàþ÷è ïîòåíö³àë ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè, òàê³ çàðóá³æí³ äîñë³äíèêè, ÿê À. Áðóñ, Â. Âåñò, Ð. Âóäìåí, Ô. Éóàí, Ñ. Ñêîòò è Äæ. Ôàðð, çä³éñíþþòü ïîøóê ³ííîâàö³éíèõ òåõíîëîã³é, ðîçðîáêó íîâ³òí³õ øëÿõ³â äî-ñÿãíåííÿ ö³ëåé, îá´ðóíòîâóþòü çàñòîñóâàííÿ ³ííîâàö³éíèõ ìåòîä³â ³ íîâèõ ðåñóðñ³â, ùî ñïðèÿº ñóòòºâîìó ï³äâèùåííþ ð³âíÿ çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè. Â òîé æå ÷àñ çà ðàìêàìè ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî àíàë³çó çàëèøàþòüñÿ ïðîáëåìè âèÿâëåííÿ ñóòíîñò³ áåçïåêè ³ âèçíà÷åííÿ ³ííîâàö³éíèõ ñïîñîá³â çàïîá³ãàííÿ ¿¿ çàãðîçàì.

Ìåòà äàíî¿ ñòàòò³ — âèÿâëåííÿ íîâîãî ñåíñó ³ ðîçðîáêà ³ííîâàö³éíèõ ñïîñîá³â çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè.

Ó ñîö³îëîã³÷íîìó òåîðåòèçóâàíí³ ç ïðîáëåì çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåç-ïåêè ñêëàëèñü òðè âçàºìîïîâ’ÿçàíèõ êîíöåïòà, ùî áàçóþòüñÿ íà ãóìàí³ñ-òè÷íîìó áà÷åíí³ ëþäèíè ÿê âèùî¿, ñàìîñò³éíî¿ ö³ííîñò³:

1. Ó 1960-ò³ ðîêè áóëà ðîçðîáëåíà òåîð³ÿ ëþäñüêîãî êàï³òàëó, â ÿê³é äî ëþäñüêîãî êàï³òàëó â³äíîñÿòüñÿ íå ò³ëüêè çíàííÿ ëþäèíè, àëå é ¿¿ çäîðîâ’ÿ, ñâ³òîãëÿäí³ òà êóëüòóðí³ ö³ííîñò³, íàâè÷êè ñï³ëêóâàííÿ òîùî.

2. Ó 1980–1990-ò³ ðîêè áóëà çàïðîïîíîâàíà ìîäåëü ëþäñüêîãî ðîçâèòêó, âèçíà÷åí³ óìîâè ðîçâèòêó ïîòåíö³àëó ³íäèâ³äà, äîñÿãíåííÿ íèì áàæàíîãî ð³âíÿ äîáðîáóòó. Ãîëîâíèì ïîêàçíèêîì ïîêðàùåííÿ ëþäñüêîãî ðîçâèòêó º ðîçøèðåííÿ äîñòóïíèõ äëÿ ëþäèíè âàð³àíò³â âèáîðó ñâîãî æèòòºâîãî øëÿ-õó, à äæåðåëîì — ³íâåñòèö³¿ â ëþäñüêèé êàï³òàë.

3. Â ïåðø³é ïîëîâèí³ 1990-õ ðîê³â áóëà ñôîðìóëüîâàíà êîíöåïö³ÿ ëþä-ñüêî¿ áåçïåêè, ÿêà êîìïëåêñíî îïèñóº óìîâè äîñÿãíåííÿ ñòàá³ëüíîãî ðîç-âèòêó ëþäñüêîãî ïîòåíö³àëó. Ïðè÷îìó äî öèõ óìîâ âêëþ÷åí³ íå ò³ëüêè ïî-ë³òè÷í³ é åêîíîì³÷í³, àëå ³ ñîö³àëüí³, êóëüòóðí³, åêîëîã³÷í³ é ò. ï. çàãðîçè, ÿê³ çàâàæàþòü äîñÿãíåííþ âèñîêîãî ð³âíÿ ëþäñüêî¿ áåçïåêè, º ôàêòîðàìè, ùî ñòðèìóþòü ïîêðàùåííÿ ëþäñüêîãî ïîòåíö³àëó êðà¿íè. Òåðì³í «ëþä-ñüêà áåçïåêà» ðîçøèðþº ³ äîïîâíþº áà÷åííÿ çì³ñòó íàö³îíàëüíî¿ áåçïåêè ³ â òîé æå ÷àñ äîçâîëÿº ïîäèâèòèñü íà ïðîáëåìó áåçïåêè äåðæàâè íå ç â³é-ñüêîâî-ïîë³òè÷íèõ, à ç ãóìàí³ñòè÷íèõ ïîçèö³é [1, ñ. 290].

Ó ñâî¿é ñòàòò³ «Ïåðåîñìèñëåííÿ áåçïåêè» Ð³÷àðä Óëüìàí çàïðîïîíóâàâ íîâå ðîçóì³ííÿ ñìèñëó áåçïåêè â ö³ëîìó ³ íàö³îíàëüíî¿ áåçïåêè çîêðåìà. Â³í óêàçàâ íà íîâ³ çàãðîçè, ùî âèíèêëè ó ñó÷àñíîìó ñâ³ò³. Çã³äíî Óëüìà-íó, çàãðîçà íàö³îíàëüíî¿ áåçïåêè — öå ä³ÿ àáî ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü ïîä³é, êî-òðà: 1) ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ íåáåçïåêó çà â³äíîñíî êîðîòêèé â³äð³çîê ÷àñó çíèçèòè ÿê³ñòü æèòòÿ íàñåëåííÿ êðà¿íè àáî 2) çàãðîæóº ñóòòºâî çâóçèòè ä³àïàçîí ïîë³òè÷íîãî âèáîðó ÿê äëÿ óðÿäó äåðæàâè, òàê ³ äëÿ ³íäèâ³ä³â, ãðóï, êîð-ïîðàö³é â ìåæàõ êðà¿íè [7, ñ. 130].

Â îñòàíí³ äåñÿòèë³òòÿ ñóòòºâî ðîçøèðèâñÿ íàá³ð ôàêòîð³â íàö³îíàëüíî¿ áåçïåêè çà ðàõóíîê àíàë³çó âíóòð³øíüîäåðæàâíèõ ïðîöåñ³â. Óâàãà äîñë³ä-íèê³â çîñåðåäèëàñü íà ïîçàïîë³òè÷íèõ âèì³ðàõ áåçïåêè äåðæàâè — ³íôîð-ìàö³éíèõ, òåõíîëîã³÷íèõ, åêîíîì³÷íèõ, êóëüòóðíèõ, ãóìàí³òàðíèõ òà ³í. Â ðåçóëüòàò³ ¿õ ðîçðîáîê òåðì³í «ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà» îòðèìàâ òàêå ñìèñëî-âå íàïîâíåííÿ:

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1) ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà äåðæàâè: çàéíÿò³ñòü ³ ðèíîê ïðàö³, áåçðîá³òòÿ, åêî-ëîã³÷íà ³ òåõíîãåííà áåçïåêà, åï³äåì³îëîã³÷íà ñèòóàö³ÿ, äåìîãðàô³÷íà ñè-òóàö³ÿ, òðóäîâà ì³ãðàö³ÿ, ñîö³àëüíî-òðóäîâ³ â³äíîñèíè;

2) ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà ñóñï³ëüñòâà: ñîö³àëüíå ñåðåäîâèùå, ñîö³àëüíå ñòðà-õóâàííÿ, ãåíäåðíà ïîë³òèêà, çàïîá³ãàííÿ ³ ðîçâ’ÿçàííÿ òðóäîâèõ êîíôë³ê-ò³â, áîðîòüáà ç á³äí³ñòþ, åòíîíàö³îíàëüí³ ³ ðåë³ã³éí³ â³äíîñèíè, âèõîâàííÿ ïàòð³îòèçìó;

3) ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà ëþäèíè: à) ÿê³ñòü æèòòÿ: îõîðîíà çäîðîâ’ÿ, õàð÷ó-âàííÿ, îäÿã, æèòëî ³ óìîâè ïðîæèâàííÿ, ñ³ì’ÿ ³ äèòèíñòâî, îñâ³òà, êóëü-òóðà ³ ìèñòåöòâî, êîìóí³êàö³¿ òà çâ’ÿçîê, â³ëüíå ïåðåñóâàííÿ, òóðèçì, äî-ñòóï äî ³íôîðìàö³¿, äîçâ³ëëÿ ³ â³äïî÷èíîê; á) ð³âåíü æèòòÿ: ïîêàçíèêè ñîö³àëüíîãî ðîçâèòêó, ïðîæèòêîâèé ì³í³ìóì, ì³í³ìàëüíàÿ ³ ñåðåäíÿ, à òà-êîæ íîì³íàëüíà ³ ðåàëüíà çàðîá³òíà ïëàòà, ïðèáóòêè ³ âèòðàòè íàñåëåííÿ, çðîñòàííÿ ñïîæèâ÷èõ ö³í, çàáîðãîâàí³ñòü ïî âèïëàò³ çàðîá³òíî¿ ïëàòè [4, ñ. 400].

Çà ðàõóíîê âèä³ëåííÿ öèõ ñêëàäîâèõ òåðì³í «ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà» çì³ñ-òîâíî íàïîâíèâñÿ íîâèìè ñìèñëàìè: öå íå ïðîñòî çàõèñò â³ä ðåàëüíèõ ³ ïî-òåíö³éíèõ çàãðîç, àëå é ïåâíèé ³íñòðóìåíòàð³é îö³íêè ñòóïåíÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ö³ëåé ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïîë³òèêè. Ïî ñóò³ áóëî çä³éñíåíî ïåðåõ³ä â³ä êîíöåïö³¿ áåçïåêè, çîð³ºíòîâàíî¿ íà äåðæàâó (statå-centred), äî êîíöåïö³¿ áåçïåêè, ùî çîð³ºíòîâàíà íà ëþäèíó (individual-centred), â³ä â³éñüêîâîãî äî íåâ³é-ñüêîâîãî, øèðîêîãî ðîçóì³ííÿ çàãðîç ³ áåçïåêè.

Ï³ä ñîö³àëüíîþ áåçïåêîþ ìè ðîçóì³ºìî êîìïëåêñ çàõîä³â ³ òåõíîëîã³é, ÿê³ ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà çáåðåæåííÿ ³ ðîçâèòîê ³ñíóþ÷î¿ ó äåðæàâ³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñèñòåìè. Çíà÷åííÿ áåçïåêè âèò³êàº ç ôàêòè÷íî¿ âçàºìîä³¿ ³íäèâ³ä³â ³ ñî-ö³àëüíèõ îá’ºêò³â ç ÷èñëåííèìè îáñòàâèíàìè ³ ôàêòîðàìè, ùî ìàþòü íà íèõ íåãàòèâíèé ³ äåñòðóêòèâíèé âïëèâ. Çàïîá³ãàííÿ, ïîñëàáëåííÿ, íåéòðà-ë³çàö³ÿ âïëèâ³â, ùî íàíîñÿòü çáèòîê ³ñíóâàííþ, äîáðîáóòó, íîðìàëüíîìó ôóíêö³îíóâàííþ ëþäåé, ñîö³àëüíèõ îá’ºêò³â, à òàêîæ ï³äòðèìêà ¿õ æèòòº-ä³ÿëüíîñò³ íà ð³âí³ íå íèæ÷å ãðàíè÷íî ïðèïóñòèìèõ (êðèòè÷íèõ) çíà÷åíü ³ äàº óÿâëåííÿ ïðî áåçïåêó ó á³ëüø øèðîêîìó ïëàí³. Ìè ö³ëêîì ñîë³äàðèçó-ºìîñÿ ç óêðà¿íñüêèìè äîñë³äíèêàìè ². Ï. Ðóùåíêîì ³ ². Ì. Äóáðîâñüêèì, ÿê³ âèä³ëÿþòü ó ñîö³àëüí³é áåçïåö³ òðè âçàºìîïîâ’ÿçàíèõ àñïåêòè: 1) ãî-òîâí³ñòü äî ä³é ùîäî ïîïåðåäæåííÿ ³ çàïîá³ãàííÿ çàãðîç; 2) íåäîïóùåííÿ äåãðàäàö³¿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè ó íàïðÿìêó ÿê ¿¿ í³âåëþâàííÿ, òàê ³ ðîç-âèòêó ïðîöåñ³â ïîëÿðèçàö³¿, ìàðã³íàë³çàö³¿, ëþìïåí³çàö³¿ ç íàñòóïíèì ñî-ö³àëüíèì âèáóõîì; 3) ï³äòðèìêà êóëüòóðè áåçïå÷íî¿ ïîâåä³íêè ³ àäåêâàòíî¿ ñèñòåìè ö³íí³ñíèõ îð³ºíòàö³é [5, ñ. 336–337].

Àíàë³çóþ÷è îñíîâí³ çàãðîçè ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè íà ïðèêëàä³ ñó÷àñíî¿ Óêðà¿íè, ìè â³äíîñèìî äî íèõ: ïî-ïåðøå, çðîñòàííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ íåð³âíîñò³, ð³çêå çá³ëüøåííÿ ðîçðèâó ó ïðèáóòêàõ ì³æ áàãàòèìè ³ á³äíèìè âåðñòâàìè íàñåëåííÿ; ïî-äðóãå, ðîçðèâ ó ð³âí³ æèòòÿ ð³çíèõ ðåã³îí³â êðà¿íè; ïî-òðåòº, ïîðóøåííÿ ïðèíöèï³â ðîçïîä³ëó «ñîö³àëüíî¿ âëàäè», íåîáõ³äí³ñòü äåöåí-òðàë³çàö³¿ âëàäè ³ ïåðåðîçïîä³ëó ïðèáóòê³â; ïî-÷åòâåðòå, íåäîñòàòíº âèêî-íàííÿ ð³øåíü ³ç ñîöèàëüíîãî çàõèñòó ãðîìàäÿí, à òàêîæ ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç öèì ïðîáëåìè ç ðåãóëþâàííÿì ðîçì³ð³â çàðïëàò ³ ïåíñ³é; ïî-ï’ÿòå, ñîö³àëüíèé

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ïîïóë³çì ð³çíèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ñèë ³ ïîñèëåííÿ ñîö³àëüíîãî íåâäîâîëåííÿ íà-ñåëåííÿ.

Ìè ö³ëêîì ïîãîäæóºìîñÿ ç àâòîðàìè, ÿê³ ãîëîâíèìè îá’ºêòèâíèìè ñêëàäîâèìè çðîñòàííÿ íåáåçïåêè ³ ðèçèê³â ââàæàþòü: íåçàâåðøåí³ñòü ïðî-öåñó ôîðìóâàííÿ óêðà¿íñüêî¿ íàö³¿, â³äñóòí³ñòü çð³ëîãî ãðîìàäÿíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà ³ éîãî ³äåîëîã³÷íèé ðîçêîë, íåäîñêîíàë³ñòü (àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî-ïîë³òè÷íà ³ þðèäè÷íà) âñ³õ ³íñòèòóò³â äåðæàâè íà öåíòðàëüíîìó ³ ðåã³-îíàëüíîìó ð³âíÿõ, â³äñóòí³ñòü ö³ë³ñíî¿ ñèñòåìè âëàñíîñò³ ³ åêîíîì³÷íèõ â³äíîñèí, äåãðàäàö³ÿ ñîö³àëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â ³ â³äíîñèí, ñîö³àëüíà ³ ïðàâîâà íåçàõèùåí³ñòü àáñîëþòíî¿ á³ëüøîñò³ ãðîìàäÿí â êðà¿í³ ³ çà ¿¿ ìåæàìè, íà-ÿâí³ñòü ãëèáèííî¿ êðèçè âñ³õ ñôåð ìàòåð³àëüíîãî ³ äóõîâíîãî ³ñíóâàííÿ [3, ñ. 174–175]. Íà æàëü, ó ñó÷àñí³é Óêðà¿í³ íàÿâíà ñóñï³ëüíà àòìîñôåðà, õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ ñîö³óìó, ùî ïåðåæèâàº ãðîìàäÿíñüêî-ïîë³òè÷í³ êàòàêë³ç-ìè íà îñíîâ³ â³éñüêîâîãî ïðîòèñòîÿííÿ: äîì³íóâàííÿ ðàäèêàëüíèõ îö³íîê ³ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ó ïðåäñòàâíèê³â ð³çíèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ïîãëÿä³â, îñîáëèâî íà åìîö³éíîìó ð³âí³; çðîñòàííÿ êàòåãîðè÷íîñò³ ïîçèö³é ³ âèñëîâëþâàíü ïðè îäíî÷àñíîìó ï³äâèùåíí³ ð³âíÿ ï³äîçðè; çìåíøåííÿ â³äêðèòîñò³ ì³æîñî-áèñò³ñíî¿ êîìóí³êàö³¿, âèêîðèñòàííÿ ïîãðîç, îáâèíóâà÷åíü ³ ïåðåñë³äóâàíü íà ïîáóòîâîìó ð³âí³; ïîäàëüøå ïîñèëåííÿ íàêàëó íåíàâèñò³ ì³æ îïîíåí-òàìè, çðîñòàííÿ ðîçäðàòîâàíîñò³ é àãðåñ³¿; ï³äâèùåííÿ ð³âíÿ íåêðèòè÷-íîãî ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ä³éñíîñò³; çðîñòàþ÷à ïîëÿðèçàö³ÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà çà ïðèíöèïîì «ñâ³é — ÷óæèé». Âíàñë³äîê öüîãî â³äçíà÷àºòüñÿ çðîñòàþ÷à ì³ë³òàðèçàö³ÿ ñóñï³ëüíî¿ ñâ³äîìîñò³. «Ïåðåõ³ä íà ìîá³ë³çàö³éíèé ðåæèì, àêòèâíå âêëþ÷åííÿ ïðåäñòàâíèê³â áàãàòüîõ ñîö³àëüíèõ ãðóï ó ð³çíîãî ðîäó ïðàêòèêè, ïðîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ï³äãîòîâêîþ ³/àáî ó÷àñòþ ó â³éñüêîâèõ ä³ÿõ, à òà-êîæ ó çàõîäàõ ïî çàáåçïå÷åííþ áåçïåêè ñïðèÿëè ïîñòóïîâîìó ³ ñò³éêîìó ñïîâçàííþ Óêðà¿íè ç «ñîö³óìó ìèðó» ó ïåðåäâ³éñüêîâèé, à â ðÿä³ ðåã³îí³â é ó «â³éñüêîâèé ñîö³óì» [6, ñ. 130].

Ó òàê³é ñèòóàö³¿ íåîáõ³äíîþ áàçîþ ðîçâ’ÿçàííÿ ñóïåðå÷íîñòåé ìè ââà-æàºìî ðîçâèòîê ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè, çàñíîâàíî¿ íà çäàòíîñò³ é ãîòîâ-íîñò³ ëþäèíè äî ãåíåðóâàííÿ ³ çàïðîâàäæåííÿ íîâèõ ³äåé, íà çäàòíîñò³ ðîçêðèâàòè ³ ðåàë³çîâóâàòè ñâ³é òâîð÷èé ïîòåíö³àë. Ï³ä ³ííîâàö³éíîþ ïîâåä³íêîþ ìè ðîçóì³ºìî òàêó ôîðìó àêòèâíîñò³ ëþäèíè àáî ñï³ëüíîòè, ÿêà çä³éñíþºòüñÿ øëÿõîì ¿¿ âèõîäó çà ìåæ³ ñôîðìîâàíèõ óñòàíîâîê ³ ïî-âåä³íêîâèõ ñòåðåîòèï³â. Ó ìåòîäîëîã³÷íîìó ïëàí³ âàæëèâî ðîçóì³òè, ùî òàêà ôîðìà àêòèâíîñò³ ³í³ö³þºòüñÿ íå ñèñòåìîþ ïåð³îäè÷íî â³äòâîðþâà-íèõ ïîòðåá, à âèíèêàº ³í³ö³àòèâíî ó òèõ âèïàäêàõ æèòòºâîãî ïðîñòîðó, äå ñõîäÿòüñÿ ì³æ ñîáîþ ÿê ì³í³ìóì òðè ôàêòîðè: 1) ìîæëèâîñò³ ëþäèíè, ïðåäñòàâëåí³ ¿¿ îñîáèñò³ñíèì, äóõîâíèì, òâîð÷èì, ³íòåëåêòóàëüíèì òà ³í. ïîòåíö³àëîì; 2) ñåðåäîâèùå, ùî â³äïîâ³äàº öèì ìîæëâîñòÿì, òîáòî ðîçì³-÷åíèé ö³íí³ñíî-ñìèñëîâèìè «ìàðêåðàìè» ïðîñò³ð, ó ÿêîìó ñòàº ìîæëèâîþ ñàìîðåàë³çàö³ÿ; 3) ãîòîâí³ñòü ëþäèíè ðåàë³çîâóâàòè ñâî¿ ìîæëèâîñò³ «òóò ³ çàðàç» [2, ñ. 16–17].

²í³ö³àòèâíèé òèï ³íäèâ³äóàëüíî¿ òà êîëåêòèâíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè ïîâ’ÿçàíèé ç ñèñòåìàòè÷íèì îñâîºííÿì ñîö³àëüíèìè ñóá’ºêòàìè íîâèõ ñïîñîá³â ä³ÿëü-íîñò³ â ð³çíèõ ñôåðàõ ñóñï³ëüíîãî æèòòÿ, à òàêîæ ç³ ñòâîðåííÿì íîâèõ

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îá’ºêò³â ìàòåð³àëüíî¿ òà äóõîâíî¿ êóëüòóðè. Îñê³ëüêè ³ííîâàö³éíà ïîâå-ä³íêà âèñòóïàº çàñîáîì çä³éñíåííÿ ñîö³àëüíèõ ³ííîâàö³é ³ â³äíîñèòüñÿ äî àêòèâíèõ òèï³â ïîâåä³íêè, ñàìå âîíà âèÿâëÿºòüñÿ îñíîâíèì ñïîñîáîì ðîç-âèòêó ³íäèâ³äà, êîëåêòèâó, ñï³ëüíîòè. Â ö³ëîìó æ, ïðîÿâè ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ïî-âåä³íêè ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ì³íëèâèìè óìîâàìè æèòòÿ ³ ç ôåíîìåíîì «ãîòîâí³ñòü áóòè», ÿêèé, â ê³íöåâîìó ðàõóíêó, â³äïîâ³äàº çà ïðèéíÿòòÿ ðèçèêó â³äðî-äæåííÿ ìèíóëîãî ³ ïðîãîëîøåííÿ ìàéáóòíüîãî.

Ìè ââàæàºìî, ùî äëÿ ëþäèíè, ÿê³é ïðèòàìàííèé ³ííîâàö³éíèé ñòèëü ìèñëåííÿ ³ ÿêà çäàòíà äî ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè, äîì³íóþ÷èìè ðèñàìè ïîâèíí³ áóòè íàñòóïí³:

– äîì³íóâàííÿ ñòðàòåã³÷íèõ ö³ëåé íàä òàêòè÷íèìè, àäæå íîâàòîð ïîâè-íåí éòè íà ðèçèê ³ ïåðåäáà÷àòè ïåðñïåêòèâè ðîçâèòêó ñèòóàö³é, ãàëóçåé, òåõíîëîã³é òîùî;

– êîìóí³êàòèâí³ñòü, ùî äîçâîëÿº óñòàíîâèòè îñîáèñòèé êîíòàêò ç ëþäü-ìè, îö³íèòè ñâî¿ ðåçóëüòàòè íà ôîí³ ³íøèõ, îáãîâîðèòè ñâî¿ äîñÿãíåííÿ, çíàéòè ñï³ëüí³ ð³øåííÿ ³ñíóþ÷èõ ïðîáëåì;

– àäàïòèâí³ñòü, ùî äîçâîëÿº ïðèñòîñîâóâàòèñÿ äî ì³íëèâèõ óìîâ, îòðè-ìóâàòè êîðèñòü ÿê äëÿ ñåáå îñîáèñòî, òàê ³ äëÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà â ö³ëîìó.

Ó ïëàí³ çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè âàæëèâå çíà÷åííÿ ìàþòü òàê³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ëþäèíè, ÿê: â³äêðèò³ñòü åêñïåðèìåíòàì ³ çì³íàì; ãîòîâí³ñòü äî ïëþðàë³çìó äóìîê; îð³ºíòàö³ÿ íà ñüîãîäåííÿ ³ ìàéáóòíº, à íå íà ìèíóëå; ïóíêòóàëüí³ñòü ³ ïëàíóâàííÿ ìàéáóòí³õ ä³é äëÿ äîñÿãíåí-íÿ ïåðåäáà÷óâàíèõ ö³ëåé; íàìàãàííÿ êåðóâàòè ïîä³ÿìè; âèñîêèé ñòóï³íü ñóá’ºêòíîñò³ òà àêòèâíîñò³; âðàõóâàííÿ ðèçèê³â â³ä âíåñåíèõ çì³í ³ ïðè-éíÿòòÿ íà ñåáå â³äïîâ³äàëüíîñò³ ³ ò. ï.

Ïðè öüîìó ñë³ä âðàõîâóâàòè ³ òàê³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ëþäè-íè, ÿê: 1) ³íäèâ³äóàë³çì (óñòðåìë³ííÿ äî çá³ëüøåííÿ âëàñíî¿ âèãîäè (êî-ðèñíîñò³) ó áóäü-ÿê³é ôîðì³; 2) îïïîðòóí³çì, îñê³ëüêè òàêèé ³íäèâ³ä íå íàìàãàºòüñÿ ïåðåäáà÷èòè íàñë³äêè ñâî¿õ ä³é, ÿê³ ìîæóòü ïðèâåñòè äî ðóé-íóâàííÿ äîñÿãíóòîãî, â ðåçóëüòàò³ ÷îãî ìîæå ïîñòðàæäàòè ³ â³í ñàì; 3) îá-ìåæåíà ðàö³îíàëüí³ñòü, îñê³ëüêè ó çâ’ÿçêó ç³ çðîñòàííÿì îá’ºì³â ³íôîðìà-ö³¿ ëþäèí³ äîâîäèòüñÿ ïðèéìàòè ð³øåííÿ, àáî íå ìàþ÷è ïîâíî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿, àáî ç á³ëüøèì ÷àñîâèì ëàãîì. Îáèäâà âèïàäêè îçíà÷àþòü, ùî ïðèéíÿò³ ð³øåííÿ íå áóäóòü àáñîëþòíî îïòèìàëüíèìè.

Â ñèòóàö³¿ ñóâîðîãî øòó÷íîãî îáìåæåííÿ ç áîêó äåðæàâè ³ñíóº íåáåç-ïåêà òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ³ííîâàö³éíî¿ ïîâåä³íêè ó ïñåâäî³ííîâàö³éíó. Òîä³ â³ä-áóâàºòüñÿ ïîñò³éíèé ïîøóê íåëåãàëüíèõ àáî íàï³âëåãàëüíèõ òàêòè÷íèõ ïîâåä³íêîâèõ ìîäåëåé, ÿê³ â³äïîâ³äàþòü ³ñòèííèì èíòåðåñàì êîíêðåòíîãî ñîö³àëüíîãî ñóá’ºêòà ³ çàáåçïå÷óþòü éîìó ìîæëèâ³ñòü ³íäèâ³äóàëüíîãî âè-æèâàííÿ ïðè çáåðåæåíí³ àâòîíîìíîñò³ é â³äíîñíî¿ áåçïåêè.

Òàêèì ÷èíîì, ñîö³àëüíà áåçïåêà ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ íå ïðîñòî çàõèñò ñîö³àëü-íèõ ³íòåðåñ³â ð³çíèõ ñóá’ºêò³â â³ä ðåàëüíèõ ³ ïîòåíö³éíèõ çàãðîç, àëå é ïåâíèé ³íñòðóìåíòàð³é îö³íêè ñòóïåíÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ö³ëåé ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïîë³òè-êè, ¿¿ àäåêâàòíîñò³ ñó÷àñíèì ïîòðåáàì òà ³íòåðåñàì ëþäèíè ³ ñóñï³ëüñòâà. ¯¿ ñë³ä ðîçãëÿäàòè ³ ó ñòðóêòóðíîìó àñïåêò³, ³ ÿê ñòàí, ³ ÿê ïðîöåñ, òîáòî ó ôóíêö³îíàëüíîìó ïëàí³.

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Ñïèðàþ÷èñü ñàìå íà êîíöåïö³þ áåçïåêè, çîð³ºíòîâàíó íà ëþäèíó, â ÿêîñò³ îñíîâíèõ íàïðÿì³â ñîö³àëüíîãî óïîðÿäêóâàííÿ æèòòºä³ÿëüíîñò³ â Óêðà¿í³, ìè ïðîïîíóºìî: âî-ïåðøå, ìîäåðí³çàö³þ, òîáòî ñïðîáè îñó÷àñíåí-íÿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ÿê³ äåêëàðóþòüñÿ, ³í³ö³þþòüñÿ ³ çä³éñíþþòüñÿ ä³þ÷îþ âëà-äîþ; ïî-äðóãå, ðîçâèòîê ãðîìàäÿíñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà ÿê ñôåðè ñïîíòàííèõ ïðîÿâ³â ãðîìàäÿíñüêî¿ àêòèâíîñò³ îñ³á ³ äîáðîâ³ëüíèõ àñîö³àö³é; ïî-òðåòº, ëåã³òèìàö³þ, òîáòî âèçíàííÿ ³ ïðèéíÿòòÿ ãðîìàäñüê³ñòþ ³ñíóþ÷îãî ñîö³-àëüíîãî ïîðÿäêó ñóñï³ëüñòâà, éîãî çì³í âíàñë³äîê ñïðîá ìîäåðí³çàö³¿ òà ãðîìàäÿíñüêî¿ ñàìîîðãàí³çàö³¿. Ïðè öüîìó íàäçâè÷àéíî âàæëèâî îð³ºíòó-âàòèñÿ íà íîâ³ ñìèñëè áåçïåêè: ïåðåõ³ä â³ä âèêëþ÷íî¿ îð³ºíòîâàíîñò³ íà òåðèòîð³àëüíó áåçïåêó äî çíà÷íî á³ëüøî¿ îð³ºíòîâàíîñò³ íà áåçïåêó ëþäåé, à òàêîæ — â³ä áåçïåêè ÷åðåç îçáðîºííÿ äî áåçïåêè ÷åðåç óñòàëåíèé ëþä-ñüêèé ðîçâèòîê.

Ñïèñîê âèêîðèñòàíî¿ ë³òåðàòóðè

1. Àêèìîâ Ä. È. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü è ðîëü ñîöèàëüíîãî ìàðêåòèíãà â åå îáåñïå÷åíèè / Ä. È. Àêèìîâ // Ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ, òåîð³ÿ ³ ïðàêòèêà ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî àíàë³çó ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñ-ï³ëüñòâà : çá³ðíèê íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü. — Õ. : ÕÍÓ ³ì. Â. Í. Êàðàç³íà, 2010. — Âèï. 16. — Ñ. 290–292.

2. Ãàëàæèíñêèé Ý. Â. Î ìåñòå è ðîëè ìûøëåíèÿ â îðãàíèçàöèè èííîâàöèîííîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ / Ý. Â. Ãàëàæèíñêèé, Î. Ì. Êðàñíîðÿäöåâà // Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ïñèõîëîãèÿ ìûøëåíèÿ: ñìûñë â ïîçíàíèè: òåç. äîêë. íàó÷. êîíô. — Ì. : Ñìûñë, 2008. — Ñ. 15–17.

3. Ãóãí³í ª. À. Ìåõàí³çìè ôîðìóâàííÿ óêðà¿íñüêî¿ ïîë³òèêè: çàêîíîì³ðíîñò³ òà îñîáëèâîñò³ / ª. À. Ãóãí³í // Ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ, òåîð³ÿ òà ïðàêòèêà ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî àíàë³çó ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñ-ï³ëüñòâà : çá³ðíèê íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü. — Õ. : ÕÍÓ ³ì. Â. Í. Êàðàç³íà, 2014. — Âèï. 20. — Ñ. 171–176.

4. Í³êîëàºâ ª. Á. Ïðîáëåìàòèêà ñîö³àëüíî¿ áåçïåêè ó êîíòåêñò³ íàâ÷àëüíîãî êóðñó «Ñîö³àëü-íî-åêîíîì³÷íà áåçïåêà» / ª. Á. Í³êîëàºâ // Ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ, òåîð³ÿ òà ïðàêòèêà ñîö³îëîã³÷íî-ãî àíàë³çó ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà : çá³ðíèê íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü. — Õ. : ÕÍÓ ³ì. Â. Í. Êàðàç³-íà, 2011. — Âèï. 17. — Ñ. 399–404.

5. Ðóùåíêî È. Ï. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü: îò òåîðèè ê ïðàêòèêå / È. Ï. Ðóùåíêî, È. Ì. Äó-áðîâñêèé // Ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ, òåîð³ÿ ³ ïðàêòèêà ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî àíàë³çó ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà : çá. íàóê. ïðàöü. — Õ. : ÕÍÓ ³ì. Â. Í. Êàðàç³íà, 2012. — Âèï. 18. — Ñ. 334–338.

6. ßêîâåíêî À. Â. Óêðàèíñêîå îáùåñòâî è âîåííûé êîíôëèêò: ïåðâûå îöåíêè ñîöèàëüíûõ ïîñëåäñòâèé / À. Â. ßêîâåíêî // Ìåòîäîëîã³ÿ, òåîð³ÿ òà ïðàêòèêà ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî àíàë³çó ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà : çá³ðíèê íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü. — Õ. : ÕÍÓ ³ì. Â. Í. Êàðàç³íà, 2014. — Âèï. 20. — Ñ. 128–132.

7. Owen T. Challenges and opportunities for defining and measuring human security / T. Owen // Human rights, human security and disarmament. — 2004. — ¹ 3. — Ð. 129–133. — URL: http://www.unidi.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2138.pdf (äàòà îáðàùåíèÿ: 30.05.2015).


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Ïîäîëüñêàÿ Å. À. êàôåäðà ôèëîñîôèè è ãóìàíèòàðíûõ äèñöèïëèí Õàðüêîâñêèé ãóìàíèòàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò «Íàðîäíàÿ óêðàèíñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ» ïðîñï. Ïîáåäû, 67, êâ. 259, ã. Õàðüêîâ, 61174, Óêðàèíà Íàçàðêèí Ï. À. Õàðüêîâñêèé íàöèîíàëüíûé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè Â. Í. Êàðàçèíà óë. Àðõèòåêòîðîâ, 32, êâ. 37, ã. Õàðüêîâ, 61174, Óêðàèíà

ÍÎÂÛÉ ÑÌÛÑË È ÈÍÍÎÂÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ ÎÁÅÑÏÅ×ÅÍÈß ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÉ ÁÅÇÎÏÀÑÍÎÑÒÈ

Ðåçþìå Îáîñíîâàíî íîâîå îïðåäåëåíèå ñóòè áåçîïàñíîñòè: îñóùåñòâëåí ïåðåõîä îò ïðå-

èìóùåñòâåííîé îðèåíòèðîâàííîñòè íà òåððèòîðèàëüíóþ áåçîïàñíîñòü ê ãîðàçäî áîëüøåé îðèåíòèðîâàííîñòè íà áåçîïàñíîñòü ëþäåé, îò áåçîïàñíîñòè ÷åðåç âîîðó-æåíèå ê áåçîïàñíîñòè ÷åðåç óñòîé÷èâîå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå ðàçâèòèå. Òåðìèí «ñîöèàëü-íàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü» ïîëó÷èë íîâîå ñìûñëîâîå íàïîëíåíèå: ýòî íå ïðîñòî çàùèòà îò óãðîç, íî è èíñòðóìåíòàðèé îöåíêè ñòåïåíè ðåàëèçàöèè öåëåé ñîöèàëüíîé ïîëèòè-êè. Íà îñíîâå ïîêàçàòåëåé ñîöèàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè âûäåëåíû óãðîçû ñîöèàëüíîé áåçîïàñíîñòè íà ïðèìåðå ñîâðåìåííîé Óêðàèíû.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ, íàïðÿæåííîñòü, îáùåñòâåííûé ïîðÿäîê, ñî-öèàëüíàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü, óãðîçà.

Podolska Y. A. Kharkov University of Humanities People’s Ukrainian Academy Peremogy Avenue, 67, apt. 259, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61174 Nazarkin P. O. Vasyl Karazin Kharkiv National University, sociology department Architectoriv Str., 32, apt. 37, Kharkiv, Ukraine, 61174

NEW SENSE AND INNOVATIVE WAYS TO ENSURE SOCIAL SECURITY

Summary It was justified a new definition of the essence of security: the transition from the

preferential orientation of the territorial security to a much greater focus on human security, from security through armaments to security through sustainable human development. The term «social security» was given a new semantic content: it is not just protection from threats, but also tools to assess the degree of realization of the objectives of social policy. On the basis of indicators of social security threats were highlighted social security as an example of modern Ukraine.

Key words: modernization, tension, public order, social security, the threat.

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ÓÄÊ 316.2

Ëÿï³íà Ë. À. êàíäèäàò ïîë³òè÷íèõ íàóê, äîöåíò äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòó ñîö³îëîã³¿ ×îðíîìîðñüêèé äåðæàâíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ Ïåòðà Ìîãèëè âóë. 68 Äåñàíòíèê³â, êâ. 10, ì. Ìèêîëà¿â, 54003, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: 0664514914 å-mail: [email protected]

ÌÓËÜÒÈÊÓËÜÒÓÐÀË²ÇÌ ßÊ ÂÈÇÍÀÍÍß: ÑÎÖ²ÎËÎÃ²×ÍÀ ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖ²ß ×ÀÐËÜÇÀ ÒÅÉËÎÐÀ

Ó ñòàòò³ íàâåäåíèé àíàë³ç ñîö³îëîã³÷íî¿ êîíöåïö³¿ êîìïðîì³ñíîãî ìóëüòèêóëü-òóðàë³çìó êàíàäñüêîãî ñîö³àëüíîãî òåîðåòèêà ×à ðëüçà Òåéëîðà. Äàíà êîíöåï-ö³ÿ áàçóºòüñÿ íà âèçíàíí³. Äîñë³äíèê ïîºäíóº ïîíÿòòÿ «âèçíàííÿ» ç ïîíÿòòÿì «ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì» íà ò³é ï³äñòàâ³, ùî âèçíàííÿ ñàìîáóòí³õ êóëüòóðíèõ îñîáëèâîñòåé ð³çíèõ ëþäåé ìîæëèâå ëèøå â ñóñï³ëüñòâàõ, ÿê³ êóëüòèâóþòü ïîë³êóëüòóðí³ ö³ííîñò³. Â³í ââàæàº «âèçíàííÿ» íîâîþ ëþäñüêîþ ïîòðåáîþ ³ äîïóñêàº, ùî âñ³ ÷ëåíè ñó÷àñíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâ î÷³êóþòü âèçíàííÿ. Ó ñòàòò³ ðîçêðèâàþòüñÿ îñîáëèâîñò³ ðîçóì³ííÿ êîíöåïö³¿ êîìïðîì³ñíîãî ìóëüòèêóëü-òóðàë³çìó òàêîæ êð³çü ïðèçìó ³äåé àâòîíîì³¿, ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ òà êóëüòóðè, ùî ñòàëè ôóíäàìåíòàëüíèìè ïîòðåáàìè ñó÷àñíîãî äåìîêðàòè÷íîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì, êóëüòóðà, àâòîíîì³ÿ, âèçíàííÿ, ïî-ë³òèêà âèçíàííÿ, ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü.

Îäí³ºþ ç ãîëîâíèõ òåíäåíö³é ðîçâèòêó ñó÷àñíî¿ öèâ³ë³çàö³¿ ñòàëî âèçíàí-íÿ ¿¿ êóëüòóðíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ, ðîçóì³ííÿ íåîáõ³äíîñò³ ä³àëîãó ð³çíèõ êóëüòóð ³ ñâ³òîãëÿä³â. Ãëîáàëüíèé ñâ³ò, ÿêèé îïèíèâñÿ ïåðåä îáëè÷÷ÿì ïðèíöèïîâî íîâèõ âèêëèê³â ³ íå ìàº àäåêâàòíî¿ ñèñòåìè óïðàâë³ííÿ, âñå ãëèáøå çàíóðþºòüñÿ â ñèòóàö³þ, êîëè íàðîñòàþòü ñóïåðå÷íîñò³ òà íåâè-çíà÷åí³ñòü. Ó öåíòð íàóêîâî¿ òà ñóñï³ëüíî¿ óâàãè âñå ÷àñò³øå ïîòðàïëÿþòü ïèòàííÿ àäàïòàö³¿, àêóëüòóðàö³¿, ³íòåãðàö³¿ — ç îäíîãî áîêó, ³ äèôåðåíö³-àö³¿, åòíîêóëüòóðíîãî ðîçøàðóâàííÿ, åòí³çàö³³ ñîö³àëüíèõ â³äíîñèí, ì³æ-åòí³÷íî¿ íàïðóæåíîñò³ — ç ³íøîãî. Ó öüîìó çâ’ÿçêó ïåðåä ñóñï³ëüñòâîì ïîñòàþòü ïðîáëåìè êóëüòóðíèõ â³äì³ííîñòåé, ñòàëîãî ðîçâèòêó, ïîøóêó êîìïðîì³ñó ì³æ åòíîêóëüòóðíèìè ãðóïàìè â óìîâàõ ìíîæèííîñò³ êóëüòóð çàðàäè çáåðåæåííÿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâ. Àíãë³éñüêèé ³ñòîðèê À. Òîéíá³ ââàæàâ, ùî «...â íàøîìó ñòîë³òò³ ãîëîâíèì ó ñâ³äîìîñ-ò³ ñóñï³ëüñòâ º îñìèñëåííÿ ñåáå ÿê ÷àñòèíè á³ëüø øèðîêîãî óí³âåðñóìó, òîä³ ÿê îñîáëèâ³ñòþ ñóñï³ëüíî¿ ñâ³äîìîñò³ ìèíóëîãî ñòîë³òòÿ áóëî íàìà-ãàííÿ ââàæàòè ñåáå, ñâîº ñóñï³ëüñòâî çàìêíóòèì óí³âåðñóìîì» [1, ñ. 82]. Âñå öå îáóìîâëþº íåîáõ³äí³ñòü òà àêòóàëüí³ñòü íàóêîâîãî äèñêóðñó ùîäî ïåðå îñìèñëåííÿ ðîë³, çíà÷åííÿ òà ïåðñïåêòèâ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó â êîí-òåêñò³ ãëîáàë³çîâàíîãî ñâ³òó. Ñîöî³îëîã³÷íà ðåôëåêñ³ÿ ôåíîìåíà ìóëüòè-êóëüòóðàë³çìó àêòóàë³çóºòüñÿ íåîáõ³äí³ñòþ ïîøóêó íîâèõ âåêòîð³â ðîçâè-òêó ñó÷àñíîãî ñâ³òó â óìîâàõ ãëîáàë³çàö³¿, âèðîáëåííÿ íîâèõ ìîäåëåé ³

© Ëÿï³íà Ë. À., 2015

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êîíöåïö³é ì³æåòí³÷íîãî òà ì³æêóëüòóðíîãî ñï³âæèòòÿ, ùî â³äïîâ³äàþòü ³ìïåðàòèâàì ³ âèêëèêàì ñó÷àñíîñò³.

Ðåàëüí³ñòü ôîðìóâàííÿ ïîë³êóëüòóðíîãî ñòàíó ñóñï³ëüñòâà âèìàãàº ñâî-ãî òåîðåòè÷íîãî îñìèñëåííÿ. Â³äïîâ³äíî äî ñóñï³ëüíèõ çì³í ôîðìóþòüñÿ íîâ³ òåîðåòè÷í³ êîíöåïö³¿, ùî äîçâîëÿþòü íàáëèçèòèñÿ äî ðîçóì³ííÿ íîâî¿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñèòóàö³¿. Îäí³ºþ ç òàêèõ º êîíöåïö³ÿ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó, ÿêà ïðîïîíóº ïðèéíÿòòÿ íîâîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðíîãî ñòàíó ñîö³óìó ³ òåîðåòè÷íî îá´ðóíòîâóº ïðàêòèêó íå íîì³íàëüíîãî, à ôàêòè÷íîãî çð³âíÿííÿ âñ³õ ³ñíó-þ÷èõ ó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ êóëüòóð.

Ãîâîðÿ÷è ïðî ñó÷àñíå ìóëüòèêóëüòóðíå ñóñï³ëüñòâî, íåîáõ³äíî çãàäàòè, ÿêèì ÷èíîì âîíî ñôîðìóâàëîñÿ. Êëàñè÷í³ ñóñï³ëüñòâà ïðîéøëè øëÿõ â³ä äåðæàâè äî íàö³¿ àáî â³ä íàö³¿ äî äåðæàâè. Íåçâàæàþ÷è íà òå, ùî â êðà-¿íàõ òðåòüîãî ñâ³òó, êóäè ³ìïîðòóâàëèñÿ ºâðîïåéñüê³ ôîðìè äåðæàâíîñò³, ïðîöåñ ôîðìóâàííÿ íàö³îíàëüíî¿ ñàìîñâ³äîìîñò³ ùå íå çàâåðøèâñÿ, òèì íå ìåíøå, ìîæíà ç óïåâíåí³ñòþ ñêàçàòè, ùî íàö³îíàëüíà äåðæàâà âèÿâèëàñÿ ïåðåêîíëèâîþ â³äïîâ³ääþ íà âèêëèêè ³ñòîð³¿ ³ ñòàëè åôåêòèâíîþ ôîðìîþ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿.

Ðîñ³éñüêèé äîñë³äíèê Åì³ëü Ïà¿í ââàæàº, ùî â ïðîöåñ³ ðîçâèòêó ñóñ-ï³ëüñòâà ä³º òåîð³ÿ åòíîïîë³òè÷íîãî òðàíçèòó, ñóòü ÿêî¿ â òîìó, ùî âñ³ ñóñ-ï³ëüñòâà ó ñâîºìó ðîçâèòêó ïðîõîäÿòü òðè ñòàä³¿: 1) åòíîêðàòè÷íó, â îñíîâ³ ÿêî¿ ëåæèòü ïîãëèíàííÿ àáî âèò³ñíåííÿ îäíîãî íàðîäó ³íøèì; 2) ³ìïåð-ñüêó, ïðè ÿê³é äåðæàâà, ðîçøèðþþ÷èñü, íå ïðåòåíäóº íà íàðîä, íå «ç’¿äàº» éîãî, à âëàøòîâóº ì³æ ï³äâëàäíèìè íàðîäàìè êîðäîíè, ä³ëèòü íàñåëåííÿ íà «ãîëîâíèé íàðîä» ³ «äðóãîðÿäí³ íàðîäè»; 3) ñòàä³þ ôîðìóâàííÿ ìóëüòè-êóëüòóðíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, äå íåìàº «ãîëîâíèõ» ³ «íåãîëîâíèõ», ïðèéøëèõ ³ íîâèõ, à âñå çàñíîâàíî íà ð³âíîñò³ ïðàâ òà êóëüòóð [2, ñ. 2].

Îòæå, íà ïî÷àòêó XXI ñòîë³òòÿ åëåìåíòè ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó ìîæíà âèÿâèòè â ñóñï³ëüíîìó æèòò³ ïðàêòè÷íî áóäü-ÿêî¿ áàãàòîíàö³îíàëüíî¿ äåð-æàâè, íàâ³òü ÿêùî îô³ö³éíî ïîë³òèêà ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó â í³é íå ïðî-ãîëîøåíà. Àëå â êîæí³é äåðæàâ³ ïðàêòèêà ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó ìàº ñâîþ ñïåöèô³êó. ßê çàçíà÷àº êàíàäñüêèé ô³ëîñîô ×àðëüç Òåéëîð, êëþ÷îâèé ÷èí-íèê — òå, ùî ñèòóàö³¿ äóæå ð³çíÿòüñÿ â³ä êðà¿íè äî êðà¿íè ³ íàâ³òü â³ä ì³ñòà äî ì³ñòà. Òîìó íå ìîæíà ãîâîðèòè ïðî ºäèíó êîíöåïö³þ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðà-ë³çìó. Ìóëüòèêóëüòóðí³ñòü ïîñò³éíî ïðîâîêóº íîâ³ ïðîöåñè é ïîøóêè [3].

Ïîøóê âëàñíî¿ êîíöåïö³¿ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó º òàêîæ àêòóàëüíèì ³ íåîáõ³äíèì äëÿ âèðîáëåííÿ îïòèìàëüíî¿ ìîäåë³ ì³æåòí³÷íî¿ âçàºìîä³¿, çà-ïîá³ãàííÿ êîíôë³êòîãåííèì ñèòóàö³ÿì ó íàø³é äåðæàâ³. Àäæå Óêðà¿íà ÿê ïîë³åòí³÷íà êðà¿íà îá’ºäíóº â ñîá³ òðàäèö³¿ áàãàòüîõ êóëüòóð, é «ó íèí³ø-í³é ãåîïîë³òè÷í³é ³ êóëüòóðí³é ñèòóàö³¿ (ïîñò³éí³ ì³ãðàö³¿, îáì³í òà ñóì³ø íàö³é), ó ðîçìà¿òò³ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëüíîãî êîíòåêñòó (³ óêðà¿íñüêî¿ òà ðî-ñ³éñüêî¿ ìîâ, ³ çâ’ÿçêó ³ç çàõ³äíîþ òà ñõ³äíîþ òðàäèö³ÿìè), ó ä³àëîç³ é ó âèçíàíí³ ö³º¿ ðîçìà¿òîñò³ — ïîëÿãàº ìàéáóòíº êðà¿íè» [3].

Ó äàíîìó êîíòåêñò³ ïðåäñòàâëÿº ³íòåðåñ êîíöåïö³ÿ êîìïðîì³ñíîãî ìóëü-òèêóëüòóðàë³çìó êàíàäñüêîãî ñîö³àëüíîãî òåîðåòèêà ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà.

Â òîé æå ÷àñ àíàë³çó ³äåé â³äîìîãî â÷åíîãî ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ ïðàö³ ñó÷àñ-íèõ çàðóá³æíèõ òà â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ äîñë³äíèê³â Ì. Âåâéîðêè, Ã. Êàíàðøà,

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À. Êîëîä³é, Ë. Êîðîáåéíèêîâî¿, ×. Êóêàòàñà, Ì. Òëîñòàíîâî¿, Î. Òîíêîâî¿, Ñ. Ôåäþí³íî¿ òà ³í.

Ñàì æå ×àðëüç Òåéëîð äîñë³äæóâàâ ïðîáëåìè ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó â òà-êèõ ñâî¿õ ðîáîòàõ, ÿê «Ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì» ³ «ïîë³òèêà âèçíàííÿ», «Äæå-ðåëà: òâîðåííÿ íîâî÷àñíî¿ ³äåíò³÷íîñò³», «Åòèêà àâòåíò³÷íîñò³» òà ³í.

Ïðîòå, íåçâàæàþ÷è íà ñîë³äíó äîñë³äíèöüêó áàçó òâîð³â ×àðëüçà Òåé-ëîðà, ³ñíóº íåîäíîçíà÷í³ñòü ðîçóì³ííÿ îêðåìèõ àñïåêò³â éîãî ìóëüòèêóëü-òóðàëüíèõ ïîãëÿä³â, òîìó ìåòîþ ³ çàâäàííÿì äàíî¿ ñòàòò³ º çä³éñíåííÿ íàóêîâîãî àíàë³çó ìóëüòèêóëüòóðíèõ ³äåé ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà, çîêðåìà éîãî êîíöåïö³¿ êîìïðîì³ñíîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó, ùî áàçóºòüñÿ íà âèçíàíí³.

Ïðèñòóïàþè äî âèêëàäó îñíîâíîãî ìàòåð³àëó, âàðòî çàêöåíòóâàòè óâàãó íà òîìó, ùî ïî÷àòîê òåîð³¿ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó áóâ çàêëàäåíèé çàõ³äíîþ òðàäèö³ºþ. ² îäíèì ç íàéá³ëüø â³äîìèõ ïðèá³÷íèê³â ö³º¿ òåîð³¿, ÿêèé ñòâî-ðèâ äëÿ ïîë³òèêè «êóëüòóðíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ» òåîðåòè÷í³ ï³äâàëèíè, º êî-ìóí³òàðèñò ×àðëüç Òåéëîð, êàíàäñüêèé ïðîôåñîð ô³ëîñîô³¿ òà ïîë³òè÷íèõ íàóê. Äî ðå÷³, ñàì â÷åíèé, ÿê çàçíà÷àº â³äîìèé ôðàíöóçüêèé äîñë³äíèê Ðîíàí Ëå Êîàä³ê, ââàæàº ñåáå ë³áåðàëîì, ùî ïîºäíóº â ñâî¿õ ïîçèö³ÿõ ë³áå-ðàëüí³ òà êîìóí³òàðèñòñüê³ ïîãëÿäè [4].

×àðëüç Òåéëîð íàðîäèâñÿ 5 ëèñòîïàäà 1931 ðîêó â Ìîíðåàë³ (Êâåáåê, Êàíàäà). Âèð³ñ ó ðîäèí³ äâîõ ìîâ ³ êóëüòóð: éîãî áàòüêî áóâ àíãëîìîâíèì ïðîòåñòàíòîì, à ìàòè — ôðàíêîìîâíîþ êàòîëè÷êîþ. Îñâ³òó çäîáóâ íà ³ñ-òîðè÷íîìó ôàêóëüòåò³ óí³âåðñèòåòó Ìàêã³ëëà (McGill University, 1952) â Ìîíðåàë³ ³ Áàëë³îëà êîëåäæ³ (Balliol College) Îêñôîðäñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó, äå â 1955 ðîö³ â³í îòðèìàâ çâàííÿ áàêàëàâðà â³äðàçó çà òðüîìà íàïðÿì-êàìè: ïîë³òîëîã³¿, ô³ëîñîô³¿ òà åêîíîì³êè. Ó 1961 ðîö³ â³í çàõèñòèâ äè-ñåðòàö³þ íà çäîáóòòÿ äîêòîðñüêîãî ñòóïåíÿ. Ï³ñëÿ ÷îãî ñòàâ âèêëàäàòè â ð³çíèõ óí³âåðñèòåòàõ Ï³âí³÷íî¿ Àìåðèêè ³ ªâðîïè, ïåðåâàæíî â Ìàêã³ëë³ ³ Îêñôîðä³. Íàïèñàâ áåçë³÷ ïðàöü ç ð³çíèõ äîñë³äíèöüêèõ íàïðÿì³â ³ ñôåð, à òàêîæ åñå òà äîñë³äæåííÿ, ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ ïèòàíü ñâîáîäè, äåìîêðàò³¿, íàö³îíàë³çìó, ïðàâ ëþäèíè, ô³ëîñîôñüêî¿ àíòðîïîëîã³¿, ì³æêóëüòóðíîãî ïîðîçóì³ííÿ, òåîð³¿ ìîðàë³, ô³ëîñîô³¿ ìîâè ³ ñâ³äîìîñò³, åï³ñòåìîëîã³¿ òà ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó [5].

Ó ìåæàõ ñîö³îëîã³÷íî¿ äèñêóðñó ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó ×àðëüç Òåéëîð âèîêðåìëþº òàê³ îñíîâí³ êàòåãîð³¿, ÿê «àâòîíîì³ÿ» òà «âèçíàííÿ», ÿê³ â äîáó ìîäåðíó ñòàëè «ôóíäàìåíòàëüíèìè ëþäñüêèìè ïîòðåáàìè». Ñóñï³ëü-ñòâî æ ðîçãëÿäàº íå ÿê ñóêóïí³ñòü ³íäèâ³ä³â, ïîä³áíî äî êëàñè÷íî¿ ë³áå-ðàëüíî¿ êîíöåïö³¿, à ÿê ìíîæèíó îêðåìèõ êóëüòóðíèõ ñåãìåíò³â, ùî íà-ëåæàòü ìåíøîñò³ àáî á³ëüøîñò³.

Ï³ä ïîë³òèêîþ âèçíàííÿ äîñë³äíèê ðîçóì³º íå ò³ëüêè «îô³ö³éíå âèçíàí-íÿ ³ñíóâàííÿ ò³º¿ ÷è ³íøî¿ ìåíøîñò³ â ðàìêàõ äåðæàâè, àëå é âèçíàííÿ ïðàâ ö³º¿ ìåíøîñò³, ÿêå ñïðèÿº ñïðàâåäëèâîìó òà ð³âíîïðàâíîìó âêëþ÷åí-íþ ¿¿ â ñîö³àëüíå, êóëüòóðíå òà ïîë³òè÷íå æèòòÿ êðà¿íè, òîáòî ïîâíîö³ííå ãðîìàäÿíñòâî». Íà éîãî äóìêó, «ïîòðåáà ó âèçíàíí³ æèòòºâî íåîáõ³äíà, îñê³ëüêè ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ îäèí ç àñïåêò³â ðîçâèòêó ñó÷àñíîãî ñóá’ºêòà, ùî âêëþ÷àº â ñåáå íå ò³ëüêè âèìîãè ð³âíîñò³, àëå é ãàðàíò³þ ñàìîâèðàæåííÿ». Ëèøå «âçàºìîïîâàãà ãðóï ñóá’ºêò³â íàäàº îñíîâó ¿õ ìîðàëüíèì âèìîãàì

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âçàºìíîãî âèçíàííÿ ïðàâ îäèí îäíîãî íà êóëüòóðíó ñàìîáóòí³ñòü». ²íøèìè ñëîâàìè, «âèìîãà ð³âíîñò³ ïåðåäóº é º îñíîâîþ äëÿ çàáåçïå÷åííÿ ïðàâà íà ñâîáîäó êóëüòóðíîãî ñàìîâèðàæåííÿ» [6, c. 27].

Ó ñâîºìó â³äîìîìó åñå «Ïîë³òèêà âèçíàííÿ», çä³éñíþþ÷è ñïðîáó ðå-êîíñòðóêö³¿ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ñóá’ºêòíîñò³, â÷åíèé ïðîïîíóº íîâå òðàêòóâàí-íÿ ñóá’ºêòà òà ì³æñóá’ºêòíèõ â³äíîñèí. Ïðè öüîìó «â³í âèõîäèòü ç óÿâè ïðî îñíîâè ñïðàâåäëèâîãî óñòðîþ ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ùî ï³äòðèìóþòü é áàãàòî ³íøèõ àâòîð³â», ÿêå ïîâèííî «çàáåçïå÷óâàòè íîðìàëüíå ³ñíóâàííÿ òèõ ìîðàëüíèõ ³ ïñèõîëîã³÷íèõ ïðîöåñ³â, ÷åðåç ÿê³ ëþäèíà íàáóâàº âïåâ-íåíîñò³ ó ñâî¿õ ñèëàõ, ñàìîïîâàãè òà â³ä÷óòòÿ âëàñíî¿ ö³ííîñò³ é ñîö³àëüíî¿ íåîáõ³äíîñò³» [6, c. 29–30].

«Ïîë³òèêà âèçíàííÿ» ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà îõîïëþº íàñàìïåðåä ò³ àñïåêòè ëþäñüêî¿ êóëüòóðè, ÿê³, íà éîãî äóìêó, íå ï³ääàþòüñÿ í³ ïîë³òè÷íîìó, í³ áóäü-ÿêîìó ³íøîìó ðåãóëþâàííþ. ßêùî ç êóëüòóðíîþ ñïåöèô³êîþ ìåí-øîñòåé í³÷îãî íå ìîæíà çðîáèòè, çà íåþ ïîòð³áíî âèçíàòè ïðàâî íà ³ñíó-âàííÿ. Òóò, ÿê ìè áà÷èìî, ï³äõ³ä ×. Òåéëîðà ñï³âïàäàº ç ïîçèö³ºþ â³äîìîãî àìåðèêàíñüêîãî äîñë³äíèêà Ä. Áåëëà. Îñòàíí³é âèõîäèòü ç òîãî, ùî «ìî-ðàëüí³ ïðîáëåìè â³äíîñÿòüñÿ ïåðåâàæíî äî ïðèâàòíî¿ ñôåðè ³ íå ìîæóòü ïðîâîäèòèñÿ â æèòòÿ øëÿõîì ñóñï³ëüíîãî ïðèìóøåííÿ»; íåîáõ³äíî «óíè-êàòè ïîë³òèçàö³¿ êóëüòóðíèõ òà ñèìâîë³÷íèõ ðîçá³æíîñòåé, îñê³ëüêè âîíè çà ñâîºþ ïðèðîäîþ íå ìîæóòü áóòè âèð³øåí³ ³ ìîæóòü ñòàòè ïðè÷èíîþ êîíôë³êòó» [7, ñ. 114]. Àëå íà öüîìó ñõîæ³ñòü ïîãëÿä³â âèùåçàçíà÷åíèõ äîñë³äíèê³â çàê³í÷óºòüñÿ. ×. Òåéëîð, àðãóìåíòóþ÷è íåîáõ³äí³ñòü «ïîë³òè-êè âèçíàííÿ», éäå ó ñâî¿õ ðîçäóìàõ äàë³: «ß íå æèâó ó â³äïîâ³äíîñò³ ç âè-ìîãàìè çîâí³øíüîãî ïîðÿäêó. ß íå ìîæó çíàéòè ìîäåëü äëÿ ñâîãî æèòòÿ ççîâí³. ß ìîæó çíàéòè ¿¿ ò³ëüêè ó ñîá³» [6, ñ. 30].

Îêðåìî â÷åíèé âèä³ëÿº «³äåíòè÷í³ñòü», ÿêó ââàæàº ìîæëèâîþ ëèøå â ðåçóëüòàò³ âèçíàííÿ ³íøèìè «àâòåíòè÷íîñò³ òà îðèã³íàëüíîñò³» îñîáèñòîñ-ò³. Â³äïîâ³äíî äî ³äå¿ ïðîñâ³òíèê³â ïðî òå, ùî ìè ôîðìóºìîñü ó ïðîöåñ³ âèçíàííÿ ³íøèìè, ×. Òåéëîð ñòâåðäæóº, ùî îñíîâíèìè óìîâàìè çàõèùå-íîñò³ òà ñâîáîäè ³íäèâ³äà º ïëþðàë³çì ôîðì æèòòÿ [6, ñ. 64]. Ó òðàäèö³¿ çàõ³äíîãî ë³áåðàë³çìó áóëî ïðîãîëîøåíî, ùî «â³äìîâà ó âèçíàíí³ ó íàø³ äí³ äîð³âíþºòüñÿ äî çàïîä³ÿííÿ øêîäè», à ãîëîâíîþ âèìîãîþ âèñòóïàëî ðîçóì³ííÿ ñòîñîâíî ð³çíèõ ôîðì âèðàæåííÿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³, çà äîïîìîãîþ ÿêèõ ëþäè áîðþòüñÿ çà âèçíàííÿ.

Îòæå, ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì ó ×. Òåéëîðà ïîñòàº ôîðìîþ ñàìîñòâåðäæåí-íÿ, íå ò³ëüêè áîðîòüáîþ ³íäèâ³ä³â çà âèçíàííÿ, àëå é âèìîãîþ âèçíàííÿ îðèã³íàëüíîñò³, ñàìîáóòíîñò³ òà ð³âíîçíà÷íîñò³ â ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ ãðóï. Îñê³ëü-êè óñ³ ëþäè ìàþòü îäíàêîâèé ïîòåíö³àë äëÿ ôîðìóâàííÿ òà âèçíà÷åííÿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ ÿê ³íäèâ³ä³â, òàê ³ êóëüòóð, íåîáõ³äíî, ùîá îäíàêîâà ïîâàãà âèñëîâëþâàëàñü äî âñ³õ ³íäèâ³ä³â òà êóëüòóð. À ïðàâî ³íäèâ³äà íà ñàìîâè-çíà÷åííÿ ïîâèííî âêëþ÷àòè â ñåáå ïðàâî íà âèá³ð êóëüòóðíî¿, ðåë³ã³éíî¿ òà ìîâíî¿ òðàäèö³é [6, ñ. 42]. ²ñíóº ëèøå «ìîÿ», «³íäèâ³äóàëüíà», «àâòåí-òè÷íà» òà «îðèã³íàëüíà» óÿâà ïðî äîáðî òà çëî, ÿêà ïîâèííà áóòè ïðèéíÿòà óñ³ìà ÿê ïðèðîäíÿ òà íåâ³ä÷óæóâàíà. Çâ³äñè «âèçíàííÿ ³íäèâ³äóàëüíèõ ³ ãðóïîâèõ äóìîê» ñòàº âèùå «óí³âåðñàë³çìó çàãàëüíèõ ïðàâèë».

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ßê çàçíà÷àº êàíàäñüêèé äîñë³äíèê, ë³áåðàëüí³ ñóñï³ëüñòâà ïîòðåáóþòü çàãàëüíî¿ êóëüòóðíî¿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ òà ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòàá³ëüíîñò³. Ïðîòå âîíè îïèíÿþòüñÿ â ñêðóòíîìó ñòàíîâèù³, êîëè öÿ ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü òà ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü ïîðóøóþòüñÿ «âòîðãíåííÿì» ïåâíèõ ÷óæèõ åòíîêóëüòóðíèõ åëåìåíò³â, íà-ïðèêëàä, ó ðåçóëüòàò³ ì³ãðàö³¿. ² ñòàíäàðòíîþ ðåàêö³ºþ íà äàíó ñèòóàö³þ ñòàþòü ïðàêòèêè âèêëþ÷åííÿ, ÿê³ ïîêëèêàí³ «çàõèñòèòè» ñòàá³ëüíå òà êóëüòóðíî ãîìîãåííå ñóñï³ëüñòâî â³ä çàãðîçè ðîçïàäó. «Ùî ï³äøòîâõóº äî âèêëþ÷åííÿ? Â³äïîâ³äü ìîæíà ñôîðìóëþâàòè íàñòóïíèì ÷èíîì: âêëþ÷å-íîþ, ³íêëþçèâíîþ äåìîêðàò³þ ðîáèòü òà îáñòàâèíà, ùî âîíà º âëàäîþ âñüî-ãî íàðîäó. Âèêëþ÷åííÿ — öå ïîá³÷íèé ïðîäóêò, à ñàìå ïîá³÷íèé ïðîäóêò ïîòðåáè ñàìîóïðàâíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâ ó âèñîê³é çãóðòîâàíîñò³. Äåìîêðàòè÷íèì äåðæàâàì ïîòð³áíî ùîñü íà çðàçîê ñï³ëüíî¿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³» [8].

Ó ðåàëüíîñò³ ïðàêòèêè âèêëþ÷åííÿ äîñèòü ð³çíîìàí³òí³: â³ä åòí³÷íî¿ ÷èñòêè äî äåìîêðàòè÷íèõ ïðàêòèê àñèì³ëÿö³¿ ì³ãðàíò³â àáî ¿õ ðîçãëÿäó ÿê ðîá³òíèê³â (ãàñòàðáàéòåð³â), ùî òèì÷àñîâî ïåðåáóâàþòü íà äàí³é òåðèòîð³¿. Ïðîòå âñ³ âîíè, íà äóìêó äîñë³äíèêà, òàê ÷è ³íàêøå ïîâèíí³ ðîçóì³òèñÿ ñüîãîäí³ ÿê íåíîðìàëüíå, õâîðîáëèâå ÿâèùå, ùî âèìàãàº äëÿ ñâîãî âèêî-ðåíåííÿ ïåâíèõ «ë³ê³â».

Àëå ùî âàðòî ââàæàòè íîðìîþ ³ ÿê ñó÷àñíèì ñóñï³ëüñòâàì íàáëèçèòèñÿ äî íå¿? Íà öå ïèòàííÿ êàíàäñüêèé â÷åíèé íå äàº ïîâíî¿ â³äïîâ³ä³, êîíñòà-òóþ÷è ëèøå, ùî â óìîâàõ êóëüòóðíîãî ð³çíîìàí³òòÿ ºäèíà ïîë³òè÷íà ³äåí-òè÷í³ñòü ïåðåñòàº áóòè ö³ë³ñíîþ, ìîíîë³òíîþ (ÿê öå áóëî â òðàäèö³éíèõ äåðæàâàõ-íàö³ÿõ) òà ñòàº ôðàãìåíòàðíîþ. Òàê, â³äì³÷àþ÷è, ùî «îá’ºì ³ ð³ñò ì³ãðàö³¿ íàðîä³â ðîáèòü ïðàêòè÷íî âñ³ ñóñï³ëüñòâà ñâ³òó ó á³ëüø³é ì³ð³ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðíèìè, ×. Òåéëîð ï³äêðåñëþº é ³íøó îñîáëèâ³ñòü: «äåÿê³ ãðóïè ³ìì³ãðàíò³â âñå ùå â ìîðàëüíî-êóëüòóðíîìó ³ íàâ³òü ó ïîë³òè÷íîìó â³äíîøåíí³ ôóíêö³îíóþòü ó ÿêîñò³ «ä³àñïîðè» êðà¿íè ñâîãî ïîõîäæåííÿ», ââàæàþ÷è, äî ðå÷³, ùî öå ÿâèùå íîðìàëüíå. «Âñå á³ëüø ïðèéíÿòíîþ ñòàº óÿâëåííÿ, ùî òè, íàïðèêëàä, êîð³ííèé êàíàäåöü, — ùî çîâñ³ì íå â³äì³-íÿº òâîº¿ ïðèâ’ÿçàíîñò³ äî êóëüòóðíî-ïîë³òè÷íî¿ ïëîò³ ïåâíî¿ êðà¿íè» [8]. «Ó ðåçóëüòàò³, — ïèøå ×. Òåéëîð, — ìè ïîñòóïîâî ïðîñóâàºìîñÿ äî ³äå¿, ÿêó ÿ ââàæàþ êëþ÷îâîþ äëÿ êðåàòèâíîãî ð³øåííÿ ïðîáëåìè âèêëþ÷åííÿ: ðîçïîä³ë ñôåð ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ àáî ïðè÷åòí³ñòü äî ïåâíîãî ñï³ëüíîãî ïðîñòî-ðó ³äåíòè÷íîñò³, ö³ëå ÿê ñóêóïí³ñòü ÷àñòèí. Ïîë³òè÷í³ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ ëþ-äåé, çìóøåíèõ àáî áàæàþ÷èõ æèòè ðàçîì, ïîâèíí³ áóòè ïðîäóìàí³ ñàìèìè öèìè ëþäüìè, îáãîâîðåí³ òà êðåàòèâíî, ç îáîâ’ÿçêîâèìè êîìïðîì³ñàìè, ï³ä³ãíàí³ îäèí äî îäíîãî (â îñíîâ³ áóäü-ÿêîãî ñï³â³ñíóâàííÿ ëåæèòü â³äîìà ñóì³ø íåîáõ³äíîãî òà ñâ³äîìîãî âèáîðó). Êð³ì òîãî, ïîä³áí³ ð³øåííÿ í³êîëè íå ïîâèíí³ ïðèéìàòèñÿ íàâ³÷íî. Âîíè îáîâ’ÿçêîâî áóäóòü àáî ïðèéìàòèñÿ çíîâó, àáî ñêàñîâóâàòèñÿ, àáî ÷àñòêîâî ïåðåãëÿäàòèñÿ ìàéáóòí³ìè ïîêî-ë³ííÿìè». Îòæå, ð³øåííÿ, ÿêå ïðîïîíóº êàíàäñüêèé â÷åíèé, öå íå êîíô-ðîíòàö³ÿ ç ì³ãðàíòàìè òà ¿õ íàñèëüíèöüêà àñèì³ëÿö³ÿ, à ðîçóìíèé êîìï-ðîì³ñ, ùî âåäå äî ñï³ëüíî¿ âèãîäè (ÿê ñàìèõ ì³ãðàíò³â, òàê ³ ïðèéìàþ÷îãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà). Â îñíîâ³ öüîãî êîìïðîì³ñó ëåæèòü ïåðåäáà÷óâàíà çäàòí³ñòü îáîõ ñòîð³í äî ðîçóìíîãî ä³àëîãó íà îñíîâ³ ïåâíèõ ñï³ëüíèõ ö³ííîñòåé (ï³ä ÿêèìè ðîçóì³ºòüñÿ äåìîêðàò³ÿ ³ ïðàâà ëþäèíè) [8].

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×àðëüç Òåéëîð, ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è êóëüòóðè ÿê çì³ñòîâíèé ãîðèçîíò äëÿ á³ëü-øîñò³ ëþäåé ç ð³çíèìè õàðàêòåðàìè òà òåìïåðàìåíòàìè, ñòâåðäæóº, ùî ó òàêîìó âèïàäêó êîæíà êóëüòóðà, ÿêà âì³ùóº â ñåáå ùîñü, ùî çàñëóãîâóº íà ïîâàãó, íàâ³òü ïðè íàÿâíîñò³ ó í³é åëåìåíò³â, ÿê³ âèêëèêàþòü íåãàòèâíå ñòàâëåííÿ, ã³äíà âèçíàííÿ [6, ñ. 72].

Îòæå, ðåëÿòèâ³ñòñüêèé ï³äõ³ä êàíàäñüêîãî â÷åíîãî ìàº íà ìåò³ âèçíàííÿ ð³âíîñò³ åòí³÷íèõ êóëüòóð, ïîâàæëèâå ñòàâëåííÿ äî íèõ óñ³õ. Íà äóìêó êà-íàäñüêîãî äîñë³äíèêà, öå äîçâîëèòü ñòâîðèòè ï³ä´ðóíòÿ äëÿ ä³àëîãó êóëü-òóð, çíèçèòè ð³âåíü íàïðóæåíîñò³ ó â³äíîñèíàõ ì³æ öèâ³ë³çàö³ÿìè, áóäå í³âåëþâàòè ¿õ ïðîòèð³÷÷ÿ òà ñïðèÿòè ôîðìóâàííþ ºäèíî¿ äåìîêðàòè÷íî¿ êóëüòóðè ç³ ñï³ëüíèìè ö³ííîñòÿì, òîáòî óí³âåðñàë³çàö³¿ ëþäñüêî¿ ñóò³.

Ïîä³áí³ ãëîáàëüí³ óñòàíîâêè ×àðëüç Òåéëîð åêñòðàïîëþº íà åòíîêóëü-òóðíó ïîë³òèêó áàãàòîíàö³îíàëüíèõ äåðæàâ, ó ðàìêàõ ÿêèõ ñï³â³ñíóþòü ð³çí³ åòíîðàñîâ³ ãðóïè ç³ ñâî¿ìè ñïåöèô³÷íèìè êóëüòóðàìè. Íà öüîìó ð³âí³ «ïîë³òèêà âèçíàííÿ», ÿêà ìàº ïåâíó äîö³ëüí³ñòü íà ãëîáàëüíîìó ð³âí³, ïå-ðåõîäèòü ó ïðàêòèêó ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó, ÿêà â êðà¿íàõ Çàõîäó ðîçìèâàº ¿õ òðàäèö³éíó êóëüòóðíó ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü.

Ñë³ä çàçíà÷èòè, ùî çì³ñò êîíöåïö³¿ êîìïðîì³ñíîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³ç-ìó ×. Òåéëîðà ïîëÿãàº ó òîìó, ùî âèçíàííÿ, à òàêîæ çáåðåæåííÿ êóëü-òóðíèõ òðàäèö³é ìåíøîñòåé íå ãàðàíòóºòüñÿ ë³áåðàëüíèì ïðèíöèïîì àâ-òîíîì³¿ îñîáèñòîñò³, íàâ³òü ÿêùî â îñíîâó ïîêëàäåíå ïðàâî ³íäèâ³äà íà êóëüòóðíó ñàìîáóòí³ñòü. Òîìó ïîòð³áíî âèõîäèòè ç ïðåçóìïö³¿ ¿õ ïðàâà íà âåäåííÿ îñîáëèâîãî ñïîñîáó æèòòÿ. Íåîáõ³äíî òàêîæ â³äìîâèòèñü â³ä ðîçó-ì³ííÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñò³ òà ð³âíîñò³ ãðîìàäÿí ïåðåä çàêîíîì.

Íàäàííÿ åòíîêóëüòóðíèì ìåíøîñòÿì ïåâíèõ ïðàâ, ó êîíöåïö³¿ ×. Òåé-ëîðà, ïîâèííî íå âèêëþ÷àòè, à ïåðåäáà÷àòè ñóìí³âè ó çäàòíîñò³ ä³þ÷èõ ë³áåðàëüíèõ äåìîêðàò³é, ðåàëüíèõ äåðæàâíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â òà çàñòîñîâàíèõ íèìè ïðàêòèê áóòè íåéòðàëüíèìè ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî êóëüòóðíèõ ðîçá³æ-íîñòåé, íå îáìåæóâàòè ïðàâà ï³äïîðÿäêîâàíèõ ãðóï [9, ñ. 134].

Ñòîñîâíî ºâðîïåéñüêîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó ×. Òåéëîð ââàæàº, ùî «³íòåãðóâàòè íîâèõ ïðèáóëèõ òà áîðîòèñÿ ç äèñêðèì³íàö³ºþ ìîæíà ëèøå â òîìó âèïàäêó, ÿêùî ñóñï³ëüñòâî ïðèéìàþ÷î¿ ñòîðîíè âïåâíåíî, ùî ïðè-òîê ³ìì³ãðàíò³â — öå áëàãî, ÿêùî íàñåëåííÿ â³òàº á³ëüøå êóëüòóðíå ð³ç-íîìàí³òòÿ, îñê³ëüêè ââàæàº, ùî âîíî ñïðèÿº á³ëüø äèíàì³÷íîìó ðîçâèòêó òà ðîçêðèòòþ òâîð÷îãî ïîòåíö³àëó». Òàêèì ÷èíîì, çà Òåéëîðîì, âèíèêàº òå, ùî ìîæå áóòè íàçâàíî «³äåîëîã³ºþ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó», «óÿâëåííÿ ïðî òå, ùî íàøå ñóñï³ëüñòâî çäàòíå â³òàòè òà ³íòåãðóâàòè ðîçá³æíîñò³». Ó ÿêîñò³ ïðèêëàäà â÷åíèé íàâîäèòü Êàíàäó, äå òàêîãî ðîäó ³äåîëîã³ÿ äóæå ñèëüíà [10].

Îòæå, ï³äñóìîâóþ÷è âèùåíàâåäåíå, ìîæíà çðîáèòè âèñíîâîê ïðî òå, ùî êîìïðîì³ñíèé ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì êàíàäñüêîãî ñîö³àëüíîãî òåîðåòè-êà ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà áàçóºòüñÿ íàñàìïåðåä íà âèçíàíí³. Äîñë³äíèê ïîºäíàâ ïîíÿòòÿ «âèçíàííÿ» ç ïîíÿòòÿì «ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çì» íà ò³é ï³äñòàâ³, ùî âèçíàííÿ ñàìîáóòí³õ êóëüòóðíèõ îñîáëèâîñòåé ð³çíèõ ëþäåé ìîæëèâî ëèøå â ñóñï³ëüñòâàõ, ÿê³ êóëüòèâóþòü ïîë³êóëüòóðí³ ö³ííîñò³. Â³í ââàæàº «âèçíàííÿ» íîâîþ ëþäñüêîþ ïîòðåáîþ ³ äîïóñêàº, ùî âñ³ ÷ëåíè ñó÷àñíèõ

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ñóñï³ëüñòâ î÷³êóþòü âèçíàííÿ. ª äâ³ ôîðìè âèçíàííÿ: çàãàëüíèé âèÿâ äå-ìîêðàòè÷íî¿ ôîðìè «ð³âíîïðàâ’ÿ» òà êîíêðåòíèé âèÿâ ö³ííîñò³ ñàìîáóòí³õ îñîáëèâîñòåé ëþäåé, ÿê³ ³äåíòèô³êóþòü ñåáå ç ïåâíèìè ñîö³àëüíèìè ãðó-ïàìè. Âèçíàííÿ ñàìîáóòí³õ êóëüòóðíèõ îñîáëèâîñòåé — öå ðóø³éíà ñèëà ðîçâèòêó ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó ÿê íà ð³âí³ îêðåìèõ ëþäåé, òàê ³ íà ð³âí³ ö³ëîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà.

Êîðîòêèé îãëÿä êîíöåïö³¿ êîìïðîì³ñíîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó íàâî-äèòü íà ðîçäóìè, à ÷è ìàº ïðàâî íà ³ñíóâàííÿ äàíà êîíöåïö³ÿ, ÿêùî âîíà íå ïðåòåíäóº íà âèð³øåííÿ ³ íå âèð³øóº âñ³õ ïðîáëåì ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó â ñó÷àñíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâàõ? ×è º äàíà êîíöåïö³ÿ àêòóàëüíîþ äëÿ ñó÷àñíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâ òà äëÿ ñó÷àñíî¿ ñîö³îëîã³÷íî¿ òåîð³¿? Äóìàþ, ùî òàê. Àäæå, ç îäíîãî áîêó, ÿê âæå áóëî çàçíà÷åíî âèùå, íà ïî÷àòêó ÕÕ² ñòîë³òòÿ âñ³ êðà-¿íè ñâ³òó ñòàþòü, íàñàìïåðåä ç äåìîãðàô³÷íî¿ òî÷êè çîðó, ìóëüòèêóëüòóð-íèìè. ßê ïðèêëàä òóò ìîæíà íàâåñòè ôàêò ÷èñëåííèõ ïîòîê³â ì³ãðàíò³â ç Àç³¿ äî ºâðîïåéñüêèõ êðà¿í. Îñòàíí³ áàæàþòü âîíè öüîãî ÷è í³, äáàþ÷è ïðî ìèðíå ñï³â³ñíóâàííÿ ó ñâî¿õ äåðæàâàõ, çìóøåí³ îáèðàòè ìóëüòèêóëüòóð-í³ ñòðàòåã³¿ ñï³âæèòòÿ òà ñï³ëêóâàííÿ. Ç ³íøîãî áîêó, êîíöåïö³ÿ ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà, ÿê ³ áóäü-ÿêà ³íøà, ìàº ÿê ñâî¿ ïåðåâàãè, òàê ³ ïåâí³ íåäîë³êè.Ïðîòå ñó÷àñíà ñîö³îëîã³÷íà òåîð³ÿ ìîæå ðîçâèâàòèñÿ ëèøå â äèñêóñ³¿ íà-ïðÿì³â ³ êîíöåïö³é. ² äàíà ñòàòòÿ, ÿêà º ëèøå îäí³ºþ ³ç ñåð³¿ ñòàòåé ïðî ñó÷àñí³ ñîö³îëîã³÷í³ êîíöåïö³¿ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó, ïîâèííà ñòàòè ââå-äåííÿì óêðà¿íñüêîãî ÷èòà÷à â îäíó ³ç òàêèõ äèñêóñ³é. ¯¿ çàâäàííÿì áóëî íå ïîêàçàòè íàéêðàùó ÷è íàéïðàâèëüí³øó êîíöåïö³þ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó, à ïðåäñòàâèòè íà ðîçãëÿä îäèí ç ÷èñåëüíèõ âàð³àíò³â âèð³øåííÿ ïðîáëåì ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàë³çìó íà ñó÷àñíîìó åòàï³, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ é äëÿ óêðà¿íñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà.

Ñïèñîê âèêîðèñòàíî¿ ë³òåðàòóè

1. Òîéíáè À. Äæ. Ïîñòèæåíèå èñòîðèè : ñáîðíèê / À. Òîéíáè ; ïåð. ñ àíãë. Å. Ä. Æàðêî-âà. — Ì. : Ðîëüô, 2001. — 640 ñ.

2. Ïàèí Ý. À. Â Ðîññèè îãðîìíûé ðåñóðñ ýòíè÷åñêîé íåíàâèñòè / Ý. À. Ïàèí // Èçâåñòèÿ. — 2005. — 12 ìàÿ.

3. Òåéëîð ×. Ó ðîçìà¿òò³ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðíîãî êîíòåêñòó — ìàéáóòíº Óêðà¿íè [Åëåê-òðîííèé ðåñóðñ] / ×àðëüç Òåéëîð. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://gazeta.dt.ua/socium/charlz-teylor-u-rozmayitti-multikulturnogo-kontekstu-maybutnye-ukrayini-_.html.

4. Êîàäèê Ð. Ëå. Ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçì [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Ðîíàí Ëå Êîàäèê. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà : http://ethno-photo.livejournal.com/15997.html.

5. Òåéëîð ×. [Electr. reñîurs]. — Àccessmode : http://www.sinergia-lib.ru/index.php?page=Charles_Taylor&view=print

6. Taylor Gh. The Politics of Recognition / Ch. Taylor // Multiculturalism; examining the politics of recognition // Charles Taylor ; ediandintrod by A. Gutmann. — Princeton, N. J.: PrincetonUniversityPress, 1994. — P. 25–73.

7. Áåëë Ä. Ìÿòåæ ïðîòèâ ñîâðåìåííîñòè / Ä. Áåëë // Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. — 1989. — ¹ 5. — Ñ. 112–124.

8. Teilor Ch. Demokraticheskoe isckliuchenie (i «lekarstvo» ot nego?) [Electr. reñîurs] / Ch. Taylor // Russkiiarkhipelag — Àccess mode: htpp:// www. arkhipelag.ru?geoculture/new_ident/multiculture/exclusion.

9. Ñëåäçåâñêèé È. Â. Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ýòíîêóëüòóðíîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ â Ìîñêâå, ìîäåðíèçàöèÿ ñòîëè÷íîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è âûçîâû ñîâðåìåííîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçìà / È. Â. Ñëåäçåâ-

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ñêèé // Ýòíè÷åñêèå ïðîöåññû â ñòîëè÷íîì ìåãàïîëèñå. — Ì. : Èí-ò Àôðèêè ÐÀÍ, 2008. — Ñ. 80–183.

10. Âûñòóïëåíèå êàíàäñêîãî ôèëîñîôà ×. Òåéëîðà íà Ìèðîâîì ïîëèòè÷åñêîì ôîðóìå â ßðî-ñëàâëå (10 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2010 ã.) [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://2010.gpf-yaroslavl.ru/viewpoint/CHarl-z-Tejlor-Zaschischaya-mul-tikul-turalizm.


Ëÿïèíà Ë. À. ôàêóëüòåò ñîöèîëîãèè ×åðíîìîðñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò èìåíè Ïåòðà Ìîãèëû óë. 68 Äåñàíòíèêîâ, êâ. 10, ã. Íèêîëàåâ, 54003, Óêðàèíà

ÌÓËÜÒÈÊÓËÜÒÓÐÀËÈÇÌ ÊÀÊ ÏÐÈÇÍÀÍÈÅ: ÑÎÖÈÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÊÎÍÖÅÏÖÈß ×ÀÐËÜÇÀ ÒÅÉËÎÐÀ

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòüå àíàëèçèðóåòñÿ êîíöåïöèÿ êîìïðîìèññíîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçìà êà-

íàäñêîãî ñîöèàëüíîãî òåîðåòèêà ×àðëüçà Òåéëîðà. Äàííàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ áàçèðóþ-åòñÿ íà ïðèçíàíèè. Èññëåäîâàòåëü îáúåäèíÿåò ïîíÿòèå «ïðèçíàíèå» ñ ïîíÿòèåì «ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçì» íà òîì îñíîâàíèè, ÷òî ïðèçíàíèå ñàìîáûòíûõ êóëüòóðíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé ðàçíûõ ëþäåé âîçìîæíî ëèøü â îáùåñòâàõ, êîòîðûå êóëüòèâèðóþò ïîëèêóëüòóðíûå öåííîñòè. Îí ñ÷èòàåò «ïðèçíàíèå» íîâîé ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé ïîòðåáíî-ñòüþ è äîïóñêàåò, ÷òî âñå ÷ëåíû ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâ æäóò ïðèçíàíèÿ. Â ñòàòüå ðàñêðûâàþòñÿ îñîáåííîñòè ïîíèìàíèÿ êîìïðîìèññíîãî ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçìà òàê-æå ñêâîçü ïðèçìó èäåé àâòîíîìèè, èäåíòè÷íîñòè è êóëüòóðû, êîòîðûå ñòàëè ôóí-äàìåíòàëüíûìè ïîòðåáíîñòÿìè äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëèçì, êóëüòóðà, àâòîíîìèÿ, ïðèçíàíèå, ïî-ëèòèêà ïðèçíàíèÿ, èäåíòè÷íîñòü.

Liapina L. À. Faculty of Sociology, Chornomorsky Peter Mogyla State University, 68 Dessantnykiv str., apt. 10, Mykolaiv, 54003, Ukraine

MULTICULTURALISM AS RECOGNITION: THE SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF CHARLES TAYLOR

Summary The article analyzes the concept of multiculturalism compromise Canadian social

theorist Charles Taylor. This concept is based on the recognition. The researcher com-bines the concept of «recognition» with the term «multiculturalism» as the recognition of distinctive cultural characteristics of different people is possible only in societies that cultivate multicultural values. The article describes the features of the under-standing of multiculturalism as a compromise in the light of the ideas of autonomy, identity and culture, which arethe fundamental needs of a democratic society.

Key words: multiculturalism, culture, autonomy, recognition, recognitionpolicy, identity.

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ÓÄÊ 316.444

Ñåíþðà Î. Â. êàíäèäàò ñîö³àëüíèõ íàóê, âèêëàäà÷ Òåõíîëîã³÷íîãî êîëåäæó Íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó «Ëüâ³âñüêà ïîë³òåõí³êà» âóë. Äåìíÿíñüêà, 15, ì. Ëüâ³â, 79031, Óêðà¿íà òåë. +380982508177 e-mail: [email protected]

ÑÓ×ÀÑÍÈÉ ÑÒÀÍ ÒÀ ÏÅÐÑÏÅÊÒÈÂÈ ÄÎÑË²ÄÆÅÍÍß ÏÐÎÁËÅÌ ÑÎÖ²ÀËÜÍÎ¯ ÌÎÁ²ËÜÍÎÑÒ²

Ó ñòàòò³ ïðåäñòàâëåíî àíàë³ç íàóêîâèõ ïðàöü â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ ³ çàðóá³æíèõ äî-ñë³äíèê³â, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ âèâ÷åííþ ïðîáëåì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Ðîçãëÿ-íóòî òðè ïåð³îäè ó äîñë³äæåíí³ ïðîöåñ³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Çðîáëåíèé àêöåíò íà äîñë³äæåíí³ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ òà ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Ïðîàíà-ë³çîâàíî ðåçóëüòàòè ñó÷àñíèõ íàóêîâèõ äîñë³äæåíü òà ðîçãëÿíóòî îñíîâí³ ïåðñïåêòèâè ðîçâèòêó, ùî äîçâîëÿòü ïðåäñòàâèòè ñîö³àëüíó ³ ïðîôåñ³éíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü ó âèãëÿä³ ñêëàäíèõ ñîö³àëüíèõ ïðîöåñ³â. Ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî êà-íàëè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ÿê ñïåöèô³÷í³ ñîö³àëüí³ ïðàêòèêè, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ïåðåì³ùåííÿìè â ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ñîö³àëüíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, ïðîôåñ³éíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, ì³æïîêî-ë³ííà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, êàíàëè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ³íñòèòóòè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìî-á³ëüíîñò³, ñóá’ºêòèâíà ñîö³àëüíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü.

Óêðà¿íñüêå ñóñï³ëüñòâî òðèâàëèé ïåð³îä çàçíàº ïðîöåñ ñîö³àëüíî¿ òðàíñ-ôîðìàö³¿. Ðàçîì ç òèì äîñ³ çàëèøàþòüñÿ íåâèçíà÷åíèìè â³äïîâ³ä³ íà ïèòàííÿ ùîäî ñóòòºâèõ ðèñ öüîãî ïðîöåñó, õàðàêòåðó òà ñïðÿìîâàíîñò³ ñòðóêòóðóâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíèõ ñèë, àäåêâàòíîñò³ òåîðåòè÷íèõ ï³äõîä³â, ùî çà-ñòîñîâóþòüñÿ äëÿ éîãî âèâ÷åííÿ. Â³äîìî ò³ëüêè òå, ùî öåé ïðîöåñ ïåðåáó-âàº ó ïîñò³éíîìó ðóñ³ ³ ðîçâèòêó, ÿêèé çàëåæèòü íàñàìïåðåä â³ä ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ åëåìåíò³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè ñóñï³ëüñòâà.

Ñîö³àëüíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü º ñêëàäíèì áàãàòîàñïåêòíèì ïðîöåñîì, ïîâ’ÿ-çàíèì ç âèâ÷åííÿì ïåðåì³ùåíü îêðåìèõ ³íäèâ³ä³â ³ ñîö³àëüíèõ ãðóï, ÿê³ â³äáóâàþòüñÿ â ðàìêàõ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè. Âèâ÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëü-íîñò³ ìàº äîâãó ³ñòîð³þ, ùî ïî÷èíàºòüñÿ ç ñåðåäèíè XIX ñò. (ïðàö³ Ê. Ìàðê-ñà ³ Äæ. Ñ. Ì³ëëÿ), âêëþ÷àº ñåðéîçíèé âêëàä äîñë³äíèê³â ïî÷àòêó ÕÕ ñò. — â³ä Â. Ïàðåòî (ÿêèé çàïðîïîíóâàâ òåîð³þ «öèðêóëÿö³¿ åë³ò») äî Ï. Ñîðîê³íà, ÿêèé ðîçãëÿäàâ ñîö³àëüíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü ÿê áóäü-ÿêèé ïåðåõ³ä ³íäèâ³äà àáî ñîö³àëüíîãî îá’ºêòà (ö³ííîñò³), òîáòî âñüîãî òîãî, ùî ñòâîðåíî àáî ìîäèô³-êîâàíî ëþäñüêîþ ä³ÿëüí³ñòþ, ç îäí³º¿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïîçèö³¿ â ³íøó [1, ñ. 473].

Ïðîòå çàðàç ïî÷àâñÿ íîâèé â³äë³ê ñó÷àñíîãî åòàïó äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîö³-àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ïîñòóïîâî âèáóäîâàíî¿ íà ÿê³ñíî ³íøèõ òåîðåòèêî-ìåòîäîëîã³÷íèõ, ìåòîäè÷íèõ ³ åìï³ðè÷íèõ çàñàäàõ. Ñó÷àñíà ë³òåðàòóðà ç ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ íåðîçðèâíî ïåðåïë³òàºòüñÿ ç ïðàöÿìè, ïðèñâÿ÷åíè-ìè îñâ³ò³, ñîö³àëüí³é ñòàò³ (gender), êóëüòóð³, âëàä³ òîùî. Îòæå, ñó÷àñí³

© Ñåíþðà Î. Â., 2015

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ñîö³îëîãè â ö³ëîìó ïîãîäæóþòüñÿ ç âèçíà÷åííÿì êëàñèêà òåîð³¿ ñîö³àëü-íî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ðîçâèâàþ÷è ³ ïîãëèáëþþ÷è éîãî, íàïðèêëàä: «Ñîö³àëüíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü — öå ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ³íäèâ³ä³â àáî ¿õ ãðóï ì³æ ð³çíèìè ð³âíÿ-ìè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ³ºðàðõ³¿, ÿêà âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ç ïîãëÿäó øèðîêèõ ïðîôåñ³éíèõ ÷è ñîö³àëüíî-êëàñîâèõ êàòåãîð³é. ²íàêøå êàæó÷è, ìîá³ëüí³ñòü — öå çì³íà ì³ñöÿ â ñîö³àëüíîìó ïðîñòîð³» [2, ñ. 436]. Òîìó ìåòîþ ñòàòò³ º ðîçãëÿä ³ óçàãàëüíåííÿ ñó÷àñíèõ äîñë³äæåíü ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³.

Ïðîáëåìàì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ âåëèêà ê³ëüê³ñòü äîñë³-äæåíü, ùî ðîçãëÿäàþòü ìåòîäîëîã³þ äîñë³äæåííÿ [3; 4], êàíàëè, âèäè ³ ìå-õàí³çìè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ [5]. ª ðîáîòè, ùî òîðêàþòüñÿ ðåã³îíàëüíî¿ ñïåöèô³êè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ [6] òîùî.

Ì. Áóëàíîâà äîñë³äæóº ïðåäñòàâíèê³â çàõ³äíî¿ ñîö³îëîã³÷íî¿ øêîëè, ÿêèõ óìîâíî ðîçä³ëèëà íà òðè åòàïè, ùî â³äð³çíÿþòüñÿ îäèí â³ä îäíîãî ìåòîäàìè çáîðó äàíèõ, ïðîöåäóðàìè âèì³ðó ³ âèä³ëåííÿì ïåâíèõ àñïåêò³â àíàë³çó ïðîöåñ³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Ïåðøèé åòàï äîñë³äæåííÿ íîñèòü «³ñòîðèêî-ñîö³îëîã³÷íèé õàðàêòåð ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì â³äíîñíî ïðîñòèõ ñòà-òèñòè÷íèõ ìåòîä³â»; íà äðóãîìó åòàï³ îñíîâíèìè êðèòåð³ÿìè âèä³ëÿþòü îñâ³òó ³ ïðîôåñ³þ; íà òðåòüîìó åòàï³ äëÿ äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëü-íîñò³ âèêîðèñòîâóþòü «ïîáóäîâó ëîãë³í³éíî¿ ìîäåë³ ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ïðîñó-âàííÿ» [7, ñ. 137]. Ïðîòå íåîáõ³äíî â³äçíà÷èòè, ùî íà óñ³õ åòàïàõ îäíèì ç íàéàêòóàëüí³øèõ íàïðÿì³â ó âèâ÷åíí³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ áóëî äîñë³-äæåííÿ, ïðèñâÿ÷åíå âèì³ðó åêîíîì³÷íîãî ³ ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ñòàòóñó ³íäèâ³ä³â, ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ³ âíóòð³øíüîïîêîë³ííî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³.

Äî ïåðøîãî åòàïó äîñë³äæåíü ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ Ì. Áóëàíîâà â³ä-íîñèòü Ð. Áåíä³êñà, Ã. Çåòòåðáåðãà, Ñ. Ë³ïñåòà, Ä. Ãëàññà, ÿê³ çàéìàëèñÿ âè-â÷åííÿì äàíèõ ïðîöåñ³â â óìîâàõ ³íäóñòð³àë³çàö³¿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà. Äîñë³äæåííÿ öüîãî ïåð³îäó â³äð³çíÿëèñÿ âò³ëåííÿì ð³çíèõ ñïðîá îá´ðóíòóâàòè ñîö³àëüíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü øëÿõîì àíàë³çó åìï³ðè÷íèõ äàíèõ ³ âèðîáèòè ïîêàçíèêè âè-ì³ðþâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Òàê, Ä. Ãëàññ, àíàë³çóþ÷è âåëè÷èíó ³ ñïðÿìîâàí³ñòü ïðîöåñ³â ñîö³àëüí³é ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ó Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿, ïðîâ³â äî-ñë³äæåííÿ ñåðåä ÷îëîâ³ê³â, ùî ìåøêàþòü â Àíãë³¿, Óåëüñ³ ³ Øîòëàíä³¿, ðîç-ä³ëèâøè ¿õ íà äåê³ëüêà ãðóï ð³çíèõ ïîêîë³íü. Ðåçóëüòàòè öüîãî äîñë³äæåí-íÿ ïîêàçàëè íàÿâí³ñòü çâ’ÿçêó ì³æ ñòàòóñàìè áàòüê³â ³ ñèí³â. Âèÿâèëîñü, ùî «âîíà íàéá³ëüø ïîì³òíà, êîëè áàòüêè íàëåæàòü äî êàòåãîð³¿ êâàë³ô³êî-âàíèõ ïðàö³âíèê³â ô³çè÷íî¿ ïðàö³ àáî äî êàòåãîð³¿ âèùîãî àäì³í³ñòðàòèâíî-ãî àáî ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ïåðñîíàëó. Ä. Ãëàññ åìï³ðè÷íî ïîêàçàâ, ùî ñîö³àëüíèé ñòàòóñ ó Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿ ìàâ òåíäåíö³¿ ïåðåäàâàòèñÿ ïî «çàìêíåíîìó êîëó», ïðè÷îìó, ïðè äîñÿãíåíí³ ïîçèö³¿, ùî çíàõîäÿòüñÿ áëèæ÷å äî âåðøèíè ñòðà-òèô³êàö³éíî¿ ï³ðàì³äè, â³äêèäàº ³äåàë ð³âíîñò³ ìîæëèâîñòåé» [7, ñ. 138].

Äðóãèé ïåð³îä ó äîñë³äæåíí³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ïîâ’ÿçàíèé ç³ çá³ëü-øåííÿì ðîë³ ñòàòèñòè÷íèõ ìåòîä³â â àíàë³ç³ öüîãî ïðîöåñó. Äî öüîãî ïå-ð³îäó ìîæíà â³äíåñòè òàêèõ ó÷åíèõ, ÿê Ï. Áëàó, Ë. Ãóäìàí, Î. Äàíêåí, Ä. Òðåéìàí. Ï. Áëàó ³ Î. Äàíêåí àêòèâíî çàéìàëèñÿ äîñë³äæåííÿì ñîö³-àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â ïðîôåñ³éí³é ñôåð³, ùî ïîêàçàëî: íàéá³ëüø ìîá³ëüíîþ ñîö³àëüíîþ ãðóïîþ â ÑØÀ º ÷îëîâ³êè. À äèñòàíö³ÿ ì³æ ïðîôåñ³éíèìè âåðñòâàìè, ñåðåä ÿêèõ íàé÷àñò³øå çä³éñíþºòüñÿ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ, ì³í³ìàëüíà,

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àáî òàê³ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ á³ëüøîþ ì³ðîþ òÿæ³þòü äî ãîðèçîíòàëüíî¿ ìîá³ëü-íîñò³. Íà ï³äñòàâ³ îòðèìàíèõ íèìè ðåçóëüòàò³â áóëî âèÿâëåíî:

1) â³äíîñíî âèñîêèé ð³âåíü ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â ÑØÀ. Ïðè öüîìó íà ïðîôåñ³éíå êàð’ºðíå çðîñòàííÿ ³íäèâ³äà çä³éñíþþòü âïëèâ ñîö³àëüíî-åêîíîì³÷í³ ïîçèö³¿ ñ³ì’¿ ³ ñòàòóñ áàòüêà (îñòàíí³é «ñïðàâëÿº âïëèâ íà ñòà-òóñ ñèíà â îñíîâíîìó ÷åðåç îñâ³òó»);

2) «ì³ñüê³ ì³ãðàíòè ìàþòü á³ëüøå ìîæëèâîñòåé äîñÿãòè áàæàíîãî ïðî-ôåñ³éíîãî ñòàòóñó (â³äíîñíî äî «îñ³ëèõ»). Ôàêòè÷íî ³ ó ì³ãðàíò³â, ³ â «îñ³-ëèõ» âèÿâëÿºòüñÿ ïðÿìèé çâ’ÿçîê ì³æ ìàñøòàáí³ñòþ ì³ñöåâîñò³, â ÿê³é âîíè âèðîñëè, ³ ¿õ ïðîôåñ³éíèìè óñï³õàìè;

3) íà ïðîôåñ³éí³ ìîæëèâîñò³ âïëèâàº ñêëàä ñ³ì’¿ [7, ñ. 138, 139]. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, äðóãèé åòàï äîñë³äæåíü ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ áóâ çîð³-

ºíòîâàíèé íà àíàë³ç³ é âèÿâëåííÿ ÷èííèê³â, ÿê³ âïëèâàþòü íà ïðîôåñ³éíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü.

Òðåò³é åòàï äîñë³äæåíü ïîâ’ÿçàíèé ç òåîð³ÿìè Äæ. Ãîëäòîðïà, Ë. Äæîí-ñîíà, Ä. Ô³çåðìàíà, Ð. Õàóçåðà, ðîçðîáêè ÿêèõ äîïîìîãëè ðîçøèðèòè ³ ïîãëèáèòè ñòàòèñòè÷í³ ìîäåë³ àíàë³çó ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Çîêðåìà, ðî-áîòè Ë. Äæîíñîíà, Ä. Ô³çåðìàíà ³ Ð. Õàóçåðà äîçâîëèëè âñòàíîâèòè âïëèâ çì³í ó äåìîãðàô³÷í³é ñèòóàö³¿ â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ íà ì³æïîêîë³ííó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü ó ïðîôåñ³éí³é ñôåð³. Êð³ì òîãî, çä³éñíåíî ñïðîáó ðîçïîä³ëó äîñë³äæóâàíèõ ïðåäñòàâíèê³â ïðîôåñ³éíèõ ãðóï íà êëàñè:

«Âèùèé êëàñ ïðàö³âíèê³â íåðó÷íî¿ ïðàö³» (óïðàâë³íö³â ³ òîðãîâèõ ïðà-ö³âíèê³â (ïîçà ðîçäð³áíîþ òîðã³âëåþ); ôàõ³âö³â (íàéìàíèõ ³ ñàìîçàéíÿòèõ);

«Íèæ÷èé êëàñ íåðó÷íî¿ ïðàö³» (âëàñíèê³â, òîðãîâèõ ïðàö³âíèê³â (ðîç-äð³áíî¿ òîðã³âë³);

«Âèùèé êëàñ ô³çè÷íî¿ ïðàö³» (êâàë³ô³êîâàíèõ ïðàö³âíèê³â ïðîìèñëî-âîñò³, áóä³âíèöòâà);

«Íèæ÷èé êëàñ ô³çè÷íî¿ ïðàö³» (âåðñòàòíèê³â, ïðàö³âíèê³â îáñëóãîâó-âàííÿ, íåêâàë³ô³êîâàíèõ ïðàö³âíèê³â);

«Ôåðìåð³â ³ ñ³ëüñüêîãîñïîäàðñüêèõ ïðàö³âíèê³â» [7, ñ. 139]. Äæ. Ãîëäòîðïîì ïðè àíàë³ç³ ïðîöåñ³â, ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç ³íòåíñèâí³ñòþ õà-

ðàêòåðó ìîá³ëüíîñò³, áóëî âñòàíîâëåíî, ùî ñòðóêòóðà ñîö³àëüíèõ êëàñ³â ªâðîïè äðóãî¿ ïîëîâèíè XX ñò. áóëà äîñèòü äèíàì³÷íîþ íåçàëåæíî â³ä ñòàíîâèùà êëàñó â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³. Ñï³âñòàâëÿþ÷è ðåçóëüòàòè éîãî äîñë³äæåíü åêîíîì³÷íî-àêòèâíîãî íàñåëåííÿ Áðèòàí³¿, Äæ. Ãîëäòîðï äîõîäèòü âèñíî-âêó ïðî òå, ùî ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ âèñõ³äíî¿ ³ íèçõ³äíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ñåðåä ÷î-ëîâ³ê³â äóæå íåñïðèÿòëèâå. Ïðîòå, ïðè ïîð³âíÿíí³ ìàñøòàá³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ì³æ ÷îëîâ³êàìè ³ æ³íêàìè, öåé ð³âåíü ïðèáëèçíî îäíàêîâèé ³ íå ïðîÿâëÿº ÷³òêî¿ òåíäåíö³¿ äî çðîñòàííÿ àáî çíèæåííÿ [8, ñ. 181–200].

Äæ. Ãîëäòîðï çàïðîïîíóâàâ ïîíÿòòÿ «áàçîâà (core)» ìîá³ëüí³ñòü. Ðåçóëü-òàòè éîãî ðîáîòè óâ³éøëè â ïðîòèð³÷÷ÿ ÿê ç ë³áåðàëüíèìè ³äåÿìè Ñ. Ë³ï-ñåòà, ÿêèé ñòâåðäæóâàâ, ùî ó ì³ðó ðîçâèòêó ñó÷àñíîãî êàï³òàë³ñòè÷íîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà âñå á³ëüøà ÷àñòèíà íàñåëåííÿ ä³ñòàº ìîæëèâ³ñòü âèñõ³äíî¿ ìî-á³ëüíîñò³, òàê ³ ç êîíöåïö³ÿìè ìàðêñèñò³â, ùî íàïîëÿãàëè íà íåìèíó÷îñò³ íèçõ³äíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ çà ñèòóàö³¿, êîëè ïðàâëÿ÷èé êëàñ âîëîä³º ìàéæå áåç-ðîçä³ëüíèì êîíòðîëåì íàä çàñîáàìè âèðîáíèöòâà [9].

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Ñó÷àñíèé åòàï äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ´ðóíòóâàâñÿ íà äî-ñë³äæåííÿõ ïîïåðåäí³õ åòàï³â, ïðîòå ÷³òê³øå áàçóºòüñÿ íà âèâ÷åíí³ ïðîôå-ñ³éíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Â öåé ïåð³îä ïðîöåñè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ íàáóâàþòü íîâèõ ìàñøòàá³â, îñê³ëüêè ïåðø³ º ÷óòëèâèìè äî áóäü-ÿêèõ çì³í ó ñîö³-àëüí³é ñòðóêòóð³. Öåé ïåð³îä õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ íåñò³éê³ñòþ ³ ïîñò³éíîþ çì³íîþ, ùî ñóïðîâîäæóºòüñÿ ïîñò³éíèì ðóõîì ³ ïåðåì³ùåííÿì. Ïðîòå íå-çì³ííà ÷àñòèíà íàñåëåííÿ ³ñíóº ó áóäü-ÿêîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ ³ â áóäü-ÿêèé ÷àñ, ÿêà õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ ñâîºþ ïàñèâí³ñòþ äî ïåðåì³ùåíü. Ñåðåä äîñë³äæåíü öüîãî ïåð³îäó âåëèêèé ³íòåðåñ âèêëèêàþòü ïðàö³ ðîñ³éñüêèõ äîñë³äíèê³â Ò. Çàñëàâñüêî¿, ª. Àíòîñåíêîâà, Ð. Ðèâê³íî¿ òà ³íøèõ, êîòð³ çàïðîïîíóâàëè ìåòîäè÷í³ ðåêîìåíäàö³¿ äî âèâ÷åííÿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ òðóäîâèõ ðåñóðñ³â [10].

Ò. Çàñëàâñüêà, ïðèä³ëÿþ÷è óâàãó ïðîáëåìàì ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ïðàö³, ïîâ’ÿçóâàëà ¿¿ ïðè÷èíè òà ö³ë³ ³ç çàäîâîëåííÿì ãðîìàäñüêîãî ïîïèòó íà ò³ àáî ³íø³ ïðîôåñ³¿ ³ êâàë³ô³êàö³¿ [11, ñ. 147]. Ïåâíèé âíåñîê ó âèâ÷åííÿ âíó-òð³øíüîïîêîë³ííî¿ òà ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ âíåñëè òàêîæ Ì. Ò³òìà ³ Â. Øóáê³í. Äîñë³äæåííÿ Â. Øóáê³íà ïîêàçàëè íàÿâí³ñòü íåð³â-íèõ ìîæëèâîñòåé ìîëîä³ â ïðîöåñ³ äîñÿãíåííÿ ñâîãî ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ñòàòóñó, ùî äåòåðì³íîâàíî íàÿâí³ñòþ ³ñíóþ÷èõ ïðîòèð³÷ ì³æ ñèñòåìîþ ï³äãîòîâêè ñòóäåíò³â ³ ïîïèòîì ïðàöåäàâö³â íà ðèíêó ïðàö³ [12, c. 389].

Êëàñè÷íà òåîð³ÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ âèêîðèñòîâóº ð³çí³ ïîíÿòòÿ äëÿ ìîäåëþâàííÿ ìåõàí³çìó ïðîöåñ³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Êëþ÷îâèì ñåðåä íèõ º òåðì³í «êàíàë ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³». Ñó÷àñíèé äîñë³äíèê Ñ. Ïðî-ñîëü÷åíêî ðîçãëÿäàº çâ’ÿçîê öüîãî òåðì³íó ç òåðì³íîì «ñîö³àëüíèé ³íñòè-òóò». Çàãàëîì êàíàëè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ìîæíà ðîçãëÿäàòè ÿê ñïåöè-ô³÷í³ ñîö³àëüí³ ïðàêòèêè, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ïåðåì³ùåííÿìè â ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Íàòîì³ñòü, ñîö³àëüíèé ³íñòèòóò — öå ñóêóïí³ñòü ³íñòèòóö³é-íèõ ñîö³àëüíèõ ïðàêòèê, ïðè÷îìó ³íñòèòóòè ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ïðàêòèêàìè ñî-ö³àëüíèõ ïåðåì³ùåíü (÷è ç êàíàëàìè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ Ï. Ñîðîê³íà), ÿê³ Ñ. Ïðîñîëü÷åíêî íàçèâàº ³íñòèòóòàìè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Äîñë³ä-íèê ââàæàº, ùî äàí³ ³íñòèòóòè º îäíî÷àñíî îñíîâîþ ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ìå-õàí³çìó ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ³ êëþ÷îâèì ³íñòðóìåíòîì äëÿ óïðàâë³ííÿ ñîö³àëüíîþ ìîá³ëüí³ñòþ.

Íà ñó÷àñíîìó åòàï³ ïåðåë³ê ñîö³àëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â, ùî º êëþ÷îâèìè ³í-ñòðóìåíòàìè óïðàâë³ííÿ ñîö³àëüíîþ ìîá³ëüí³ñòþ, äåùî çì³íèâñÿ ïîð³âíÿ-íî ç êëàñè÷íîþ ñõåìîþ Ï. Ñîðîê³íà ³, íà äóìêó Ñ. Ïðîñîëü÷åíêà, íàáóâàº íàñòóïíîãî âèãëÿäó: ñ³ì’ÿ, ñèñòåìà ôîðìàëüíî¿ îñâ³òè ³ âèõîâàííÿ, çáðîéí³ ñèëè, ïîë³òè÷í³ ïàðò³¿, âëàñí³ñòü, ïîñàäîâà ³ºðàðõ³ÿ ³ ñèñòåìà çàéíÿòòÿ ïî-ñàäè â äåðæàâíèõ ³ íåäåðæàâíèõ ñòðóêòóðàõ, ðîçïîä³ë ïðàö³, ïðîôåñ³éíî-êâàë³ô³êàö³éíà ñòðóêòóðà, ñèñòåìà çàãàëüíèõ îðãàí³çàö³é äåðæàâè, çàñîáè ìàñîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿.

Ñ. Ïðîñîëü÷åíêî òàêîæ çàïðîïîíóâàâ êëàñèô³êàö³þ ³íñòðóìåíò³â óïðàâ-ë³ííÿ ñîö³àëüíîþ ìîá³ëüí³ñòþ çàëåæíî â³ä ¿õ çíà÷óùîñò³: îñíîâí³ (ñèñòåìà îñâ³òè, âëàñí³ñòü, ïîë³òè÷í³ ïàðò³¿), äîïîì³æí³ (ñóêóïí³ñòü çáðîéíèõ ñèë ³ ñóêóïí³ñòü çàãàëüíèõ îðãàí³çàö³é äåðæàâè), áàçîâ³ (ïîñàäîâà ³ºðàðõ³ÿ ³ ðîçïîä³ë ïðàö³), ïîäâ³éíèé (³íñòèòóò ñ³ì’¿) ³ òàêèé, ùî ôîðìóºòüñÿ (çàñîáè ìàñîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿).

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Íàâåäåíà äîñë³äíèêîì õàðàêòåðèñòèêà êàíàë³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, òðàºêòîð³é, ùî âèñòóïàþòü îá’ºêòèâíîþ îñíîâîþ â ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìî-á³ëüíîñò³, à òàêîæ âèä³ëåííÿ ðÿäó ñîö³àëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â, çâàæàþ÷è íà ¿õ îñîáëèâó çíà÷óù³ñòü â ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ÿê «³íñòèòóò³â ñîö³-àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³», ôîðìóþòü íàóêîâèé àïàðàò, íåîáõ³äíèé íå ëèøå äëÿ àíàë³çó, àëå ³ äëÿ óïðàâë³ííÿ ïðîöåñàìè â ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ [5, c. 250].

Íà ñó÷àñíîìó åòàï³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ àíàë³çóâàëè ð³çí³ àñïåêòè äîñÿãíåííÿ ñîö³àëüíî-ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ âèïóñêíèê³â íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàä³â. Ðîçêðèâàþòüñÿ ÿê ïîòåíö³àë ñèñòåìè áåçïåðåðâíî¿ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ îñâ³òè â ïèòàíí³ ôîðìóâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíî-ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ìîá³ëü-íîñò³ âèïóñêíèê³â, òàê ³ ð³çí³ êîìïîíåíòè ïåäàãîã³÷íîãî ñóïðîâîäó ïðîöåñó ôîðìóâàííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíî âàæëèâèõ íà ðèíêó ïðàö³ ÿêîñòåé ³ ñîö³àëüíèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèê ìîëîäîãî ôàõ³âöÿ [13].

Íåìîæëèâî íå çâåðíóòè óâàãó íà ñó÷àñí³ ðîñ³éñüê³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîáëåì ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ çì³í ñîö³àëüíî-ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ñòàòóñó ä³òåé ïîð³âíÿíî ç³ ñòàòóñîì ¿õ áàòüê³â. Ïîä³áí³ àñïåêòè, ÿê â³äì³-÷àº Ì. ×åðíèø, ÿêíàéêðàùå â³äïîâ³äàþòü ö³ëÿì ³ çàâäàííÿì äîñë³äæåíü, ÿê³ ðîçêðèâàþòü ïðèðîäó ñó÷àñíèõ çì³í, ùî â³äáóâàþòüñÿ â ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Áàãàòî â ÷îìó öå ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ òèì, ùî â ñó÷àñíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâàõ, ùî äèíà-ì³÷íî ðîçâèâàþòüñÿ, â³äòâîðåííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ çíà÷íèì ïîñèëåííÿì ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ñîö³àëüíî-ïðîôåñ³éíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ùî âèñòóïàº ñåðéîçíèì ÷èííèêîì ñîö³àëüíèõ çì³í ³ âèðàæåííÿì ñîö³àëü-íî¿ àêòèâíîñò³ ³íäèâ³ä³â [14]. Çàãàëîì ñîö³àëüíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, íà äóìêó â÷å-íîãî, ñïðàâëÿº ³ñòîòíèé âïëèâ íà ñâ³òîãëÿäí³ óñòàíîâêè ëþäåé, à òàêîæ íà ¿õ ñîö³àëüíó ïîâåä³íêó, ùî àêòóàë³çóº íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïîäàëüøèõ äîñë³äæåíü íà öþ òåìó [15, ñ. 137].

Ì. Ðåóòîâà, ïðîâîäÿ÷è äîñë³äæåííÿ ùîäî âèâ÷åííÿ ³ âèì³ðþâàííÿ ïî-êàçíèê³â ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ìîëîä³, òàêîæ ïðèõîäèòü äî âèñíîâêó, ùî áàçîâèìè êàíàëàìè äàíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ º îñâ³òà ³ ïðîôåñ³ÿ. Ì³æïîêîë³ííà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, íà äóìêó Ì. Ðåóòîâî¿, º îäíèì ç âàæëèâèõ ïîêàçíèê³â ñîö³àëüíèõ çì³í ó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³, îñê³ëüêè çà ñâîºþ ñóòòþ º â³äî-áðàæåííÿì ñîö³àëüíî¿ àêòèâíîñò³ íàñåëåííÿ [5]. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, ðîñ³éñüêå ñóñï³ëüñòâî, ùî ïåð³îäè÷íî ï³ääàºòüñÿ òðàíñôîðìàö³ÿì ³ çì³íàì, ñòèìó-ëþâàëî ³ ïðîäîâæóº ñòèìóëþâàòè ³íòåðåñ â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ ó÷åíèõ äî âèâ÷åííÿ ïðîáëåì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ [16].

Ó ñó÷àñíîìó ðîñ³éñüêîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ Ï. Êîçèðåâà ñïîñòåð³ãàº êîëîñàëü-íó ïåðåîð³ºíòàö³þ ìàñîâî¿ ñâ³äîìîñò³, îáóìîâëåíó çì³íîþ ñîö³àëüíî-ïðîôå-ñ³éíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè. Ì³æïîêîë³ííà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü íîñèòü ïåðåâàæíî âèìóøåíèé õàðàêòåð ³ áàãàòî â ÷îìó îáóìîâëåíà ãëèáîêèìè ñòðóêòóðíèìè çðóøåííÿìè â ðîñ³éñüê³é åêîíîì³ö³. Ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è ì³æïîêîë³ííó ñîö³àëüíî-ïðîôåñ³éíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, äîñë³äíèöÿ ïîì³÷àº íàðîñòàííÿ îáìåæåíü, îñîáëèâî â ñ³ëü-ñüê³é ì³ñöåâîñò³, ñâîáîäè ïðîôåñ³éíîãî âèáîðó ³ âèáîðó ñôåðè çàéíÿòîñò³. Çìåíøèâñÿ ñ³ìåéíèé, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ áàòüê³âñüêèé âïëèâ íà âèá³ð ìîëîääþ ïðîôåñ³¿, äåôîðìóâàëèñÿ ïðîöåñè â³äòâîðåííÿ ïðîôåñ³éíèõ äèíàñò³é ó áà-ãàòüîõ âàæëèâèõ ñôåðàõ çàéíÿòîñò³ [17].

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Ïåðåáóâàòè «â ðóñ³» ñòàëî ñïîñîáîì æèòòÿ áàãàòüîõ [18, ñ. 3]. Ó çâ’ÿçêó ç ÷èì, ïðîäîâæóþ÷è äóìêó Äæ. Óðð³, «ñîö³îëîã³ÿ ÿê äèñöèïë³íà â ÕÕI ñò. ç³-òêíåòüñÿ ç íåîáõ³äí³ñòþ îñìèñëåííÿ ³ òåîðåòèçóâàííÿ ç ïðèâîäó ïîñò³éíîãî ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ëþäñüêèõ ³ ñèìâîë³êî-ìàòåð³àëüíèõ ïîòîê³â». «Âèâ÷åííÿ ôîðì ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ìàº öåíòðàëüíå çíà÷åííÿ äëÿ ñîö³îëîã³¿ ³ ââàæàº ìîá³ëüí³ñòü ãîëîâíîþ ïðîáëåìîþ» [19]. Ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, ÿê çàçíà÷àº Äæ. Óðð³, öå ðåàëüí³ ³ ïîòåíö³éí³ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ó ¿õ çâ’ÿçêó ç ñîö³àëüíèìè â³äíîñèíàìè â ïðîñòîð³³ ÷àñ³. Ó ïðàö³ äîñë³äíèêà ç’ÿâëÿºòüñÿ íîâå ïîíÿòòÿ ñèñòåì ìîá³ëüíîñò³,çà äîïîìîãîþ ÿêîãî â³í îïèñóº âëàøòóâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíîãî æèòòÿ â ìàñø-òàáàõ ö³ëèõ ³ñòîðè÷íèõ åïîõ. Ñèñòåìàòè÷íî äîñë³äæóº ð³çí³ âèäè ïåðåì³-ùåíü, íàïðèêëàä, âåëîñèïåäí³ ïåðåñóâàííÿ, ïî¿çäêè íà ïîòÿãàõ, óïðàâë³í-íÿ àâòîìîá³ëåì, óÿâí³ ³ â³ðòóàëüí³ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ òîùî [4, ñ. 23].

Çíà÷íèì âêëàäîì â óñâ³äîìëåííÿ òåíäåíö³é ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿, êëàñîâî¿, ïðîôåñ³éíî¿, îñâ³òíüî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â óêðà¿íñüêîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ ñòàëà ïðàöÿ àâòîðñüêîãî êîëåêòèâó ²íñòèòóòó ñîö³îëîã³¿ ÍÀÍ Óêðà¿íè, çîêðåìà äîñë³-äæåííÿ Ñ. Ìàêåºâà, Ñ. Îêñàìèòíî¿, ². Ïðèáèòêîâî¿, Î. Ñèìîí÷óê òà ³í. [10]Òàêîæ ïèòàííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ðîçðîáëÿëè Ì. Äîë³øí³é, Ñ. Âîâêà-íè÷, Ë. Îëåñíåâè÷, Ñ. Çëóïêî, Í. Êîâàë³ñêî òà ³í.

Àíàë³çóþ÷è äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ìîæíà ïðîñòåæèòè ò³ñíèé âçàºìîçâ’ÿçîê äàíîãî ïðîöåñó ç ïîíÿòòÿì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòðàòèô³êà-ö³¿ (íåð³âíîñò³), çà äîïîìîãîþ ÿêîãî âèâ÷àºòüñÿ «äèôåðåíö³àö³ÿ ïåâíî¿ ñó-êóïíîñò³ ëþäåé (íàñåëåííÿ), ¿õ ïîä³ë íà êëàñè â ³ºðàðõ³÷íîìó ðàíç³» [20, ñ. 196]. ßñêðàâèì ïðèêëàäîì ñó÷àñíèõ â³ò÷èçíÿíèõ äîñë³äæåíü º òðàêòó-âàííÿ Ñ. Îêñàìèòíîþ ïîíÿòòÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ÿêå óòâåðäæóºòüñÿ â ñîö³îëîã³¿ ÿê ñèíîí³ì íåð³âíîñò³, íàñàìïåðåä íåð³âíîñò³ ìîæëèâîñòåé íà ïðîòèâàãó ÷è ÿê äîïîâíåííÿ íåð³âíîñò³ äî õîä³â òà ³íøèõ ñîö³àëüíî-åêî-íîì³÷íèõ ðåñóðñ³â òà óìîâ. Óâåñü ñó÷àñíèé ïåð³îä ðîçâèòêó ñîö³îëîã³¿ ñî-ö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ùî áåçïåðåðâíî òðèâàº äîíèí³, ä³ñòàº ñàìîíàçâó «ïî-ð³âíÿëüí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ñòðàòèô³êàö³¿» [22, ñ. 31].

Ñ. Îêñàìèòíà äîñë³äæóº ñóá’ºêòèâíó ñîö³àëüíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, óÿâëåííÿ ³íäèâ³ä³â ïðî òå, íàñê³ëüêè õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ¿õíüîãî ñòàòóñó çàéíÿòîñò³ ó äîðîñëîìó â³ö³ ð³çíÿòüñÿ ïîð³âíÿíî ç³ ñòàòóñàìè ¿õí³õ áàòüê³â, îñê³ëüêè çà-çíà÷àº, ùî ó â³ò÷èçíÿí³é ñîö³îëîã³¿ äàíå ÿâèùå íå äîñë³äæóâàëîñÿ ³ íå àíà-ë³çóâàëîñÿ [23]. Ñåðåä îñíîâíèõ ÷èííèê³â âïëèâó íà ñóá’ºêòèâíó ñîö³àëüíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü äîñë³äíèöÿ âèçíà÷àº ì³æïîêîë³ííó ñîö³àëüíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü. Öå îçíà÷àº, ùî ³íäèâ³äè, ÿê³ çä³éñíèëè âèñõ³äíó ñîö³àëüíó ìîá³ëüí³ñòü ïî-ð³âíÿíî ç áàòüêàìè, ñõèëüí³ ïåâíîþ ì³ðîþ ñàìå òàê ³ îö³íþâàòè âëàñí³ äîñÿãíåííÿ.

Ï³äâîäÿ÷è ï³äñóìîê âèùåñêàçàíîìó, íåîáõ³äíî â³äì³òèòè: ïðîáëåìàì ñî-ö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ â íàóêîâ³é ë³òåðàòóð³ ïðèä³ëÿëàñÿ ³ ïðè-ä³ëÿºòüñÿ ïèëüíà óâàãà. Äîñë³äæåííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ò³ñíî ïîâ’ÿçàíå ç âèâ÷åííÿì ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè ñóñï³ëüñòâà ³ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ñòðàòèô³êàö³¿ ³ ìàº ñâîþ íàóêîâó òðàäèö³þ. Ïðîòå, âðàõîâóþ÷è òîé ôàêò, ùî ñîö³àëüíà ìî-á³ëüí³ñòü ³ ïðîôåñ³éíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, ÿê ¿¿ ð³çíîâèä, º ñêëàäíèìè ïðîöåñàìè ³ ñêëàäàþòü ñïåöèô³÷í³ ðèñè â óìîâàõ íåñò³éêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, âèâ÷åííÿ öèõ ôåíîìåí³â ³ íàäàë³ âèìàãàº êîìïëåêñíîãî ³ óñåá³÷íîãî ï³äõîäó.

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Íà ñó÷àñíîìó åòàï³ ³íòåðåñè ó÷åíèõ çàãàëîì ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà «ãëîáàëüí³ ³ ëîêàëüí³ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ëþäåé, îá’ºêò³â, êàï³òàëó, ³íôîðìàö³¿, ùîäåííå âè-êîðèñòàííÿ òðàíñïîðòó, ðóõ ÷åðåç ïóáë³÷íèé ïðîñò³ð ³ ïîäîðîæ³ ìàòåð³àëü-íèõ ðå÷åé â ïîâñÿêäåííîìó æèòò³» [24, c. 55]. Òîìó Äæ. Óðð³ íàìàãàºòüñÿ çðîáèòè ñîö³îëîã³þ ïðèíöèïîâî ÷óòëèâ³øîþ äî ïðîáëåìàòèêè ïðîñòîðó ³ ÷àñó. Âèñóíåí³ Äæ. Óðð³ íîâ³ ïðàâèëà ñîö³îëîã³÷íîãî ìåòîäó ïðîïîíóþòü, çîêðåìà, ôîêóñóâàòèñÿ íà ðóñ³, ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ³ êîíòèíãåíòíîìó âïîðÿäêîâó-âàíí³ çàì³ñòü ñòðóêòóðè ³ ñîö³àëüíîãî ïîðÿäêó.

Ó ðåçóëüòàò³ åìï³ðè÷íîãî ³ òåîðåòè÷íîãî âèâ÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëü-íîñò³ ìîæíà î÷³êóâàòè ñòâîðåííÿ óí³êàëüíî¿ ³íòåãðîâàíî¿ áàçè äàíèõ ïðî ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, ùî âêëþ÷àòèìå ê³ëüê³ñí³ ³ ÿê³ñí³ ðåçóëüòàòè ùîäî ïðîöåñ³â ì³æïîêîë³ííî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ³ñòîð³¿ ïîêîë³íü. Ó ïðàêòè÷íîìó àñïåêò³ çíàí-íÿ ïðî ³íòåíñèâí³ñòü ñîö³àëüíèõ ïåðåì³ùåíü, êàíàëè ìîá³ëüíîñò³ ³ óñâ³-äîìëåííÿ ëþäåé ùîäî ìîæëèâîñòåé äëÿ ïåðåì³ùåíü óêðàé àêòóàëüí³ äëÿ ïîë³òèê³â, åêîíîì³ñò³â ³ ñîö³àëüíèõ ïðàö³âíèê³â ³ ñêëàäå îñíîâó äëÿ ãðî-ìàäñüêîãî äèñêóðñó, ðîçóì³ííÿ òåìï³â ñîö³àëüíî¿ äèíàì³êè ñüîãîäåííÿ ïî-ð³âíÿíî ç ïîïåðåäí³ìè åòàïàìè ñîö³àëüíîãî ðîçâèòêó. Ð³âåíü ñîö³àëüíî¿ äèíàì³êè áåçïîñåðåäíüî ïîâ’ÿçàíèé ç îö³íêîþ ì³ðè ñîö³àëüíîãî ïðîãðåñó â òîìó àáî ³íøîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³.

Ïåðñïåêòèâíèì øëÿõîì ìîæå ñòàòè ðîçðîáëåííÿ àíàë³òè÷íî¿ ìîäåë³ âè-â÷åííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â ì³æïîêîë³íí³é ïåðñïåêòèâ³ ³ âèðîáëåííÿ êîíêðåòíèõ ïîêàçíèê³â äëÿ åìï³ðè÷íîãî âèâ÷åííÿ, ÿê³ ñïèðàòèìóòüñÿ íà ïîïåðåäí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ. Ö³ äàí³ ìîæóòü áóòè áàçîþ äëÿ ïîºäíàííÿ ê³ëü-ê³ñíîãî òà ÿê³ñíîãî ï³äõîä³â äî âèâ÷åííÿ ôåíîìåíó ìîá³ëüíîñò³. Òàêîæ îñîáëèâó óâàãó ïîòð³áíî ïðèä³ëÿòè ñóá’ºêòèâí³é ñîö³àëüí³é ìîá³ëüíîñò³, äîñë³äæåííþ îñíîâíèõ ÷èííèê³â, ÿê³ ìàëî äîñë³äæóâàëàñü ó â³ò÷èçíÿí³é ñîö³îëîã³¿.


1. Ñîðîêèí Ï. À. ×åëîâåê. Öèâèëèçàöèÿ. Îáùåñòâî: [ïåð. ñ àíãë.] / Ï. À. Ñîðîêèí; îáù. ðåä., ñîñò. è ïðåäèñë. À. Þ. Ñîãîìîíîâà. — Ì.: Ïîëèòèçäàò, 1992. — 543 ñ.

2. Àáåðêðîìáè Í. Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü: ïåð. ñ àíãë. / Í. Àáåðêðîìáè, Ñ. Õèëë, Á. Ñ. Òåð-íåð; ïîä ðåä. Ñ. À. Åðîôååâà. — 2-å èçä., ïåðåðàá. è äîï. — Ì.: Ýêîíîìèêà, 2004. — 620 ñ.

3. Ñîðîêèí Ï. À. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü: [ïåð. ñ àíãë.] / Ï. À. Ñîðîêèí; îáù. ðåä. Â. Â. Ñà-ïîâà. — Ì.: Academia, 2005. — 588 ñ.

4. Óððè Äæ. Ìîáèëüíîñòè / Äæ. Óððè; ïåð. ñ àíãë. À. Â. Ëàçàðåâà; âñòóï. ñòàòüÿ Í. À. Õàð-ëàìîâà. — Ì.: Ïðàêñèñ, 2012. — 576 ñ.

5. Ïðîñîëü÷åíêî Ñ. À. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü, åå êàíàëû è ìåõàíèçìû. Ñîöèàëüíûå èí-ñòèòóòû êàê èíñòðóìåíòû óïðàâëåíèÿ ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòüþ / Ñ. À. Ïðîñîëü÷åíêî // Íàó÷íûå ïðîáëåìû ãóìàíèòàðíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. — Ïÿòèãîðñê: ÏÃÒÓ, 2010. — ¹ 7. — Ñ. 242–252.

6. Ïîñóõîâà Î. Þ. Ýíäîãåííûå ôàêòîðû ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè â Ðîñòîâñêîé îáëàñòè / Î. Þ. Ïîñóõîâà // Âëàñòü. — 2014. — ¹ 9. — Ñ. 94–99.

7. Áóëàíîâà Ì. À. Òåîðåòèêî-ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëü-íîñòè / Ì. À. Áóëàíîâà // Âëàñòü è óïðàâëåíèå íà Âîñòîêå Ðîññèè. — 2010. — ¹ 4. — Ñ. 136–142.

8. Ãîëäòîðï Äæ. Ìåæïîêîëåí÷åñêàÿ êëàññîâàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü â ñîâðåìåííîé Âåëèêîáðèòà-íèè: ïîëèòè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû è ðåçóëüòàòû èññëåäîâàíèé / Äæ. Ãîëäòîðï, Ì. Äæåêñîí // Çàðóáåæíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. — 2009. — ¹ 10. — Ñ. 181–200.

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9. Goldthorpe J. The Constant Flux: a Study of Mobility in Industrial Society / J. H. Goldthorpe, R. Erikson. — Oxford University Press, 1992.

10. Ñåíþðà Î. Â. Äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîöåñ³â ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â ³ñòîðè÷íîìó êîíòåêñò³ / Î. Â. Ñåíþðà // Â³ñíèê Îäåñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà. Ñîö³îë. ³ ïîë³ò. íàóêè. — 2009. — Ò. 14, âèï. 13. — Ñ. 204–213.

11. Çàñëàâñêàÿ Ò. È. Îá èçìåíåíèè êðèòåðèåâ ñîöèàëüíîé ñòðàòèôèêàöèè ðîññèéñêîãî îáùå-ñòâà [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Ò. È. Çàñëàâñêàÿ. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http: //lomonosov.econ.msu.ru/2007/17/posyhova_ou.doc.pdf

12. Øóáêèí Â. Í. Ñîöèîëîãèÿ è îáùåñòâî: íàó÷íîå ïîçíàíèå è ýòèêà íàóêè / Â. Í. Øóá-êèí. — Ì.: ÖÑÏèÌ, 2010. — 424 ñ.

13. Ñîöèàëüíî-ïðîôåññèîíàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü â XXI âåêå: ñáîðíèê ìàòåðèàëîâ è äîêëàäîâ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé êîíôåðåíöèè, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 29–30 ìàÿ 2014 ã. / ïîä ðåä. Ã. Ì. Ðîìàí-öåâà, Â. À. Êîïíîâà. — Åêàòåðèíáóðã: Èçä-âî Ðîñ. ãîñ. ïðîô.-ïåä. óí-òà, 2014. — 352 ñ.

14. ×åðíûø Ì. Ô. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü â ðîññèéñêîì è êèòàéñêîì ìåãàïîëèñàõ / Ì. Ô. ×åðíûø // Ðîññèÿ ðåôîðìèðóþùàÿñÿ: Åæåãîäíèê-2010 / îòâ. ðåä. Ì. Ê. Ãîðø-êîâ. — Ì.: Íîâûé õðîíîãðàô, 2010. — Ñ. 151–168.

15. ×åðíûø Ì. Ô. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü è ìàññîâîå ñîçíàíèå / Ì. Ô. ×åðíûø // Ñîöèî-ëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. — 1995. — ¹ 1. — Ñ. 134–138.

16. Íèêîëåíêî Í. À. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü â íàó÷íîì äèñêóðñå îáùåñòâåííûõ íàóê / Í. À. Íèêîëåíêî // Âåñòíèê Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Ñåðèÿ 7: Ôèëîñîôèÿ. Ñîöèîëîãèÿ è ñîöèàëüíûå òåõíîëîãèè. — 2014. — ¹ 4 (24). — Ñ. 24–35.

17. Êîçûðåâà Ï. Ì. Ìåæïîêîëåííàÿ ñîöèàëüíî-ïðîôåññèîíàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü â ïîñòñî-âåòñêîé Ðîññèè / Ï. Ì. Êîçûðåâà // Ðîññèÿ ðåôîðìèðóþùàÿñÿ: åæåãîäíèê / îòâ. ðåä. Ì. Ê. Ãîðøêîâ. — Ì.: Íîâûé õðîíîãðàô, 2012. — Âûï. 11. — Ñ. 213–235.

18. Óððè Äæ. Ìîáèëüíîñòü è áëèçîñòü / Äæ. Óððè // Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèå èññëåäîâàíèÿ. — 2013. — ¹ 2. — Ñ. 3–14.

19. Ñóøêî Ï. Å. Ñåëüñêàÿ ìîëîäåæü â ïîèñêàõ ñîöèàëüíîãî ëèôòà: âîçìîæíîñòè è ðèñêè / Ï. Å. Ñóøêî // Àêòóàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû ñîöèîëîãèè ìîëîäåæè, êóëüòóðû, îáðàçîâàíèÿ è óïðàâëåíèÿ: ìàòåðèàëû âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêîé êîíôåðåíöèè. Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 28 ôåâðàëÿ 2014 ã. — Åêàòåðèíáóðã: ÓðÔÓ, 2014. — Ò. 1. — Ñ. 154–158.

20. Ãèääåíñ Ý. Ñîöèîëîãèÿ / Ý. Ãèääåíñ; ïðè ó÷àñòèè Ê. Áåðäñîëë; ïåð. ñ àíãë. À. Â. Áåðêîâ [è äð.]. — 2-å èçä., ïåðåðàá. è äîï. — Ì.: Åäèòîðèàë ÓÐÑÑ, 2005. — 632 ñ.

21. ×åêàðåâà À. Â. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü êàê ìåõàíèçì ñîöèàëüíîãî íåðàâåíñòâà / À. Â. ×å-êàðåâà // Âåñòíèê Âîëæñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èì. Â. Í. Òàòèùåâà. — 2014. – ¹ 1[15]. — Ñ. 231–237.

22. Îêñàìèòíà Ñ. Ì³æãåíåðàö³éíà ñîö³àëüíà ìîá³ëüí³ñòü ó ôîêóñ³ àêàäåì³÷íèõ ³ ñîö³àëüíî-ïîë³òè÷íèõ ³íòåðåñ³â [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Ñ. Îêñàìèòíà // Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ: òåîð³ÿ, ìåòîäè, ìàðêåòèíã. — 2012. — ¹ 3. — Ñ. 28–44. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://nbuv.gov.ua/j-pdf/stmm_2012_3_4.pdf

23. Îêñàìèòíà Ñ. Ñóá’ºêòèâíå ñïðèéíÿòòÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³: äîñâ³ä ì³æíàðîäíîãî äîñë³-äæåííÿ òà òåíäåíö³¿ â Óêðà¿í³ / Ñ. Îêñàìèòíà // Íàóêîâ³ çàïèñêè ÍàÓÊÌÀ. — 2010. — Òîì 109: Ñîö³îëîã³÷í³ íàóêè. — Ñ. 5–12.

24. Âåñåëêîâà Í. Â. Íîâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìîáèëüíîñòè: Ñîâïàäàþùèå è íåñîâïàäàþùèå ïîòî-êè è ñîöèàëüíàÿ êîìïåòåíòíîñòü / Í. Â. Âåñåëêîâà // Æóðíàë ñîöèîëîãèè è ñîöèàëüíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè. — 2011. — Ò. 14, ¹ 3. — Ñ. 50–66.


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Ñåíþðà Î. Â. ïðåïîäàâàòåëü Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêîãî êîëëåäæà Íàöèîíàëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà «Ëüâîâñêàÿ ïîëèòåõíèêà» óë. Äåìíÿíñêàÿ, 15, ã. Ëüâîâ, 79031, Óêðàèíà

ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÎÅ ÑÎÑÒÎßÍÈÅ È ÏÅÐÑÏÅÊÒÈÂÛ ÈÑÑËÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß ÏÐÎÁËÅÌ ÑÎÖÈÀËÜÍÎÉ ÌÎÁÈËÜÍÎÑÒÈ

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòüå ïðåäñòàâëåí àíàëèç íàó÷íûõ òðóäîâ îòå÷åñòâåííûõ è çàðóáåæíûõ

èññëåäîâàòåëåé, ïîñâÿùåííûõ èçó÷åíèþ ïðîáëåì ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè. Ðàñ-ñìîòðåíû òðè ïåðèîäà â èññëåäîâàíèè ïðîöåññîâ ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè. Ñäå-ëàí àêöåíò íà èññëåäîâàíèè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé è ìåæïîêîëåííîé ìîáèëüíîñòè. Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû ðåçóëüòàòû ñîâðåìåííûõ íàó÷íûõ èññëåäîâàíèé è ðàññìîòðå-íû îñíîâíûå ïåðñïåêòèâû ðàçâèòèÿ, êîòîðûå ïîçâîëÿò ïðåäñòàâèòü ñîöèàëüíóþ è ïðîôåññèîíàëüíóþ ìîáèëüíîñòü â âèäå ñëîæíûõ ñîöèàëüíûõ ïðîöåññîâ. Ïðî-àíàëèçèðîâàíû êàíàëû ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè êàê ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå ñîöèàëüíûå ïðàêòèêè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ïåðåìåùåíèÿìè â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü, ïðîôåññèîíàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü, ìåæïîêîëåííàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü, êàíàëû ñîöèàëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè, èíñòèòóòû ñîöè-àëüíîé ìîáèëüíîñòè, ñóáúåêòèâíàÿ ñîöèàëüíàÿ ìîáèëüíîñòü.

Senyura O. V. lecturer, Technology College of Lviv Polytechnic National University, Demyanska str., 15, Lviv, 79031, Ukraine

PRESENT AND FUTURE RESEARCH INTO THE PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

Summary ²n the article is presented the analysis of scientific works of home and foreign

researchers, problems of social mobility sanctified to the study. Three periods are con-sidered in research of processes of social mobility. The done accent is on research of professional and intergeneration mobility. The results of modern scientific researches are analysed and the basic prospects of development, that will allow to present social and professional mobility as difficult social processes, are considered. The channels of social mobility as specific social practices related to transferring to space of social mobility are analysed.

Key words: social mobility, professional mobility, intergenerationmobility, chan-nels of social mobility, institutes of social mobility, subjective social mobility.

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ÓÄÊ 316.728:334.2

Êðèâîøåÿ Ò. È. êàíäèäàò ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàóê êàôåäðà ñîöèîëîãè ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 40, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà òåë.: (380482) 686092 å-mail: [email protected]

ÌÎÄÀ ÊÀÊ ÔÀÊÒÎÐ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß ÈÄÅÍÒÈ×ÍÎÑÒÈ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÕ ÃÎÐÎÄÑÊÈÕ ÆÈÒÅËÅÉ

Öåëü ñòàòüè — íà îñíîâàíèè ýìïèðè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü ñïå-öèôèêó ìîäíîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñîâðåìåííûõ ãîðîäñêèõ æèòåëåé, à òàêæå âû-ÿâèòü ôàêòîðû, îïðåäåëÿþùèå ýòó ñïåöèôèêó. Ïðîâåäåí ôàêòîðíûé àíà-ëèç õàðàêòåðèñòèê «ìîäíîñòü» — «íåìîäíîñòü» âåùåé äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ èõ ìåñòà â ñîçíàíèè ðåñïîíäåíòîâ. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ìîäà, ìîäíîå ïîòðåáëåíèå, ìàññîâàÿ êóëüòóðà.

Îáûäåííîå ñîçíàíèå âîñïðèíèìàåò ìîäó êàê ïîñòîÿííîå è íåïðåðûâíîå èçìåíåíèå ñòèëåé (ôîðì) îäåæäû. Â îñíîâíîì ñîçäàâàåìàÿ èññëåäîâàòå-ëÿìè êóëüòóðîëîãè÷åñêîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ «èñòîðèÿ ìîäû» — ýòî èñòîðèÿ ïåðåìåí, ñóåòëèâîé äèíàìèêè, vanitas vanitatum. ×àñòî óòâåðæäàåòñÿ, ÷òî ïåðåìåíû ñëóæàò ñàìîäîñòàòî÷íîé öåëüþ ìîäû. Áåñêîíå÷íûå êîððåêöèè æåíñêèõ þáîê, ìóæñêèõ ïèäæàêîâ è ãàëñòóêîâ çàñòàâëÿþò îðäèíàðíûõ ïîòðåáèòåëåé íîñèòüñÿ ïî ìàãàçèíàì, ÷òîáû çàìåíèòü ïðîøëîãîäíèå ìî-äåëè íàèíîâåéøèìè [1]. Èç íàèáîëåå èçâåñòíûõ ðàáîò, ïîñâÿùåííûõ âçà-èìîäåéñòâèþ ìîäû è îäåæäû, ïåðâûìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ íàïèñàííûå â XVIII — ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå XIX âåêîâ. Îíè èìåþò íå ñòîëüêî íàó÷íûé, ñêîëüêî îáçîðíûé õàðàêòåð: «Ïåðåïèñêà ìîäû» Í. Â. Ñòðàõîâà, «Íåñêîëüêî çàìå-÷àíèé î ñîâðåìåííûõ ìîäàõ â îäåæäàõ» àðõèåïèñêîïà Àìâðîñèÿ (â ìèðó — À. È. Êëþ÷àðåâ), «Ìîäû è öèíèçì» Ô. Äèøåðà [2].

Â òî æå âðåìÿ ìîäà — ýòî íå òîëüêî íå ñòîëüêî ìîäíûå òåíäåíöèè â îäåæäå. «Â áîëåå øèðîêîì ñìûñëå, ìîäà — ýòî íåïðîäîëæèòåëüíîå ãîñïîä-ñòâî îïðåäåëåííîãî òèïà ñòàíäàðòèçîâàííîãî ïîâåäåíèÿ, â îñíîâå êîòîðî-ãî ëåæèò îòíîñèòåëüíî áûñòðîå è ìàñøòàáíîå èçìåíåíèå âíåøíåãî (ïðåæäå âñåãî, ïðåäìåòíîãî) îêðóæåíèÿ ëþäåé. Ìîäà íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷åì-òî èñêëþ÷è-òåëüíî âíåøíèì ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëþäÿì: îíà — ïðîèçâîäíîå èõ íàñòðîåíèé, âêóñîâ, ñîöèàëüíûõ îæèäàíèé, ñòðåìëåíèÿ ê íîâèçíå è ñîöèàëüíîé èäåí-òèôèêàöèè» [3, c. 16]. Î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ìîäà èçìåíÿåò íå òîëüêî ïðåäìåòíûé ìèð, íî è ìèð äóõîâíûé. Ñîâåðøåííî ÿñíî, ÷òî ñóùåñòâóåò ìîäà íà íàó÷íûå ïîäõîäû, èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ìåòîäû, õóäîæåñòâåííûå ñòèëè, âêóñîâûå ïðè-ñòðàñòèÿ è ò. ä. Â ñâîåì ñî÷èíåíèè î ìîäå Ã. Çèììåëü íå ñëó÷àéíî ïîäìåòèë, ÷òî «ðåëèãèÿ, íàó÷íûå èíòåðåñû, äàæå ñîöèàëèçì è èíäèâèäóàëèçì áûëè âîïðîñàìè ìîäû». «Îíà (ìîäà) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïîäðàæàíèå äàííîìó îá-ðàçöó è ýòèì óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ïîòðåáíîñòè â ñîöèàëüíîé îïîðå, ïðèâîäèò îò-

© Êðèâîøåÿ Ò. È., 2015

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äåëüíîãî ÷åëîâåêà íà êîëåþ, ïî êîòîðîé ñëåäóþò âñå, äàåò âñåîáùåå, ïðå-âðàùàþùåå ïîâåäåíèå èíäèâèäà ïðîñòî â ïðèìåð. Îäíàêî îíà â òàêîé æå ñòåïåíè óäîâëåòâîðÿåò ïîòðåáíîñòü â ðàçëè÷èè, òåíäåíöèþ ê äèôôåðåíöè-àöèè, ê èçìåíåíèþ, ê âûäåëåíèþ èç îáùåé ìàññû. Ýòî óäàåòñÿ åé, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, áëàãîäàðÿ ñìåíå ñîäåðæàíèé, êîòîðàÿ ïðèäàåò ìîäå ñåãîäíÿøíåãî äíÿ èíäèâèäóàëüíûé îòïå÷àòîê, îòëè÷àþùèé åå îò ìîäû â÷åðàøíåãî è çà-âòðàøíåãî äíÿ; åùå â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ýòî óäàåòñÿ åé ïîòîìó, ÷òî îíà âñåãäà íîñèò êëàññîâûé õàðàêòåð, è ìîäà âûñøåãî ñîñëîâèÿ âñåãäà îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ìîäû íèçøåãî, ïðè÷åì âûñøåå ñîñëîâèå îò íåå ñðàçó æå îòêàçûâàåòñÿ, êàê òîëüêî îíà íà÷èíàåò ïðîíèêàòü â íèçøóþ ñôåðó. Òåì ñàìûì ìîäà — íå ÷òî èíîå, êàê îäíà èç ìíîãèõ ôîðì æèçíè, ïîñðåäñòâîì êîòîðûõ òåíäåíöèÿ ê ñîöèàëüíîìó âûðàâíèâàíèþ ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ òåíäåíöèåé ê èíäèâèäóàëüíîìó ðàçëè÷èþ è èçìåíåíèþ â åäèíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè» [4, c. 267].

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èññëåäîâàíèå ôåíîìåíà ìîäû — ýòî øèðîêîå ïîëå äå-ÿòåëüíîñòè äëÿ ñïåöèàëèñòîâ â ðàçëè÷íûõ îáëàñòÿõ èçó÷åíèÿ îáùåñòâåí-íûõ ÿâëåíèé: ñîöèîëîãîâ, ôèëîñîôîâ, èñòîðèêîâ, ýêîíîìèñòîâ, ïñèõîëî-ãîâ, êóëüòóðîëîãîâ.

Â äàííîé ñòàòüå ìû ïðèâîäèì ÷àñòü ðåçóëüòàòîâ èññëåäîâàíèÿ (îïðîñ âçðîñëîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ãîðîäà Îäåññû «Ïîòðåáëåíèå è êîììóíèêàöèÿ â ñîâðå-ìåííîì óêðàèíñêîì ãîðîäå», N = 500, îøèáêà íå ïðåâûøàåò 5%). Ïðîáëå-ìà äàííîãî ýìïèðè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñîñòîÿëà â íåîáõîäèìîñòè âûÿâ-ëåíèÿ, à òàêæå èçó÷åíèÿ âíîâü ïîÿâèâøèõñÿ è ïîñòîÿííî èçìåíÿþùèõñÿ ìîäåëåé ìîäíîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ, êîòîðûå èíòåðåñíû ñàìè ïî ñåáå, à òàêæå âëèÿþò íà ñòèëü æèçíè ãîðîäñêîãî æèòåëÿ, ÷òî, â êîíå÷íîì èòîãå, îïðå-äåëÿåò ãîðîäñêóþ ñîöèàëüíóþ ñòðóêòóðó è ñîöèàëüíóþ ñðåäó. Îáúåêòîì ýìïèðè÷åñêîãî èññëåäîâàíèè âûñòóïàëî âçðîñëîå íàñåëåíèå ã. Îäåññû.

Â êà÷åñòâå ïðåäìåòà âûñòóïàëè ñîöèàëüíûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè è ïîâåäåí-÷åñêèå ìåõàíèçìû ìîäíîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ, ôàêòîðû, åãî îáóñëîâëèâàþùèå, à òàêæå ìîäíîå ïîòðåáëåíèå ñîâðåìåííûõ ãîðîäñêèõ æèòåëåé.

Öåëüþ äàííîé ñòàòüè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðàññìîòðåíèå ôåíîìåíà ìîäû ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ âîçìîæíîñòè ñàìîâûðàæåíèÿ è äåìîíñòðàöèÿ ñâîåé óíèêàëüíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè, äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ öåëè ìû èçó÷èëè îòâåòû íà òàê íàçûâàå-ìûé «îòêðûòûé» âîïðîñ àíêåòû «Ìîäà äëÿ ìåíÿ — ýòî...». Ïîêàçàòåëüíî, ÷òî íà ýòîò íå ñîâñåì ïðîñòîé âîïðîñ îòâåòèëè àáñîëþòíî âñå ðåñïîíäåíòû, à ðàçíîîáðàçèå ôîðìóëèðîâîê ïîðàæàåò: âñòðå÷àþòñÿ è äîâîëüíî äëèííûå (íà íåñêîëüêî ïðåäëîæåíèé) è êîðîòêèå (äâà-òðè ñëîâà) âûñêàçûâàíèÿ, ïðèñóòñòâóþò îðèãèíàëüíûå ìûñëè, öèòàòû, ñòåðåîòèïû, âûðàæåííûå â ñàìûõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ôèãóðàõ ðå÷è.

Ìû ñãðóïïèðîâàëè âñå âûñêàçûâàíèÿ, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå ìîäó, ïî 6 ñî-äåðæàòåëüíûì êàòåãîðèÿì:

1) «òåìïîðàëüíîñòü» èëè îãðàíè÷åííîñòü, «ðàçìåðíîñòü» âî âðåìåíè; 2) «ýñòåòè÷íîñòü», ôîðìà ïðåêðàñíîãî, ñðåäñòâî òâîð÷åñêîãî ñàìîâûðà-

æåíèÿ; 3) «ïðèíóæäåíèå», íàâÿçûâàíèå, äàâëåíèå ìàññîâîé êóëüòóðû; 4) «îòðèöàíèå» êàê îòêàç ïðèçíàâàòü ìîäó, èëè ñèëüíûå ñîìíåíèÿ â åå

ñóùåñòâîâàíèè;

45


5) «íåäîñÿãàåìîñòü» ïðåäñòàâëåíèå ìîäû â âèäå èäåàëà, èëè, íàîáîðîò, äóðíîãî îáðàçöà;

6) «ôåìèííîñòü», îòíåñåíèå ìîäû ê æåíñêîé ñóùíîñòè. Êàê âèäíî èç òàáëèöû 1, äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà ðåñïîíäåíòîâ ìîäà (ýñòå-

òè÷íîñòü) ñâÿçàíà ñ ñàìîâûðàæåíèåì, îíà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñâÿçóþùèì çâåíîì ìåæäó âíóòðåííèì ìèðîì ÷åëîâåêà è åãî îêðóæåíèåì. Ïî÷òè ïîëîâèíà îïðîøåííûõ — 247 æèòåëåé Îäåññû ñâÿçûâàþò ìîäó ñ ýñòåòèêîé. Îíè âûðàæàþò ñâîé âíóòðåííèé ìèð ÷åðåç ìîäó, ÷åðåç îäåæäó, ò. å. äëÿ íèõ ìîäà = Îäåæäà.

Òàáëèöà 1

Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îòâåòîâ íà âîïðîñ «×òî åñòü ìîäà äëÿ Âàñ?»

Êðèòåðèé ×àñòîòà Öèòàòà Ðàíã«Ýñòåòè÷íîñòü»

247

Òîë÷îê äëÿ ñîáñòâåííûõ ôàíòàçèé. Ñïîñîá ñàìîâûðàæåíèÿ, ñðåäñòâî ñâÿçè ìîåãî ëè÷-íîãî ìèðà ñ âíåøíèì. Äåìîíñòðàöèÿ ñåáÿ äëÿ âñåîáùåãî îáîçðåíèÿ

1

«Òåìïîðàëü-íîñòü»

94

Ìàêñèìàëüíî àêòóàëüíàÿ êðàñîòà è ñòèëü â îïðåäåëåííûé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè. Ñëå-äîâàíèå íîâåéøèì ïîíÿòèÿì ìèðîâûõ ýêñêëþçèâíûõ äèçàéíåðîâ. Ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü

2

«Ïðèíóæäåíèå»

76

Ïîïóãàéñòâî, îòñóòñòâèå ëè÷íîñòíîãî ïðî-ÿâëåíèÿ, îòñóòñòâèå ôàíòàçèè, ýòî èíêóáà-òîð. Êîãäà âñå îäèíàêîâî îäåâàþòñÿ, ïðè ýòî ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî ó äðóãîãî õóæå. Ìîäà ýòî ÒÂ è ãëÿíåö. Òî, ÷òî íàâÿçûâàþò îáùåé ìàññå ïîòðåáèòåëÿ, ÷òî íîñèòü, ñëóøàòü, êóøàòü, íà ÷åì åçäèòü

3

«Îòðèöàíèå»62

Ïàðîâîç, çà êîòîðûì íåâîçìîæíî óãíàòüñÿ. Ìîäó ïðèäóìàë òîò, êòî íå óìååò îäåâàòüñÿ. Áåññìûñëåííàÿ ãîíêà, âñå ðàâíî íå óñïååøü

4

«Íåäîñÿãàå-ìîñòü»

13Âîçäóøíûé øàð. Ìåõàíèçì âûáèâàíèÿ äå-íåã èç ïîòðåáèòåëÿ. Ïðîìûâêà ìîçãîâ

5

«Ôåìèííîñòü» 6

Âíóòðåííèé ìèð äåâóøåê. Äåâóøêè èç æóðíàëîâ. Óäåë æåíùèí

6

Íà âòîðîì ìåñòå ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè îòâåòû ðåñïîíäåíòîâ, â êîòîðûõ ìîäó èäåíòèôèöèðóþò ñ âðåìåííûìè õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè. ×àùå âñåãî çäåñü óêàçûâàþò íà òî, ÷òî ìîäà — ýòî «ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü», ýòî òî, ÷òî «ñî-âðåìåííî, ýòî çíà÷èò èäòè â íîãó ñî âðåìåíåì», «òî, ÷åãî çàâòðà óæå íå áóäåò», «ìàêñèìàëüíî àêòóàëüíàÿ êðàñîòà è ñòèëü â îïðåäåëåííûé ïå-ðèîä âðåìåíè». Äëÿ îòâåòîâ, îòíåñåííûõ ê êàòåãîðèè «òåìïîðàëüíîñòü», ìîäà — ýòî ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü, ýòî çäåñü è ñåé÷àñ, ýòî ñåãîäíÿøíèé ïîêàç êîëëåêöèè èëè ñåãîäíÿøíèé âûïóñê ãëÿíöåâîãî æóðíàëà ñ åùå íå ïðî-ñîõøåé òèïîãðàôñêîé êðàñêîé. Çàâòðà ïðèäåò íîâàÿ, äðóãàÿ, èíàÿ ìîäà. Îðèãèíàëüíûì è íåîáû÷íûì ìû íàøëè ñëåäóþùåå âûñêàçûâàíèå î ñóù-íîñòè ìîäû: «âîçìîæíîñòü îïðåäåëèòü, êîãäà áûë ñíÿò ôèëüì èëè âûïó-ùåíà òåõíèêà».

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Íà òðåòüåì ìåñòå îòâåòû ðåñïîíäåíòîâ, êîòîðûå ìû îòíåñëè ê òàêîìó êðèòåðèþ êàê «ïðèíóæäåíèå». Çäåñü ñîáðàíû ìíåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ìûñ-ëüþ î òîì, ÷òî ìîäà — ýòî ñâîåãî ðîäà íàâÿçûâàíèå, ýòî ïðèíóæäåíèå, ýòî îòñóòñòâèå ëè÷íîñòíîãî ñàìîâûðàæåíèÿ. «Òî, ÷òî íàâÿçûâàþò îáùåé ìàññå ïîòðåáèòåëÿ, ÷òî íîñèòü, ñëóøàòü, êóøàòü, íà ÷åì åçäèòü», «îáùåñòâåííàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü», «òî, ÷òî ïîêàçûâàþò ïî fashion TV», «òî, ÷åìó ìíîãèå ïû-òàþòñÿ ïîäðàæàòü». Íåêîå îòðèöàíèå ìû óâèäåëè â âûñêàçûâàíèÿõ ïî÷òè äåñÿòîé ÷àñòè îïðîøåííûõ.

62 ðåñïîíäåíòà êîñâåííî âûñêàçûâàþò îáùóþ ìûñëü î òîì, ÷òî «ìîäà — ýòî ïàðîâîç, çà êîòîðûì íåâîçìîæíî óãíàòüñÿ». Íåñêîëüêî ÷åëîâåê äàæå âûñêàçûâàþò ïðåòåíçèè ïî ïîâîäó ìîäû.

È íàèìåíüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî îòâåòîâ ïîïàëè â ãðóïïû îòâåòîâ, â êîòîðûõ ãîâîðèòñÿ, ÷òî ìîäà ýòî «ïðîìûâàíèå ìîçãîâ» è «âûêà÷êà äåíåã» (13 îò-âåòîâ) è ÷òî ýòî ãåíäåðíî-ìàðêèðîâàííûé ôåíîìåí, ïðè÷åì íàöåëåí îí èñ-êëþ÷èòåëüíî íà æåíñêèé ïîë (6 îòâåòîâ).

Èç âñåãî âûøåñêàçàííîãî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî ìîäà äëÿ ðåñïîíäåí-òîâ ýòî, ïðåæäå âñåãî, ñïîñîá ñàìîâûðàæåíèÿ, ñ åå ïîìîùüþ ïðîèñõîäèò (ìîæåò ïðîèñõîäèòü) ïðîöåññ èíäèâèäóàëüíîé è ãðóïïîâîé èäåíòèôèêà-öèè «çäåñü è ñåé÷àñ». Ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ìîäà, ìîäíàÿ îäåæäà ÿâëÿåò-ñÿ âûðàæåíèåì âíóòðåííåãî ìèðà ÷åëîâåêà. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå êîííîòàöèè ìîäû âûðàæåíû çíà÷èòåëüíî ñëàáåå — êîëè÷åñòâî îòðèöàòåëüíûõ îïðåäå-ëåíèé ìîäû ïðàêòè÷åñêè â 2 ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì ïîëîæèòåëüíûõ (êàê âèäíî èç òàáëèöû 1), ïðè ýòîì âñå îòâåòû íå íåñóò â ñåáå îòðèöàíèÿ ìîäû êàê ñîöèàëüíîãî ôàêòà, ñêîðåå ìîãóò áûòü èíòåðïðåòèðîâàíû êàê ïîïûòêà íå-êîãî «ýñêàïèçìà» äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îïðàâäàòü ñâîþ «ìîäíóþ íåñîñòîÿòåëü-íîñòü» — íåæåëàíèå èëè íåâîçìîæíîñòü (â òîì ÷èñëå ôèíàíñîâóþ è / èëè îòñóòñòâèå âêóñà) áûòü ñòèëüíûì, õîðîøî âûãëÿäåòü.

Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàâ èíäèêàòîð «Ñëåäóåòå ëè Âû ìîäå?», ìû âûäåëèëè òåõ, êòî «âñåãäà ñëåäóåò ìîäå» — èõ îêàçàëîñü âñåãî 2%, òåõ, êòî «ñòàðà-åòñÿ ñëåäîâàòü ìîäå» — òàêèõ áûëî âûäåëåíî 23,6%, êàæäûé ïÿòûé ðå-ñïîíäåíò «õîòåë áû ñëåäîâàòü ìîäå, íî íå âñåãäà ïîëó÷àåòñÿ», òåõ, äëÿ êîãî «ãëàâíîå íå ìîäà, à ñîáñòâåííûé ñòèëü» 34,5%, òî åñòü êàæäûé òðåòèé, òåõ, êòî ïîëàãàåò, ÷òî «ñëåäîâàòü ìîäå áåññìûñëåííî» 12,6%, òî åñòü êàæ-äûé äåñÿòûé. È, íàêîíåö, òåõ, êòî óòâåðæäàåò, ÷òî îíè «íèêîãäà íå ñëå-äóþò ìîäå» âñåãî 5,6%. Ïîêàçàòåëüíî, ÷òî èõ ïî÷òè ñòîëüêî æå, ñêîëüêî è òåõ, êòî âñåãäà ñëåäóåò ìîäå, ò. å. ýòî ñïåöèôè÷åñêèå óçêèå àóäèòîðèè.

Ðàññìîòðèì, ÷òî æå îäåññèòû ñ÷èòàþò «ìîäíîé âåùüþ», à ÷òî «íåìîä-íîé». Ðåçóëüòàòû îòâåòîâ íà âîïðîñ, ÷òî ïîäðàçóìåâàþò ðåñïîíäåíòû, õà-ðàêòåðèçóÿ âåùü, êàê ìîäíóþ èëè íå ìîäíóþ, ïðåäñòàâëåíû â òàáëèöå 2.

Èòàê, ìû âèäèì, ÷òî ìîäà äëÿ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ, ïðåæäå âñåãî, ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ íîâèçíîé, ñòèëüíîñòüþ, êðàñîòîé è áðîñêîñòüþ, ãîðàçäî ìåíåå çíà÷èìû õàðàêòåðèñòèêè öåíû, òèïè÷íîñòè, «êàê ó âñåõ», ïðåäñòàâëåííîñòè â æóð-íàëàõ èëè íà ïîäèóìàõ. Ìîäíîñòü ïîíèìàåòñÿ ëþäüìè, ïðåæäå âñåãî, êàê òåìïîðàëüíî-ýñòåòè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà, à ìîäíîå ïîòðåáëåíèå ðàññìà-òðèâàåòñÿ êàê, â îïðåäåëåííîì ñìûñëå, «êðåàòèâíîå ïîòðåáëåíèå», äåìîí-ñòðàöèÿ íîâàöèé. Ýòî ïîäòâåðæäàåò òåîðåòè÷åñêèé òåçèñ, âûäâèíóòûé åùå

47


Ã. Çèììåëåì [5] î òîì, ÷òî ñëåäîâàíèå ìîäå ïîçâîëÿåò ÷åëîâåêó âûðàçèòü ñåáÿ, ïðîäåìîíñòðèðîâàòü ñâîþ óíèêàëüíóþ èäåíòè÷íîñòü. È îäíîâðåìåí-íî, ïîäîáíîå ìíåíèå ðåñïîíäåíòîâ íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òåîðåòè÷åñêèì ñóæäå-íèÿì î ìîäå, êàê íåêîòîðîé òðàäèöèîííîñòè, øàáëîíå, ñòåðåîòèïå.

Òàáëèöà 2

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ìîäíîé è íåìîäíîé âåùè ãëàçàìè ðåñïîíäåíòîâ (ðàñïðåäåëåíèå îòâåòîâ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ ïî õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì «ìîäíûõ» è «íåìîäíûõ» âåùåé, %)

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè «ìîäíîé» âåùèÊîë-âî ðåñïîíäåíòîâ, âûáðàâøèõ

äàííóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó, %1. Íîâàÿ, ñîâðåìåííàÿ 60,12. Ñòèëüíàÿ (òðåáóþùàÿ ïðîäóìàííûõ ñî-

÷åòàíèé)47,5

3. Êðàñèâàÿ, áðîñêàÿ (ïðèâëåêàþùàÿ âçãëÿä) 28,74. Êàê ó âñåõ â ýòîì ñåçîíå 18,45. Äîðîãàÿ 176. Òàêàÿ, êàê â ìîäíîì æóðíàëå 167. Òà, êîòîðàÿ êóïëåíà «ñ ïîäèóìà» èëè èç

«íîâîé êîëëåêöèè»13,4

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè «íåìîäíîé» âåùèÊîë-âî ðåñïîíäåíòîâ, âûáðàâøèõ

äàííóþ õàðàêòåðèñòèêó, %1. Ïîíîøåííàÿ, óñòàðåâøåãî ôàñîíà 48,52. Êðè÷àùå-áåçâêóñíàÿ 44,13. Íåêðàñèâàÿ, áåçëèêàÿ 43,74. Êóïëåííàÿ èç ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ñîîáðàæåíèé 185. Äåøåâàÿ èëè ñî ñíèæåííîé öåíîé 16,46. Óíèêàëüíàÿ, èìåþùàÿ èñòîðèþ, çíà÷èìàÿ

äëÿ Âàñ7,4

7. Ñäåëàííàÿ èëè ïåðåäåëàííàÿ ñâîèìè ðóêàìè

5,6

Âûäåëåííûå òåíäåíöèè ïîäòâåðæäàþòñÿ òàêæå ñóæäåíèÿìè ðåñïîíäåí-òîâ î «íåìîäíîé» âåùè. Òàê, ìû âèäèì, ÷òî «íåìîäíàÿ âåùü», â ïðîòèâî-ïîëîæíîñòü «ìîäíîé» — íå íîâàÿ, íåñîâðåìåííàÿ, óñòàðåâøåãî ôàñîíà, íå ñòèëüíàÿ, êðè÷àùå-áåçâêóñíàÿ, áåçëèêàÿ, íåêðàñèâàÿ. Ãîðàçäî ìåíåå çíà-÷èìû äëÿ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ â ýòîì âîïðîñå íèçêàÿ öåíà è ôóíêöèîíàëüíîñòü âåùè (åå ïðàêòè÷íîñòü). Õàðàêòåðíî, ÷òî äëÿ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ ïîëåçíîñòü è äåøåâèçíà âåùè âîâñå íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ÿâëÿþòñÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêàìè åå íå-ìîäíîñòè. Ñêîðåå ìîæíî ñêàçàòü, ÷òî äëÿ ïîòðåáèòåëÿ — ýòî âîîáùå íå îäíîïîðÿäêîâûå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè. Ôóíêöèîíàëüíîñòü âåùè íå ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ ïîíÿòèÿìè ìîäíîñòè èëè íåìîäíîñòè, òàê æå êàê è öåíà.

Äîðîãàÿ âåùü — íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ìîäíàÿ, è íàîáîðîò, äåøåâàÿ — íå îáÿ-çàòåëüíî íåìîäíàÿ. Åùå ðåæå âûáèðàþòñÿ ðåñïîíäåíòàìè â êà÷åñòâå õà-ðàêòåðèñòèê «íå ìîäíîñòè» òàêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè, êàê óíèêàëüíîñòü è «hand-made» âåùü, òî åñòü ñäåëàííàÿ ñâîèìè ðóêàìè. Ìû áû ìîãëè ïðåä-ïîëîæèòü, ÷òî ýòî ñêîðåå îòíîñèòñÿ ðåñïîíäåíòàìè ê «ìîäíîñòè», ÷åì ê «íåìîäíîñòè» âåùè.

Ìû îñóùåñòâèëè ôàêòîðíûé àíàëèç õàðàêòåðèñòèê «ìîäíûõ» è «íå-ìîäíûõ» âåùåé äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü, êàê óêàçàííûå âûøå õàðàê-

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òåðèñòèêè ãðóïïèðóþòñÿ â ñîçíàíèè ðåñïîíäåíòîâ. Èòàê, îòíîñèòåëüíî «ìîäíîé âåùè» âûäåëèëèñü 4 ôàêòîðà. Ïåðâûé ôàêòîð (âàðèàöèÿ 19,9 %) ìû íàçâàëè «ìîäà êàê íîâèçíà è ñòèëüíîñòü». Â íåãî âîøëè òàêèå õàðàê-òåðèñòèêè, êàê «íîâàÿ âåùü» (ôàêòîðíàÿ íàãðóçêà .614), «ñòèëüíàÿ» (.511) è âûñîêóþ îòðèöàòåëüíóþ ôàêòîðíóþ íàãðóçêó â äàííîé ãðóïïå ïîëó÷àåò õàðàêòåðèñòèêà «êàê ó âñåõ â ýòîì ñåçîíå» (-.830), òî åñòü â ñîçíàíèè ëþ-äåé íîâèçíà è ñòèëüíîñòü ñîâåðøåííî íå ñâÿçàíû ñ òèïè÷íîñòüþ âåùè, åå íàëè÷èåì ó âñåõ ëþäåé. Äàííûé âûâîä ïîäòâåðæäàåò íàø ïðåäûäóùèé âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî «ìîäíîå ïîòðåáëåíèå» — ýòî «íîâàòîðñêîå ïîòðåáëå-íèå». Âòîðîé ôàêòîð, êîòîðûé ìû íàçâàëè «âíåøíå íàâÿçàííîå ïîíèìàíèå ìîäû» (âàðèàöèÿ 16,6%) âêëþ÷àåò õàðàêòåðèñòèêó «ìîäíàÿ âåùü — ýòî òàêàÿ, êàê â æóðíàëå» (.733) è ïðè ýòîì â ýòîì æå ôàêòîðå ñ âûñîêîé îòðè-öàòåëüíîé íàãðóçêîé ïðèñóòñòâóåò õàðàêòåðèñòèêà «êðàñèâàÿ» (-.775). Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî «ìîäíîñòü», ïðåäëàãàåìàÿ èçâíå, íàïðèìåð, â ìîäíîì æóð-íàëå, íå îáÿçàòåëüíî ñâÿçàíà ñ «êðàñîòîé» âåùè. Òðåòèé ôàêòîð (16,1% âàðèàöèè). Ìû îáîçíà÷èëè åãî «ìîäà êàê äîðîãîâèçíà». Â íåãî âîøëè ïî-íèìàíèå ìîäíîé âåùè êàê «äîðîãîé» (.889) è ñ âûñîêîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé íàãðóçêîé «ñòèëüíîé» (-.572). Òî åñòü â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, ÷òîáû ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ìîäíîé, âåùü äîëæíà áûòü îáÿçàòåëüíî äîðîãîé, à åå ýñòåòè÷åñêèå õàðàê-òåðèñòèêè ñîâñåì íå îáÿçàòåëüíû.

È, íàêîíåö, ÷åòâåðòûé ôàêòîð (15,3% âàðèàöèè) íàçûâàåòñÿ «ìîäà — êîëëåêöèÿ èëè ïîäèóì». Â îïðåäåëåííîì ñìûñëå — ýòî òîæå âíåøíå íàâÿ-çàííîå ïîíèìàíèå ìîäû. Ìîäíî òî, ÷òî äåìîíñòðèðóåòñÿ íà ïîäèóìå èëè â ìîäíûõ, äîðîãèõ ìàãàçèíàõ. Ñþäà âîøëà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà «ìîäíàÿ âåùü — ñ ïîäèóìà èëè «èç íîâîé êîëëåêöèè» (.846).

Òåïåðü ïîñìîòðèì, êàê ñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé õàðàêòåðèñòèêè «íåìîä-íîé» âåùè. Çäåñü âûäåëèëîñü 3 ôàêòîðà. Ïåðâûé (20,1% âàðèàöèè) ìû íàçâàëè «íåìîäíîñòü êàê óíèêàëüíîñòü». Â ýòó ãðóïïó âîøëè òàêèå õà-ðàêòåðèñòèêè êàê «ñäåëàíà ñâîèìè ðóêàìè» (.770), «óíèêóì» (.747) è ñ äîâîëüíî áîëüøîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé íàãðóçêîé «áåçëèêîñòü» (-.459). Òî åñòü â ñîçíàíèè ëþäåé íåìîäíàÿ âåùü, òàê æå êàê è ìîäíàÿ, ìîæåò áûòü ñâÿ-çàíà ñ óíèêàëüíîñòüþ, íåïîâòîðèìîñòüþ, ñàìîâûðàæåíèåì. Ïîêàçàòåëüíî, ÷òî óíèêàëüíàÿ âåùü ìîæåò áûòü íåìîäíîé, íî áåçëèêîé — íèêîãäà. Äà-ëåå, âòîðîé ôàêòîð (19,3% âàðèàöèè) íàìè íàçâàí êàê «íåìîäíîñòü — ýòî áåçâêóñèöà, ïîíîøåííîñòü, óñòàðåëîñòü». Ñþäà âîøëè òàêèå õàðàêòåðè-ñòèêè, êàê «ïîíîøåííàÿ, íå íîâàÿ îäåæäà» (.521), «êðè÷àùå-áåçâêóñíàÿ» (.503) è ñ âûñîêîé îòðèöàòåëüíîé íàãðóçêîé «êóïëåííàÿ èç ïðàêòè÷åñêèõ ñîîáðàæåíèé» (-.816). Ïîëó÷àåòñÿ, ÷òî â ñîçíàíèè ëþäåé «ïðàêòè÷íîñòü, ïîëåçíîñòü» âåùè íå ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ åå íåìîäíîñòüþ. È, íàêîíåö, òðåòèé ôàêòîð (15,6% âàðèàöèè) íàçâàí «íåìîäíîñòü — äåøåâèçíà». Â íåãî âî-øëà òîëüêî îäíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà «íåìîäíûé» — ýòî «äåøåâûé» (.909). Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî äëÿ ìíîãèõ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ ìîäíîñòü/íåìîäíîñòü âåùè âñå æå ñîîòíîñèòñÿ ñ åå âûñîêîé èëè æå íèçêîé öåíîé, à â áîëåå øèðîêîì ñìûñëå ñ áîãàòñòâîì è áåäíîñòüþ, ïðåñòèæåì è íèçêèì ñòàòóñîì, íåçàâèñèìîñòüþ è çàâèñèìîñòüþ. Õàðàêòåðèçóÿ â öåëîì ðåçóëüòàòû, ïîëó÷åííûå ñ ïîìî-ùüþ ôàêòîðíîãî àíàëèçà, ìû ìîæåì ñêàçàòü, ÷òî îíè ïîäòâåðæäàþò âû-

49


ÿâëåííûå íàìè ðàíåå òåíäåíöèè â îöåíêå ðåñïîíäåíòàìè ìîäíîé èëè æå íåìîäíîé âåùè.

Ôåíîìåí ìîäû ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ âîçìîæíîñòè ñàìîâûðàæåíèÿ è äåìîí-ñòðàöèÿ ñâîåé óíèêàëüíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè, ìîæíî îïðåäåëèòü ÷åðåç ñëåäó-þùèå ñîäåðæàòåëüíûå êàòåãîðèè, õàðàêòåðèçóþùèå ìîäó êàê ñîöèàëüíîå ÿâëåíèå ñ ðàçíûõ ñòîðîí: «òåìïîðàëüíîñòü»; «ïðèíóæäåíèå» èëè äàâëåíèå ìàññîâîé êóëüòóðû; «îòðèöàíèå» ìîäû; «íåäîñÿãàåìîñòü» â âèäå èäåàëà èëè, íàïðîòèâ, äóðíîãî îáðàçöà; «ôåìèííîñòü», ò. å. îòíåñåíèå ìîäû ê æåíñêîé ñóùíîñòè.

«Ìîäíîå ïîòðåáëåíèå» — ýòî, ïðåæäå âñåãî, «íîâàòîðñêîå ïîòðåáëåíèå» (ìîäà=íîâàöèÿ). Ìîäíî òî, ÷òî äåìîíñòðèðóåòñÿ íà ïîäèóìå èëè â ìîä-íûõ, äîðîãèõ ìàãàçèíàõ. Â ñîçíàíèè ëþäåé íåìîäíàÿ âåùü, òàê æå êàê è ìîäíàÿ, ìîæåò áûòü ñâÿçàíà ñ óíèêàëüíîñòüþ, íåïîâòîðèìîñòüþ, ñàìîâû-ðàæåíèåì. Îäíàêî óíèêàëüíàÿ âåùü íå ñâÿçûâàåòñÿ ñ ìîäîé, òàê êàê ìîäà ïðåäïîëàãàåò íåêîòîðûé îáùåïðèíÿòûé øàáëîí. Äëÿ ìíîãèõ ðåñïîíäåíòîâ ìîäíîñòü/íåìîäíîñòü âåùè ñîîòíîñèòñÿ ñ åå âûñîêîé èëè æå íèçêîé öåíîé (ìîäà=öåíà), à â áîëåå øèðîêîì ñìûñëå ñ áîãàòñòâîì è áåäíîñòüþ, ïðåñòè-æåì è ñòàòóñîì, íåçàâèñèìîñòüþ è çàâèñèìîñòüþ.

Èòàê, íà îñíîâàíèè ýìïèðè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ íàìè áûëè êîíöåïòóàëèçîâà-íû òèïû ìîäíîãî ïîòðåáëåíèÿ: ïåðâûé òèï ëþäåé, äëÿ êîòîðûõ ìîäà êàê îðèåíòèð ïðè âûáîðå èìååò áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðè ýòîì ìîäó îíè ñâÿçûâà-þò ñ ïðåñòèæåì, êîòîðûé îáåñïå÷èâàåòñÿ ïîêóïêîé áðåíäîâûõ âåùåé. Âòî-ðîé òèï — ýòî «ýìîöèîíàëüíûé ìîäíî-îðèåíòèðîâàííûé», êîòîðûé õàðàê-òåðèçóåò òèïè÷íîå ïîâåäåíèå øîïîãîëèêîâ. Òðåòèé òèï — «ïðàãìàòè÷åñêè ìîäíî-îðèåíòèðîâàííûé», êîòîðûé íå ïîäâåðæåí âëèÿíèþ ìîäíûõ âåÿ-íèé, öåíèò ïðàêòè÷íîñòü, êîìôîðòíîñòü è íàäåæíîñòü âåùåé. Òèïîëîãèÿ ñëóæèò äàëüíåéøåìó âûÿâëåíèþ ìîòèâàöèîííîé ñòðóêòóðû ïîòðåáëåíèÿ è ñïîñîáñòâóåò àíàëèçó ïðîöåññîâ âëèÿíèÿ ìîäû íà ñïðîñ.


1. Ïàïóøèíà Þ. Î. Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèé àíàëèç ïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ðàáîòàõ Æ. Áîäðèéÿðà: àâòîðåô. äèñ. ... êàíä. ñîö. íàóê: ñïåö. 22.00.01 «Òåîðèÿ, ìåòîäîëîãèÿ è èñòîðèÿ ñîöèîëîãèè» / Þ. Î. Ïàïóøèíà. — Ìîñêâà, 2009. — 25 ñ.

2. Äèøåð Ô. Ìîäà è öèíèçì / Ô. Äèøåð. — ÑÏá., 1879. 3. Àñêàðîâà Â. ß. Ìîäà â êíèæíîé êóëüòóðå: ãðàíèöû äîçâîëåííîãî // Ñáîðíèê íàó÷íûõ

ñòàòåé / ×åëÿáèíñêàÿ ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ àêàäåìèÿ êóëüòóðû è èñêóññòâ. — ×åëÿáèíñê, 2010, ñ. 5–32

4. Çèììåëü Ã. Ìîäà / Ã. Çèììåëü // Èçáðàííîå. Ò. 2: Ñîçåðöàíèå æèçíè. — Ì.: Þðèñò, 1996. — 608 ñ.

5. Âåáëåí Ò. Òåîðèÿ ïðàçäíîãî êëàññà / Ò. Âåáëåí. — Ìîñêâà : Ïðîãðåññ, 1984. — 367 ñ. 6. Çèììåëü Ã. Ìîäà / Ã. Çèììåëü // Èçáðàííîå. Ò. 2: Ñîçåðöàíèå æèçíè. — Ì.: Þðèñò,

1996. — 608 ñ. 7. Ãîôìàí À. Á. Ìîäà è îáû÷àé // Ðóáåæ: àëüìàíàõ ñîöèàëüíûõ èññëåäîâàíèé. — 1992. —

Âûï. 3. ñ. 123–142 8. Davis F. Fashion, Culture and Identity / F. Davis. — Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1992. — P. 3–18.


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Êðèâîøåÿ Ò. ². êàíäèäàò ñîö³îëîã³÷íèõ íàóê. êàôåäðà ñîö³îëîã³¿ ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 40, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (380482) 686092; å-mail: [email protected]

ÌÎÄÀ ßÊ ÔÀÊÒÎÐ ÔÎÐÌÓÂÀÍÍß ²ÄÅÍÒÈ×ÍÎÑÒ² ÑÓ×ÀÑÍÈÕ Ì²ÑÜÊÈÕ ÆÈÒÅË²Â

Ðåçþìå Ìåòà ñòàòò³ — íà ï³äñòàâ³ åìï³ðè÷íèõ äàíèõ ïðîàíàë³çóâàòè ñïåöèô³êó ìîäíîãî

ñïîæèâàííÿ ñó÷àñíèõ ì³ñüêèõ æèòåë³â, à òàêîæ âèÿâèòè ôàêòîðè, ùî âèçíà÷àþòü öþ ñïåöèô³êó. Ïðîâåäåíî ôàêòîðíèé àíàë³ç õàðàêòåðèñòèê «ìîäí³ñòü» — «íåìîä-í³ñòü» ðå÷åé äëÿ âèçíà÷åííÿ ¿õ ì³ñöÿ ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ðåñïîíäåíò³â.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ìîäà, ìîäíå ñïîæèâàííÿ, ìàñîâà êóëüòóðà.

Krivosheia T. I. Sociology Department of Social Sciences Institute of Odessa Mechnikov National University, r. 40, Frantsuzsky Boulevard, 24/26, 65058, Odessa-58, Ukraine

FASHION AS A FACTOR IN IDENTITY FORMATION OF MODERN CITY PEOPLE

Summary The article had an aim to analyze the specifics of the modern fashion consump-

tion of modern city people based on empirical data, as well as to identify factors that determine this specificity. There was shown the results of factor analysis of the char-acteristics «fashionable» — «unfashionable» of things to determine their place in the minds of respondents.

Key words: fashion, fashion consumption, mass culture.

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ÓÄÊ 316.344.23:44

ßòâåöüêà Ã. Â. êàíä. ñîö³îë. íàóê êàôåäðà ñîö³îëîã³¿ ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 40, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

ÃÐÎÌÀÄÑÜÊÈÉ ÒÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒ Â ÏÐÎÑÒÎÐ² ÑÎÖ²ÎÊÓËÜÒÓÐÍÈÕ ÂÇÀªÌÎÄ²É

Ñòàòòÿ ìàº íà ìåò³ ðîçãëÿíóòè ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò ó ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³î-êóëüòóðíèõ âçàºìîä³é. Ðîçãëÿíóò³ ³íñòèòóö³éíèé òà ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêö³î-íàëüíèé ï³äõîäè äî äîñë³äæåííÿ òðàíñïîðòó ó ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³îêóëüòóðíèõ âçàºìîä³é. Òàêîæ ïîêàçàíà ìîæëèâ³ñòü çàñòîñóâàííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ «ïðîñòîðó» ó òåîðåòè÷íîìó äîñë³äæåíí³ îáðàíî¿ ïðîáëåìè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò, ñîö³îêóëüòóðí³ âçàºìîä³¿, ïðîñò³ð ðóõó, êîìåðö³éí³ ïðàêòèêè, ì³ñüêå ñåðåäîâèùå.

Òðàíñïîðò ÿê ñîö³îêóëüòóðíèé ôåíîìåí ï³ääàºòüñÿ çì³í³ ï³ä âïëèâîì îñâîºííÿ ³ ïåðåâèçíà÷åííÿ ëþäüìè ì³ñüêèõ ïðîñòîð³â, ïåðåôîðìóëþâàí-íÿ ñîö³àëüíèõ âèìîã ³ ìîäèô³êàö³¿ ïîâñÿêäåííèõ ïðàêòèê. Ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò ÿê ôóíêö³îíàëüíà ñèñòåìà äëÿ çàäîâîëåííÿ íàéâàæëèâ³øèõ ñóñ-ï³ëüíèõ ïîòðåá óòâîðþº îñîáëèâó ñôåðó ñîö³îêóëüòóðíèõ â³äíîñèí ç³ ñâî-¿ìè ïðîñòîðîâèìè ³ ÷àñîâèìè ìåæàìè, îáóìîâëåíèìè êîìïëåêñîì ðîëüî-âèõ î÷³êóâàíü ³ çàñâîºíèõ ö³ííîñòåé. Ïîâñÿêäåííà êóëüòóðà ãðîìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó ÿâëÿº ñîáîþ ö³íí³ñíó ñèñòåìó, ñèíòåç ôîðìàëüíèõ ïðàâèë ³ íåôîðìàëüíèõ äîìîâëåíîñòåé, â ðàìêàõ ÿêèõ ñêëàäàþòüñÿ ñòàòóñí³ âçà-ºìîä³¿ ñïîæèâà÷³â ³ ïðåäñòàâíèê³â òðàíñïîðòíî¿ ïîñëóãè, â³äòâîðþþòüñÿ äèñêðèì³íàö³éí³ ïðàêòèêè, ôîðìóþòüñÿ ö³ííîñò³ ³ íîðìè ïàñàæèðñüêîãî ³ âîä³éñüêîãî ñï³âòîâàðèñòâà, ïåðåòâîðþþ÷èñü íà çðàçêè ä³é. Ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò âèñòóïàº íåâ³ä’ºìíèì êîìïîíåíòîì ì³ñüêî¿ êóëüòóðè ïîâñÿê-äåííîñò³, îôîðìëÿþ÷è â ðàìêàõ îñîáëèâîãî êîëåêòèâíîãî äîñâ³äó âàð³àö³¿ ëþäñüêèõ â³äíîñèí, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ õàðàêòåðí³ ö³íí³ñíî-ñèìâîë³÷í³ ³ ñòðóê-òóðí³ âèì³ðþâàííÿ êóëüòóðíèõ ïðàêòèê.

Ì³ñüêèé ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò — îäèí ç íàéâàæëèâ³øèõ ñîö³àëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â ñó÷àñíîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, íåâ³ä’ºìíèé åëåìåíò ñîö³àëüíî¿ ³íôðà-ñòðóêòóðè ì³ñò. Äàíèé òðàíñïîðò ïðèçíà÷åíèé äëÿ ïåðåâåçåíü ð³çíèõ ñî-ö³àëüíèõ ãðóï íàñåëåííÿ, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ ç íèçüêèì ð³âíåì äîõîä³â, çàáåçïå-÷åííÿ òåðèòîð³àëüíî¿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³ ì³ñò, äîñòóïíîñò³ âñ³õ åëåìåíò³â ì³ñüêîãî ãîñïîäàðñòâà. Ó ñâîþ ÷åðãó, ðîçâèòîê ì³ñò, çðîñòàííÿ ÷èñåëüíîñò³ íàñåëåí-íÿ, ìàñîâà ïîòðåáà â òðàíñïîðòí³é êîìóí³êàö³¿ îáóìîâëþþòü çì³íè ³íñòè-òóòó ãðîìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó.

Ìåòîþ ïîäàíî¿ ñòàòò³ º îãëÿä òåîðåòè÷íèõ ï³äõîä³â äî äîñë³äæåííÿ ãðî-ìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó ó ïðîñòîð³ ñîö³îêóëüòóðíèõ âçàºìîä³é.

© ßòâåöüêà Ã. Â., 2015

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Êîíöåïòóàëüí³ òà ìåòîäîëîã³÷í³ çàñàäè äîñë³äæåííÿ öüîãî ñîö³àëüíîãî ³íñòèòóòó áóëè çàêëàäåí³ â ïðàöÿõ Ì. Âåáåðà, Å. Äþðêãåéìà, Ê. Ìàðêñà. Ó ïåð³îä ñòàíîâëåííÿ ñîö³îëîã³¿ ì³ñüêèé ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò ðîçóì³âñÿ ÿê «êàòåãîð³ÿ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ ïàñàæèð³â â ïðîñòîð³» (Ê. Ìàðêñ), «³íñòèòóò, ùî äîïîìàãàº ôóíêö³îíóâàòè ì³ñòó» (Ì. Âåáåð), â³äñóòí³ñòü ÿêîãî «ñòâîðþº â ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ ïîðîæíå÷ó» (Å. Äþðêãåéì). Øëÿõè ñïîëó÷åííÿ âèçíà÷àþòü òàêèì ÷èíîì òîé íàïðÿìîê, ó ÿêîìó â³äáóâàþòüñÿ âíóòð³øí³ ïåðåñóâàííÿ ³ îáì³í ³ íàâ³òü ³íòåíñèâí³ñòü öèõ ïåðåñóâàíü ³ îáì³íó ³ ò.ä. [1]

Ó ñåðåäèí³ XIX ñòîë³òòÿ âêðàé ñëàáêî ðîçâèíåíèé ì³ñüêèé ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò îòîòîæíþâàâñÿ ç ñóäèííîþ ñèñòåìîþ ³ ðîçóì³âñÿ ÿê ñîö³àëüíà ³íñòèòóö³ÿ, ÿêà âèêîíóº âàæëèâó ôóíêö³þ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ, áåç ÿêî¿ «âåñü îðãàí³çì (ì³ñòî) âèõîäèâ ç ëàäó» [2].

Çì³íà ôóíêö³¿ ñîö³àëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â íåìèíó÷å òÿãíå çà ñîáîþ ÿê³ñí³ çì³íè íîðìàòèâíî¿ ñèñòåìè, òðàíñôîðìàö³þ ñàìèõ ñîö³àëüíèõ íîðì ³, ÿê íàñë³äîê, çì³íó ñòàâëåííÿ äî íèõ ëþäåé, òðàíñôîðìàö³þ ìàñîâî¿ ñâ³äîìîñ-ò³, ¿¿ ö³íí³ñíî-ìîòèâàö³éíî¿ ñòðóêòóðè. Ò. Ïàðñîíñ ï³äêðåñëþâàâ, ùî ³íñòè-òóòè — âèð³øàëüíèé ôàêòîð ³íòåãðàö³¿ òà ñòàá³ë³çàö³¿ ñóñï³ëüñòâà [3]. Òîìó ìîæíà çðîáèòè âèñíîâîê ïðî òå, ùî çíà÷èì³ñòü ãðîìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó — ÿê ³íñòðóìåíòó ðåãóëþâàííÿ ñóñï³ëüíîãî æèòòÿ — ç êîæíèì äíåì çðîñòàº. Äîñòóïí³ñòü ³ ÿê³ñòü ì³ñüêîãî ãðîìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó, âèçíà÷àþòü ³ ðå-àëüíèé ð³âåíü æèòòÿ, ³ ñîö³àëüíèé êë³ìàò. Äëÿ âèêîíàííÿ ñâîº¿ ñóñï³ëüíî¿ ì³ñ³¿ ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò ïîâèíåí íå ò³ëüêè óñâ³äîìëþâàòèñÿ ñóñï³ëü-ñòâîì ÿê æèòòºâî âàæëèâà ñòðóêòóðà ì³ñòà, ùî âèêîíóº ñîö³àëüíó ôóíê-ö³þ ùîäî çàäîâîëåííÿ ïîòðåáè âåëèêî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ëþäåé â ïåðåì³ùåíí³, à é ï³ääàòèñÿ ïðîöåñó êîð³ííîãî óäîñêîíàëåííÿ, íà îñíîâ³ âèêîðèñòàííÿ íî-â³òí³õ äîñÿãíåíü íàóêè ³ òåõí³êè, ïðèéíÿòòÿ çàêîíîäàâ÷èõ òà íîðìàòèâíèõ àêò³â, âèðîáëåííÿ ñï³ëüíî¿ ñòðàòåã³÷íî¿ êîíöåïö³¿ ðîçâèòêó. Ñîö³àëüíà ö³í-í³ñòü ³ çíà÷èì³ñòü ì³ñüêîãî ãðîìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó çàíàäòî âèñîê³, ùîá â³ääàâàòè éîãî íà â³äêóï êîìåðñàíòàì, âèòÿãóâàòè ïðèáóòîê. Ñóñï³ëüñòâî íå ïîâèííî, à äåðæàâà íå ìàº ïðàâà ïîçáàâëÿòè æèòåë³â ì³ñò î÷åâèäíèõ åêîíîì³÷íèõ, åêîëîã³÷íèõ, äåìîêðàòè÷íèõ, îñîáèñòèõ ñâîáîä ³ âèãîä, ÿê³ ¿ì íàäàº ñó÷àñíèé ì³ñüêèé ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò [4].

Ñòðóêòóðíî-ôóíêö³îíàëüíà òåîð³ÿ Ò. Ïàðñîíñà îêðåñëèëà ðîëü ì³ñüêîãî ãðîìàäñüêîãî òðàíñïîðòó íà ð³âí³ «çàáåçïå÷åííÿ âèíèêíåííÿ òà çáåðåæåí-íÿ ñîö³àëüíîãî ïîðÿäêó â ñîö³àëüí³é ñèñòåì³» çà äîïîìîãîþ «îñîáëèâèõ ö³íí³ñíî-íîðìàòèâíèõ êîìïëåêñíèõ ñèñòåì, ùî ðåãóëþþòü ïîâåä³íêó ³í-äèâ³ä³â» [5, ñ. 127]. Ìîá³ëüí³ñòü, ÿêà çàáåçïå÷óºòüñÿ ãðîìàäñüêèì òðàí-ñïîðòîì, ùî àêòèâíî ðîçâèâàºòüñÿ — òåïåð «çàãàëüíîïðèéíÿòèé çðàçîê ïîâåä³íêè ³ çâè÷êà ìèñëåííÿ» (Ò. Âåáëåí), «âñòàíîâëåííÿ ñïåöèô³÷íî ñîö³-àëüíîãî ñîðòó» (Å. Õüþç). Ì. Êàñòåëüñ, Äæ. Óðð³ ³ Ô. Àøåð ïåðåêîíóþòü ó òîìó, ùî ôàêòîð ìîá³ëüíîñò³ â ñó÷àñíîìó ïîñò³íäóñòð³àëüíîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³ íàáóâàº âñå á³ëüø âèçíà÷àëüíèé õàðàêòåð, ³ öÿ òåíäåíö³ÿ ïåðåòâîðþºòüñÿ íà ïîòóæíèé âåêòîð ñîö³àëüíî¿ çì³íè [6]. Íà äóìêó Ç. Áàóìàíà, «ÿê ò³ëü-êè â³äñòàíü, ïðîéäåíó çà îäèíèöþ ÷àñó, ñòàëà çàëåæàòè â³ä òåõíîëîã³¿, â³ä øòó÷íèõ òðàíñïîðòíèõ çàñîá³â, ÿê³ ä³éøëè äî íàøèõ äí³â, óñïàäêîâàí³ â³ä ìèíóëîãî îáìåæåííÿ øâèäêîñò³ ðóõó ìîãëè áóòè â ïðèíöèï³, ïîðóøå-

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í³» [7, ñ. 15]. Â ïðèíöèï³, òàê, àëå â ðåàëüí³é ïðàêòèö³ — í³. Øâèäê³ñòü ïåðåñóâàííÿ òðàíñïîðòó â ì³ñò³ ñòðîãî ðåãëàìåíòîâàíà, ùî ïîâ’ÿçàíî, â ïåðøó ÷åðãó, ³ç çàáåçïå÷åííÿì áåçïåêè æèòåë³â, àëå ³ ñàì³ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ «ç’¿äàþòü» äîñèòü áàãàòî ÷àñó.

Âèçíà÷àëüíå çíà÷åííÿ äëÿ ðîçóì³ííÿ ñó÷àñíî¿ ä³éñíîñò³ ìàþòü ïîãëÿäè Ð. Ìåðòîíà íà ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíèõ ³íñòèòóò³â â ïåð³îäè äåçîðãàí³-çàö³¿, ³íäèâ³äóàëüí³ ñòðàòåã³¿ ãðîìàäÿí â óìîâàõ ³íñòèòóö³àëüíèõ äèñôóíê-ö³é [8, ñ. 440].

Ðîçâèòîê ñîö³îëîã³÷íèõ óÿâëåíü ïðî ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò çä³éñíþ-âàâñÿ ³ â ðàìêàõ ôåíîìåíîëîã³÷íîãî ï³äõîäó äî àíàë³çó ñîö³àëüíèõ ÿâèù ó ïîâñÿêäåííîìó æèòò³, ÿê³ îá’ºêòèâóâàëè îñìèñëåí³ñòü ³íñòèòóö³àëüíî¿ ä³¿. Òàê, Ï. Áåðãåð ³ Ò. Ëóêìàí, ðîçãëÿäàþ÷è äàíèé ³íñòèòóò íå ò³ëüêè â êîíòåêñò³ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, àëå ³ ÿê îïðåäìå÷åíó ä³ÿëüí³ñòü ëþäåé, «âçàºìíó òèï³çàö³þ çâè÷íèõ ä³é», âïðèòóë ï³ä³éøëè äî ðîçóì³ííÿ õàá³òóàë³çàö³¿ ñî-ö³àëüíèõ ïðàêòèê [9]. Ö³ òà ³íø³ ñîö³îëîã³÷í³ ðîçðîáêè ïðèâåëè äî ïîñòó-ïîâîãî ïåðåõîäó â³ä ³äå¿ ìîá³ëüíîñò³, ÿêà äî òîãî ÷àñó âèÿâèëàñÿ íåñïðî-ìîæíîþ, äî ³äå¿ ïðèñâîºííÿ ïðîñòîðó.

ßê â³äçíà÷àþòü ïðåäñòàâíèêè ×èêàçüêî¿ åêîëîã³÷íî¿ øêîëè, âèíèêàº íåîáõ³äí³ñòü îðãàí³çàö³¿ ïðîñòîðó ó â³äïîâ³äíîñò³ ç îá’ºêòèâíèìè çàêîíî-ì³ðíîñòÿìè ñåðåäîâèùà [10]. Íà çâ’ÿçîê ì³æ ñîö³àëüíèìè ³ ïðîñòîðîâèìè â³äíîñèíàìè, ðåãóëÿòîðîì ÿêîãî º ì³ñüêèé ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò, âêàçó-âàâ Ã. Ç³ììåëü, ùå äàë³ ï³øëè Ä. Áîäåí ³ Õ. Ìîëî÷, ÿê³ íàïîëÿãàþòü, ùî âñóïåðå÷ âñ³ì ãëîáàëüíèì âïëèâàì ëþäè â³ä÷óâàþòü îñîáëèâå òÿæ³ííÿ äî ïðîñòîðîâî¿ áëèçüêîñò³. Äîêàçîì ¿õíüî¿ ïðàâîòè ñòàëà êîíöåïö³ÿ ñåêòîð³â, çàïðîïîíîâàíà óðáàí³ñòîì Õ. Õîéòîì, ÿêèé âèÿâèâ, ùî ãðóïè íàñåëåííÿ ç âèñîêèì äîõîäîì ñåëèëèñÿ, ÿê ïðàâèëî, ó ñåêòîðàõ óçäîâæ òðàíñïîðòíî¿ ìàã³ñòðàë³, ùî ìàº ãàðíèé çâ’ÿçîê ç ì³ñòîì [11].

Àâòîðîì ³äå¿ ïðèñâîºííÿ ïðîñòîðó, ùî â³äáèâàº íàéá³ëüøó ðîçðîáëå-í³ñòü ñîö³àëüíèõ ï³äñòàâ ñóòíîñò³ òðàíñïîðòó â ñó÷àñíîìó ì³ñüêîìó ïðîñòî-ð³, áóâ Ï. Áóðäüº. Ñàìå â³í âèçíà÷èâ ïðîñò³ð ÿê íàéá³ëüø äåô³öèòíå ñó÷àñ-íå áëàãî, ïîêàçàâ, ÿê ñó÷àñí³ ëþäè áîðþòüñÿ çà íüîãî, âèçíà÷èâ ì³ñüêèé ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò ÿê ñâîºð³äíó ôîðìó êàï³òàëó, ³íñòèòóò ïðèñâîºííÿ ïðîñòîðó [12].

Ïîäîðîæ â ãðîìàäñüêîìó òðàíñïîðò³ º ô³çè÷íèì ïåðåì³ùåííÿì «ó ïëî-ò³» ç òðàíñïîðòíî¿ ³íôðàñòðóêòóðè ñó÷àñíîãî ì³ñòà, äå â³äòâîðþþòüñÿ ãëî-áàëüí³ ÿâèùà, ùî òðàíñëþþòü ãëîáàëüí³ ïîíÿòòÿ. Ó öåíòð³ óâàãè ìîá³ëüí³ ñï³ëüíîñò³ ëþäåé, âêëþ÷åíèõ ó ïîòîêè, ÿê³ ïîñò³éíî ïåðåòèíàþòü êîðäîíè ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ñòâîðþþ÷è íîâ³ êîîðäèíàòè: ÷àñîâ³ òà ïðîñòîðîâ³. Ïðîöåñ ðóõó âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê òðàíñïîðòíèé «ñêåéï», ñòðóêòóðîâàíà òåõíîëîã³÷íà ìåðå-æà, ùî çàáåçïå÷óº òðàíñïîðòóâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíèõ àãåíò³â ïî äîðîãàõ ì³ñòà.

Ì³ñüêå ñåðåäîâèùå, ùî ì³ñòèòü øëÿõè ³ ïåðåïîíè, òðàíñïîðòí³ ìàðø-ðóòè, ùî â³äïîâ³äàþòü óñòàíîâêàì ì³ñüêî¿ âëàäè, º «ïðàâèëàìè ãðè», ùî ñïóñêàþòüñÿ íà «ñëàáêèõ» êîðèñòóâà÷³â ³ ñïîæèâà÷³â [13].

Íåîáõ³äíî òàêîæ ï³äêðåñëèòè âïëèâ ãðîìàäñüêîñò³ íà ïàñàæèðñüêå ñï³âòîâàðèñòâî â ðàäÿíñüêèé ÷àñ, êîëè ãðîìàäñüêà äóìêà áóëà èíñòèòóö³-àë³çîâàíà â ìåõàí³çì ñàìîâðÿäóâàííÿ, íàö³ëåíèé íà ï³äòðèìêó ïîðÿäêó ³

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ðåãóëþâàííÿ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ä³¿; âèêîðèñòîâóâàëàñÿ äåðæàâîþ ÿê ï³äòðèìàííÿ ãðîìàäñüêîãî ïîðÿäêó òà êîíòðîëåðà â ïîâñÿêäåííîìó æèòò³, ùî çíàõî-äèëî â³äîáðàæåííÿ â ïîâåä³íö³ ðàäÿíñüêèõ ïàñàæèð³â, íàïðèêëàä, çà â³ä-ñóòíîñò³ êîíäóêòîðà ïàñàæèðè ñàì³ êëàëè ãðîø³ çà ïðî¿çä ³ êåðóâàëèñÿ â öüîìó ãðîìàäñüêèì ñõâàëåííÿì ³ ñîâ³ñòþ. Â äàíèé ÷àñ ñèòóàö³ÿ çì³íèëàñÿ, ³ öå òàêîæ âèìàãàº äîñë³äæåííÿ.

Â³äøòîâõóþ÷èñü â³ä ³äå¿ Ò. Ïàðñîíñà ïðî ñèñòåìó ñó÷àñíèõ ñóñï³ëüñòâ, ìîæíà âèçíà÷èòè âêëþ÷åí³ñòü àêòîð³â òðàíñïîðòíî¿ ïîâñÿêäåííîñò³ â ñèñ-òåìó ä³¿, ìàþ÷è íà óâàç³ íåâ³ä’ºìí³ íàÿâí³ñòü ³ âïëèâ ð³çíèõ ï³äñèñòåì (êóëüòóðíî¿, îñîáèñò³ñíî¿ òà ïîâåä³íêîâîãî îðãàí³çìó). Ñë³äîì çà óÿâëåí-íÿìè Ï. Áóðäüº ïðî ñîö³àëüíèé ïðîñò³ð, àâòîð îïèñóº òðàíñïîðò ³ âëàñòè-â³ éîìó õàðàêòåðèñòèêè. Ñîö³àëüíî ðîçì³÷åíîìó ïðîñòîðó ïðèïèñóºòüñÿ ïðàãíåííÿ ðåàë³çóâàòèñÿ ó ô³çè÷íîìó ïðîñòîð³, äå ëîêàë³çîâàíî áëàãà ³ ïîñëóãè, àãåíòè òà ãðóïè. Òðàíñïîðò âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê ãàáàðèòíèé îá’ºêò ñîö³àëüíîãî ïðîñòîðó, ïðèñâîºíèé àãåíòàìè ÿê ÿêàñü âëàñí³ñòü. Âíóòð³ø-íüîìó ïðîñòîðó òðàíñïîðòíèõ âàãîí³â ÿê áóäü-ÿêîìó ç ïóáë³÷íèõ ì³ñöü ïðè öüîìó âëàñòèâèé ñîö³àëüíèé ðîçïîä³ë, ùî âèÿâëÿºòüñÿ ó ô³çè÷íîìó ïðî-ñòîð³ áà÷åííÿì, ñïðèéíÿòòÿì ³ îö³íþâàííÿì.

²íñòèòóö³àë³çàö³ÿ ìîðàë³, âèêîðèñòîâóâàíî¿ ðàäÿíñüêîþ äåðæàâîþ ÿê ìåõàí³çì êîíòðîëþ íàä ä³ÿìè ïàñàæèð³â. Ãðîìàäñüêèé òðàíñïîðò ìîæíà ðîçãëÿíóòè â ðàìêàõ ñîö³àëüíî¿ ôåíîìåíîëîã³¿, ç àêöåíòîì íà ïîâñÿêäåí-íó ðåàëüí³ñòü ÿê íàá³ð ÿâèù, â³äòâîðèòè ³íäèâ³äàìè â ¿õ óñâ³äîìëåíí³ òà ³íòåðïðåòàö³¿ áóäåííîñò³. Ïàñàæèðñüê³ ïîòîêè, ùî ðåãóëÿðíî ïåðåì³ùàþòü ³íäèâ³ä³â, âèçíà÷àþòüñÿ â êóëüòóð³ ïîâñÿêäåííîñò³ ÿê ôîðìóþ÷³ ñòðóêòóðó ðèíêó (çàòðåáóâàí³ ³ ñïîæèâàí³ ïîñëóãè ïåðåâåçåíü), êîëåêòèâíîãî äîñâ³-äó ç³ ñâî¿ìè ïðàâèëàìè ³ íîðìàìè ðåãóëþâàííÿ, óçãîäæóþòü ïîâåä³íêó ëþäåé, ÿê³ º ïðåäñòàâíèêàìè ð³çíèõ ì³ñüêèõ ãðóï. Ïðîñò³ð ðóõó çàëåæ-íî â³ä ïðèçíà÷åííÿ óìîâíî ïîä³ëåíèé íà «ï³øîõ³äíèé» ³ «òðàíñïîðòíèé». «Òðàíñïîðòíèé» âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ ÿê øëÿõ ïåðåì³ùåííÿ òåõí³÷íèõ çàñîá³â òà ïàñàæèðñüêèõ ìàñ.

Òðàíñïîðò õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ ÿê êîìåðö³éíà ïðàêòèêà, ùî ì³ñòèòü åëå-ìåíòè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïîë³òèêè, çàâäÿêè ÿêèì äåðæàâà ìàº ìîæëèâ³ñòü íàäà-âàòè áëàãà äëÿ êîíêðåòíèõ ãðóï ãîðîäÿí. Îäíà ç öåíòðàëüíèõ ïîçèö³é, íà ÿêó íàö³ëåí³ çàõîäè ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïîë³òèêè, — áåçïåêà. Â ðàìêàõ áåçïåêè ìîæíà âèä³ëèòè òðè îñíîâí³ íàïðÿìêè ä³é ùîäî çàõèñòó àáî ë³êâ³äàö³¿ íà-ñë³äê³â ïîä³¿: êîíòðîëü çà áåçïåêîþ ðóõó íà äîðîæí³õ â³äð³çêàõ; çàõèñò â³ä íàäçâè÷àéíèõ ñèòóàö³é, êîíòðîëü íàä âèêîíàííÿì ìàðøðóòíèõ ïî¿çäîê ³ ïðèéíÿòòÿì íà ðîáîòó êâàë³ô³êîâàíèõ âîä³¿â; ìàòåð³àëüíà òà ïñèõîëîã³÷íà äîïîìîãà ïðè íåùàñíîìó âèïàäêó.

Äðóãà ïîçèö³ÿ, ÿêó ï³ääàþòü ïîë³òè÷íîìó âïëèâó, — ô³çè÷íà ïðèñòîñî-âàí³ñòü òðàíñïîðòó, ãðàìîòíèé ðîçêëàä ðåéñ³â, çðó÷í³ñòü ñàëîíó, ÿê³ñòü äî-ðîæí³õ ïîêðèòò³â, ð³âíîì³ðíà íàïîâíþâàí³ñòü òðàíñïîðòíîãî ïðîñòîðó (â³ä-ñóòí³ñòü ò³ñíÿâè), ñòàâëåííÿ äî ïàñàæèð³â ç áîêó âèêîíàâö³â ïîñëóãè (âîä³ÿ, êîíäóêòîðà), ç ÿêèõ âèïëèâàº ò³ëåñíèé ³ ìîðàëüíèé êîìôîðò. Ñîö³àëüíà ïîë³òèêà íîðìóº çä³éñíåííÿ ïîñëóãè øëÿõîì âñòàíîâëåííÿ ñòàíäàðòó, ùî ââîäèòüñÿ öåíòðàëüíèìè òà ì³ñöåâèìè îðãàíàìè âëàäè. Àâòîð çà÷³ïàº àñ-

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ïåêò ô³íàíñóâàííÿ ï³ëüãîâîãî ïðî¿çäó, ÿê ïðèêëàä ìåõàí³çìó ñîö³àëüíî¿ ïî-ë³òèêè, íàö³ëåíèé íà ï³äòðèìêó íåçàìîæíèõ, íåçàõèùåíèõ ãðóï íàñåëåííÿ (÷àñòèíà ç ÿêèõ ìàº ðîáî÷å ì³ñöå àáî äîõ³ä âèùå ñåðåäíüîãî).

Êóëüòóðà îáñëóãîâóâàííÿ, ïîâ’ÿçàíà ç ÿê³ñòþ ðîáîòè ïåðñîíàëó, çàä³ÿ-íîãî â íàäàíí³ òðàíñïîðòíèõ ïîñëóã, ³ ð³âíåì âèêîíàííÿ çîáîâ’ÿçàíü ïåðåä ñïîæèâà÷åì. Ãðóïîâå ñïîæèâàííÿ òðàíñïîðòíî¿ ïîñëóãè ìîæíà ðîçãëÿíóòè ÿê ôîðìó ñîö³àëüíî¿ ä³¿, çä³éñíåíî¿ ïðè ñï³ââ³äíåñåíí³ ç ä³ÿìè ³íøèõ ëþ-äåé. Ñîö³àëüíà ïîë³òèêà òðàíñïîðòíî¿ ñôåðè ðîçãëÿäàòèñÿ ïðè öüîìó ÿê ìåõàí³çì ðåàë³çàö³¿ çàõîä³â ùîäî ñîö³àëüíîãî çàõèñòó ãðîìàäÿí, âêëþ÷å-íèõ ó ñîö³îêóëüòóðí³ â³äíîñèíè.


1. Àðîí Ð. Ýòàïû ðàçâèòèÿ ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêîé ìûñëè / îáù. ðåä. è ïðåäèñë. Ï. Ñ. Ãóðåâè-÷à. — Ì.: Èçäàòåëüñêàÿ ãðóïïà «Ïðîãðåññ» — «Ïîëèòèêà», 1992. — 608 ñ.

2. Êîí È. Ñ. Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ êîíöåïöèÿ Ãåðáåðòà Ñïåíñåðà // Èñòîðèÿ áóðæóàçíîé ñî-öèîëîãèè XIX — íà÷àëà XX âåêà / ïîä ðåä. È. Ñ. Êîíà. — Ì.: Íàóêà, 1979. — Ñ. 40–52

3. Ïàðñîíñ Ò. Ñèñòåìà ñîâðåìåííûõ îáùåñòâ / ïåð. ñ àíãë. Ë. À. Ñåäîâà è À. Ä. Êîâàëåâà; ïîä ðåä. Ì. Ñ. Êîâàëåâîé. — Ì.: Àñïåêò Ïðåññ, 1998. — 270 ñ.

4. Ïàðê Ð. Àäàïòàöèÿ. Êîíôëèêò. Àêêîìîäàöèÿ. Àñèìèëëÿöèÿ // Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ñîöèîëî-ãèÿ: Àíòîëîãèÿ: â 2 ÷. / ïåð. ñ àíãë., ôð., íåì., èò. ñîñò. è îáù. ðåä. Ñ. Ï. Áàíüêîâñêîé. — Ì.: Êíèæíûé äîì «Óíèâåðñèòåò», 2002. — Ñ. 281–318.

5. Ïàðñîíñ Ò. Î ñòðóêòóðå ñîöèàëüíîãî äåéñòâèÿ. — Ì.: Àêàäåìè÷åñêèé Ïðîåêò, 2000. — 880 ñ.

6. Êèðèíà Ñ. Ã. X- è Y-ýêîíîìèêè: èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûé àíàëèç. — Ì: Íàóêà, 2004. — 256 ñ. 7. Áàóìàí Ç. Òåêó÷àÿ ñîâðåìåííîñòü / ïåð. ñ àíãë. ïîä ðåä. Þ. Â. Àñî÷àêîâà. — ÑÏá.: Ïèòåð,

2008. — 240 ñ. 8. Ìåðòîí Ð. ßâíûå è ëàòåíòíûå ôóíêöèè // Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ìûñëü: òåê-

ñòû. Ì., 1994. — Ñ. 379–448. 9. Áåðãåð Ï., Ëóêìàí Ò. Ñîöèàëüíîå êîíñòðóèðîâàíèå ðåàëüíîñòè. Òðàêòàò ïî ñîöèîëîãèè

çíàíèÿ. — Ì.: Ìåäèóì, 1995. — 323 ñ. 10. Ïàðê Ý. Ð. Ãîðîäñêîå ñîîáùåñòâî êàê ïðîñòðàíñòâåííàÿ êîíôèãóðàöèÿ è ìîðàëüíûé ïî-

ðÿäîê [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ] / Ð. Ý. Ïàðê. // Ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêîå îáîçðåíèå. — 2006. — Ò. 5 ¹ 1. — Ñ. 13. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://sociologica.hse.ru/sl2/12tra2.pdf

11. Âàãèí Â. Â. Ãîðîäñêàÿ ñîöèîëîãèÿ [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://bookmeta.com/book/164-gorodskaya-sociologiya-uchebnoe-posobie-vagin-vv/12-teorii-strukturirovaniya-gorodskogo-prostranstva.html

12. Áóðäüå Ï. Ñîöèîëîãèÿ ñîöèàëüíîãî ïðîñòðàíñòâà / ïåð. ñ ôðàíö.; îòâ. ðåä. ïåðåâîäà Å. À. Øìàòêî. — Ì.: Èíñòèòóò ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíîé ñîöèîëîãèè; ÑÏá.: Àëåòåéÿ, 2005. — 288 ñ.

13. Âàõøòåéí Â. Òåîðèÿ ôðåéìîâ è ñîöèîëîãèÿ ïîâñåäíåâíîñòè [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðå-æèì äîñòóïà: url: http://contextfound.org/events/y2012/m3/n71


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ßòâåöêàÿ ß. Â. êàôåäðà ñîöèîëîãèè ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 40, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÎÁÙÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÒÐÀÍÑÏÎÐÒ Â ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÅ ÑÎÖÈÎÊÓËÜÒÓÐÍÛÕ ÂÇÀÈÌÎÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÉ

Ðåçþìå Ñòàòüÿ ïðèçâàíà ðàññìîòðåòü îáùåñòâåííûé òðàíñïîðò â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñîöèî-

êóëüòóðíûõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé. Ïðåäñòàâëåíû èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûé è ñòðóêòóð-íî-ôóíêöèîíàëüíûé ïîäõîäû ê èññëåäîâàíèþ òðàíñïîðòà â ïðîñòðàíñòâå ñîöèî-êóëüòóðíûõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèé. Òàêæå ïîêàçàíà âîçìîæíîñòü ïðèìåíåíèÿ ïîíÿòèÿ «ïðîñòðàíñòâà» â òåîðåòè÷åñêîì èññëåäîâàíèè âûáðàííîé ïðîáëåìû.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: îáùåñòâåííûé òðàíñïîðò, ñîöèîêóëüòóðíûå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ, ïðîñòðàíñòâî äâèæåíèÿ, êîììåð÷åñêèå ïðàêòèêè, ãîðîäñêàÿ ñðåäà.

Yatvetska G. Department of Sociology, Odessa National University, k. 40, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine

PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE AREA OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INTERACTION

Summary The article had an aim to show public transport in the area of social and cultural

interactions. Institutional and structural-functional approaches were used to transport research in the area of social and cultural interactions . Also the possibility of applying the concept of «space» in the theoretical study of the subject.

Key words: public transport, socio-cultural interaction, space traffic, commercial practices, urban environment.

Ó Ê Ð À ¯ Í À ² Ñ Â ² Ò

Ì²ÆÍÀÐÎÄÍÈÉ ÂÈÌ²Ð ÒÐÀÍÑÔÎÐÌÀÖ²ÉÍÈÕ ÏÐÎÖÅÑ²Â

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ÓÄÊ 316.422(470+571)

Brusylovska Î. I.Dr (Political Sciences), Prof. Department of International Relations, Odessa Mechnikov National University, k. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine phone: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT. FIRST STAGE: PROPAGANDA WAR

The aim of the paper is to explore the evolution of the Russian aims and the instruments of influence in Ukraine during 2013–2014. The works of Nicu Popescu and Andrew Wilson about the special aspects of the Russian power were used as the theoretical foundation of this paper. The analysis of Russian and Ukrainian media proves that the Russian-Ukrainian conflict has a com-bined character therefore it might become even the longest frozen conflict in the post-communist world. Key words: Russian-Ukrainian conflict, propaganda, ideology, international relations.

The aim of the paper is to explore the evolution of the Russian aims and the instruments of influence in Ukraine during 2013–2014. The works of Nicu Popescu and Andrew Wilson about the special aspects of the Russian power were used as the theoretical foundation of this paper.

Popescu and Wilson compared the EU and Russian politics. Russian soft power is built on bedrock of historical and cultural affinity — the presence of Russian minorities in neighbourhood countries, the Russian language, post-Soviet nostalgia and the strength of the Russian Orthodox Church.

The turning point came with the Orange revolution in 2004, when Russia’s clumsy tactics of interference in support for Viktor Yanukovych backfired, triggering a serious Russian tactical rethink. Drawing its lessons from the central role played by civil society groups and NGOs in the Orange revolution, Russia began developing a rival «counter-revolutionary» ideology, supporting «its» NGOs, using «its» web technologies, and exporting its own brands of political and economic influence. Gleb Pavlovsky describes the Orange revo-lution as «a very useful catastrophe for Russia. We learnt a lot.» [1, p. 29].

Russia’s strategy emphasises the building of alliances with all neighbourhood states irrespective of their political regimes. While it readily makes use of its black arts of political manipulation to serve its own foreign policy interests, it is also happy to make these techniques available for export to friendly regimes. Russia’s concept of «sovereign democracy» (a political model that emphasises the need for states to follow «national paths» to democracy, free from foreign intervention) has found echoes throughout the neighbourhood [1, p. 35].

Equally important has been Russia’s interference in regional politics. This has often come in the form of so-called «political technology»: during the

© Brusylovska Î. I., 2015

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2004 Ukrainian elections, for example, the Russians seconded to the Yan-ukovych campaign made use of a range of political shenanigans: invented parties, agents provocateurs, voter fraud and ultimately interference with the vote count. But Russia has also shown itself willing to intervene at the highest level to support favoured candidates. Such support for friendly re-gimes in the neighbourhood is a traditional Russian tactic. But today it is complemented by a new-found appreciation for the importance of NGOs — a lesson the Kremlin learned after the Orange revolution. Organisations like the Institute of CIS Countries and Russian World have channelled funding to Russia-friendly parties and NGOs in the region, often covertly [1, p. 36].

Russia maintains media influence in the neighbourhood through a variety of means: local joint ventures, rebranding media of Russian origin as «local» (the Russian newspapers «Argumenty i Fakty» and «Komsomolskaya Pravda» have editions «in Belarus» and «in Ukraine»), and making use of cable and the internet. The Russian media perform a double function in the region. They are active players in domestic politics, and more often than not support par-ticular candidates during elections. But they also help shape the way citizens in neighbourhood countries see international events [1, p. 37–38].

Russia claims that it has a responsibility to ensure the security of Russian citizens, ethnic Russians and even mere Russian-speakers in its «near abroad». But the war in Georgia led to allegations that Russia deliberately handed out passports to foreign nationals in order to create or bolster minorities it could then claim the right to protect (estimates for Crimea range from 2,000 to 100,000, and one source counts 543,000 in Ukraine as a whole) [1, p. 42].

Oleksiy Volovych commented Russian point: «The official Moscow per-ceives independence of Ukraine as something abnormal and temporary. At the meeting in Sochi after the NATO summit in Bucharest in April 2008, V. Pu-tin said to the US President George W. Bush, «You know, George, Ukraine — is not even a state! What is Ukraine? Part of it territory is Eastern Europe, and a part, and big enough, we gave!» [2].

In July 2009, at a meeting of the State Duma of Russia, during the discus-sion of the theme of the 300th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava, Deputy S. Bagdasarov said, «The next presidential elections in 2010 in Ukraine — will be not just the next elections of the president, they will be our Battle of Poltava-2, only not a military» [3]. At this time 80 % of Russians support Putin’s policy towards Ukraine.

Lots of victories have been won through the use of «soft power». Despite the Orange Revolution Putin in 2009 did manage to seat a Russian puppet Yanukovych. In February 2014 Kremlin began to use the whole arsenal of coercion designed to further destabilizing the situation in Ukraine. First of all it was announced that in Ukraine took place allegedly unconstitutional armed seizure of power, although the elected in October 2012 Verkhovna Rada remained in its full composition. Russia has not recognized the new A. Yat-senyuk’s government.

25 of May 2014 an experienced politician P. Poroshenko was elected as the Ukrainian President. All pro-Russian presidential candidates taken together

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did not get even 3 % of the vote. Ukrainian leaders are devoted supporters of European integration. Putin could not accept the loss of Ukraine and began to act in accordance with the previously prepared plan. FSB agents organized separatist movements in Trans-Carpathia, the Crimea and in the South-East of Ukraine. Why did Moscow decide to go for it? Because it understood that if nothing changed within the system of international relations, it would be slowly losing its positions and further politics would become senseless.

First the Crimea was annexed. The Crimean referendum was rigged. Ac-cording to official information, 123 % of Sevastopol citizens voted for joining Russia [4]. The referendum results were recognized only by several develop-ing countries that have close ties with Russia. Given all the abovementioned, claims on legality of the annexation of Crimea have nothing to do with in-ternational law. However, it was reported in Russia that the decision to join Russia was supported by more than 97 % of voters.

Russian Duma has been repeatedly raising the question about the return of Crimea to Russia. In late October 2014 Vladimir Putin emphasized that Rus-sia was ready to stand up to the United States which, in his view, was crush-ing the global order and pushing humanity to the brink of war. Referring to the origins of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Putin explained that it had been caused by the haste with which the European Union pushed for associa-tion with Ukraine. «That was unacceptable for Russia, because it infringed on its interests in a neighbouring state». Nikolai Patrushev, the Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, interprets the events in eastern Ukraine as «next steps in the plan to disintegrate the Soviet Union and Rus-sia» [5, p. 4].

In this context, the annexation of Crimea and the conflict over «Novoros-siya» («New Russia») are just other incidents in Russia’s information war on the West. This is primarily a «war» of narratives and interpretations. One’s own interpretation is being multiplied in all possible ways, while the «for-eign» interpretation is being pushed to the margins where it poses no threat. The aim is to neutralise the enemy, support the allies and win over the unde-cided ones [5, p. 6]. This war did not start with the Euro-Maidan in December 2013. It started when Russia entered the path of authoritarianism under Putin. The Russian doctrinaires argue that by fighting liberal globalisation, Russia is primarily confronting anarchism («the global Maidan», the negation of all hierarchic rules), and defending the sovereignty of the nation state and the right of nations to choose their own values [5, p. 10].

The proponents of «Eurasianism» claim that there exists a separate civili-zation and historical community in the territory corresponding to the area of the former Russian Empire. They ascribe a cultural meaning to the Russian-speaking community (so-called Russian world). The concept of «nation» is expanded to include areas where the Russian language and culture are domi-nant. This ideology has become an instrument for managing the conflicts in the post-Soviet area (Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Crimea, and Novorossiya).

Even after annexation of Crimea the problem of Russian-speaking is still dangerous for the stability of Ukraine, because they are actively supported

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by Russian Federation. At the beginning of the «people’s uprising» in the Donbas, separatists reached weighty political success. Police and Security Ser-vice in Donetsk and Lugansk regions almost entirely went over to the side of separatists. Thanks to the support of Communists and «Regionals» «People’s Republic of Donetsk» and «People’s Republic of Lugansk» were declared, and May 11 was held a «referendum» on their independence. Separatists’ lead-ers had reached an agreement to unite these «republics» into a federal state «Novorossiya».

The notion of «Novorossiya» denotes the confederation of the self-pro-claimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. Putin first called this part of Ukraine «Novorossiya on 17 March, 2014 after the annexation of Crimea, and on 11 September he visited the church in Moscow to «light candles for those fallen in the fight for Novorossiya.

In the Russian empire, the term «Novorossiya» was used for entity cre-ated by Catherine II. It comprised parts of present-day Ukraine: the Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Mikolaiv, Kherson and Odessa Regions. Today Novorossiya» with its news agencies, intelligence services, parliament, etc., is an example of a pseudo-reality created by Russia as it plays with the im-perial heritage, just as the notion of the Russian world refers back to such historical notions as Pax Romana. These are the kind of ideas that serve to create new myths and new realities [5, p. 11]. New news agencies and news portals devoted to separate countries are also emerging, e.g. pl.novorossia.today. The Crimean television has recently joined this trend with a tab that says its purpose is to show events from the point of view of the history of Russia and Crimea and the global rivalry between the Russian world and the Western world [5, p. 12].

The policy of concessions denotes that Russia has the right to defend its interests and soft power. However, the Russian and the Western soft power differ fundamentally. Russian soft power, civil society, expert networks or analytic schools by definition are not equivalent or similar institutions as those in the West. They serve different functions, namely propaganda. The vectors Russia’s soft power, including the Russian-speaking minority organ-isations, have organised the referendum in Crimea, and have been destabilis-ing the eastern regions of Ukraine [5, p. 16].

Nowadays to consider everyone who speaks Russian to be pro-Russian is a big delusion. It was easy to meet Russian-speaking Ukrainian patriots dur-ing the Euro-Maidan. Moreover, according to the results of the IRI survey in 2014, no less than 79 % of Russian-speaking residents of Ukraine oppose the decision of Russian Federation to send its army to protect Russian speaking citizens of Ukraine. In fact, total majority of people in the Russian-speaking South and East definitely do not support this decision [6].

Russia has managed to transform the real Ukrainian-Russian conflict and military intervention into a virtual conflict between Russia and the West. Russia has now revealed its geopolitical ambitions and has gone ahead towards imposing its way of thinking in terms of border between the Russian world civilisation and the West. This has been the source of many difficulties for

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Russia’s relations with the West. The West has not been able to formulate a good response to Russia’s policies, or find a way to support Ukraine.

Through its anti-Ukrainian plans the Kremlin seeks to make a split be-tween certain European countries as well as between the EU and the USA. The main instruments of this policy are the use of the «energy weapon» and eco-nomic ties, bribing officials and media in European countries, conducting information-psychological war. Putin tries to position the BRICS group coun-tries as an anti-American interstate association.

The current conflict opens a new page in international relations. Putin’s escalation of the conflict is ideologically based on the concept of Novorossiya, and it is essentially very different from, for example, the aggression against Georgia in 2008. As Kadri Liik and Andrew Wilson wrote, then Russia drew the red line which the EU or the US integration projects could not cross, now Russia has decisively crossed the red lines laid down by the West»[7].

The situation after the 2008 conflict in Georgia allows Russia to assume that after the end of the conflict in Ukraine, relations with the West will eventually revert back to the business as usual situation. Russia hopes to repeat this scenario again. It is important to emphasize that the business as usual concept includes not only normalization of economic relations, lifting of sanctions, and renewal of the political dialogue, but also recognition of Russia as a veto holder in the security architecture of Europe.

References

1. Popescu N. The Limits of Enlargement-lite: European and Russian Power in the Troubled Neighbourhood / Nicu Popescu, Andrew Wilson // European Council on Foreign Relations, 2009. — 69 p.

2. Volovych O. The Agony of the Empire / Oleksiy Volovych // Independent Analytical Center For Geopolitical Studies «Borysfen Intel» — 31.03.2014 [Electronic library]. — Available on the web at: http://bintel.com.ua/en/guests/agonija-imperii/

3. Volovich O. Battle of Ukraine / Oleksiy Volovych // Independent Analytical Center For Geo-political Studies «Borysfen Intel» — 24.07.2014 [Electronic library]. — Available on the web at: http://bintel.com.ua/en/guests/bitva-za-ukrainu/

4. Topouria G. Three reasons why Crimea is not Kosovo / George Topouria [Electronic li-brary]. — Available on the web at: http://beyondthe.eu/crimea-definitely-not-kosovo/

5. Darczewska J. The Information War on Ukraine: New challenges / Jolanta Darczewska. — Cicero Foundation Great Debate Paper, 2014. — 14/08. — 19 p.

6. Sviatnenko S. Ten Western myths about «Ukrainian Crisis» / Sviatoslav Sviatnenko [Elec-tronic library]. — Available on the web at: http://beyondthe.eu/ten-western-myths-ukraini-an-crisis/

7. Liik K. What will happen with Eastern Ukraine? Policy Memo / Kadri Liik, Andrew Wilson // The European Council on Foreign Relations. — 2014. — N 119 [Electronic library]. — Available on the web at: www.ecfr.eu


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Áðóñèëîâñüêà Î. ². êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

ÐÎÑ²ÉÑÜÊÎ-ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÑÜÊÈÉ ÊÎÍÔË²ÊÒ. ÏÅÐØÀ ÑÒÀÄ²ß: ÏÐÎÏÀÃÀÍÄÈÑÒÑÜÊÀ Â²ÉÍÀ

Ðåçþìå Ìåòîþ ñòàòò³ º âèÿâëåííÿ åâîëþö³¿ ðîñ³éñüêèõ ö³ëåé òà ³íñòðóìåíò³â âïëèâó

íà Óêðà¿íó ïðîòÿãîì 2013–2014 ðð. Ïðàö³ Í³êó Ïîïåñêó òà Åíäðþ Ó³ëñîíà ùîäî îñîáëèâîñòåé ðîñ³éñüêî¿ ñèëè âèêîðèñòàí³ ÿê òåîðåòè÷íà áàçà ñòàòò³. Àíàë³ç ðîñ³é-ñüêèõ òà óêðà¿íñüêèõ ìåä³é äîâîäèòü, ùî ðîñ³éñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèé êîíôë³êò íîñèòü êîìá³íîâàíèé õàðàêòåð, òîìó ìîæå ñòàòè íàéäîâøèì ³ç çàìîðîæåíèõ êîíôë³êò³â ó ïîñòêîìóí³ñòè÷íîìó ñâ³ò³.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ðîñ³éñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèé êîíôë³êò, ïðîïàãàíäà, ³äåîëîã³ÿ, ì³æ-íàðîäí³ â³äíîñèíè.

Áðóñèëîâñêàÿ Î. È. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎ-ÓÊÐÀÈÍÑÊÈÉ ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒ. ÏÅÐÂÀß ÑÒÀÄÈß: ÏÐÎÏÀÃÀÍÄÈÑÒÑÊÀß ÂÎÉÍÀ

Ðåçþìå Öåëüþ ñòàòüè ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûÿâëåíèå ýâîëþöèè ðîññèéñêèõ öåëåé è èíñòðóìåí-

òîâ âëèÿíèÿ íà Óêðàèíó íà ïðîòÿæåíèè 2013–2014 ãã. Ðàáîòû Íèêó Ïîïåñêó è Ýíäðþ Óèëñîíà îá îñîáåííîñòÿõ ðîññèéñêîé ñèëû èñïîëüçîâàíû â êà÷åñòâå òåîðå-òè÷åñêîé áàçû ñòàòüè. Àíàëèç ðîññèéñêèõ è óêðàèíñêèõ ìåäèéíûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ äî-êàçûâàåò, ÷òî ðîññèéñêî-óêðàèíñêèé êîíôëèêò íîñèò êîìáèíèðîâàííûé õàðàêòåð, ïîýòîìó ìîæåò ñòàòü ñàìûì äëèòåëüíûì èç çàìîðîæåííûõ êîíôëèêòîâ â ïîñò-êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîì ìèðå.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ðîññèéñêî-óêðàèíñêèé êîíôëèêò, ïðîïàãàíäà, èäåîëîãèÿ, ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ.

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ÓÄÊ 327[(470+571):(477)]

Bakanova À. A. postgraduate-student, Department of International Relations, Odessa National University k. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine tål.: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

FOREIGN POLICY ORIENTATIONS OF UKRAINE COMPARED WITH BELARUS AND RUSSIA

In this article we seek to advance the discussion of foreign policy orientations by focusing on their particular implications for Ukraine, that form part of the Slavic world and belong to many of its institutional structures but which at the same time are part of the European Union’s new ’neighbourhood’ and have made a formal commitment to a ’Euro-Atlantic’ future. This article showed the evolution of foreign policy orientation of Ukraine compared with Belarus and Russia, first of all question of integration to the EU and NATO or vice-versa to CIS. At the beginning of XXI century the question of «Eastern» or «Western» choice was sharper then ever. Key words: Ukraine, Belarus, Russian Federation, foreign policy.

The cold war defined two rival spheres of influence. No less important, it defined two sets of identities. Citizens of the communist countries to the east were part of a larger system of values, alliances and institutions. With the dismantling of the Berlin Wall, all these distinctions began to lose their earlier significance. Across the region, countries began to exercise their newly acquired sovereignty to form different patterns of association. Some of them joined the European Union. Others joined the Commonwealth of Independent States, established at the end of 1991, and some of them also became members of a series of multilateral associations that extended across the post-Soviet re-gion. The closest association of all was the ’Community’ and then far-reaching ’Union’ between Russia and Belarus.

Issues of international reorientation were particularly acute for the ’lands in between’, the Slavic states that had been part of the USSR but which were also geographically European, and which found themselves torn between their former Soviet associations and the invitation to take a fuller part in the eco-nomic and military alliance systems of the west. Perhaps the most fundamen-tal of these reorientations was in relation to ’Europe’.

Foreign policy preferences among the Ukrainian mass public have been addressed in a number of recent studies, both in the west (Shulman 1998; Chudowsky and Kuzio 2003; Munro 2007; Mychajlyszyn 2008) and in Ukraine itself (Malyuk 2008; Reznik 2008) [8, p. 347].

Belarus, by contrast, is ’one of the least-studied European states to emerge from the breakup of the Soviet Union’ (Ioffe 2007), and the literature is less abundant (Allison et al. 2005; White et al. 2005; Bekus 2008; Ioffe 2008;

© Bakanova À. A., 2015

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Rudling 2008; and on relations with Russia, Suzdaltsev 2009) [8, p. 347]. Is-sues of identity and foreign policy in both countries acquired a new urgency following the various ’coloured revolutions’ and renewed attempts by the Rus-sian authorities to maintain their influence within the former Soviet republics by using various forms of soft power (Tsygankov 2006).

Samuel Huntington differentiated between the countries of the ’west’ (which were marked out by their individualism, separation of church and state, rule of law and market economy) and a ’Slavic-Orthodox’ civilisation in the east, also Christian, but one in which church and state were more closely related and foreign domination had lasted much longer. Differences of this kind, Huntington suggested, were the ’product of centuries’, and ’far more fundamental than differences among political ideologies and political regimes’. Belarus and Ukraine were divided by this cleavage; Russia was a ’torn country’, wholly Orthodox but divided between two continents, and whether it was really ’European’ or ’Asiatic’ had been debated since at least the time of Peter the Great’s decision to locate his new capital on the Baltic [4, p. 29–31, 43–44].

According to Alexander Wendt, ’identities and interests are constituted by collective meanings that are always in process’ [7, p. 407]. Moreover, identi-ties themselves are ’embedded in a larger set of beliefs and policy preferenc-es’ — a phenomenon that Stephen Shulman calls a ’national identity complex’ [5, p. 68]. In any state there may be several competing national identity com-plexes articulating different preferences for economic and political develop-ment, or patterns of international integration. Shulman cites contemporary Ukraine, where there are two main variants: an ’eastern Slavic’ national iden-tity complex and an ’ethnic Ukrainian’ one [5, p. 60]. Differences in foreign policy preferences can be especially profound in multi-ethnic polities such as Ukraine or Belarus, where part of the population identify themselves as Russians while others identify themselves as ethnic Ukrainians or ethnic Be-larusians, respectively. As Shulman argues, in a multi-ethnic state stronger ties with other states have a powerful effect on ethnic consciousness, and as a result ’foreign policy becomes a key element in the construction of national identity and an object of political contestation between groups with different visions of this identity’ [6, p. 110]. Under certain circumstances, as in the case of Ukraine, a group within the society may have developed stronger ties with a foreign partner than another group in the same society may have de-veloped with a different foreign partner, resulting in ’asymmetrical interna-tional integration’ [6, p. 121]. Furthermore, national identity complexes may vary considerably not only in their content but also in their intensity.

As Viktor Chudowsky and Taras Kuzio have demonstrated, for instance, in contemporary Ukraine the eastern Slavic national identity — or Russian na-tionalism, as they call it — is weaker than the ethnic Ukrainian national iden-tity complex, which is conterminous with Ukrainian nationalism [2, p. 281].

In this article we seek to advance the discussion of foreign policy orienta-tions by focusing on their particular implications for Ukraine, that form part of the Slavic world and belong to many of its institutional structures but

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which at the same time are part of the European Union’s new ’neighbourhood’ and have made a formal commitment to a ’Euro-Atlantic’ future.

In Ukraine public opinion is not normally a major determinant, as the Ukrainian public is ’divided, passive, and not terribly concerned with foreign affairs’ [2, p. 274]. At the same time there are occasions on which public sentiment can be decisive, as when the ’Orange revolution’ led to a change of political leadership and a more overtly pro-western orientation in defence and foreign policy.

In Belarus it has often been difficult to see any linkage between domestic norms and the conduct of foreign policy when all the key decisions are in the hands of an authoritarian president, whether or not he enjoys the support of a popular consensus.

At the same time both Ukraine and Belarus found themselves caught in a ’clash of integration projects’ [1] as the European Union moved to develop its own ’neighbourhood policy’, and as both the EU and NATO contemplated a further extension of their membership towards the east. Developments of this kind were bound to alienate the Russian leadership, while western countries themselves were critical of the way in which the Russian authorities sought to exploit their energy resources and (in the short-lived conflict with Georgia) their overwhelming military superiority. All of this in turn was likely to have a powerful influence on ’European’ and ’Slavic’ orientations within the ’lands in between’ themselves.

In 2010 more than 83 % defined themselves as Ukrainians, but 14 % as Rus-sians; 40 % were Ukrainian Orthodox, but 25 % identified themselves as Rus-sian Orthodox (many more were ’just Orthodox’). And in terms of native lan-guage the country was almost equally divided, with 50 % reporting Ukrainian as the language of their home environment and 47 % reporting Russian [8, p. 349].

In any case ’the reality in Ukraine is one of blending and mixing’ [3, p. 106]. But there has been little dispute that the east of the country is more urbanised and educated as well as more Russian-speaking and Russian Ortho-dox than the west and, equally, that region itself ’makes a difference’ even when social-structural variables of this kind have been taken into account (Barrington and Herron 2004; Shulman 2004; Katchnovski 2006) [3, p. 106].

Closer relations with former Soviet republics, however, have been balanced by a closer association with the European Union, and (more cautiously) with NATO. Relations with the EU are based on a Partnership and Co-operation Agreement, originally concluded in 1994, which is due to be replaced by an en-hanced agreement in negotiations that began in 2007 but without any commit-ment to a ’membership perspective’. Ukraine is also a priority partner within the European Neighbourhood Policy, in connection with which a joint Action Plan was approved in February 2005. Relations with NATO are based on a Charter on a Distinctive Partnership, signed at NATO’s Madrid Summit in July 1997, and on a NATO–Ukraine Commission, established at the same time as a means of developing the bilateral relationship. Ukraine was the first of the CIS member countries to join the Partnership for Peace, in 1994, and in May 2002 the Ukrainian authorities for the first time committed themselves to eventual

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membership. NATO for its own part has given no indication that it wishes to do more for the present than extend the forms of co-operation that already exist, although the 2008 Bucharest Summit agreed that membership was a legitimate long-term aspiration; and many of its member states are clearly reluctant to take any step that would prejudice their already difficult relationship with Russia.

East–west differences of this kind were directly reflected in the sequence of presidential and parliamentary elections that took place from 2004 on-wards. Viktor Yushchenko, the eventual winner of the second-round presiden-tial election of December 2004, was openly associated with a strongly Euro-Atlantic orientation; his opponent, Viktor Yanukovych, placed improvement of relations with Ukraine’s Slavic neighbours, including official status for the Russian language as well as Ukrainian.

The elections themselves showed that support was almost equally divided across the presidential camps and across the political parties, giving a some-what provisional nature to the kind of ’choice’ that appeared to have been made at each successive contest. As a result, it took some time after each election for a government to be formed that could command a parliamentary majority, and each of the administrations of the period was an uneasy coalition of disparate elements that could hardly take a lead on any of the international or domestic issues on which the country was divided. Another source of ambiguity was the constitutional changes that had taken place over the ’Orange’ years — or that appear to have taken place, as the enhanced powers of the government in relation to the conduct of foreign policy had not been universally accepted and the constitutional court found its own position undermined in the attempt to resolve such disagreements (a presidential parliamentary system is inherently prone to such tensions). The rise of Yulia Tymoshenko and her supporters, the effects of the world financial crisis on the Ukrainian economy and the change in the presidency that took place when Yanukovych won a narrow victory at the following election in early 2010 introduced further elements of instability.

In every case European self-identity has been declining, rather than in-creasing, as the European Union extends its own boundaries towards the east: the greatest fall over the decade has been in, but the same trends are appar-ent in Belarus. About half our Russian and Belarusian respondents in 2000 thought they were at least to some extent ’European’. By the later years of the decade the proportions were lower in every case [8, p. 353].

In Belarus and Russia those who claimed they ’never’ felt European were about half of all our respondents in 2007 and 2008, and almost a third in Belarus in 2009. Respondents felt their first identity was as a citizen of that country. Almost to the same extent, they felt they were citizens of their local area or settlement; regional identities were also important. But relatively few thought of their identity as European, in the first or even the second place. Belarusians, who had been somewhat more likely to think of themselves as ’Europeans’, were also the most likely to associate themselves with a primary or secondary European identity. But even in Belarus a European identity came a long way behind an identity that was related to the state itself or the town or region in which they lived [8, p. 354].

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In Russia a European identity was still less common, even in the parts of the country that are geographically European, and rather fewer conceived of themselves in this way than as Soviet citizens nearly two decades after the demise of the USSR itself. European identity in Belarus and Russia had never been greater than 20 %, and national identity had never been less than 68 % [8, p. 355].

Support for EU membership is closely related to ’Europeanness’: those who thought of themselves as ’to a significant extent European’ were more than three times as likely to be strongly in favour of EU membership as others, for example, Ukrainians in 2007. They were more likely to be able to identify the EU correctly, given a list of real and imaginary international organisations, and to locate its headquarters. Most strikingly of all, they were four or five times as likely as others to take a positive view of the EU and of its aims and activities; and those who took a positive view of the EU’s aims and activities were in turn four or five times more likely to support the principle of membership.

Support for NATO membership was closely associated with other views of the alliance. Supporters of NATO membership were able to identify it more readily when they were given a list of real or imaginary international organ-isations, and they were more likely to see the alliance as a means of strength-ening international security, although there were also a few who saw it as a ’base for western expansion’ but all the same wished to join.

So, we can conclude that there is differentiation between foreign policy orientations of Ukrainians and Belarusians and Russians during post-Soviet period. Slavic or western choices have been associated with distinct cultural communities in Ukraine but not in the other two countries.

References

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2. Chudowsky V. Does public opinion matter in Ukraine? The case of foreign policy / V. Chu-dowsky, T. Kuzio // Communist and Post-communist Studies. — 2003. — Vol. 36, N 3. — P. 273–290.

3. D’Anieri P. Understanding Ukrainian Politics: Power, Politics, and Institutional Design / P. D’Anieri. — Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2007. — 299 p.

4. Huntington S. The clash of civilizations? / S. P. Huntington // Foreign Affairs. — 1993. — Vol. 72, N 3. — P. 22–49.

5. Shulman S. National identity and public support for political and economic reform in Ukraine / S. Shulman // Slavic Review. — 2005. — Vol. 64, N 1. — P. 59–87.

6. Shulman S. National integration and foreign policy in multiethnic states / S. Shulman // Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. — 1998. — Vol. 4, N 4. — P. 110–132.

7. Wendt A. Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics / Wendt A. // International Organization. — 1992. — Spring. — P. 391–425.

8. White S. Belarus, Ukraine and Russia: East or West? / S. White, I. McAllister, V. Fekly-unina // The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. — 2010. — Vol. 12. — P. 344–367.


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Áàêàíîâà À. A. êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

ÇÎÂÍ²ØÍÜÎÏÎË²ÒÈ×Í² ÎÐ²ªÍÒÀÖ²¯ ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÈ ÏÎÐ²ÂÍßÍÎ Ç Á²ËÎÐÓÑÑÞ ÒÀ ÐÎÑ²ªÞ

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòò³ äèñêóòóþòüñÿ çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷í³ îð³ºíòàö³¿ íà ïðèêëàä³ Óêðà¿íè, ÿêà

º ÷àñòêîþ ñëîâ’ÿíñüêîãî ñâ³òó é íàëåæèòü äî áàãàòüîõ éîãî ³íñòèòóö³éíèõ ñòðóê-òóð, àëå ÿêà â òîé æå ÷àñ º ÷àñòêîþ «ñóñ³äñòâà» ªÑ é çðîáèëà âèá³ð ùîäî ºâðîàòëàí-òè÷íîãî ìàéáóòíüîãî. Ñòàòòÿ ïîêàçàëà åâîëþö³þ çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷íèõ îð³ºíòàö³é Óêðà¿íè ïîð³âíÿíî ç Á³ëîðóññþ òà Ðîñ³ºþ, íàñàìïåðåä ùîäî ïèòàííÿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ â ªÑ òà ÍÀÒÎ, ÷è íàâïàêè äî ÑÍÄ. Íà ïî÷àòêó XXI ñò. ïèòàííÿ «ñõ³äíîãî» ÷è «çà-õ³äíîãî» âèáîðó çàãîñòðèëèñÿ ÿê í³êîëè.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: Óêðà¿íà, Á³ëîðóñü, Ðîñ³éñüêà Ôåäåðàö³ÿ, çîâí³øíÿ ïîë³òèêà.

Áàêàíîâà À. A. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÂÍÅØÍÅÏÎËÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÐÈÅÍÒÀÖÈÈ ÓÊÐÀÈÍÛ ÑÐÀÂÍÈÒÅËÜÍÎ Ñ ÁÅËÎÐÓÑÜÞ È ÐÎÑÑÈÅÉ

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòüå äèñêóòèðóþòñÿ âíåøíåïîëèòè÷åñêèå îðèåíòàöèè íà ïðèìåðå

Óêðàèíû, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ ñëàâÿíñêîãî ìèðà è ïðèíàäëåæèò ê ìíîãèì åãî èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûì ñòðóêòóðàì, íî êîòîðàÿ â òî æå âðåìÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòüþ «ñîñåäñòâà» ÅÑ è ñäåëàëà âûáîð îòíîñèòåëüíî åâðîàòëàíòè÷åñêîãî áóäóùåãî. Ñòàòüÿ ïîêàçàëà ýâîëþöèþ âíåøíåïîëèòè÷åñêèõ îðèåíòàöèé Óêðàèíû ñðàâíèòåëüíî ñ Áåëîðóññèåé è Ðîññèåé, ïðåæäå âñåãî ïî âîïðîñó èíòåãðàöèè â ÅÑ è ÍÀÒÎ, èëè íàïðîòèâ â ÑÍÃ. Â íà÷àëå XXI â. âîïðîñ «âîñòî÷íîãî» èëè «çàïàäíîãî» âûáîðà îáîñòðèëñÿ êàê íèêîãäà.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Óêðàèíà, Áåëîðóññèÿ, Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ, âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà.

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ÓÄÊ 327[(510):(519.5)]«2014/2015»

Sira Î. V. Post-graduate student Department of International Relations, Odessa National University k. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine phone.: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA AND THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: CONTEMPORARY REALITIES AND TRENDS

The article analyzes the relations between the Republic of Korea and the Peo-ple’s Republic of China within the frameworks of present-day system which is inherent to the Asia-Pacific region. The author gives description of various factors that affect bilateral relations and identifies a number of common inter-ests and ideas regarding the current events. Key words: the Republic of Korea, the People’s Republic, the triangle «US-RK-China», security, strategic cooperation

Contemporary subsystem of international relations within frameworks of the Asia-Pacific region is passing through hard times, and there aremany rea-sons for that fact. So called «focal contradictions» within the triangle of USA-RK-Japan (bilateral security systems and at the same time territorial and other disputes between the Republic of Korea and Japan), China-Japan,North Korea-South Korea, North Korea-USA, North Korea-Japan and many other disputes shake that system, as a whole, and of course its major components: security, economic cooperation etc.

For almost six decadesthe security system, established bythe United States of America with assistance of internal regional actors (the Republic of Korea and Japan) has determined the future of the Asia-Pacific in mentioned above area. However, a number of objective and subjective factors, such as rapid development of China, which stimulates relationships through line RK-China against the background of growing anti-Japanese climate in social and politi-cal opinion of South Korea and the People’s Republic of China, some deterio-ration of relations with the USA–all these issues have already affected and still affect the stability of the system, pushing regional actors to seek alterna-tive variants of their own security.

Since there is obvious need for creation of a collective security system as an alternative to the American one,the bilateral relations improvement induces further development and changes of the strategic priorities of both states.

The theoretical foundation of the article is based on scientific works of vari-ous researchers such as R. Cavazos, D. V. Hippel and P. Hayes, Han Suk-hee, D. Goma, D. G. Pinilla and others, which are dedicated to the analysisof certain vectors and bilateral cooperation issues in the context of RK-China relations.

© Sira Î. V., 2015

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The highest level meeting between the RK President Park Geun-hye and the President of China Xi Jinping took partat the summit, which was held in July 2014 in Seoul [5]. The two leaders discussed issues related to the new challenges of security changes that therefore can be conducted in the context of regional security and cooperation opportunities in various spheres, particu-larly in economic.

Within the diplomatic history of the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China conduction of such type of summits is indeed very impor-tant, taking into consideration that before 1992 diplomatic relations between South Korea and China formally had not existed. However, during more than two decades these relations have developed at a breakneck pace in really dif-ferent directions.

Economically common interests, security threats etc. are the objective fac-tors that have accelerated all these processes. In a few years China has become the largest trading partner for South Korea, an important market for goods, services and investments, source of imports and even more. The volume of trade between South Korea and China has increased almost 40 times and these are really convincing figures. For comparison, the turnover indicators of the Republic of Korea with China exceed the related trade figures with the US and Japancombined together. By indicators of foreign investments in China the first place is taken by the Republic of Korea [8].

However, against the backdrop of the long history of cooperation,the Unit-ed States of America are very important for South Korea: this vector is vital in many areas, especially in the fields of security and economy. The last few governments have chosen for Korea to play the role of harmonious balance between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China. However, this balance has its problematic aspects.

In the 90’s administration of the President of South Korea Roh Tae-woo was diplomatically considerably distant from the USA and at the same time on the background of this fact the RK moved closer to China in variety of mutual interests’ aspects[1].

Over the next few years, bilateral Korean-American relations were rather complicated for various reasons;a certain crisis was felt on that vector. How-ever, during the presidency of Lee Myung-Bak in the Republic of Korea al-liance with the US has really become stronger, this foreign affairs’ line was pointed out again as a diplomatic priority within the South Korean foreign policy [1].The course for expansion and strengthening of multi-strategic al-liance with this actor in international relations has been chosen as the major one. Such Lee Myung-bakpro-American foreign policy vector was negatively perceived in Beijing as Chinese foreign policy direction has suffered huge damages.But despite that, mutual economic interest hasn’t let this factor to largely negative influence on the South Korean-Chinese bilateral relations.

It should be mentioned that the bilateral agreement on free trade between the two states wasalso signed: by that document it was unanimously expressed the mutual position towards the DPRK nuclear program and historical revi-sionism and re-militarization of Japan.

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The Chinese government has offered the RK to join new institution within the Asia-Pacific region –Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank(AIIB) which, in general, excludes the possibility of Japans’ participation, and that is suit-able for both sides. In the same 2014 Memorandum «On Mutual Understand-ing» was also signed, a direct telephone line between the Ministers of Defense of the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China has finally been established [8]. For comparison, before that the similar linkexisted only with the United States of America.

President of China Xi Jinping in 2014 changed the tradition of the DPRK first visit by visiting Seoul first [3]. At first sight, one might say that there is nothing significant, but that factor, combined with a cold reception in the capital of North Korea, which wasn’t followed by an invitation of the North Korean leader in Beijing demonstrated some deteriorations, tensions in the North Korean-Chinese relations[6].

Before the summit in July, Beijing maintained a fairly neutral in inter-Ko-rean relations, leaning more to North Korea. However, the third nuclear test has forced China to change itsposition;it has even supported UN sanctions against North Korea. The leaders of the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China stated that they will form the «opposition of nuclear weap-ons on the Korean peninsula» [5].

A significant impetus to these relations was also given by anti-Japanese attitudes in both China and South Korea. The author would like to quote the speech of the President Xi Jinping, delivered at the National University of Seoul: «Both our countries have experienced great suffering after Japan launched its barbaric attack on China and Korea... and during the first half of the XX century occupied the Korean peninsula...both nations fought together side by side...»[7].

Both states have their own territorial disputes with Japan (Diaoyu / Sen-kaku islands and the Dokdo / Takeshima), and that issue also plays an impor-tant role in bilateral rapprochement of South Korea and China [9].

But that is only one side of the coin. Before that the author concentrated attention on the position of the political elites of both entities of bilateral rela-tions, but the weighty importance in the sphere of realization and implementa-tion of international relationsalsohas the public opinion. In particular, if the policy of President of the Republic of Korea is negatively perceived in the social environment, it threatens by resignation and change of leadership in the state.

In the early 1990s, the People’s Republic stepped up its policy in Asia on major spheres: while the USA focused on the Middle East, China tried to bring Asian states via so called «charming offensive» or «smiling» diplomacy. After Barack Obama has become the US President, they expressed interest in Asia with a new bang. This turning point noted the emergence of new opportunities and new challenges for regional actors.

It’s necessary to point out that China and the USA, in fact, have no com-mon enemies, whoever they were able to fight against together, and thus to smooth tensions. China is now quite popular state among the othersas an economic partner. Ideological issue also has considerable importance for these

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bilateral relations. The rivalry — that’s how these relations look like in fact. But, in general, of course, they vary from confrontation to cooperation.

And now for the other states it is undesirable, because they may be forced to choose between China and the USA. The Republic of Korea has kept the security alliance with the United States; and South Korea generally believes that the USA — the most important actor with whom to cooperate in security and other spheres.

Considering foreign policy planning on this direction, it can be stressed out that Seoul prefers moderate position and shows very pragmatic approach to the rise of China. The RK does not perceive China growth process with a negative value, it’s rather own admission of impossibility to develop success-fully ignoring such an important regional and global actor like China. South Korea feels the need for cooperation in different areas both with the USA and China; so, controversies between two given parties may adversely affect the third side — the RK.

The author means not only the danger in economic spherefor Seoul but also certain security threats. Despite the interaction with China in economy, and with the USA in military and strategic security, this state has no actual leverage on relationships within the triangle US-China-Korea. The negative or positive trendsare set by just two global actors. The only thing that remains essentially to Korea — is to use modern advances of the art of diplomacy, which, in general, Seoul does.

But to say that though China plays much more important rolethan the United States in building of foreign policy strategy in Korea is a huge mis-take. The agenda for the RK is to continue dialogue and cooperation with China in the economy and at the same time to work closely with the US gov-ernment, especially within the frameworks of their military alliance.

Of course, this position is rather pragmatic, due to national interests and practical considerations of South Korea, but according to the author, this guide is more preferable and advantageous than sharp movements left or right; generally, this policy is supported by South Korean political elites as well as by very important element in the system of foreign policy making and political life, in general — by major economic corporations in South Korea.

The results of the opinion polls showed that over 59 % of South Koreans consideredthat it’s necessary to strengthen cooperation with the USA, while less than 25 % were in favor of close cooperation with China. [3] The vast ma-jority of South Koreans see growing economic power of China is neither more nor less than one of the threats to sustainable development of South Korea.

Such foreign policy dilemma in the Republic of Korea complicates the am-plification of bilateral relations and the formation of an integrated multi-level system of collective security in South-East Asia and Asia-Pacific region, in general.

Both states are trying to develop a concept of foreign policy that is able to predict almost any scenario of development of the bilateral relations and re-gional systems as a whole, but it is complicated by numerous external factors that have a strong influence on them.

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On the one hand Korea is under the pressure of an importance of the secu-rity system with the United States; on the other hand –by the objective need of productive cooperation with China in the sphere of economy. This pattern, considering the sub-regional level, is not unique to Korea. Modern realities require changes in different areas, even under conditions set by the bipolar system of international relations, when the concept of security and economic interests were convergent.

South Korea and China formally operate by politically nominal phrases such as «strategic cooperation and partnership», but when it comes to issues of strategic and defensive nature; their relationships are kept purely at the level of economic interaction. Beijing points out that both states have «warm economic and political relations»–or growing close economic and political ties. [4] But the real fact is that these two subjects have quite «cold» relations in the military, security areas; and this is unlikely to change soon.

But the region as a whole and SEA in particular have such characteristics as the inertia of any institutional changes. It means that there is a certain strategic stalemate when any changes are seen by intraregional actors as a threats to security and instability.

So, the attitudes of not only of the Republic of Korea and the People’s Re-public of China play an important role in these bilateral relations, but also the positions of other regional actors on this foreign policy line have considerable impact. There is a kind of vicious circle that has butcher contradictions entities; each state has a direct or indirect impact on these relations, promoting its own state and national interest. For example, immediately after the above mentioned summit Japan stated that it cancels the series of sanctions against the DPRK (there were even rumors of the Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visit to Pyongyang).

The current regional conditions — are tough challenges to the foreign pol-icy of the Republic of Korea. On the one hand, today Seoul has a great chance to become the «first violin» in the strategic dynamics of Asia-Pacific region, balancing between the United States and the People’s Republic of China, act-ing as mediator, and, thus, supporting equally relations with both states, as well as promoting regional institutions for strengthening collective security and increased cooperation in various fields, especially in the economy. On the other hand, the high-level competitionbetween the USA and China sets South Korean security interestsat issue. However, the balancing between these two states makes traditional security architecture in South-East Asia and the Asia-Pacific region more complicated.

References

1. Cavazos R. Win-win: China’s ability to play an active and constructive role in the North-east Asia energy and environment sector [Electronic library]/ R. Cavazos, D. V. Hippel, P. Hayes. — Available on the web at: http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-policy-forum/win-win-chinas-ability-to-play-an-active-and-constructive-role-in-the-northeast-asia-energy-and-environmental-sector/

2. Goma D. The Chinese — Korean border issue: an analysis of a contested frontier // Asian Survey. — 2006, November/December. — Vol. 46, ¹ 6. — P. 867–880.

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3. Han Suk-hee. South Korea Seeks to balance relations with China and the United States [Elec-tronic library] / Han Suk-hee. — Available on the web at: http://www.cfr.org/south-korea/south-korea-seeks-balance-relations-china-united-states/p29447

4. Jae-kyung Park. China-U. S. relations in East Asia: strategic rivalry and Korea’s choice [Electronic library] / Jae-kyung Park. — Available on the web at: http://csis.org/files/publi-cation/130404_Park_ChinaUSRelations_Web.pdf

5. Kelly R. E. The complex China-South Korea relationship [Electronic library] / R. E. Kelly. — Available on the web at: http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-complex-china-south-korea-relationship/

6. Pinilla D. G. Les litigesfrontaliers entre la Chine et la Coree du Nord [Electronic library] / D. G. Pinilla. — Available on the web at: http://perspectiveschinoises.revues.org/1262

7. President’s Xi Jinping speech in ROK’s Seoul National University [Electronic library] / Xi Jinping. — Available on the web at: http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpzxdhgjxgsfw/t1172436.shtml

8. Tiezzi S. It’s official: China, South Korea sign Free Trade Agreement [Electronic library] / S. Tiezzi. — Available on the web at: http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/its-official-china-south-korea-sign-free-trade-agreement/

9. Sinyakin S. Problems of military-political security and dialogue on the Korean Peninsu-la [Electronic library] /S. Sinyakin. — Available on the web at: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-voenno-politicheskoy-bezopasnosti-i-dialoga-na-koreyskom-poluostrove


Ñ³ðà Î. Â. àñï³ðàíò êàôåäðè ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

Â²ÄÍÎÑÈÍÈ ÐÅÑÏÓÁË²ÊÈ ÊÎÐÅß ² ÊÈÒÀÉÑÜÊÎ¯ ÍÀÐÎÄÍÎ¯ ÐÅÑÏÓÁË²ÊÈ: ÑÓ×ÀÑÍ² ÐÅÀË²¯ ÒÀ ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖ²¯

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòò³ ïðîâîäèòüñÿ àíàë³ç â³äíîñèí ì³æ Ðåñïóáë³êîþ Êîðåÿ òà Êèòàéñüêîþ

Íàðîäíîþ Ðåñïóáë³êîþ â ðàìêàõ ñó÷àñíî¿ ñèñòåìè, ÿêà ïðèòàìàííà Àç³àòñüêî-Òè-õîîêåàíñüêîìó ðåã³îíó íà ñüîãîäí³øí³é äåíü. Àâòîð äàº õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ð³çíîìà-í³òíèõ ôàêòîð³â, ÿê³ âïëèâàþòü íà äâîñòîðîíí³ â³äíîñèíè òà âèä³ëÿº íèçêó ñï³ëü-íèõ ³íòåðåñ³â ³ ³äåé ñòîñîâíî ³ñíóþ÷èõ ïèòàíü â êîíòåêñò³ ðåã³îíàëüíèõ â³äíîñèí.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: Ðåñïóáë³êà Êîðåÿ, Êèòàéñüêà Íàðîäíà Ðåñïóáë³êà, òðèêóòíèê «ÑØÀ — ÐÊ — ÊÍÐ», ñèñòåìà áåçïåêè, ñòðàòåã³÷íå ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâî.

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Ñåðàÿ Î. Â. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈß ÐÅÑÏÓÁËÈÊÈ ÊÎÐÅß È ÊÈÒÀÉÑÊÎÉ ÍÀÐÎÄÍÎÉ ÐÅÑÏÓÁËÈÊÈ: ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÅ ÐÅÀËÈÈ È ÒÅÍÄÅÍÖÈÈ

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòüå ïðîâîäèòñÿ àíàëèç îòíîøåíèé ìåæäó Ðåñïóáëèêîé Êîðåÿ è Êèòàéñêîé

Íàðîäíîé Ðåñïóáëèêîé â ðàìêàõ ñîâðåìåííîé ñèñòåìû, êîòîðàÿ ïðèñóùà Àçèàò-ñêî-Òèõîîêåàíñêîìó ðåãèîíó íà ñåãîäíÿøíèé äåíü. Àâòîð äàåò õàðàêòåðèñòèêó ðàçëè÷íûì ôàêòîðàì, âëèÿþùèì íà äâóñòîðîííèå îòíîøåíèÿ, è âûäåëÿåò ðÿä îá-ùèõ èíòåðåñîâ è èäåé êàñàòåëüíî ñóùåñòâóþùèõ âîïðîñîâ â êîíòåêñòå ðåãèîíàëü-íûõ îòíîøåíèé.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Ðåñïóáëèêà Êîðåÿ, Êèòàéñêàÿ Íàðîäíàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà, òðå-óãîëüíèê «ÑØÀ — ÐÊ — ÊÍÐ», ñèñòåìà áåçîïàñíîñòè, ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè-÷åñòâî.

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ÓÄÊ 327[(73):(55)]«2009/2013»

Chumak K. Î. post-graduate student Department of International Relations Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University k. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine tel.: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

DEVELOPMENT OF THE US FOREIGN POLICY UNDER OBAMA’S FIRST ADMINISTRATION: MAIN IMPACT FACTORS

Primary aim of the article is to indicate the role of subjective and objective aspects within the foreign policy-making of the US. Special emphasis is made upon overcoming of the negative image of the US, acquired during the George W. Bush presidency, as well as upon president Obama’s attempts to implement reforms, designed to support the US foreign policy renewal. Key words: foreign policy, the United States, Barak Obama, public image, internet-based technology.

Taking into account current international role and place of the US, under-standing of the outcomes of the Barak Obama’s first administration performance represents one of the most critical and relevant topics of the political science field. The US foreign policy under Obama is considered in the present article in the light of factors, which affected the president and his administration.

The aim of the article is to discover the implications of various US foreign policy aspects, period of 2009–2013, such as, for instance, the overcoming of a negative «legacy» of George W. Bush, especially within the domains of international policy, nonconventional diplomacy, racial and computer factors.

There is a substantial number of diverse scientific writings on the topic, which are represented mainly by the American and British schools. American researchers Perl Ford, Tekla Johnson and Angie Maxwell adhere to the opinion that «election of Barak Hussein Obama for the US presidency became a real milestone for the nation, which was weakened by the racial contradictions from its onset, and which nowadays from time to time employs capitalism in order to exploit the coloured nations» [1, p. 462]. American scientist Bart Schultz also emphasized an importance of the fact that Obama was perceived as a «partici-patory president», who made considerable efforts to improve the economy: in 2008 an average of 60 % of citizens approved Obama’s policy [2, p. 168].

After extreme unpopularity of George W. Bush administration, a demo-cratic candidate was foremost expected to re-establish the trust towards the US abroad, to revitalize the economy and to move to a new post-racial state. Nonetheless, even more important for Obama’s accession to power, was the factor of computer internet technologies, which enable a fast distribution of video, photo and text among the internet users. These technologies helped to

© Chumak K. Î., 2015

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unite and energize the participation of Afro-Americans. Enrolment of black voters was at the highest point since 1984 [1, p. 465].

Nonetheless, when taking a closer look at the elections, we can see that the picture is more sophisticated than a simple racial dichotomy of voters. Obama was supported by a smaller number of white voters than John McCain (43 % to 55 %), but he acquired more «white» voices than preceding presiden-tial candidates of the Democratic Party — Gore and Kerry. Afro-Americans supported Obama with 95 % of votes. In whole, Obama and McCain were respectively supported by ( %): 49 to 48 of men, 56 to 43 of women, 67 to 30 of Latin Americans, 67 to 35 of Asians, 54 to 45 of Catholics, 75 to 23 of atheists and even 79 to 21 of Jews (though during the electoral campaign, Obama was seriously suspected by the Jewish of formerly having relations with the anti-Semitic organization of «The Nation of Islam». The property factor as perceived by the middle class and the wealthy elites was of a smaller importance if compared to cultural and ideological advantages. Postgraduate voters gave Obama 18 solid points in advance of his competitor [2, p. 169]. It helped to verify the hypothesis, which claimed that the American society was going exactly through the cultural-based separation and that there have vir-tually emerged «two Americas». One of them being traditional, less educated but more religious and the other one — modernized, open-minded America of well-educated people. On the 4th November, 2008 the more politically signifi-cant part of the US society prevailed [3, p. 3].

«Obama-mania» resembled a mass hypnosis session. Obama’s speeches made a tremendous impression: in the view of historians, the country hasn’t evidenced such a speaker since the times of Lincoln and even Kennedy wasn’t gifted with eloquence that much [3, p. 4]. The colour of Obama’s skin was an additional emphasis on the need of restoration.

Obama won the elections thanks to his pledge of changes, inter alia the promise that his administration will stop the economic downfall and restore an international trust to the US. According to the American researchers, the US still has many advantages: the strongest armed forces in the world, a well-developed network of allies and partners, a scientific and technological supe-riority, the world’s best higher education system, a leadership in the domain of innovations and technologically advanced production. We can mention also the transparent political system, helping to attract foreign investment, as well as rich environmental assets and natural resources, elaborated and ener-getic civil society and an experience of global leadership [4, c. 166].

Nevertheless, it was a mindful usage of technology, which was the primary reason for Obama’s electoral win. The innovations embraced blogs, micro-blogs (in particular Twitter), video broadcasting websites, online storages of documents, sharing of files and the social networks (including Facebook and MySpace). These sources are accessible for anyone, who has an internet ac-cess (i.e. for millions of users). The Obama’s team understood an importance of web technologies and used internet to maintain contacts, raise funds and mobilize the voters [1, p. 470]. Thus, the win of Obama resulted to a certain extent from the technological development of the XXI century.

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Obama won the elections by means of what Steven Shonorek called a «po-litical time». James Norman, who covered the Obama’s campaign from Eu-rope, pointed out that the use of internet technologies by the democratic candidate was striking, if compared to «fear and paranoia» of technologies (phone tapping etc.), which had been associated with the former president George W. Bush during the war on terror times. Furthermore, the republican candidate J. McCain during the primaries publicly acknowledged that he was computer illiterate. In his interview with Dan Shon, McCain said: «I learn «to be on-line» and to use internet and it won’t take long. But I don’t expect myself to become a perfect communicator». A low self-esteem of McCain pro-vided an advantage to Obama, who he positioned himself as a president of technology. Even before the 1st May, 2008 when his figure was approved by the party, he had more than 800 000 friends on Facebook, in contrast with 120 000 friends of McCain and 150 000 of Hillary Clinton. Till the end of his campaign, Obama gained 13 million supporters via social networks and video-broadcasting websites [1, p. 471–472].

What matters is that internet and video technologies allow politicians such as Obama, to distribute unfiltered addresses. One can view his speeches on-line in full and without mutilations. The technologies brought fundamental change. Joe Trippi concluded that the Obama’s win proves that in future, a particular candidate will win the elections not because of his strength and ap-proval of the party, but because he makes a better use of the new mass media [2, p. 129].

It was the first time the president appointed a general technology man-ager — Anish Chopra. The White House website was totally reconstructed and now it included the blogs, written by several employees closest to the president and a YouTube video channel (http://www.change.gov) [1, p. 472].

One of the most critical causes for attacks on Obama during his electoral campaign was the absence of experience in the domain of international poli-tics. Hillary Clinton attempted to make out of Obama a person unable of to rule the country in the situations of international conflicts. McCain was pro-moted by the Republican Party because he was appreciated by people as the one, who has extensive experience in this sphere. He tried to describe Obama as a person not ready for presidency, but he did not manage to reassure the voters. Aiming to neutralize the criticism, the team of Obama pictured him as a politician able of tackling the problem of the US leading international role degradation. In June 2008, Obama made a trip to Europe and the Middle East. For instance, 200 000 thousand people came to listen to his speech in Berlin [2, p. 134].

Since Obama took presidential office, the world has suffered significant changes. Due to the development of mass media, Iran ran through the events, which were called the «Twitter revolution». Twitter and Facebook has been on numerous occasions mentioned with relation to the events in the Middle East and North Africa. People used the abovementioned online media to organize events and «meetings». Considering that the regimes in these countries did not support civil organizations, internet-based computer technologies have

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become the only possible way of communication. The people of Sudan voted for its future. The peoples of Tunisia and Egypt, both in a virtual and real-life manner, gathered in the squares in order to be heard. Yet other Middle East countries, such as Bahrain, experience mass protests. Were these events influenced by the «Obama effect»? American researchers Efe Sevin, Spencer Kimball and Mohammed Khalil give a positive answer. They think that the United States demonstrated its growing commitment to the tools of commu-nication. In 2009, the US government addressed Twitter with the request to postpone the scheduled server maintenance operations, in order to be sure that Iranian activists have an access to this social medium. The same year, Google, AT&T and Twitter representatives were invited by the Iraqi interior minister to his country in order to study current and future role of technolo-gies for the process of democratic consolidation. Wael Ghonim, who used to be the top manager of Google and prominent activist during the events in Egypt, put it in a blunt way: «If you want a government to be liberalized, give them an internet» [5, p. 806].

We live in the era, when people with similar way of thinking do not need any more to invest capital, create infrastructure or to be closely situated in order to stay together. In this new system, the Barak Obama’s administration enjoyed an opportunity to promote the programs, aimed at providing the hu-man element within the technological horizon with an added value.

Certain remarks of Hillary Clinton during the times of the first Obama’s administration, indicated a departure from traditional diplomatic channels within the US foreign affairs. Separate persons and civil groups has been from now on deemed to be international actors. Non-traditional diplomacy, especially the civil one, is viewed as an adequate method for sending mes-sages directly to the target audiences. The goal of civil diplomacy is to move the dialogue down from the international level to the level of separate per-sons. Arguably, civil diplomacy represents «attempts of a state to influence foreign public». In fact, bottom-up initiatives provide a new opportunity for establishing of a connection with foreign audiences. Focal point of the stan-dard definition of civil diplomacy is made upon reaching of a foreign society by a state, however it is not specified, whether nongovernmental organiza-tions, entities, corporations or individuals could do the same. The notion of a «bottom-up initiative» includes non-state actors as the message senders. By way of taking part in the bottom-up initiatives and civil diplomacy, the administration of Obama acquired an opportunity to develop direct pathways for communication with foreign societies [5, p. 807]. This way, the diplomatic arena has turned into a social platform, created to involve individuals into communicational activities.

Obama’s electoral win in general contributed toward restoration of the US credibility. However, none of the US presidents has yet occupied a seat un-der such unfavourable internal and external circumstances, and in addition, Obama didn’t have any solid political experience. Notwithstanding, the first time he entered the Senate, he applied for the Foreign Affairs Committee, so he had certain experience. Obama was lucky enough to occupy the office im-

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mediately after Bush, who showed the World the worst ever appearance of the US. It is especially true for the war in Iraq: if it hadn’t taken place, neo-conservatives could have preserved their influence for a long time. In 2008, American politicians and mass media were extremely pessimistic about the global role of the USA; they repeated the words about the decay of the great power’s influence. Well-known «arrogance of power» wasn’t popular no more; however, the weakness (the hints of McCain’s supporters that Obama might be «too soft») was inexcusable for the new president [2, p. 147].

It didn’t take long for Obama to get tested by the international conflict. Russia invaded Georgia during his first year in office; he was also challenged by the Somali pirates and Iran. These were followed by the revolutions in Egypt, Libya and the Greek crisis, which all happened at the time the US needed an international stability in order pay its full attention to solving of the economic problems.

Notwithstanding his enormous powers, the US president is not a dicta-tor. He depends on the Congress, on public opinion and on his own team. In this regard, I consider that it is important to characterize the first Obama’s team — the one of the time he entered the office.

As far back as during the electoral campaign, Obama created a rather strong team, which was called «The work group for issues of national security». Its task was to help with preparation of Obama’s speeches and to cover certain top-ics for him. Some of the group’s participants, for example Richard Holbrooke, later entered the Obama’s presidential team [3, c. 10]. Part of them became unofficial advisors. Obama demonstrated a political courage and a significant self-confidence, which allowed him to invite such people. It was not only Hill-ary Clinton but also a very potent national security advisor Jim Jones, who entered the team. During the course of the Bush’s presidency, the interdepart-mental coordination considerably declined; Obama was more attentive with his advisors and the heads of separate departments. As concerns the State Depart-ment, here Hillary Clinton tried to prove herself to be a strong leader [6].

When Obama started his campaign, he relied on and was supported by the group associated with Kennedy and Clinton families. He set record by finish-ing the building of cabinet within 27 days. While doing so, Obama was enlist-ing everyone he needed [6].

The team created by Obama, consisted mainly of the former renowned poli-ticians and economists. Robert Gates was the defence minister under Bush, but his competence was not questioned. When Obama was reproached on the grounds that: «Those are the old people, so who will bring the changes?» he bluntly replied: «I will bring about the changes» [3, c. 3]. This illustrates his self-confidence.

Obama was well aware that the US society is very much fragmented and it will require a considerable effort to consolidate it. He had a talent of find-ing compromise solutions. Such Obama’s qualities as flexibility, ability to reach consensus and formulate propositions could have made him a diplomat. However, as it is pointed out by some researchers, the major problem was the Obama’s habit of commenting on the ways he verifies information [5, p. 808].

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Thus, Obama won the presidential elections through the pledge of changes, in particular, through the promise that his administration will manage to stop the economic recession and re-establish the US global credibility. Obama and Clinton tried to excel their predecessors at using multilateralism and civil diplomacy. That is why foreign political priorities of the US under Obama’s presidency differ of that under George W. Bush. The colour of the president’s skin appeared to be not that important for both the American citizens and international community, as was the efficient use of new technologies by the Obama’s team. It may be called the «Obama effect». Though indirectly, this effect influenced and was reflected over the Arab spring events, which turned to be a new and unexpected challenge to the democratic administration of the United States.

References

1. Ford P. K. «Yes We Can» or «Yes We Did»? Prospective and Retrospective Change in the Obama Presidency / Pearl K. Ford, Tekla A. Johnson, Angie Maxwell // Journal of Black Studies. — 2010. — Vol. 40, N 3. — P. 462–483.

2. Schultz B. Obama’s Political Philosophy: Pragmatism, Politics, and the University of Chicago / Bart Schultz // Philosophy of the Social Sciences. — 2009. — Vol. 39, N 2. — P. 127–173.

3. Ëàáèíñêàÿ È. Àìåðèêà è ìèð ïðè Áàðàêå Îáàìå. Òåîðåòè÷åñêèé ñåìèíàð èì. àêàäå-ìèêà Â. À. Ìàðòûíîâà / È. Ëàáèíñêàÿ, Ã. Ìèðñêèé, Å. Êèðè÷åíêî è äð. // ÌÝÌÎ. — 2009. — ¹ 6. — C. 3–16.

4. Èíäèê Ì. Îöåíêà âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè Îáàìû / Ìàðòèí Èíäèê, Êåííåò Ëèáåðòàëü, Ìàéêë Î’Õýíëîí // Ðîññèÿ â ãëîáàëüíîé ïîëèòèêå. — 2012. — ¹ 3. — C. 166–180.

5. Sevin E. Listening to President Obama: A Short Examination of Obama’s Communication Practices / Efe Sevin, Spencer Kimball, Mohammed Khalil // American Behavioral Scien-tist. — 2011. — Vol. 55, N 6. — P. 803–812.

6. Á³í³îí Ì. Êóäè ïîä³âñÿ àìåðèêàíñüêèé ë³äåð? Ïîøèðåííÿ ³çîëÿö³îí³ñòñüêèõ íàñòðî¿â òà ïîë³òèêè íåâòðó÷àííÿ ó ÑØÀ ìîæå ñèëüíî ï³ä³ðâàòè àâòîðèòåò Çàõîäó. 2013 [Åëåêòðî-ííèé ðåñóðñ] / Ìàéêë Á³í³îí. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://tyzhden.ua/World/75207


×óìàê Ê. Î. êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

ÂÈÐÎÁËÅÍÍß ÇÎÂÍ²ØÍÜÎ¯ ÏÎË²ÒÈÊÈ ÑØÀ ÏÅÐØÎÞ ÀÄÌ²Í²ÑÒÐÀÖ²ªÞ Á. ÎÁÀÌÈ: ÎÑÍÎÂÍ² ×ÈÍÍÈÊÈ ÂÏËÈÂÓ

Ðåçþìå Ñòàòòÿ ìàº íà ìåò³ ïîêàçàòè ðîëü îá’ºêòèâíèõ òà ñóá’ºêòèâíèõ ÷èííèê³â, ùî

âïëèâàëè íà âèðîáëåííÿ çîâí³øíüî¿ ïîë³òèêè ÑØÀ. Îñîáëèâó óâàãó ïðèä³ëåíî ïî-äîëàííþ íåãàòèâíîãî ³ì³äæó ÑØÀ â ñâ³ò³, ùî áóâ ñòâîðåíèé çà Áóøà-ìîëîäøîãî; íàìàãàííÿì ïðåçèäåíòà Îáàìè ïðîâåñòè ðåôîðìè, ùî ñïðèÿëè îíîâëåííþ çîâí³ø-íüîïîë³òè÷íîãî êóðñó ÑØÀ.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: çîâí³øíÿ ïîë³òèêà, ÑØÀ, Áàðàê Îáàìà, ³ì³äæ, ²íòåðíåò-òåõíî-ëîã³¿.

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×óìàê Ê. Î. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÂÛÐÀÁÎÒÊÀ ÂÍÅØÍÅÉ ÏÎËÈÒÈÊÈ ÑØÀ ÏÅÐÂÎÉ ÀÄÌÈÍÈÑÒÐÀÖÈÅÉ Á. ÎÁÀÌÛ: ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÔÀÊÒÎÐÛ ÂËÈßÍÈß

Ðåçþìå Ñòàòüÿ ïðèçâàíà ïîêàçàòü ðîëü îáúåêòèâíûõ è ñóáúåêòèâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ, êî-

òîðûå âëèÿëè íà âûðàáîòêó âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè ÑØÀ. Îñîáîå âíèìàíèå óäåëåíî ïðåîäîëåíèþ íåãàòèâíîãî èìèäæà ÑØÀ â ìèðå, ñîçäàííîãî ïðè Áóøå-ìëàäøåì; ïîïûòêàì ïðåçèäåíòà Îáàìû ïðîâåñòè ðåôîðìû, ïîìîãàâøèå îáíîâëåíèþ âíåøíå-ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî êóðñà ÑØÀ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà, ÑØÀ, Áàðàê Îáàìà, èìèäæ, Èíòåðíåò-òåõíîëîãèè.

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ÓÄÊ 323.333(477):327[(477):(438)]«2013/2015»

Øåâ÷åíêî Î. Ì. àñï³ðàíò êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (380482) 633259 å-mail: [email protected]

ÂÏËÈÂ ªÂÐÎÌÀÉÄÀÍÓ ÒÀ ÏÎÄÀËÜØÈÕ ÏÎÄ²É Â ÓÊÐÀ¯Í² ÍÀ ÏÎËÜÑÜÊÎ-ÓÊÐÀ¯ÍÑÜÊ² Â²ÄÍÎÑÈÍÈ

Ïîä³¿ â Óêðà¿í³ çèìè 2013–2014 ðîêó, ùî îòðèìàëè íàçâó «ªâðîìàéäàí», òà ïîäàëüøà àãðåñ³ÿ Ðîñ³¿ ñòàëè ÷èííèêîì, ùî âïëèíóâ íà äâîñòîðîíí³ â³ä-íîñèíè Óêðà¿íè ç áàãàòüìà êðà¿íàìè. Çîêðåìà ö³ ïîä³¿ ñåðéîçíî âïëèíó-ëè íà äâîñòîðîíí³ â³äíîñèíè ç íàéáëèæ÷èì ñóñ³äîì Óêðà¿íè — Ïîëüùåþ. Ïîëüùó äîâãèé ÷àñ íàçèâàëè àäâîêàòîì òà ãîëîâíèì ëîá³ñòîì Óêðà¿íè â ªÑ. Ïîä³¿ ªâðîìàéäàíó, ç îäíîãî áîêó, ï³äñèëèëè öþ ðîëü Ïîëüù³, ç ³íøî-ãî — ïîñòàâèëè ðÿä âèêëèê³â ó äâîñòîðîíí³õ â³äíîñèíàõ. Ó ñòàòò³ àâòîð àíàë³çóº âïëèâ ªâðîìàéäàíó òà ïîäàëüøèõ ïîä³é â Óêðà¿í³ íà äâîñòîðîíí³ ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äíîñèíè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: Óêðà¿íà, Ïîëüùà, ªÑ, ªâðîìàéäàí.

Ðåâîëþö³éí³ ïîä³¿ â Óêðà¿í³ ê³íöÿ 2013 — ïî÷àòêó 2014 ðîêó ñåðéîç-íî çì³íèëè íå ò³ëüêè çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷í³ ðîçêëàäè äëÿ Óêðà¿íè, àëå é âïëèíóëè íà ì³æíàðîäíó ñèòóàö³þ â ªâðîï³ òà ö³ëîìó ñâ³ò³. Óêðà¿íà, ÿêà äåñÿòèð³÷÷ÿìè âèáóäîâóâàëà ð³âíîì³ðí³ â³äíîñèíè ì³æ óñ³ìà ñóñ³äàìè, ÷àñ â³ä ÷àñó êîëèâàþ÷èñü â³ä ºâðîïåéñüêîãî âåêòîðó ðîçâèòêó äî ðîñ³éñüêîãî òà íàâïàêè, òåïåð ñòèêíóëàñÿ ç ñèòóàö³ºþ, êîëè Ðîñ³ÿ àíåêñóâàëà Êðèì òà ïîñë³äîâíî ï³äòðèìóº â³éíó íà Äîíáàñ³, à ªÑ òà ÍÀÒÎ ïîâîäÿòü ñåáå äî-ñèòü ïàñèâíî, íà íàø ïîãëÿä, íå ìàþ÷è çìîãè íàïðÿìó íàäàòè äîïîìîãó êðà¿í³, ùî íå çàëó÷åíà â áåçïåêîâèé ïðîñò³ð îá’ºäíàíî¿ ªâðîïè. Â òàê³é ñèòóàö³¿ Óêðà¿íà âèìóøåíà øóêàòè âàð³àíòè ïîáóäîâè íîâèõ ê³ë áåçïåêè íàâêîëî ñåáå â ìàéáóòíüîìó, äëÿ öüîãî ïîòð³áíî âèçíà÷èòè, õòî ó íîâ³é ì³æíàðîäí³é êîíô³ãóðàö³¿ çàö³êàâëåíèé â íåçàëåæí³é òà ñèëüí³é Óêðà¿í³ ³ ç êèì Óêðà¿íà ìîæå ðîçðàõîâóâàòè íà ïîäàëüøó ò³ñíó ñï³âïðàöþ òà ïîáó-äîâó áåçïåêîâîãî ïðîñòîðó, ïîë³òè÷íî¿, åêîíîì³÷íî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ òà ³íøå. Äëÿ öüîãî íåîáõ³äíèé ñåðéîçíèé àíàë³ç äâîñòîðîíí³õ â³äíîñèí Óêðà¿íè ç íàé-áëèæ÷èìè ñóñ³äàìè òà êðóïíèìè ºâðîïåéñüêèìè òà ñâ³òîâèìè êðà¿íàìè â êðèòè÷íèé äëÿ Óêðà¿íè ïåð³îä, àäæå ñàìå â òàê³, êðèòè÷í³ ïåð³îäè, ðåàê-ö³ÿ òà ä³ÿëüí³ñòü êðà¿í º íàéá³ëüø ïîêàçîâèìè, ñòàº çðîçóì³ëî, ÷è ä³éñíî òà ÷è ³íøà êðà¿íà çàö³êàâëåíà â ³ñíóâàíí³ íåçàëåæíî¿ òà ñèëüíî¿ Óêðà¿íè.

Âðàõîâóþ÷è ñïåöèô³êó òà íîâèçíó òåìè, àâòîð âèêîðèñòîâóº â ðîáîò³ äî-êóìåíòè, òåêñòè ïðîìîâ òà àðõ³âè óêðà¿íñüêèõ òà ïîëüñüêèõ ÇÌ². Òàê, âè-êîðèñòîâóâàëèñü ìàòåð³àëè, â òîìó ÷èñë³ äîêóìåíòè, ùî áóëè îïóáë³êîâàí³ â «Óêðà¿íñüê³é ïðàâä³», êð³ì òîãî, áóâ îïðàöüîâàíèé àðõ³â «Ïîëüñüêîãî ðàä³î» òà ïîëüñüêîãî âèäàííÿ «Gazeta Wyborcza».

© Øåâ÷åíêî Î. Ì., 2015

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Â³äíîñèíè Óêðà¿íè ç Ïîëüùåþ áàãàòî â ÷îìó çóìîâëþþòü ºâðîïåéñüêó ³íòåãðàö³þ Óêðà¿íè, àäæå Ïîëüùà òðàäèö³éíî, íà íàøó äóìêó, º ãîëîâíèì ëîá³ñòîì ³íòåðåñ³â Óêðà¿íè â ªÑ. Àëå ìè ðîçãëÿäàºìî Ïîëüùó òà ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äíîñèíè çíà÷íî á³ëüø ãëîáàëüíî òà øèðîêî, í³æ ëèøå â êîí-òåêñò³ ÷ëåíñòâà â ªÑ. Ïîëüùà, íà íàøó äóìêó, ìîæå ñòàòè îñíîâíèì ñîþçíè-êîì Óêðà¿íè íà íàéáëèæ÷³ äåñÿòèë³òòÿ ³ â ñîþç³ ç íåþ Óêðà¿íà çìîæå ã³äíî òà ñèëüíî ïðèéìàòè åêîíîì³÷í³, ñîö³àëüí³ òà ³íø³ âèêëèêè XXI ñòîë³òòÿ. Àëå äëÿ ñòâîðåííÿ â ñòðàòåã³÷í³é ïåðñïåêòèâ³ ñîþçó ç Ïîëüùåþ íàì óæå ñüîãîäí³ ïîòð³áíî ãëèáîêî âèâ÷àòè â³äíîñèíè ç ö³ºþ êðà¿íîþ — âèîêðåìëþ-âàòè ïðîáëåìè, øóêàòè øëÿõè ¿õ âèð³øåííÿ, òà øóêàòè íîâ³ ìîæëèâîñò³ äëÿ óêð³ïëåííÿ äâîñòîðîíí³õ ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèí. Ïîä³¿ ªâðî-ìàéäàíó ñåðéîçíî âïëèíóëè íà ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äíîñèíè, ïîëüñüêå ñóñï³ëüñòâî àêòèâíî ï³äòðèìóâàëî ðåâîëþö³þ â Óêðà¿í³, àëå âîäíî÷àñ ïåðå-îñìèñëåííÿ óêðà¿íñüêèì ñóñï³ëüñòâîì âëàñíî¿ ³ñòîð³¿ çíîâó ï³äíÿëî áîëþ÷³ ³ñòîðè÷í³ ïèòàííÿ â ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèíàõ. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, ìîæå-ìî ãîâîðèòè, ùî óêðà¿íñüêà ðåâîëþö³ÿ ÿê â³äêðèëà íîâ³ ïåðñïåêòèâè, òàê ³ ïîñòàâèëà íîâ³ âèêëèêè ïåðåä ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèìè â³äíîñèíàìè, ³ ö³ ïåðñïåêòèâè òà âèêëèêè òðåáà ðåòåëüíî âèâ÷àòè, ùîá çìîãòè ñêîðèñòàòèñÿ ïåðñïåêòèâàìè òà ì³í³ì³çóâàòè ïðîáëåìè, ùî ìîæóòü âèíèêíóòè ó íàñ ç Ïîëüùåþ. Â öüîìó ³ ïîëÿãàº àêòóàëüí³ñòü òà íàóêîâèé ³íòåðåñ ó âèâ÷åíí³ íîâèõ âèêëèê³â, ùî ïîñòàâèëè ïîä³¿ ªâðîìàéäàíó, àíåêñ³ÿ Êðèìó òà ïîäàëü-ø³ â³éñüêîâ³ ä³¿ íà òåðèòîð³¿ Óêðà¿íè ó ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèíàõ.

Âàðòî çãàäàòè, ùî Ïîëüùà áóëà ãîëîâíèì ëîá³ñòîì ï³äïèñàííÿ Óêðà¿-íîþ Óãîäè ïðî Àñîö³àö³þ ³ àêòèâíî âåëà ïåðåãîâîðè òà çàêëèêàëà îáèäâ³ ñòîðîíè äî ï³äïèñàííÿ Óãîäè â ëèñòîïàä³ 2013 ðîêó íà Â³ëüíþñüêîìó ñàì³-ò³ Ñõ³äíîãî Ïàðòíåðñòâà [1]. Ïðè öüîìó Ïîëüùà ãîòîâà áóëà íàâ³òü çàêðèòè î÷³ íà «ñïðàâó Òèìîøåíêî», ùî áóëà îäí³ºþ ç îñíîâíèõ ïåðåïîí íà øëÿõó äî ï³äïèñàííÿ Óãîäè ïðî Àñîö³àö³þ òà íåäîòðèìàííÿ Óêðà¿íîþ áàãàòüîõ ³íøèõ óìîâ ªÑ äëÿ ï³äïèñàííÿ Óãîäè. Âðåøò³ Ïîëüù³ âäàëîñÿ ïðèâåñòè àðãóìåíòè êðà¿íàì-÷ëåíàì ªÑ ³ ºâðîïåéñüêà ñòîðîíà áóëà ãîòîâà äî ï³ä-ïèñàííÿ Óãîäè ïðî Àñîö³àö³þ óæå â ëèñòîïàä³ 2013 ðîêó â Â³ëüíþñ³. Àëå íåî÷³êóâàíî äëÿ âñ³õ â îñòàíí³é ìîìåíò äóìêó çì³íèëà óêðà¿íñüêà âëàäà, ç ÷îãî ³ ïî÷àëèñÿ ìàñîâ³ àêö³¿ ïðîòåñòó ñïî÷àòêó â Êèºâ³, à çãîäîì — ³ ïî âñ³é Óêðà¿í³.

Òèì íå ìåíø, íàâ³òü ï³ñëÿ ïðîâàëó ï³äïèñàííÿ Óãîäè ïðî Àñîö³àö³þ ïîëüñüêà ñòîðîíà íàìàãàëàñÿ âìîâèòè óêðà¿íñüêó âëàäó çì³íèòè ñâîº ð³-øåííÿ ³ äîòðèìàòèñÿ ðàí³øå äîñÿãíóòèõ äîìîâëåíîñòåé. Òàê, óæå ï³ñëÿ 21 ëèñòîïàäà, çà äåÿêèìè äæåðåëàìè, ïðîäîâæèòè ïåðåãîâîðè ç óêðà¿íñüêîþ âëàäîþ â çàêóë³ñíîìó ðåæèì³ íàìàãàâñÿ åêñ-ïðåçèäåíò Ïîëüù³ òà ó÷àñíèê ñïåö³àëüíî¿ ìîí³òîðèíãîâî¿ ì³ñ³¿ ªÑ â Óêðà¿í³ Àëåêñàíäð Êâàñíºâñüêèé [3].

Ïåðøà êðèòè÷íà òî÷êà ìàñîâèõ çàâîðóøåíü â Óêðà¿í³ ï³ñëÿ ïðîâàëó ï³äïèñàííÿ Óãîäè ïðî Àñîö³àö³þ íàñòàëà â í³÷ íà 30 ëèñòîïàäà 2013 ðîêó, êîëè ï³äðîçä³ëîì «Áåðêóòó» î ÷åòâåðò³é ðàíêó áóëî æîðñòîêî ðîç³ãíàíî ïðîòåñòóâàëüíèê³â. Ñåðåä ³íøèõ ïîñòðàæäàâ òàêîæ ³ ïîëüñüêèé æóðíàë³ñò Ïàâåë Ïåíüîíæåê, ÿêîìó áóëî ðîçáèòî ãîëîâó ñï³âðîá³òíèêîì «Áåðêóòó», òà ùå äâîº ãðîìàäÿí Ïîëüù³ [4].

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Óæå çðàíêó 30 ëèñòîïàäà ÌÇÑ Ïîëüù³ âèñòóïèëî ³ç çàñóäæåííÿì ðîç-ãîíó ªâðîìàéäàíó [5], à â ïåðø³é ïîëîâèí³ äíÿ íà Ìèõàéë³âñüêó ïëîùó, êóäè ïåðåì³ñòèâñÿ öåíòð ïðîòåñòó, ïðèáóëè ïîñîë ªÑ â Óêðà¿í³, ïîëüñüêèé äèïëîìàò ßí Òîìá³íñüêèé òà ïîñîë Ïîëüù³ â Óêðà¿í³ Ãåíðèê Ëèòâèí [6].

1 ãðóäíÿ, êîëè öåíòð ïðîòåñòó çíîâó ïîâåðíóâñÿ íà Ìàéäàí Íåçàëåæ-íîñò³, à ê³ëüê³ñòü ïðîòåñòóâàëüíèê³â çðîñëà äî ñîòåíü òèñÿ÷, ïåðåä ïðî-òåñòóâàëüíèêàìè âèñòóïèëè ç³ ñëîâàìè ï³äòðèìêè êîëèøí³é ïðåì’ºð-ì³í³ñòð Ïîëüù³, à íà òîé ìîìåíò ïîëüñüêèé îïîçèö³îíåð ßðîñëàâ Êà÷èíñüêèé, ùå îäèí êîëèøí³é ïðåì’ºð-ì³í³ñòð Ïîëüù³, ºâðîäåïóòàò òà åêñ-ïðåçèäåíò ªâðîïåéñüêîãî Ïàðëàìåíòó ªæè Áóçåê òà ÷èííèé â³öå-ïðå-çèäåíò ªâðîïåéñüêîãî Ïàðëàìåíòó, ïîëüñüêèé ïîë³òèê ßöåê Ïðîòàñåâè÷ [7]. Öåé ôàêò º ö³êàâèì òèì, ùî íà îäí³é ñöåí³ òà ç ºäèíîþ ìåòîþ ó Êèº-â³ âèñòóïèëè ïðåäñòàâíèêè äâîõ íàéá³ëüøèõ ïîëüñüêèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ñèë, ùî êîíêóðóþòü ì³æ ñîáîþ íà âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷í³é àðåí³, — öå ÷ëåíè «Ãðîìàäÿíñüêî¿ ïëàòôîðìè» ªæè Áóçåê òà ßöåê Ïðîòàñåâè÷ òà ë³äåð ïàðò³¿ «Ïðàâî òà ñïðàâåäëèâ³ñòü» ßðîñëàâ Êà÷èíñüêèé. Ñèòóàö³ÿ ö³êàâà òà ïîêàçîâà òèì, ùî íàî÷íî äåìîíñòðóº ºäí³ñòü ãîëîâíèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ñèë Ïîëüù³ â ïèòàíí³ Óêðà¿íè, à öå îçíà÷àº, ùî ó âèïàäêó çì³íè âëàäè â Ïîëüù³ çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷íèé âåêòîð ñòîñîâíî Óêðà¿íè çàëèøèòüñÿ íå-çì³ííèì.

Ç îãëÿäó íà öåé ôàêò âàðòî çàçíà÷èòè, ùî ³ óêðà¿íñüê³ ïîë³òèêè ð³ç-íèõ ïàðò³é òà ñâ³òîãëÿä³â çàâæäè ñïðèéìàëè ïîëüñüêèõ ïàðòíåð³â ÿê áåç-óìîâíèé àâòîðèòåò òà äîâ³ðÿëè ¿ì. Ïðî öå, ñåðåä ³íøîãî, ñâ³ä÷èòü òîé ôàêò, ùî ùå ï³ä ÷àñ Ïîìàðàí÷åâî¿ ðåâîëþö³¿ 2004 ðîêó â ïåðåãîâîðí³é ãðóï³ ì³æ äâîìà ïðîòèáîð÷èìè ñòîðîíàìè áóâ òîä³øí³é ïðåçèäåíò Ïîëüù³ Îëåêñàíäð Êâàñíåâñüêèé, à ï³ä ÷àñ ïîä³é ªâðîìàéäàíó, íà ïî÷àòêó 2014 ðîêó â ïåðåãîâîðí³é ãðóï³ áóâ Ì³í³ñòð çàêîðäîííèõ ñïðàâ Ïîëüù³ Ðàäîñ-ëàâ Ñ³êîðñüêèé.

Çàãàëîì, ç ïåðøèõ äí³â ðåâîëþö³éíèõ ïîä³é â Êèºâ³ ñóö³ëüíó ï³äòðèìêó ïðîòåñòóâàëüíèêàì âèñëîâëþâàëî îêð³ì ïîë³òèê³â ³ ïîëüñüêå ñóñï³ëüñòâî òàêèìè àêö³ÿìè, ÿê âèâ³øóâàííÿ ïðàïîð³â Óêðà¿íè íà âóëèöÿõ Âàðøàâè òà Âðîöëàâà, îñâ³òëåííÿ âðîöëàâñüêîãî ñòàä³îíó òà âàðøàâñüêîãî Ïàëàöó êóëüòóðè ³ ñïîðòó ñèíüî-æîâòèìè êîëüîðàìè, ð³çíîìàí³òí³ ³íòåðíåò-àêö³¿ òà ôëåøìîáè òà ³íø³.

Òàêîæ ïîñë³äîâíî â³ä÷óâàëàñÿ ï³äòðèìêà ïîëüñüêî¿ âëàäè. Òàê, êîëè ïðîòåñòè ïåðåéøëè â ìàñîâó òà àêòèâíó ôàçó, ïîëüñüêèé ì³í³ñòð íàóêè ³ âèùî¿ îñâ³òè Ïîëüù³ çàÿâèëà, ùî Ïîëüùà ãîòîâà íàäàòè 50 ñòèïåíä³é ñòóäåíòàì, ùî áóäóòü â³äðàõîâàí³ ç óêðà¿íñüêèõ âóç³â ÷åðåç ¿õ ó÷àñòü ó ªâðîìàéäàí³ [8].

Åñêàëàö³ÿ êîíôë³êòó ó äðóã³é ïîëîâèí³ ñ³÷íÿ 2014 ðîêó òà ïåðø³ æåðò-âè íà âóëèö³ Ãðóøåâñüêîãî ïðèçâåëè ³ äî á³ëüø æîðñòêî¿ ðèòîðèêè â³ä ïîëüñüêèõ ÷èíîâíèê³â ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî óêðà¿íñüêî¿ âëàäè. Òàê, ïî÷à-ëè ç’ÿâëÿòèñÿ ñëîâà ïðî ìîæëèâ³ ñàíêö³¿ â³äíîñíî Óêðà¿íè, ÿêèõ âèìàãàâ Ìàéäàí. Êð³ì òîãî, ïîëüñüê³ ÷èíîâíèêè çàóâàæóâàëè, ùî í³ÿêîãî ñï³âðî-á³òíèöòâà íå ìîæå áóòè, ïîêè óêðà¿íñüêà âëàäà çàñòîñîâóâàòèìå ñèëó äî ñâî¿õ ãðîìàäÿí.

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Íà ïî÷àòêó ëþòîãî Ïîëüùà ïðèéíÿëà íà ë³êóâàííÿ ÷îòèðüîõ àêòèâ³ñ-ò³â, ùî áóëè ïîðàíåí³ ï³ä ÷àñ ç³òêíåíü íà Ìàéäàí³ [9]. Â ïîäàëüøîìó öÿ ïðàêòèêà ñòàëà ïîñò³éíîþ.

21 ëþòîãî, ï³ä ÷àñ íàéá³ëüø äðàìàòè÷íèõ òà êðèâàâèõ ïîä³é íà Ìàéäàí³, çà ïîñåðåäíèöòâà Ôåäåðàëüíîãî Ì³í³ñòðà çàêîðäîííèõ ñïðàâ ÔÐÍ Ôðàíêà-Âàëüòåðà Øòàéíìàºðà, êåð³âíèêà äåïàðòàìåíòó êîíòèíåíòàëüíî¿ ªâðîïè Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà çàêîðäîííèõ ñïðàâ Ôðàíöóçüêî¿ Ðåñïóáë³êè Åð³êà Ôóðí’º òà Ì³í³ñòðà çàêîðäîííèõ ñïðàâ Ïîëüù³ Ðàäîñëàâà Ñ³êîðñüêîãî â ðåçóëüòàò³ áàãàòîãîäèííèõ ïåðåãîâîð³â áóëà ï³äïèñàíà Óãîäà ïðî âðåãóëþâàííÿ êðè-çè ì³æ Ïðåçèäåíòîì Â³êòîðîì ßíóêîâè÷åì òà ë³äåðàìè îïîçèö³¿ Àðñåí³ºì ßöåíþêîì, Â³òàë³ºì Êëè÷êîì òà Îëåãîì Òÿãíèáîêîì [10]. Ì³í³ñòð çàêîð-äîííèõ ñïðàâ Ïîëüù³ Ðàäîñëàâ Ñ³êîðñüêèé áðàâ íàéá³ëüø àêòèâíó ó÷àñòü ó ïåðåãîâîðàõ òà ðîçðîáëåíí³ öüîãî äîêóìåíòó. Âò³ì, äå-ôàêòî öåé äîêó-ìåíò òàê ³ íå íàáóâ ñèëè. Äàë³ áóëà âòå÷à ßíóêîâè÷à ç Óêðà¿íè òà ïðèéíÿò-òÿ Âåðõîâíîþ Ðàäîþ ïîñòàíîâè «Ïðî ñàìîóñóíåííÿ Ïðåçèäåíòà Óêðà¿íè â³ä âèêîíàííÿ êîíñòèòóö³éíèõ ïîâíîâàæåíü òà ïðèçíà÷åííÿ ïîçà÷åðãîâèõ âèáîð³â Ïðåçèäåíòà Óêðà¿íè».

Êîðîòêî ðåçþìóþ÷è âïëèâ òà ðîëü Ïîëüù³ ó ïîä³ÿõ ªâðîìàéäàíó, ìî-æåìî êîíñòàòóâàòè, ùî Ïîëüùà ç óñ³õ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ êðà¿í ç³ãðàëà íàéá³ëü-øó ðîëü â ïîä³ÿõ ªâðîìàéäàíó, ïðîòåñòóâàëüíèê³â ï³äòðèìóâàëè ÿê ïîëü-ñüê³ ïîë³òèêè ç ð³çíèõ òàáîð³â òà ð³çíèõ ðàíã³â, òàê ³ ïîëüñüêå ñóñï³ëüñòâî. Ïðè öüîìó Ïîëüùà íå âèñëîâëþâàëà ï³äòðèìêó æîäíîìó ç îïîçèö³éíèõ ïîë³òèê³â, íàãîëîøóþ÷è, ùî ó ñèòóàö³¿, ùî ñêëàëàñü, âèííà ÿê âëàäà, òàê ³ îïîçèö³ÿ, à ï³äòðèìêà Ïîëüù³ ñòîñóâàëàñÿ ñàìå óêðà¿íñüêîãî ñóñï³ëüñòâà, ïðîòåñòóâàëüíèê³â, ùî ñòâîðèëè Ðåâîëþö³þ ã³äíîñò³. Êð³ì òîãî, êëþ÷îâó ðîëü ç³ãðàâ Ðàäîñëàâ Ñ³êîðñüêèé, ùî äîì³ãñÿ ï³äïèñàííÿ Óãîäè ïðî âðåãó-ëþâàííÿ êðèçè. Íàïåâíî, öå äîïîìîãëî óíèêíóòè ùå á³ëüøèõ æåðòâ, àäæå çà ñëîâàìè Êàðëà Á³ëüäòà òà ñàìîãî Ñ³êîðñüêîãî, ßíóêîâè÷ áóâ ãîòîâèé äî çàñòîñóâàííÿ àðì³¿ ïðîòè ïðîòåñòóâàëüíèê³â [11].

Òîìó áåçóìîâíî, â ³ñòîð³þ ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèí ªâðîìàéäàí ìàº ââ³éòè ÿê îäíà ç íàéá³ëüø îá’ºäíóþ÷èõ äâà íàðîäè ñòîð³íîê.

ßêùî ïåð³îä ªâðîìàéäàíó ñêîëèõíóâ ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äíîñèíè, ñòàâ ïî÷àòêîì íîâîãî åòàïó ¿õ ðîçâèòêó, òî ïîäàëüø³ ïîä³¿ — àíåêñ³ÿ Êðè-ìó Ðîñ³ºþ òà â³éíà íà ñõîä³ Óêðà¿íè ñòàëè âèïðîáîâóâàííÿì äëÿ ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèí. Ç îäí³º¿ ñòîðîíè, Ïîëüùà äëÿ ïîâíîö³ííî¿ ï³äòðèìêè Óêðà¿íè ìàº æåðòâóâàòè â³äíîñèíàìè ç Ðîñ³ºþ, à ³íîä³ — ³ ç ïåâíèìè êðà-¿íàìè ªâðîïåéñüêîãî Ñîþçó. Ç ³íøî¿ ñòîðîíè — Óêðà¿íà ïîâèííà ïîñò³éíî äîâîäèòè ñåðéîçí³ñòü ñâî¿õ íàì³ð³â ùîäî ðåôîðì òà ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ òà äåìîíñòðóâàòè ãíó÷ê³ñòü ó áîëþ÷èõ ³ñòîðè÷íèõ ïèòàííÿõ, ùî ï³ñëÿ ªâ-ðîìàéäàíó çíîâó íàáóëè àêòóàëüí³ñòü â ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèíàõ.

Ï³ñëÿ âòå÷³ ßíóêîâè÷à Ïîëüùà îäí³ºþ ç ïåðøèõ âèçíàëà íîâó óêðà¿í-ñüêó âëàäó òà çàïåâíèëà â ï³äòðèìö³ ðåôîðì òà ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿. Òà ìàéæå îäðàçó ïî÷àëàñÿ ðîñ³éñüêà àãðåñ³ÿ â Êðèìó. Íà ïî÷àòêó áåðåçíÿ 2014 ðîêó Ïîëüùà ñêëèêàëà ïîçà÷åðãîâå çàñ³äàííÿ ðàäè ÍÀÒÎ [12].

Âò³ì ºâðîàòëàíòè÷íà áåçïåêîâà ñèñòåìà íå áóëà çäàòíà çàïîá³ãòè îêóïà-ö³¿ ÷àñòèíè äåðæàâè, ùî íå º ÷ëåíîì ÍÀÒÎ.

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Òîìó Ïîëüù³ çàëèøèëîñü çàêëèêàòè ñâî¿õ ãðîìàäÿí âè¿õàòè ç Êðèìó, åâàêóþâàòè çâ³äòè âëàñíå êîíñóëüñòâî òà âèçíàòè ä³¿ Ðîñ³¿ ó Êðèìó àíåê-ñ³ºþ.

Äàë³ ïî÷àëàñÿ åñêàëàö³ÿ êîíôë³êòó íà Äîíáàñ³, ³ Ïîëüùà îäí³ºþ ç ïåð-øèõ êðà¿í ªÑ ï³äíÿëà òåìó ñàíêö³é ïðîòè Ðîñ³éñüêî¿ Ôåäåðàö³¿, âò³ì â öüîìó ïèòàíí³ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ âàãè Ïîëüù³ â ªÑ ïîêè ùî íå âèñòà÷àº ³ ïèòàí-íÿ îáñÿãó òà òåðì³í³â ñàíêö³é, ùî çàñòîñîâóþòüñÿ ïðîòè Ðîñ³¿, çàëåæàòü â á³ëüø³é ì³ð³ â³ä êðà¿í «ñòàðî¿ ªâðîïè».

Ó òðàâí³ 2014 ðîêó áóëî îãîëîøåíî ïðî íàì³ð ñòâîðèòè ñï³ëüíó óêðà¿-íî-ïîëüñüêî-ëèòîâñüêó â³éñüêîâó áðèãàäó. Óãîäà ïðî ñòâîðåííÿ áóëà ï³ä-ïèñàíà ì³í³ñòðàìè îáîðîíè òðüîõ êðà¿í ó âåðåñí³ òîãî æ ðîêó [13]. Ìåòîþ áðèãàäè º îáì³í äîñâ³äîì òà äîïîìîãà óêðà¿íñüêèì â³éñüêîâèì ñèëàì â íàìàãàíí³ íàáëèçèòèñÿ äî ñòàíäàðò³â ÍÀÒÎ. Ñòâîðåííÿ áðèãàäè ñàìå ó òàêîìó ôîðìàò³ º çíàêîâîþ ïîä³ºþ, àäæå â³äêðèâàº ïðîñò³ð ïîäàëüøîìó ðîçâèòêó â³éñüêîâîãî ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâà ì³æ òðüîìà ³ñòîðè÷íî áëèçüêèìè êðà¿íàìè, ùî ìîæå ñòàòè ïåðøèì êðîêîì äî ñòâîðåííÿ ºâðîïåéñüêîãî êîëà áåçïåêè äëÿ Óêðà¿íè.

Îäí³ºþ ç ïðîáëåìíèõ òåì äëÿ Ïîëüù³ ñòàëà åâàêóàö³ÿ åòí³÷íèõ ïîëÿ-ê³â ç Äîíáàñó. Ìàñîâà åì³ãðàö³ÿ æèòåë³â Äîíáàñó äî Ïîëüù³ ïî÷àëàñÿ ùå âë³òêó 2014 ðîêó [14], à ÷åðåç ï³âðîêó, çîêðåìà, çàâäÿêè îðãàí³çîâàíîñò³ ì³ñöåâèõ åòí³÷íèõ òîâàðèñòâ, áóëî îôîðìëåíå îô³ö³éíå ïðîõàííÿ äî ïîëü-ñüêîãî óðÿäó, ÿêå áóëî ïî÷óòå ³ â ñòèñë³ òåðì³íè ðåàë³çîâàíå. Òàê, ó ñ³÷í³ 2015 ðîêó áóëî åâàêóéîâàíî 178 ïîëÿê³â Äîíáàñó [15].

Ó âåðåñí³ 2014 ðîêó ó çâ’ÿçêó ç îáðàííÿì Ãîëîâîþ ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ ðàäè ïîäàâ ó â³äñòàâêó ãîëîâà óðÿäó Ïîëüù³ Äîíàëüä Òóñê. Â³í âñòóïèâ ó ïîâíî-âàæåííÿ Ãîëîâè ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ ðàäè 1 ãðóäíÿ 2014 ðîêó. Îáðàííÿ ïîëÿêà íà âèñîêèé ºâðîïåéñüêèé ïîñò º ïëþñîì äëÿ Óêðà¿íè, âò³ì, íà íàøó äóì-êó, íå âàðòî ïåðåá³ëüøóâàòè ïîâíîâàæåííÿ Ãîëîâè ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ ðàäè, óñ³ ð³øåííÿ ÿêîãî º íå îñîáèñòèìè, à êîëåã³àëüíèìè. Â ÷îìóñü äëÿ Óêðà¿íè êîðèñí³øå áóëî á, ÿêáè ïîñò Âåðõîâíîãî ïðåäñòàâíèêà ªÑ ó çàêîðäîííèõ ñïðàâàõ òà ïîë³òèö³ áåçïåêè çàéíÿâ Ðàäîñëàâ Ñ³êîðñüêèé, âò³ì â³í çàéíÿâ ïîñò Ìàðøàëà ïîëüñüêîãî Ñåéìó, à ãîëîâíó çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷íó ïîñàäó ªÑ çàéíÿëà ³òàë³éêà Ôåäåð³êà Ìîãåð³í³.

Íîâèì Ïðåì’ºðîì Ïîëüù³ ñòàëà îäíîïàðò³ºöü òà ñîðàòíèê Äîíàëüäà Òóñêà, êîëèøí³é Ìàðøàë Ñåéìó ªâà Êîïà÷. Âò³ì, ÿê ìè çàçíà÷àëè ðàí³øå, âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷í³ ðîçêëàäè Ïîëüù³ íå íàäòî âïëèâàþòü íà ðîçâèòîê äâîñòîðîíí³õ ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèí.

Ó ãðóäí³ 2014 ðîêó Ïðåçèäåíò Óêðà¿íè Ïåòðî Ïîðîøåíêî â³äâ³äàâ Ïîëüùó ³ â ðàìêàõ â³çèòó ñòàâ ïåðøèì â ³ñòîð³¿ óêðà¿íñüêèì Ïðåçèäåí-òîì, ùî âèñòóïèâ ó ïîëüñüêîìó Ñåéì³. Ïîðîøåíêî âèñòóïèâ ïîëüñüêîþ òà àíãë³éñüêîþ ìîâàìè, ïîäÿêóâàâøè ïîëÿêàì çà ïðîñòÿãíóòó â êðèòè÷íèé ìîìåíò äëÿ Óêðà¿íè ðóêó, çàÿâèâ ïðî â³äìîâó Óêðà¿íè â³ä ïîçàáëîêîâîãî ñòàòóñó òà òîðêíóâñÿ ñêëàäíî¿ òåìè ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèí, ïî-ïðîñèâøè âèáà÷åííÿ ó ïîëÿê³â çà òðàã³÷í³ ïîìèëêè, ùî áóëè â ³ñòîð³¿ äâîõ íàðîä³â. Ñåéì òà ïîëüñüê³ óðÿäîâö³ ïîçèòèâíî çóñòð³ëè âèñòóï Ïåòðà Ïîðîøåíêà.

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Âò³ì ïîä³¿ ªâðîìàéäàíó òà ïîäàëüø³ â³éñüêîâ³ ä³¿ íà òåðèòîð³¿ Óêðà¿íè çíîâó ðîçâîðóøèëè ³ñòîðè÷í³ ïðîòèð³÷÷ÿ ì³æ ïîëÿêàìè òà óêðà¿íöÿìè. ² ñåðéîçíà ÷àñòèíà ïîëüñüêîãî íàñåëåííÿ (õî÷à äàëåêî íå á³ëüø³ñòü) ââà-æàþòü, ùî ªâðîìàéäàí áóâ íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íèì ïîâñòàííÿì, ç ÿêèì ïîëÿ-êàì íå ïî äîðîç³, àäæå ñòàâëåííÿ ïîëÿê³â äî óêðà¿íñüêèõ ïîâñòàíö³â ÷àñ³â Äðóãî¿ ñâ³òîâî¿ â³éíè, ÷è¿ ïðàïîðè òà ãàñëà àêòèâíî âèêîðèñòîâóâàëèñü íà ªâðîìàéäàí³, çàâæäè áóäå íåãàòèâíèì. ª ³ ÷àñòêà íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íî òà øîâ³í³ñòè÷íî íàñòðîºíèõ ïîëÿê³â, ùî ââàæàþòü çà ìîæëèâå ïîøèðþâàòè ³äå¿ ïîëüñüêîãî ñåïàðàòèçìó â Óêðà¿íè. Î÷åâèäíî, ö³ òåíäåíö³¿ íå º ìàñî-âèìè òà êðèòè÷íèìè â ïîëüñüêîìó ñóñï³ëüñòâ³, òèì íå ìåíø, çàêðèâàòè íà íèõ î÷³ íå ìîæíà, àäæå î÷åâèäíî, ùî ðîñ³éñüêà ïðîïàãàíäèñòñüêà ìàøèíà áóäå ðîçïîâñþäæóâàòè ïîä³áí³ ³äå¿ â ñâî¿õ ³íòåðåñàõ. Óêðà¿í³ æ ïîòð³áíî ïðàöþâàòè ³ ç ö³ºþ ÷àñòêîþ ïîëÿê³â, ïîòð³áíî íå ò³ëüêè äåêëàðàòèâíî, àëå ³ ñïðàâàìè âïðîâàäæóâàòè ³ñòîðè÷íèé ä³àëîã ì³æ äâîìà íàðîäàìè òà ³ñ-òîðè÷íå ïðèìèðåííÿ. Àäæå òå, ùî çàðàç º íåçíà÷íèìè ³ñêîðêàìè, ç ÷àñîì ìîæå ðîçãîð³òèñÿ ó ñïðàâæíº ïîëóì’ÿ, êîíòðîëþâàòè ÿêå ìè íå çìîæåìî, ³ ³ñòîð³ÿ ç Êðèìîì öå ï³äòâåðäæóº. Òîìó, íà íàøó äóìêó, º î÷åâèäíîþ íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïðîâåäåííÿ ïîñò³éíèõ êðóãëèõ ñòîë³â ì³æ óêðà¿íñüêèìè òà ïîëüñüêèìè íàóêîâöÿìè, â³çèòè óêðà¿íñüêèõ òà ïîëüñüêèõ ³ñòîðèê³â ç ëåê-ö³ÿìè â³äïîâ³äíî äî ïîëüñüêèõ òà óêðà¿íñüêèõ âóç³â, íàïèñàííÿ ñòàòåé ó ïîëüñüêèõ òà óêðà¿íñüêèõ ÇÌ² ïðî ìîæëèâîñò³ ³ñòîðè÷íîãî ïðèìèðåííÿ, â³äêðèòòÿ çàãàëüíèõ ïàì’ÿòíèê³â çà ó÷àñòþ ïîë³òèê³â îáîõ êðà¿í ³ ò. ä.

Íà ïî÷àòêó êâ³òíÿ 2015 ðîêó âïåðøå â ³ñòîð³¿ Ïðåçèäåíò Ïîëüù³ âè-ñòóïèâ ó Âåðõîâí³é Ðàä³ Óêðà¿íè. Áðîí³ñëàâ Êîìîðîâñüêèé çàïåâíèâ, ùî Ïîëüùà ïðîñòÿãàº ðóêó Óêðà¿í³ ³ çðîáèòü âñå, ùîá ðóêó ïðîñòÿãëè é ³íø³ êðà¿í³ Çàõ³äíî¿ ªâðîïè. Òàêîæ âàæëèâîþ òåçîþ ïîëüñüêîãî Ïðåçèäåíòà ñòàëî òå, ùî áåç Óêðà¿íè íå áóäå ñòàá³ëüíî¿ òà áåçïå÷íî¿ ªâðîïè. Êð³ì òîãî, Êîìîðîâñüêèé ï³äêðåñëèâ âàæëèâ³ñòü êîíòàêò³â ìîëîäîãî ïîêîë³ííÿ äâîõ äåðæàâ, çàçíà÷èâøè, ùî â Ïîëüù³ íàâ÷àþòüñÿ 23 òèñÿ÷³ óêðà¿íñüêèõ ñòó-äåíò³â. Ïðåçèäåíò Ïîëüù³ òàêîæ çàçíà÷èâ íåîáõ³äí³ñòü ïðîâåäåííÿ ðåôîðì âñåðåäèí³ Óêðà¿íè.

Îêðåìî âèä³ëèìî îäíó ç òåç Êîìîðîâñüêîãî: «Ïðîòÿãîì ñòîë³òü íàø³ ïðåäêè æèëè â îäí³é êðà¿í³ — Ðå÷³ Ïîñïîëèò³é. ×åðåç êîðîòêîçîð³ñòü òîãî÷àñíèõ åë³ò íå áóëà âîíà äåðæàâîþ òðüîõ ð³âíîïðàâíèõ íàðîä³â — ïîëüñüêîãî, ëèòîâñüêîãî ³ ðóñüêîãî ÷è — ñüîãîäí³ — óêðà¿íñüêîãî. Îäíàê ïàì’ÿòàºìî, ùî ó XVIII ñòîë³òò³ ìè çàïëàòèëè çà öþ ïîìèëêó ñòðàøíó ö³íó, âòðàòèâøè íàøó äåðæàâó» [16].

Íàïåâíî âïåðøå â ³ñòîð³¿ óêðà¿íî-ïîëüñüêèõ â³äíîñèí Ïðåçèäåíò Ïîëü-ù³ â³äêðèòî æàëêóº ïðî âòðàòó Ðå÷³ Ïîñïîëèòî¿ òà íàçèâàº ¿¿ «íàøîþ» äåð-æàâîþ ó çâåðíåíí³ äî óêðà¿íö³â. Ïîñë³äîâíà ïîë³òèêà Ïîëüù³ ïî â³äíîøåí-íþ äî Óêðà¿íè ïðîòÿãîì óñ³õ ðîê³â íåçàëåæíîñò³, ïî÷èíàþ÷è ç 1991 ðîêó, âïðîâàäæåííÿ «êàðò ïîëÿêà», ëåâîâó ÷àñòèíó ÿêèõ îòðèìóþòü óêðà¿íö³, çàñíóâàííÿ ïðîåêòó «Ñõ³äíå ïàðòíåðñòâî», àêòèâíà ó÷àñòü ó ïîä³ÿõ ªâðî-ìàéäàíó, ñòâîðåííÿ óêðà¿íî-ïîëüñüêî-ëèòîâñüêî¿ â³éñüêîâî¿ áðèãàäè — óñ³ ö³ ôàêòè ãîâîðÿòü ïðî ãëèáîêó òà ñòðàòåã³÷íó çàö³êàâëåí³ñòü Ïîëüù³ â Óêðà¿í³. ² òóò ïðèºäíàííÿ Óêðà¿íè äî ºâðîïåéñüêèõ ñòðóêòóð ìîæå áóòè

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ëèøå ïåðøèì êðîêîì â ³íòåãðàö³¿ Óêðà¿íè òà Ïîëüù³. Â óìîâàõ, êîëè áóäå ïîãëèáëþâàòèñÿ åêîíîì³÷íà òà ñîö³àëüíà êðèçà â êðà¿íàõ «Ñòàðî¿ ªâðîïè», ïåðåäóìîâè ÷îìó óæå º î÷åâèäíèìè, òà áóäå ïîñò³éíà çàãðîçà â òîìó ÷è ³íøîìó âèãëÿä³ â³ä Ðîñ³¿, à â ìàéáóòíüîìó ìîæëèâî ³ â³ä êðà¿í àðàáñüêîãî ñâ³òó, âèíèêàº ï³ä´ðóíòÿ äëÿ á³ëüø ãëèáîêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ êðà¿í Ñõ³äíî¿ ªâðî-ïè, íàéá³ëüøèìè ç ÿêèõ º Ïîëüùà, Óêðà¿íà òà Á³ëîðóñü.

Öå ïåðñïåêòèâà ñòðàòåã³÷íà, àëå óæå çàðàç Óêðà¿íà ñâî¿ìè ä³ÿìè àáî áåçä³ÿëüí³ñòþ ìîæå ãîòóâàòè ï³ä´ðóíòÿ äëÿ óìîâ òàêîãî ³íòåãðàö³éíîãî îá’ºäíàííÿ. ªâðîìàéäàí, àíåêñ³ÿ Êðèìó òà â³éíà íà Äîíáàñ³ ñòàëè òèì ³ñ-òîðè÷íèì ïåð³îäîì, ï³ñëÿ ÿêîãî ìîæëèâî î÷³êóâàòè àêòèâ³çàö³þ Ïîëüù³ â ïèòàíí³ ³íòåãðàö³¿ ç Óêðà¿íîþ â òîìó ÷è ³íøîìó âèãëÿä³. Êðàõ ñâ³òî-âî¿ áåçïåêîâî¿ ñèñòåìè äàº ïðèâ³ä ñòâîðèòè ïåâíèé ðåã³îíàëüíèé ñîþç, äî ÿêîãî ìîæóòü óâ³éòè ºâðîïåéñüê³ êðà¿íè, ùî º áåçïîñåðåäí³ìè ñóñ³äàìè Ðîñ³¿ ³ â³ä÷óâàþòü çàãðîçó ç ¿¿ áîêó. Ïîë³òè÷í³ ñóïåðå÷êè âñåðåäèí³ ªÑ, ïî-òåíö³éíèé âèõ³ä äåÿêèõ êðà¿í ³ç Ñîþçó, ñîö³àëüí³ ïðîáëåìè, ùî ç êîæíèì ðîêîì ñòàþòü âñå á³ëüøèìè â êðà¿íàõ «Ñòàðî¿ ªâðîïè», ìîæóòü ïðèçâåñòè äî íåîáõ³äíîñò³ êàðäèíàëüíîãî ðåôîðìóâàííÿ ïðîåêòó îá’ºäíàíî¿ ªâðîïè, ³ â òàêîìó âèïàäêó Ïîëüùà ìîæå ìàòè âæå íàáàãàòî á³ëüøó âàãó â ðîçðîáö³ íîâî¿ ôîðìè îá’ºäíàííÿ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ êðà¿í ³ ³íòåãðàö³ÿ Óêðà¿íè äî òàêîãî Ñîþçó ìîæå ñòàòèñÿ íàáàãàòî øâèäøå ³ ëåãøå.

Äëÿ òîãî, ùîá óñ³ ö³ ïåðñïåêòèâè âèÿâèëèñÿ ä³éñíî âèã³äíèìè äëÿ Óêðà¿íè, âæå çàðàç òðåáà äîòðèìóâàòèñÿ áàëàíñó — ç îäíîãî áîêó, ï³ä-òðèìóâàòè äðóæí³ â³äíîñèíè ç Ïîëüùåþ, êîðèñòóâàòèñÿ ïîë³òè÷íèìè òà åêîíîì³÷íèìè øàíñàìè, ÿê³ âîíà ïîñò³éíî íàäàº Óêðà¿í³, ç ³íøîãî — ìàòè âëàñí³ ³íòåðåñè òà â³äñòîþâàòè ¿õ, íå ïñóþ÷è â³äíîñèíè ç íàéá³ëüøèì äðó-ãîì Óêðà¿íè â äàíèé ìîìåíò.

Îñíîâí³ âèêëèêè òà çàãðîçè äâîñòîðîíí³ì â³äíîñèíàì ÷³òêî ïðîäåìîí-ñòðóâàëè ïðåçèäåíòñüê³ âèáîðè â Ïîëüù³ íàâåñí³ 2015 ðîêó, äå áëèçüêî 5,5 % íàáðàëè â³äâåðòî àíòèóêðà¿íñüê³ êàíäèäàòè — êàíäèäàò â³ä ë³âèõ ñèë Ìàãäàëèíà Îãóðåê òà êðàéí³é ïðàâèé ßíóø Êîðâ³í-Ì³êêå. Ç îãëÿäó íà ïàðëàìåíòñüê³ âèáîðè, ùî ìàþòü â³äáóòèñÿ âîñåíè 2015 ðîêó, º â³ðîã³ä-í³ñòü ïðîõîäó â ïîëüñüêèé ïàðëàìåíò ïðîðîñ³éñüêèõ òà àíòèóêðà¿íñüêèõ ñèë. Àêòèâ³çàö³ÿ òàêèõ íàñòðî¿â ñåðåä ïåâíî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ïîëÿê³â ïîâ’ÿçàíà ç ïåðåîñìèñëåííÿì óêðà¿íöÿìè ñâîº¿ ³ñòîð³¿, ùî ï³ñëÿ ªâðîìàéäàíó âè-ëèëîñÿ ó ïîïóëÿðèçàö³þ íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íèõ îðãàí³çàö³é, ùî áîðîëèñÿ çà íåçàëåæí³ñòü Óêðà¿íè ï³ä ÷àñ Äðóãî¿ ñâ³òîâî¿ â³éíè, òà ïðèéíÿòòÿ çàêîíó ïðî âèçíàííÿ ÓÏÀ òà ³íøèõ íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íèõ îðãàí³çàö³é áîðöÿìè çà íå-çàëåæí³ñòü Óêðà¿íè. Öå âñå íåãàòèâíî ñïðèéìàºòüñÿ ïåðåâàæíîþ ê³ëüê³ñ-òþ ïîëÿê³â, àëå ÿêùî ë³áåðàëüíà ¿õ ÷àñòèíà âñå æ á³ëüø çîð³ºíòîâàíà íà ïðîáëåìè ñüîãîäåííÿ òà ïåðñïåêòèâè ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâà â ìàéáóòíüîìó, òî ðàäèêàëüíà ÷àñòèíà ñóñï³ëüñòâà (ë³âà ÷è ïðàâà) çîñåðåäæåíà ÿê ðàç íà áî-ëþ÷èõ ïèòàííÿ ìèíóëîãî, ùî é çóìîâëþº â³äíîñíî âèñîê³ ðåéòèíãè àíòè-óêðà¿íñüêèõ ïîë³òèê³â â Ïîëüù³.

Òèì íå ìåíø, íåñïîä³âàíå îáðàííÿ êàíäèäàòà â³ä «Ïðàâà òà ñïðàâåäëè-âîñò³» Àíäæåÿ Äóäè íà ïîñàäó Ïðåçèäåíòà Ïîëüù³ ó 2015 ðîö³ ìîæå áóòè êîðèñíèì Óêðà¿í³, àäæå òðàäèö³éíî «Ïðàâî òà ñïðàâåäëèâ³ñòü» çàéìàº

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á³ëüø æîðñòêó òà áåçàïåëÿö³éíó ïîë³òèêó ïî â³äíîøåííþ äî Ðîñ³¿, òîä³ ÿê á³ëüø ïîì³ðêîâàíà «Ãðîìàäÿíñüêà ïëàòôîðìà» âîë³º çáåð³ãàòè ð³âíîâàãó ó çîâí³øí³é ïîë³òèö³. Â áóäü-ÿêîìó âèïàäêó áàãàòî çàëåæàòèìå â³ä íàñòðî¿â ñàìèõ ïîëÿê³â, àäæå ïåðø³ ì³ñÿö³ ïðåçèäåíòñòâà Äóäè áóäóòü ïåðåä ïàð-ëàìåíòñüêèìè âèáîðàìè, ÿê³ â³äáóäóòüñÿ âîñåíè 2015 ðîêó ³ âæå çà ¿õí³ìè ðåçóëüòàòàìè ìîæíà áóäå àíàë³çóâàòè ïåðñïåêòèâè ñï³âïðàö³ Óêðà¿íè ç ïîë³òè÷íî îíîâëåíîþ Ïîëüùåþ.

Îäíèì ç ïåðøèõ çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷íèõ êðîê³â íîâîãî Ïðåçèäåíòà Ïîëüù³ ñòàëà ïðîïîçèö³ÿ çì³íè ôîðìàòó ïåðåãîâîð³â ùîäî âèð³øåííÿ êîíôë³êòó íà Äîíáàñ³. Çîêðåìà Äóäà çàïðîïîíóâàâ çàëó÷åííÿ äî ïåðåãîâîð³â ÑØÀ, íàé-ñèëüí³øèõ äåðæàâ ªÑ, à òàêîæ ñóñ³ä³â Óêðà¿íè, âêëþ÷àþ÷è Ïîëüùó [17].

Âò³ì Àíäæåé Äóäà çàÿâèâ, ùî ñïî÷àòêó öå ïèòàííÿ òðåáà äåòàëüíî îá-ãîâîðèòè íà äâîñòîðîíí³é çóñòð³÷³ ç Ïðåçèäåíòîì Óêðà¿íè Ïåòðîì Ïîðî-øåíêîì [18].

Òàêèì ÷èíîì, ìîæåìî êîíñòàòóâàòè, ùî Àíäæåé Äóäà çàö³êàâëåíèé â á³ëüø àêòèâí³é ó÷àñò³ Ïîëüù³ ó ïèòàíí³ âðåãóëþâàííÿ êîíôë³êòó íà Äîí-áàñ³ ³ ìîæåìî ïðèïóñòèòè, ùî ³ â ïîäàëüøîìó Ïðåçèäåíò Äóäà áóäå á³ëüø àêòèâíî, í³æ éîãî ïîïåðåäíèê, áðàòè ó÷àñòü ó ïèòàííÿõ, ùî ñòîñóþòüñÿ Óêðà¿íè, çîêðåìà ó ïèòàíí³ ºâðî³íòåãðàö³¿.

Ï³äáèâàþ÷è ï³äñóìêè, ìîæåìî ñêàçàòè, ùî ªâðîìàéäàí äàâ ïî÷àòîê íîâîìó åòàïó óêðà¿íî-ïîëüñüêèõ â³äíîñèí. Åòàïó, íà ÿêîìó ºâðîïåéñüêà ³íòåãðàö³ÿ º òåïåð áåçàëüòåðíàòèâíèì øëÿõîì äëÿ Óêðà¿íè, ³ êð³çü öþ â³-ç³þ ìàéáóòíüîãî òåïåð áóäóþòüñÿ â³äíîñèíè Óêðà¿íè, ç ªÑ â ö³ëîìó, òàê ³ ç êîæíîþ îêðåìîþ ºâðîïåéñüêîþ äåðæàâîþ. ² öå ñòàâèòü ïåðåä Óêðà¿íîþ òà ¿¿ ïàðòíåðàìè íîâ³ çàâäàííÿ ³ âèêëèêè. Íà äàíèé ìîìåíò Ïîëüùà íå ìàº áàãàòî çìîãè òà ìåõàí³çì³â äëÿ äîïîìîãè Óêðà¿í³ ï³ä ÷àñ â³éíè, òàê, ïèòàííÿ íàäàííÿ çáðî¿ íàâðÿä ÷è çàëåæèòü â³ä ñàìî¿ ëèøå Ïîëüù³ ³ íàâðÿä ÷è Ïîëüùà ÿê ÷ëåí ÍÀÒÎ ìîæå ñàìà íàäàâàòè çáðîþ Óêðà¿í³. Ðîçóì³þ÷è öå, íå âàðòî î÷³êóâàòè â³ä Ïîëüù³ òîãî, ùî âîíà íå ìîæå äàòè, àëå Óêðà¿í³ òðåáà êîðèñòóâàòèñÿ òèì, ùî Ïîëüùà äàº — ïåðåäóñ³ì, öå ïîë³òè÷í³ òà ñî-ö³àëüí³ ïðîåêòè. «Ñõ³äíå ïàðòíåðñòâî», ÿêå äëÿ Óêðà¿íè çàðàç ôàêòè÷íî çíàõîäèòüñÿ â çàìîðîæåíîìó ñòàí³, º ÷óäîâîþ ïëàòôîðìîþ äëÿ ³í³ö³þâàííÿ ïðîåêò³â â íàéð³çíîìàí³òí³øèõ ñôåðàõ, ùî ìîæóòü áóòè ìîòîðîì ðåôîðì. ²í³ö³àòîðîì öèõ ïðîåêò³â â ðàìêàõ «Ñõ³äíîãî ïàðòíåðñòâà» ìîæå áóòè ñàìà Óêðà¿íà, à Ïîëüùà, ÿê ³í³ö³àòîð ïðîåêòó, ìîæå äîïîìàãàòè â ¿õ ðåàë³çàö³¿. Êð³ì òîãî, ïåðñïåêòèâíèì º ïðîåêò óêðà¿íî-ïîëüñüêî-ëèòîâñüêî¿ â³éñüêî-âî¿ áðèãàäè, ÿêèé ìîæå ñòàòè îäíèì ç ðóïîð³â ðåôîðìè òà ïîïóëÿðèçàö³¿ óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³éñüêîâèõ ñèë. Êð³ì òîãî, Óêðà¿íà ìîæå ³í³ö³þâàòè â ðàìêàõ îñâ³òíüî¿ ðåôîðìè òà ñêîðî÷åííÿ ê³ëüêîñò³ âíç, ìàñøòàáí³ ïðîãðàìè îáì³-íó ñòóäåíòàìè ç ïîëüñüêèìè âíç.

Îòîæ, ïåðñïåêòèâè ðîçâèòêó äâîñòîðîíí³õ â³äíîñèí çàëåæàòü, â ïåðøó ÷åðãó, â³ä ³í³ö³àòèâíîñò³ òà ãîòîâíîñò³ äî ðåôîðì òà çì³í óêðà¿íñüêî¿ âëàäè. Ïîëüùà ïîñò³éíî ³í³ö³þº ð³çí³ íîâ³ ïðîåêòè ç Óêðà¿íîþ ³ ç ïîãëèáëåííÿì ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ Óêðà¿íè ê³ëüê³ñòü öèõ ïðîåêò³â, î÷åâèäíî, áóäå çá³ëüøóâàòèñÿ, ãîëîâíà ìåòà — ðåàë³çîâóâàòè ¿õ, à íå çàëèøàòè â çàìî-ðîæåíîìó ñòàí³. Ïðè ïîñò³éí³é ñï³âïðàö³ ó ð³çíèõ ãàëóçÿõ — åêîíîì³ö³,

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ñîö³àëüí³é ñôåð³, êóëüòóð Ïîëüùà ö³ëêîì ìîæå ñòàòè îñíîâíèì äðóãîì òà ïàðòíåðîì Óêðà¿íè íå ò³ëüêè â ªâðîï³, àëå é ó ñâ³ò³.

Ðàçîì ç òèì ïîä³¿, ùî ñòàëèñÿ ï³ñëÿ ªâðîìàéäàíó — àíåêñ³ÿ Êðèìó òà â³éñüêîâ³ ä³¿ íà ñõîä³ Óêðà¿íè, º ïîñò³éíèì âèïðîáîâóâàííÿì äëÿ ïîëü-ñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêèõ â³äíîñèí. Ïîëüùà çìóøåíà éòè íà ïðÿìó êîíôðîíòàö³þ ç Ðîñ³éñüêîþ Ôåäåðàö³ºþ ó ïèòàíí³ ï³äòðèìêè Óêðà¿íè, àëå ùî á³ëüø ÷óò-ëèâî — ÷àñòî ïîçèö³ÿ Ïîëüù³ ùîäî Óêðà¿íè íå ñï³âïàäàº ç ïîçèö³ºþ êðà¿í «ñòàðî¿ ªâðîïè» ³ òóò Ïîëüùà âèìóøåíà øóêàòè âàð³àíòè äëÿ âïðîâàäæåí-íÿ ñâîº¿ çîâí³øíüî¿ ïîë³òèêè. Íåçâàæàþ÷è íà âñå á³ëüøó âàãó Ïîëüù³ ó ªÑ, ¿¿ âïëèâ âñå ùå íå º êëþ÷îâèì ³ ÷àñòî Ïîëüùà ñòàº çàðó÷íèêîì ïîçèö³¿ á³ëüøîñò³ êðà¿í «ñòàðî¿ ªâðîïè» ùîäî Óêðà¿íè. Òèì íå ìåíø òå, ÿê ïîëü-ñüêî-óêðà¿íñüê³ â³äíîñèíè ïðîéäóòü öåé åòàï âèïðîáóâàíü, áàãàòî â ÷îìó çóìîâèòü ïîäàëüø³ ïåðñïåêòèâè â³äíîñèí ì³æ äâîìà áëèçüêèìè ñõ³äíîºâ-ðîïåéñüêèìè êðà¿íàìè.


1. Êîìîðîâñüêèé çàêëèêàº ªâðîïó çðîçóì³òè, íàñê³ëüêè âàæëèâà Óêðà¿íà. — Ðåæèì äîñòó-ïó: http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/10/16/7000108/

2. Êîìîðîâñüêèé: Óêðà¿íà ìîãëà á âèêîíàòè ÷àñòèíó óìîâ ªÑ ³ ï³ñëÿ Â³ëüíþñó. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/11/15/7002207/

3. Potężne demonstracje proeuropejskie w ukraińskich miastach. Największe od Pomarańczowej Rewolucji w 2004 r. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,15006826,Potezne_demonstracje_proeuropejskie_w_ukrainskich.html#ixzz2leHWeGxE

4. Ïîëüñêèé æóðíàëèñò ðàññêàçàë, êàê è ñ êàêèìè ñëîâàìè «Áåðêóò» ðàçáèë åìó ãîëîâó. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/Polskiy-zhurnalist-rasskazal-kak-i-s-kakimi-slovami-Berkut-razbil-emu-golovu-.html

5. ÌÇÑ Ïîëüù³ çàñóäèëî ðîçã³í ªâðîìàéäàíó. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.polradio.pl/5/38/Artykul/154538,ÌÇÑ-Ïîëüù³-çàñóäèëî-ðîçã³í-ªâðîìàéäàíó

6. Íà Ìèõàéëîâñêóþ ïëîùàäü ïðèáûëè ïîñëû ÅÑ è Ïîëüøè. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://lb.ua/news/2013/11/30/243452_mihaylovskuyu_ploshchad_pribili.html

7. Êà÷èíñüêèé òà Ïðîòàñåâè÷: «Âè ïîòð³áí³ ªâðîñîþçó, äâåð³ â³ä÷èíåí³». — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/12/1/7004006/

8. Ïîëüøà îáåùàåò ïîìî÷ü óêðàèíñêèì ñòóäåíòàì, îò÷èñëåííûì èç-çà Åâðîìàéäàíà. — Ðå-æèì äîñòóïó: http://lb.ua/news/2013/12/13/246916_polsha_gotova_pomoch_ukrainskim.html

9. Ïîëüøà ïðèíÿëà íà ëå÷åíèå ïåðâûõ àêòèâèñòîâ Åâðîìàéäàíà. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://society.lb.ua/life/2014/02/06/254598_polsha_prinyala_lechenie_pervih.html

10. Óãîäà ïðî âðåãóëþâàííÿ êðèçè. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2014/02/21/7015533/

11. ßíóêîâè÷ ïëàíèðîâàë èñïîëüçîâàòü àðìèþ, — ÌÈÄ Øâåöèè è Ïîëüøè. — Ðåæèì äîñòó-ïó: http://lb.ua/news/2014/02/22/256596_yanukovich_planiroval_ispolzovat.html

12. Secretary General announces North Atlantic Council to meet following Poland’s request for Ar-ticle 4 consultations. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_107711.htm?selectedLocale=en

13. Ï³äïèñàíî Óãîäó ùîäî ñòâîðåííÿ ñï³ëüíî¿ ëèòîâñüêî-ïîëüñüêî-óêðà¿íñüêî¿ áðèãàäè. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.mil.gov.ua/news/2014/09/19/pidpisano-ugodu-shhodo-stvorennya-spilnoi-litovsko-polsko-ukrainskoi-brigadi/

14. Æèòåë³ Äîíáàñà ïðîñÿòü ïðèòóëêó ó Ïîëüù³. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/06/5/7028078/

15. Âñå ýâàêóèðîâàííûå ñ Äîíáàññà ïîëÿêè óëåòåëè èç Õàðüêîâà. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó. — http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/vse_evakuirovannie_s_donbassa_polyaki_uleteli_iz_harkova_1702288

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16. ²ñòîðè÷íèé âèñòóï Ïðåçèäåíòà Ïîëüù³ Êîìîðîâñüêîãî ó ÂÐ. Ïîâíèé òåêñò. — Ðåæèì äî-ñòóïó: http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/articles/2015/04/9/7032765/

17. Äóäà: ê ïåðåãîâîðàì ïî Äîíáàññó ñëåäóåò ïðèâëå÷ü íå òîëüêî Ïîëüøó, íî è ÑØÀ. — Ðå-æèì äîñòóïó: http://www.eurointegration.com.ua/rus/news/2015/08/19/7037180/

18. Äóäà çàïðîïîíóâàâ Ïîðîøåíêó íîâèé ôîðìàò ïåðåãîâîð³â ïî Äîíáàñó. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/08/15/7077962/


Øåâ÷åíêî À. Í. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÂËÈßÍÈÅ ÅÂÐÎÌÀÉÄÀÍÀ È ÄÀËÜÍÅÉØÈÕ ÑÎÁÛÒÈÉ Â ÓÊÐÀÈÍÅ ÍÀ ÏÎËÜÑÊÎ-ÓÊÐÀÈÍÑÊÈÅ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈß

Ðåçþìå Ñîáûòèÿ â Óêðàèíå çèìû 2013–2014 ãîäà, êîòîðûå ïîëó÷èëè íàçâàíèå «Åâ-

ðîìàéäàí», è äàëüíåéøàÿ àãðåññèÿ Ðîññèè ñòàëè ôàêòîðîì, êîòîðûé ïîâëèÿë íà äâóñòîðîííèå îòíîøåíèÿ Óêðàèíû ñî ìíîãèìè ñòðàíàìè. Â ÷àñòíîñòè, ýòè ñîáûòèÿ ñåðü¸çíî ïîâëèÿëè íà äâóñòîðîííèå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ áëèæàéøèì ñîñåäîì Óêðàèíû — Ïîëüøåé. Ïîëüøó äîëãîå âðåìÿ íàçûâàëè àäâîêàòîì è ãëàâíûì ëîááèñòîì Óêðà-èíû â ÅÑ. Ñîáûòèÿ Åâðîìàéäàíà, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, óñèëèëè ýòó ðîëü Ïîëüøè, ñ äðóãîé — ïîñòàâèëè ðÿä âûçîâîâ â äâóñòîðîííèõ îòíîøåíèÿõ. Â ñòàòüå àâòîð àíà-ëèçèðóåò âëèÿíèå Åâðîìàéäàíà è äàëüíåéøèõ ñîáûòèé â Óêðàèíå íà äâóñòîðîííèå ïîëüñêî-óêðàèíñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Óêðàèíà, Ïîëüøà, ÅÑ, Åâðîìàéäàí.

Shevchenko O. M. Department of International Relations, Odessa National University k. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine

INFLUENCE OF EUROMAIDAN EVENTS AND FURTHER MILITARY ACTIVITY ON RELATIONS OF POLAND AND UKRAINE

Summary The events in Ukraine of winter 2013–2014 named «Euromaidan» and further Rus-

sian aggression became the factor that influenced the bilateral relations of Ukraine with many countries. In particular, these events have drastically affected the bilateral relations of Ukraine with the closest neighbor of Ukraine — Poland. Poland has for a long time been named an advocate and the main lobbyist of Ukraine in the EU. The events of Euromaidan on one hand, have straightened this role of Poland, and on the other, have forced a series of challenges in the bilateral relations. In this article the author analyzes the influence of Euromaidan and further events of Ukraine to bilateral relations of Poland and Ukraine

Key words: Ukraine, Poland, EU, Euromaidan.

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ÓÄÊ 327:623.454.8:341.242.24(73)

Lozova V. V. PhD student Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University International Relations Department aud. 32, Frantsuzsky boulevard, 24/26, 65058, Odessa, Ukraine tel.: +380482633259; +38(0631568396)e-mail: [email protected]

THE CTBT: POSSIBLE SUBSEQUENT DOMINO EFFECT OF THE U. S. RATIFICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION REGIME

The article analyzes the need to find a way out of the crisis with the Com-prehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty entry into force and its influence on the nuclear nonproliferation regime. The CTBT will be in force after all the 44 Annex 2 states ratify it. However, there are still 8 non-ratifying states from the list including world players like China and the U. S. The author sees the possibility of subsequent domino effect of the United States’ ratification for the universalization of the CTBT and strengthening the regime in the whole. Key words: nonproliferation regime, the CTBT, nuclear weapons, the NPT, comprehensive test ban.

Already for more than half a century nuclear factor is in the constant focus of international security issues. To effectively combat today’s challenges and strengthen nuclear stability it is necessary to modernize the whole system. The task of strengthening the regime of non-proliferation and its mechanisms can logically be divided into two components: non-proliferation with respect to states and non-proliferation regarding extremist and criminal (terrorist) organizations. The first component is highly related to the second, since the access to nuclear materials or weapons can primarily be obtained by terrorists through new states-owners of nuclear materials or nuclear weapons (NWs).

As far as we are talking about states, the decisive factor is that all coun-tries of the world, except four are members of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). The four outsiders already have NWs. Consequently, the fur-ther spread can only go through the secret violation of the NPT or withdrawal from it in accordance with its Article X followed by the creation of NWs. The possibility of the first path was shown by Iran, Iraq and Libya, the second — by the DPRK. Hence the logical main directions to overlap the distribution channels are the following:

• The first is to increase the efficiency of the IAEA safeguards and to fa-cilitate the signature of the Additional Protocol of 1997.

• The second direction of the strengthening of norms and mechanisms for the NPT lies in the improving of the system of export control: harmonization of national export control systems, integration of China, India and Pakistan in the process, implementation of the provisions of the Nuclear Suppliers Group «Guidelines» (2004).

© Lozova V. V., 2015

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• The third area involves strengthening of the NPT regime by rigid formal-ization and rising of the political significance of the withdrawal procedure.

• The fourth involves entry into force of the treaty, designed to become a barrier against the NPT violation — of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) [1, p. 252–254].

The most realistic goal of strengthening nuclear stability on a global scale, along with the improvement of the nuclear nonproliferation regime, now is to prevent the extension and modernization of existing nuclear weapons [2, p. 150]. One of the most effective tools for achieving this goal is the entry into force of the CTBT. Nuclear test ban significantly complicates the creation of nuclear weapons, sharply limiting its modernization. It is a key link connect-ing «vertical» and «horizontal» nuclear disarmament.

The CTBT was developed in the framework of the Conference on Disarma-ment in Geneva in the first half of the 1990s. The agreement was approved by the UN General Assembly and on 24 September 1996 it was opened for signature. Unlike earlier agreements, the CTBT bans nuclear explosions in all environments, including underground, and sets a «zero threshold» power of such explosions. That is why it is called «comprehensive» [3, p. 217].

The agreement provides for an international monitoring system using 337 monitoring stations, as well as on-site inspections. As of November 2014 the CTBT was signed by 196 States and ratified by 163 [4]. For the CTBT to enter into force it must be signed and ratified by the 44 States listed in the Annex 2 (countries having participated in the elaboration of the Treaty during the Conference on Disarmament and having nuclear power or research reactors at that time). Three countries from the list (India, Pakistan and North Korea) refused to sign the treaty. Britain, France and the Russian Federation have signed and ratified the CTBT. China and the U. S. have signed the treaty but have not ratified it [3, p. 218].

Of these states North Korea is a special case, as it is the only country in the world, which conducted nuclear tests after 1998 and do not want to refuse this right.

In the case of India and Pakistan, the situation looks more interesting. Both states have adopted a policy of «minimum nuclear deterrence» — main-taining a limited nuclear potential sufficient to inflict unacceptable damage. Given the fact that the striking resource of Pakistan is very limited, India’s plans to establish a missile defense system can play a key role in protecting the Indian nuclear forces [5, p. 101]. In this case, the «minimalism» of the Indian nuclear deterrence is seriously undermined by certain incompleteness of the nuclear doctrine of the state, which, together with plans to deploy mis-sile defense systems, provides for the acquisition of New Delhi’s full nuclear triad. This shows the lack of clarity and consistency in the understanding of India’s minimum deterrence.

The closest statement to the expression of the commitments to minimal deterrence is the obligation not to carry out testing, as complex multivariate weapons and «reliable» weapons would require testing [6, p. 47]. This clearly indicates that the non-accession of India to the CTBT is just a political action

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dictated by the fact that the main geopolitical players have not done this [7, p. 99–114].

Islamabad took an evasive position on the CTBT. At the same time, it also announced a unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing. Its arsenal was origi-nally developed as a response to the Indian one. Pakistan has repeatedly come up with proposals on joint accession to the NPT. Thus, if India disarmed — then Pakistan would do the same. However, India may agree to it only if the whole world comes to a «nuclear zero», because it does not recognize the mo-nopoly of the official nuclear five.

If we look thoroughly at the chain, it can be traced: in its first white paper on defense (1995) China marked the orientation on the US and Russia [8], in turn, China is a landmark for India, and India — for Pakistan. It can be concluded that, being an apologist and an active advocate of the CTBT, China have still not ratified it because of the lack of the United States ratification. In perspective, the disarmament of India and Pakistan is only possible in the case of the arrival to the global «nuclear zero.» And a nuclear weapon is not one to give up. It is impossible either technically or politically. Moreover, anti-nuclear movement can even be harmful. Firstly, it can lead to the reduc-tions in nuclear arsenals to a dangerously low level. Secondly, it leads away from the search for peace and stability [9]. Besides, this idea is utopian and the author thinks that nuclear weapons have sufficiently revealed themselves as a deterrent from the Third World War. Thus the situation seems to come to a deadlock.

In this case, the author suggests that there are two possible scenarios for global non-proliferation regime in the future: 1) maintaining the status quo, under which the existing illegal nuclear weapon states (NWS) remain such; 2) changing the regime and the inclusion of India and Pakistan as official NWS. But how the second option can be reached is not clear. At the same time, it is unpredictable, for how long we still will be able to maintain the largely discriminatory status quo. We cannot exclude the negative reaction of the states having voluntarily renounced nuclear weapons programs and acceded to the NPT (South Africa, Brazil, Argentina) to the second scenario, which could lead to a review of their policy in this area.

If hypothetically, we adopt the second option, it makes sense to consider the following possibility. First of all we must highlight the universalization of the CTBT. In this case, nuclear testing will come to an end. Accordingly, even if subsequently the NPT will somehow be transformed by the accession of new members as official NWS, then the states not possessing nuclear weapons will just not be able to create full-fledged weapons without testing them.

In 1990s French nuclear tests have weakened political support for the Clin-ton administration efforts to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in Congress, which the administration considered a significant part of the inter-nationally agreed measures against the spread of nuclear weapons. In the bile and increasingly one-party debate, the U. S. Congress unexpectedly rejected a bill on the ratification of the Treaty, strengthening image that American efforts to achieve non-proliferation are motivated mainly by considerations of

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monopoly abroad. Namely in this context, India and Pakistan have considered themselves entitled to make own nuclear arsenals [10, p. 603].

The U. S. should be a particular focus as it may serve as a trigger for all to sign and ratify [11]. Even not ratifying the U. S. remains the strong sup-porter of the CTBTO and continues to be the largest contributor. The country donated over $ 40 million on voluntary basis in 2013 [12]. The government of the country says that due to the customary law they obey the CTBT even having not ratified it. Undoubtedly, test moratoria are in America’s security interest.

In 2012 report from respected National Academy of Sciences of the U. S. it was concluded that an effective stockpile will not require further explosions [11]. There are no objective reasons for delaying the ratification as the United States have already conducted all sorts of nuclear tests, including tests of the miniature explosive device — Davy Crocket. Moreover, its main geopolitical op-ponent — the Russian Federation — has already ratified the treaty. Thus, a lot of analysts agree that it is very internal issue for the U. S., mostly connected with the opposition between the Republicans and the Democrats in the Senate.

However, current events in Ukraine affected the non-proliferation of nu-clear weapons, in particular with regard to the CTBT greatly. As a result of the Ukrainian crisis the confrontation between Russia and the US has intensi-fied and they have begun to modernize nuclear infrastructure. Now, in the framework of modernization, formally not violating anything the US will be able to carry out the necessary tests in case it decides there are some needed. As for the CTBTO and its members, they will be left with the only option: to detect the events with the very well working international monitoring system and remain silent observers.

Current U. S. president has a lot of problems on the agenda and has to choose his priorities. It would be sensible of him not to submit the treaty for the second time without having some definite understanding that there is a manageable supportive effort that could be made to change enough minds to second time get the favorable result [13]. Moreover, when it is time to approach the Senate we need to be sure that the effective and sustainable verification system is developed and working. And there is enough financial support to maintain it [12].

To have the support of arms control treaties either there is a need for a strong democratic senate with measurable cooperation from Republicans or a need for a Republican president to support the treaty. Now there is neither sufficient democratic support in Senate, nor a Republican President. And if we look at potential Republican presidents it’s hard to define one who would be a likely supporter of arms control treaties [14]. The closest such possibility is currently foreseen for 2017 [13].

However, without the US other states feel little pressure to accede. It would be fair to name the United States a world leader. And if the leader does not find a justified reason for ratification, then why the others have to?

The Peoples Republic of China largely achieved its current economic power due to the United States. There is a unique situation of simultaneous coop-

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eration and confrontation (competition) between them. Their economies are widely linked. There are a lot of American production capacities in China. The PRC, in turn, is the largest holder of United States government debt bounds (this list can be continued). Seeing the most powerful state (potential oppo-nent) ratifying the treaty, China can possibly come to the ratification as well. India nowadays is ready to negotiate, but a pre-condition for this is the U. S. and China ratification. Therefore, it is expected that it will follow suit. It is impossible to say with certainty whether Pakistan will join immediately after India, but that is still the rhetoric of the country [15]. So, possibly it may become the case. Moreover, China, positioning itself as an Asian leader, would promote the ratification of other Asian countries by the own one.

On the other hand, there is one more possible variant. Even if the United States ratify, China will not necessarily do the same, because of its poten-tial superpower status. The transition to a superpower status implies 3 com-ponents: economic power, military power, an alternative ideology that the country can offer to the world. China claims the will to be a regional leader and the desire to occupy a worthy place among world actors, but it denies the aim of becoming a superpower. The PRC retains the priority to economic and military spheres. That is why it is possible that even in the case of the United States ratification of the CTBT, China will not act by analogy. Unfortunately, that closes the way for further domino effect.

In any case, the probability of obtaining a domino effect exists. For that reason, the civil society and the scientific community must influence the gov-ernment. As for the countries, especially nuclear, they must have an explana-tion why it is consistent to their security to ratify the CTBT and share this experience with the U. S.

References

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2. Ganguly S. Pakistan, the Other Rogue Nation // Current History. — 2004. — ¹ 672. — P. 147–150.

3. Êóëàãèí Â. Ì. Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü. — Ì.: Àñïåêò Ïðåññ, 2006. — 319 ñ. 4. ÑÒÂÒ: Ending nuclear explosions spreadsheet // The Preparatory Commission for the

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. — Vienna, Austria, 2014. — 2 p. 5. Ñ³íîâåöü Ï. À. ßäåðíà äîìîâëåí³ñòü ì³æ ÑØÀ òà ²íä³ºþ òà ïåðñïåêòèâè ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ â

Ï³âäåíí³é Àç³¿ // Ñòðàòåã³÷íà ïàíîðàìà. — 2009. — ¹ 2. — Ñ. 96–102. 6. Áàñðóð Ð. Ê âîïðîñó î ÿäåðíîé äîêòðèíå Èíäèè // ßäåðíûé êîíòðîëü. — 2005. —

¹ 1(75). — Ñ. 41–50. 7. Gujral K. I. A Foreign Policy for India — Delhi: External Publicity Division of Ministry

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èíîñòðàííûõ äåë Êèòàéñêîé Íàðîäíîé Ðåñïóáëèêè, 1995. — http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/rus/ziliao/zt/zfbps/t25317.shtml.

9. Êàðàãàíîâ Ñ. «Ãëîáàëüíûé íîëü» è çäðàâûé ñìûñë // Ðîññèÿ â ãëîáàëüíîé ïîëèòèêå. — 2010. — ¹ 3. — http://www.globalaffairs.ru/number/Globalnyi-nol-i-zdravyi-smysl-14881.

10. Áæåçèíñêèé Ç. Åùå îäèí øàíñ // Âåëèêàÿ øàõìàòíàÿ äîñêà. — Ì.: ÀÑÒ, 2014. — Ñ. 517–700.

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11. Lord Des Browne. Opening speech // CTBT Public Policy Course. — Vienna, Austria: The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. — 1.09.2014. — Stable URL: http://education.ctbto.org/index.php?option=com_joomdle&view=wrapper&moodle_page_type=course&id=48&Itemid=625.

12. Hushek Th. Challenges of Achieving Entry into Force // CTBT Public Policy Course. — Vienna, Austria: The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Trea-ty. — 2.09.2014. — Stable URL: http://education.ctbto.org/index.php?option=com_joomdle&view=wrapper&moodle_page_type=course&id=48&Itemid=625.

13. Richards P. Opening speech // CTBT Public Policy Course. — Vienna, Austria: The Prepa-ratory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. — 1.09.2014. — Stable URL: http://education.ctbto.org/index.php?option=com_joomdle&view=wrapper&moodle_page_type=course&id=48&Itemid=625.

14. Levine E. Future of Disarmament and Arms Control // CTBT Public Policy Course. — Vienna, Austria: The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Trea-ty. — 1.09.2014. — Stable URL: http://education.ctbto.org/index.php?option=com_joomdle&view=wrapper&moodle_page_type=course&id=48&Itemid=625.

15. Johnson R. Lessons from the Past: Consequences of Nuclear Testing // CTBT Public Policy Course. — Vienna, Austria: The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. — 2.09.2014. — Stable URL: http://education.ctbto.org/index.php?option=com_joomdle&view=wrapper&moodle_page_type=course&id=48&Itemid=625


Ëîçîâà Â. Â. àñï³ðàíòêà êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

ÄÂÇßÂ: ÌÎÆËÈÂÈÉ ÍÀÑÒÓÏÍÈÉ «ÅÔÅÊÒ ÄÎÌ²ÍÎ» ßÊ ÐÅÇÓËÜÒÀÒ ÐÀÒÈÔÈÊÀÖ²¯ Ç ÁÎÊÓ ÑØÀ Â ÊÎÍÒÅÊÑÒ² ÃËÎÁÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÐÅÆÈÌÓ ßÄÅÐÍÎÃÎ ÍÅÐÎÇÏÎÂÑÞÄÆÅÍÍß

Ðåçþìå Ó ñòàòò³ àíàë³çóºòüñÿ íåîáõ³äí³ñòü çíàõîäæåííÿ âèõîäó ç êðèçè, ïîâ’ÿçàíî¿ ³ç

íàáóòòÿì ÷èííîñò³ Äîãîâîðó ïðî âñåîõîïëþþ÷ó çàáîðîíó ÿäåðíèõ âèïðîáóâàíü ³ âïëèâ öüîãî íà ðåæèì íåðîçïîâñþäæåííÿ ÿäåðíî¿ çáðî¿. ÄÂÇßÂ íàáóäå ÷èííîñò³ ï³ñëÿ òîãî, ÿê âñ³ 44 äåðæàâè, çàçíà÷åí³ â Äîäàòêó 2 äî äîãîâîðó, ðàòèô³êóþòü éîãî. Òèì íå ìåíø, º ùå 8 äåðæàâ ç³ ñïèñêó, ÿê³ íå ðàòèô³êóâàëè ÄÂÇßÂ, ó òîìó ÷èñë³ òàê³ ñâ³òîâ³ ãðàâö³, ÿê Êèòàé ³ ÑØÀ. Àâòîð áà÷èòü ìîæëèâ³ñòü ïîäàëüøîãî åôåêòó äîì³íî ï³ñëÿ ðàòèô³êàö³¿ äîãîâîðó ç áîêó Ñïîëó÷åíèõ Øòàò³â Àìåðèêè äëÿ óí³âåðñàë³çàö³¿ ÄÂÇßÂ ³ çì³öíåííÿ ðåæèìó â ö³ëîìó.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ðåæèì íåðîçïîâñþäæåííÿ, ÄÂÇßÂ, ÿäåðíà çáðîÿ, ÄÍßÇ, âñåî-õîïëþþ÷à çàáîðîíà âèïðîáóâàíü.

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Ëîçîâà Â. Â. àñïèðàíòêà êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÄÂÇßÈ: ÂÎÇÌÎÆÍÛÉ ÏÎÑËÅÄÓÞÙÈÉ «ÝÔÔÅÊÒ ÄÎÌÈÍÎ» ÊÀÊ ÐÅÇÓËÜÒÀÒ ÐÀÒÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ ÑÎ ÑÒÎÐÎÍÛ ÑØÀ Â ÊÎÍÒÅÊÑÒÅ ÃËÎÁÀËÜÍÎÃÎ ÐÅÆÈÌÀ ßÄÅÐÍÎÃÎ ÍÅÐÀÑÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÈß

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòüå àíàëèçèðóåòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü íàõîæäåíèÿ âûõîäà èç êðèçèñà ñî âñòó-

ïëåíèåì Äîãîâîðà î âñåîáúåìëþùåì çàïðåùåíèè ÿäåðíûõ èñïûòàíèé â ñèëó è âëèÿíèå ýòîãî íà ðåæèì íåðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÿäåðíîãî îðóæèÿ. ÄÂÇßÈ âñòóïèò â ñèëó ïîñëå òîãî, êàê âñå 44 ãîñóäàðñòâà, óêàçàííûå â Ïðèëîæåíèè 2 ê äîãîâîðó, ðàòèôèöèðóþò åãî. Òåì íå ìåíåå, åñòü åùå 8 ãîñóäàðñòâ èç ñïèñêà, íå ðàòèôèöè-ðîâàâøèõ ÄÂÇßÈ, â òîì ÷èñëå òàêèå ìèðîâûå èãðîêè, êàê Êèòàé è ÑØÀ. Àâòîð âèäèò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîñëåäóþùåãî ýôôåêòà äîìèíî ïîñëå ðàòèôèêàöèè äîãîâîðà ñî ñòîðîíû Ñîåäèíåííûõ Øòàòîâ Àìåðèêè äëÿ óíèâåðñàëèçàöèè ÄÂÇßÈ è óêðåïëå-íèÿ ðåæèìà â öåëîì.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ðåæèì íåðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ, ÄÂÇßÈ, ÿäåðíîå îðóæèå, ÄÍßÎ, âñåîáúåìëþùåå çàïðåùåíèå èñïûòàíèé.

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Ëóê’ÿíîâà ². Î. ñòóäåíòêà 4 êóðñó ²íñòèòóòó ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÊÍÓ ³ì. Øåâ÷åíêà âóë. Ìåëüíèêîâà, 36, ì. Êè¿â, 04050, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (095)8010123 å-mail: [email protected]

ÊÎÍÔË²ÊÒ Â ªÌÅÍ² ßÊ ÀÐÅÍÀ ÏÐÎÒÈÑÒÎßÍÍß Ì²Æ ÑÀÓÄ²ÂÑÜÊÎÞ ÀÐÀÂ²ªÞ ÒÀ ²ÐÀÍÎÌ

Ó ñòàòò³ ðîçãëÿäàþòüñÿ ³ñòîðè÷í³ àñïåêòè òà ïðè÷èíè ïåðåõîäó âíóòð³ø-íüîïîë³òè÷íîãî êîíôë³êòó â ªìåí³ â ì³æíàðîäíó ïëîùèíó. Âèçíà÷åíî, ùî ªìåí çàéìàº íàäçâè÷àéíî âàæëèâå ñòðàòåã³÷íå ïîëîæåííÿ â ðåã³îí³. Îêðåñ-ëåíî ïîçèö³¿ Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ òà ²ðàíó ùîäî ªìåíó. Ðîçêðèòî ïðè÷èíè ñòâîðåííÿ àðàáñüêî¿ â³éñüêîâî¿ êîàë³ö³¿ òà ïðîâåäåííÿ îïåðàö³¿ «Áóðÿ ð³-øó÷îñò³». Ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî íàñë³äêè ä³ÿëüíîñò³ àðàáñüêî¿ êîàë³ö³¿. Íàâåäåíî ìîæëèâèé ïðîãíîç ðîçâèòêó ïîä³é. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: àðàáñüêà â³éñüêîâà êîàë³ö³ÿ, ðåã³îíàëüíå ë³äåðñòâî, òåðî-ðèñòè÷í³ ñòðóêòóðè, â³éñüêîâà îïåðàö³ÿ, âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷íèé êîíôë³êò, òåðîðèçì, áàëàíñ ñèë â ðåã³îí³, âðåãóëþâàííÿ êîíôë³êòó.

Â ñó÷àñíîìó ðîçâèòêó êðà¿í Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó ïåðåïë³òàþòüñÿ ïîë³òè÷í³, åòí³÷í³, åêîíîì³÷í³ ïðîáëåìè, ÿê³ çàëèøàþòüñÿ íå ðîçâ’ÿçàíèìè äî äàíîãî ÷àñó. Ïîòðåáóº âèð³øåííÿ êîíôë³êò â ªìåí³. Ïðîòÿãîì îñòàíí³õ ðîê³â â î÷àõ ñâ³òîâîãî ñï³âòîâàðèñòâà ªìåí ðîçãëÿäàâñÿ â ÿêîñò³ ïåðèôåð³¿ Áëèçü-êîãî Ñõîäó. ² çàðàç ñàìå öÿ êðà¿íà ñòàëà àðåíîþ áîðîòüáè çà ðåã³îíàëüíå ë³-äåðñòâî â ðåã³îí³ Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè ì³æ Ñàóä³âñüêîþ Àðàâ³ºþ, ÿêà ïîçèö³îíó-âàëà ñåáå ÿê íåôîðìàëüíîãî ë³äåðà ñóí³òñüêîãî ñâ³òó, ðåã³îíàëüíîãî ë³äåðà, à ðàçîì ç öèì ³ ÿê ãàðàíòà ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ â ªìåí³, òà ²ðàíîì, ÿêèé ïîñòóïîâî ïî÷èíàº âèõîäèòè ç ðåæèìó ì³æíàðîäíî¿ ³çîëÿö³¿. Â³ä âèð³øåííÿ êîíôë³ê-òó â ªìåí³ áàãàòî â ÷îìó çàëåæèòü â ö³ëîìó ñèòóàö³ÿ íà Áëèçüêîìó Ñõîä³.

Ïèòàííÿ, ïðèñâÿ÷åí³ àíàë³çó ïðîáëåì íà Áëèçüêîìó Ñõîä³, ðîçãëÿ-äàþòüñÿ â ïóáë³êàö³ÿõ òàêèõ íàóêîâö³â, ÿê Ëåâ³íà Ç. ². [7], Îðºõîâà Ò. [8], Ïîãîðñüêà ². [9]. Äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîáëåì, ïîâ’ÿçàíèõ ç âðåãóëþâàííÿì êîíôë³êòó áåçïîñåðåäíüî â ªìåí³, ä³ñòàëè âèñâ³òëåííÿ â ïóáë³êàö³ÿõ Áà Àëàâè Ì. Ì. [1], Äåðãà÷åâà Â. [4] ªôèìîâà Â. [5], Ñhristopher Snyder, Lewis A. Ó çàçíà÷åíèõ ïóáë³êàö³ÿõ ðîçãëÿäàþòüñÿ ïèòàííÿ, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ãåîïîë³òè÷íèì ïðîòèñòîÿííÿì íà Áëèçüêîìó Ñõîä³, àíàë³çîì ä³é àðàáñüêî¿ â³éñüêîâî¿ êîàë³ö³¿ ùîäî ªìåíó òà ðîçãëÿäîì ªìåíó ÿê öåíòðó áîðîòüáè ì³æ ð³çíèìè êðà¿íàìè.

Íåçâàæàþ÷è íà çíà÷íèé ïåðåë³ê ïóáë³êàö³é, ïèòàííÿ, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç âè-â÷åííÿì ïðè÷èí, ðîçãëÿäîì ïîçèö³é ð³çíèõ ñòîð³í òà îêðåñëåííÿì øëÿõ³â âèð³øåííÿ êîíôë³êòó â ªìåí³, ³ íàäàë³ çàëèøàþòüñÿ àêòóàëüíèìè.

Ìåòîþ äàíîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ º àíàë³ç ïðè÷èí ïåðåõîäó âíóòð³øíüîïîë³-òè÷íîãî êîíôë³êòó â ªìåí³ â ì³æíàðîäíó ïëîùèíó, îêðåñëåííÿ ïîçèö³é

© Ëóê’ÿíîâà ². Î., 2015

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Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ òà ²ðàíó ùîäî ªìåíó òà âèçíà÷åííÿ ìîæëèâîãî ðîçâè-òêó ïîä³é.

Ïðîãîëîøåííÿ Ñàóä³âñüêîþ Àðàâ³ºþ ïî÷àòêó â³éñüêîâî¿ îïåðàö³¿ «Áóðÿ ð³øó÷îñò³» â áåðåçí³ 2015 ðîêó çà ó÷àñò³ êðà¿í Àðàâ³éñüêî¿ êîàë³ö³¿ º ñâ³ä-÷åííÿì îñòàòî÷íîãî ïåðåõîäó âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷íîãî êîíôë³êòó â ªìåí³ â ì³æíàðîäíó ïëîùèíó. Ïðîòÿãîì îñòàíí³õ ðîê³â â î÷àõ ñâ³òîâîãî ñï³â-òîâàðèñòâà ªìåí ðîçãëÿäàâñÿ â ÿêîñò³ ïåðèôåð³¿ Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó. ² çàðàç ñàìå öÿ êðà¿íà ñòàëà àðåíîþ áîðîòüáè çà ðåã³îíàëüíå ë³äåðñòâî â ðåã³îí³ Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè ì³æ Ñàóä³âñüêîþ Àðàâ³ºþ, ÿêà ïîçèö³îíóâàëà ñåáå ÿê íå-ôîðìàëüíèé ë³äåð ñóí³òñüêîãî ñâ³òó, ðåã³îíàëüíèé ë³äåð, à ðàçîì ç öèì ³ ÿê ãàðàíò ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ â ªìåí³, òà ²ðàíîì, ÿêèé ïîñòóïîâî ïî÷èíàº âèõîäèòè ç ðåæèìó ì³æíàðîäíî¿ ³çîëÿö³¿.

ªìåí º â³äñòàëîþ ³ á³äíîþ êðà¿íîþ. Åêîíîì³êà êðà¿íè ïåðåáóâàº â âàæ-êîìó ñòàí³. Îñíîâíèì äæåðåëîì äîõîä³â ªìåíà º íàôòà. Âîíà äàº 96 % íàäõîäæåíü â³ä åêñïîðòó. Îô³ö³éíî âèçíàíèé ð³âåíü áåçðîá³òòÿ ñòàíîâèòü 35 %. Çà ³íäåêñîì ëþäñüêîãî ðîçâèòêó ªìåí çàéìàâ 133 ì³ñöå â ñïèñêó ç³ 169 êðà¿í ñâ³òó [13]. ªìåí, íà â³äì³íó â³ä ñâî¿õ àðàâ³éñüêèõ ñóñ³ä³â, íå ìàº âåëèêèõ ïîêëàä³â íàôòè, àëå çàéìàº íàäçâè÷àéíî âàæëèâå ñòðàòåã³÷íå ïî-ëîæåííÿ, îñê³ëüêè ñàìå éîìó íàëåæèòü êîíòðîëü çà Áàá-Åëü-Ìàíäåáñüêîþ ïðîòîêîþ, ÷åðåç ÿêó ùîäíÿ â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ïåðåâåçåííÿ áëèçüêî 3,4 ìëí áàðåë³â íàôòè, òà ïðèëåãëîþ àêâàòîð³ºþ ²íä³éñüêîãî îêåàíó òà ×åðâîíî-ãî ìîðÿ. Çà äàíèìè Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà åíåðãåòèêè ÑØÀ, Áàá-Åëü-Ìàíäåáñüêà ïðîòîêà, ÿêà ç’ºäíóº ×åðâîíå òà Àðàâ³éñüêå ìîðÿ, çàéìàº òðåòº ì³ñöå â ñâ³ò³ ñåðåä ñòðàòåã³÷íèõ ïðîòîê, ÿê³ çàáåçïå÷óþòü òðàíçèò íàôòè, ï³ñëÿ Îðìóçüêî¿ òà Ìàëàêñüêî¿ ïðîòîê [4]. Âàæëèâèì â êîíôë³êò³ â ªìåí³ º ðå-ë³ã³éíèé àñïåêò, ÿêèé íàáóâàº îñîáëèâî¿ ãîñòðîòè ó çâ’ÿçêó ç çàõîïëåííÿì ñòîëèö³ òà êëþ÷îâèõ ðåã³îí³â êðà¿íè õóñèòàìè-çåéäèòàìè, ÿê³ íàëåæàòü äî øè¿òñüêî¿ ã³ëêè ³ñëàìó. Ç öèì íå áàæàº ìèðèòèñÿ Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ, ÿêà ïðàãíå ïîâåðíóòè äî âëàäè «ëåã³òèìíîãî» ïðåçèäåíòà-ñóí³òà Õàä³ òà íå äîïóñòèòè ñòâîðåííÿ ùå îäíîãî îñåðåäêó øè¿çìó íà ñâî¿õ êîðäîíàõ, ÿêèé äî òîãî æ áóäå íàö³ëåíèé íà ò³ñíå ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâî ç ãîëîâíèì ñóïåðíèêîì êîðîë³âñòâà çà ë³äåðñòâî â ðåã³îí³ — ²ðàíîì. Îòæå âèíèêëà ïàðàäîêñàëüíà ñèòóàö³ÿ, êîëè ïèòàííÿ ðîçñòàíîâêè ñèë â ðåã³îí³ Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè òà ìàé-áóòíüîãî ì³ñöÿ â íüîìó íàéâïëèâîâ³øèõ êðà¿í Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó âèð³øó-ºòüñÿ â îäí³é ç íàéá³äí³øèõ êðà¿í öüîãî ðåã³îíó.

Ïîçèö³ÿ Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ òà ²ðàíó â ªìåí³ 1) Ñóòü âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷íîãî êîíôë³êòó â ªìåí³, ÿêèé çàðàç íàáóâ

âèãëÿäó ãðîìàäÿíñüêî¿ â³éíè, ïîëÿãàº â áîðîòüá³ çà âëàäó ì³æ ëåã³òèìíè-ìè ñóí³òñüêèìè ñèëàìè íà ÷îë³ ç ïðåçèäåíòîì Õàä³, ÿê³ ï³äòðèìóþòüñÿ Ñàóä³âñüêîþ Àðàâ³ºþ, òà õóñèòàìè — âîºí³çîâàíèì óãðóïóâàííÿì çåéäèò³â «Àíñàð Àëëàõ» íà ÷îë³ ç Àáäåëü Ìàë³êîì àëü-Õóñ³, ÿê³ îòðèìóþòü ëîã³ñ-òè÷íó ï³äòðèìêó ²ðàíó. Ñåïàðàòèñòñüêèé ðóõ íà ï³âäí³ ³ áóíò³âëèâ³ õóñèòè íà ï³âíî÷³ º íàéá³ëüø ñåðéîçíèìè ïîë³òè÷íèìè ïðîáëåìàìè, ÿê³ ñòîÿòü ïåðåä ªìåíîì [1, ñ. 138]. Ï³ñëÿ ðåâîëþö³éíî¿ Àðàáñüêî¿ âåñíè 2011 ð. òî-ä³øí³é ïðåçèäåíò ªìåíó Àë³ Àáäàëëà Ñàëåõ (ïðàâèâ ç 1990 ð.) áóâ çìóøå-

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íèé ïîäàòè ó â³äñòàâêó, ï³ñëÿ ÷îãî äî âëàäè ïðèéøîâ Àáä-Ðàááó Ìàíñóðó Õàä³. Îäíàê ïîäîëàòè ïîë³òè÷íó êðèçó â êðà¿í³ íå âäàëîñÿ, ùî âèëèëîñÿ â ìàñîâ³ àêö³¿ ïðîòåñòó õóñèò³â â ñåðïí³ 2014 ð. Âèìîãè õóñèò³â ïîëÿãàþòü â íàäàíí³ ¿ì ð³âíèõ ïðàâ ç ñóí³òàìè òà ó÷àñò³ â óïðàâë³íí³ äåðæàâîþ. Äî òîãî æ âîíè çàÿâèëè ïðî ãîòîâí³ñòü íàäàòè àâòîíîì³þ Ï³âäåííîìó ªìåíó ³ íàïîëÿãàþòü íà íåïðèïóñòèìîñò³ âòðó÷àííÿ Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ ó âíóòð³ø-í³ ñïðàâè êðà¿íè. Õóñèò³â òàêîæ ï³äòðèìóº êîëèøí³é ïðåçèäåíò ªìåíó Ñàëåõ, ÿêîìó âäàëîñÿ çáåðåãòè ñâ³é âïëèâ â àðì³éñüêèõ ñòðóêòóðàõ êðà¿íè, â ðåçóëüòàò³ ÷îãî õóñèòè çìîãëè äîâîë³ ëåãêî çäîáóòè êîíòðîëü íàä êëþ-÷îâèìè ì³ñòàìè. Íåçâàæàþ÷è íà òå, ùî ö³ë³ ñîþçíèê³â-õóñèò³â (ïðàãíóòü âñòàíîâèòè â ªìåí³ äåðæàâíó ñèñòåìó çà ³ðàíñüêèì çðàçêîì ç öåíòðàëü-íîþ ðîëëþ äóõîâåíñòâà ÿê âåðõîâíîãî àðá³òðà) òà êîëèøíüîãî ïðåçèäåíòà Ñàëåõà (ìàº íàì³ðîì ïðèõ³ä äî âëàäè ñâîãî ñèíà Àõìåòà) íå ñï³âïàäàþòü, íàÿâí³ñòü ñï³ëüíîãî âîðîãà ó âèãëÿä³ «àðàâ³éñüêî¿ êîàë³ö³¿» íà ÷îë³ ç ÊÑÀ äàº çìîãó ãîâîðèòè ïðî ìîæëèâ³ñòü ³ñíóâàííÿ òàêîãî ñîþçó ùå ïðîòÿãîì äåÿêîãî ÷àñó [12].

2) Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ, ïðîòÿæí³ñòü êîðäîí³â ÿêî¿ ç ªìåíîì ñêëàäàº 1770 êì, ðîçãëÿäàº êîíôë³êò â îñòàííüîìó ÿê, ïî-ïåðøå, çàãðîçó âëàñí³é íàö³îíàëüí³é áåçïåö³, ïî-äðóãå, â êîíòåêñò³ ïðîòèñòîÿííÿ ç ³íøèì ïîòóæ-íèì ãðàâöåì ðåã³îíó — ²ðàíîì. ªìåí º íàéñëàáøîþ áåçïåêîâîþ ëàíêîþ â ðåã³îí³ Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè ³ íàéìåíø ñòàá³ëüíèì ñóñ³äîì Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿, ÿêèé, íà äóìêó îñòàííüî¿, º ëåãêîþ çäîáè÷÷þ ²ðàíó ïîðÿä ç âæå ï³äêîíò-ðîëüíèìè éîìó Ñèð³ºþ, ²ðàêîì òà Ë³âàíñüêèì ðóõîì «Õåçáîëà» [5]. Õóñè-òè º ïðåäñòàâíèêàìè øè¿òñüêî¿ ã³ëêè ³ñëàìó, ³ òîìó âñòàíîâëåííÿ ¿õíüîãî êîíòðîëþ íàä êðà¿íîþ äëÿ Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ îçíà÷àº âèíèêíåííÿ íà ¿¿ ï³âäåííèõ êîðäîíàõ ïîòóæíî¿ ïðî³ðàíñüêî¿ ñèëè, ùî â ìàéáóòíüîìó ìîæå âèêëèêàòè ïèòàííÿ ïðî ïåðåãëÿä ðîë³ ë³äåðà â ðåã³îí³ Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè. Âðàõîâóþ÷è òîé ôàêò, ùî íàôòîíîñíà Ñõ³äíà ïðîâ³íö³ÿ ÊÑÀ ïåðåâàæíî íàñåëåíà øè¿òàìè, íåáåçïåêà äëÿ êîðîë³âñòâà ïîëÿãàº â ìîæëèâîñò³ âè-íèêíåííÿ ñåïàðàòèñòñüêîãî ðóõó â ñàì³é Àðàâ³¿, ùî ìîæå ñòàòè êàòàë³çà-òîðîì äåç³íòåãðàö³éíèõ ïðîöåñ³â â îñòàíí³é. Äî òîãî æ â³äáóëàñÿ àêòèâ³çà-ö³ÿ òåðîðèñòè÷íî¿ «Àëü-Êà¿äè íà Àðàâ³éñüêîìó ï³âîñòðîâ³», ÿê³é íàëåæèòü êîíòðîëü íàä äåÿêèìè ç³ ñõ³äíèõ ïðîâ³íö³é ªìåíó òà ðóõ ÿêî¿ íà ï³âí³÷ çàãðîæóº ÊÑÀ. Â ïðîâåäåíí³ â³éñüêîâî¿ îïåðàö³¿ Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ ñïèðà-ºòüñÿ íà äîïîìîãó ÑØÀ, ÿê³ íàäàþòü äàí³ àâ³àö³éíî¿ òà êîñì³÷íî¿ ðîçâ³äêè ³ íåîáõ³äíå îáëàäíàííÿ [2].

3) Ðåàêö³ÿ ²ðàíó íà ïðîâåäåííÿ îïåðàö³¿ áóëà ð³çêî íåãàòèâíîþ ÿêèé ÿê öåíòð øè¿òñüêîãî ñâ³òó º ïðîòèâíèêîì òàêîãî æ öåíòðó ñóí³òñüêîãî ñâ³òó Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ çà ë³äåðñòâî â ðåã³îí³. Ïðîòè àãðåñèâíî¿ ïîë³òèêè ÊÑÀ òàêîæ âèñòóïèëè Ñèð³ÿ, ë³âàíñüêèé ðóõ «Õåçáîëëà», ²ðàê òà ÎÂÏ. Ìåòîþ ²ðàíó º ñòâîðåííÿ øè¿òñüêî¿ äóãè äî Ë³âàíó ÷åðåç ²ðàê òà Ñèð³þ, âêëþ÷-íî ç òåðèòîð³ÿìè Áàõðåéíó, ªìåíó òà Ñõ³äíî¿ ïðîâ³íö³¿ ÊÑÀ. Ïîñèëåííÿ ïîçèö³¿ õóñèò³â â ªìåí³ îçíà÷àº çì³íó áàëàíñó ñèë â êðà¿í³ òà íà Àðà-â³éñüêîìó ï³âîñòðîâ³, ùî ôàêòè÷íî â³äêðèâàº äâåð³ äëÿ ²ðàíó ÿê âåëè-êîãî ãðàâöÿ â ðåã³îí³, â ÿêîìó ðàí³øå âèêëþ÷íå äîì³íóâàííÿ íàëåæàëî ÊÑÀ. Òåãåðàí çàö³êàâëåíèé â ïåðåìîç³ õóñèò³â òà âñòàíîâëåíí³ â ªìåí³

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äðóæíüîãî ðåæèìó, àäæå âîëîä³ííÿ ªìåíîì äàº êîíòðîëü íàä Àäåíñüêîþ çàòîêîþ, âèõîäîì äî ×åðâîíîãî òà Àðàâ³éñüêîãî ìîð³â, òà íàéãîëîâí³øå, íàä Áàá-åëü-Ìàíäåáñüêîþ ïðîòîêîþ, ñóäîõ³äíîþ àðòåð³ºþ, ÷åðåç ÿêó â³ä-áóâàºòüñÿ òðàíñïîðòóâàííÿ ñàóä³âñüêî¿ íàôòè [10]. Âñòàíîâèâøè êîíòðîëü íàä ªìåíîì, ²ðàí ìîæå äîñÿãòè ñâîº¿ çàãàëüíî¿ ìåòè ðåã³îíàëüíî¿ ãåãåìîí³¿ òà ñïåö³àëüíî¿ ìåòè — êîíòðîëþ íàä ×åðâîíèì ìîðåì. Äî òîãî æ, ÿêùî ²ðàíó âäàñòüñÿ äîìîãòèñÿ çíÿòòÿ ñàíêö³é ó â³äïîâ³äü íà â³äìîâó â³ä ÿäåðíî¿ ïðîãðàìè òà íîðìàë³çóâàòè â³äíîñèíè ç ÑØÀ, éîãî øàíñè ïîñóíóòè Ñàóä³â-ñüêó Àðàâ³þ íà äðóãèé ïëàí çíà÷íî çðîñòàþòü.

ßê ³ Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ òà ³íø³ ñóí³òñüê³ êðà¿íè, ªãèïåò ïîáîþºòüñÿ çðîñòàííÿ âïëèâó ²ðàíó òà ïðàãíå ïåðåøêîäèòè îñòàííüîìó â äîñÿãíåíí³ ñâî¿õ åêñïàíñ³îí³ñòñüêèõ ö³ëåé [11].

Ïîêàçîâèì º òîé ôàêò, ùî «Àðàâ³éñüêà êîàë³ö³ÿ», ÿêó âæå îõðåñòèëè «áëèçüêîñõ³äíèì ÍÀÒÎ», îòðèìàëà ï³äòðèìêó Ïàêèñòàíó òà ²çðà¿ëÿ. Àëå ÿêùî Ïàêèñòàí âæå äàâíî çíàõîäèòüñÿ â çàëåæíîñò³ â³ä ÊÑÀ, òî ïîçèö³ÿ ²çðà¿ëþ, áîìáàðäóâàëüíèêè-âèíèùóâà÷³ ÿêîãî çã³äíî ç çàÿâîþ ãåíåðàëüíî-ãî ñåêðåòàðÿ ºìåíñüêî¿ ïàðò³¿ «Àëü-Õàê» ñï³ëüíî ç ÂÏÑ ÊÑÀ áðàëè ó÷àñòü â íàëüîòàõ íà ªìåí, íà ïåðøèé ïîãëÿä ìîæå çäàòèñÿ ïàðàäîêñàëüíîþ. Àäæå ÿêùî öå ä³éñíî òàê, òî öå º ïåðøèì âèïàäêîì ó÷àñò³ ³çðà¿ëüòÿí â ñï³ëüí³é ç àðàáàìè â³éñüêîâ³é îïåðàö³¿. Àëå âñå ñòàº çðîçóì³ëèì, ÿêùî çàäóìàòèñÿ, ç ÿêîþ äîâãîñòðîêîâîþ ìåòîþ áóëî ñòâîðåíî êîàë³ö³þ. Ö³ºþ ìåòîþ º ïðîòèä³ÿ ²ðàíó, â ÿêîìó ²çðà¿ëü òðàäèö³éíî âáà÷àº ãîëîâíó çàãðîçó ñâîãî ³ñíóâàííÿ.

Ïðè÷èíè ñòâîðåííÿ àðàáñüêî¿ â³éñüêîâî¿ êîàë³ö³¿ òà îïåðàö³ÿ «Áóðÿ ð³-øó÷îñò³»

Ñòð³ìêå çàõîïëåííÿ õóñèòàìè ñòðàòåã³÷íèõ ì³ñò Ñàíè, Õàäåéäè, Òà¿çó, Àòàêè, âíàñë³äîê ÷îãî íèìè áóëî âñòàíîâëåíî êîíòðîëü íàä á³ëüøîþ ÷àñ-òèíîþ ªìåíó, çðîáèëî âèêëèê ðîçñòàíîâö³ ñèë â ðåã³îí³ Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè, â ÿêîìó Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ òðàäèö³éíî ââàæàºòüñÿ ë³äåðîì. Íàïåðåäîäí³ ïî-÷àòêó áî¿â çà ïîðò Àäåí ëåã³òèìíèé ïðåçèäåíò Õàä³ çâåðíóâñÿ ïî äîïîìîãó äî Ðàäè Áåçïåêè, ËÀÃ òà ÐÑÄÏÇ, íà ùî îäðàçó æ â³äãóêíóëèñÿ Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ, ÿêà, çà ï³äòðèìêè àâ³àö³¿ Áàõðåéíó, Êàòàðà, Êóâåéòà òà ÎÀÅ â í³÷ íà 26 áåðåçíÿ ïî÷àëè îïåðàö³þ «Áóðÿ ð³øó÷îñò³», ñïðÿìîâàíó íà ë³êâ³äà-ö³þ ç ïîâ³òðÿ óãðóïóâàíü õóñèò³â, ¿õ òàáîð³â, òåõí³êè òà ³íôðàñòðóêòóðè â ªìåí³. «Àðàâ³éñüêó êîàë³ö³þ», ÿêà ïðîãîëîñèëà ìåòîþ ïîâåðíåííÿ äî âëà-äè çàêîííîãî ïðåçèäåíòà Õàä³, òàêîæ ï³äòðèìàëè ªãèïåò (íåñòàá³ëüí³ñòü ïîñòà÷àííÿ íàôòè ÷åðåç Áàá-åëü-Ìàíäåáñüêó ïðîòîêó ñòàâèòü ï³ä ðèçèê åôåêòèâíå ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ Ñóåöüêîãî êàíàëó), ²îðäàí³ÿ, Ìàðîêêî, Òóðå÷-÷èíà (ïðàãíå óñóíóòè øè¿òñüêèé ðåæèì Àñàäà â Ñèð³¿) òà Ñóäàí. Â ðåçóëü-òàò³ â ðåêîðäí³ òåðì³íè áóëî ñôîðìîâàíî êîàë³ö³þ ç 10 êðà¿í, äî ÿêî¿ ç êðà¿í Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè íå óâ³éøîâ ëèøå Îìàí. Äî öèõ ï³ð àðàáñüê³ êðà¿íè áðàëè ó÷àñòü ó ñï³ëüíèõ êîàë³ö³ÿõ ò³ëüêè ðàçîì ç ñèëàìè ì³æíàðîäíî¿ êîàë³ö³¿ ï³ä ÷àñ â³éíè â Ïåðñüê³é çàòîö³ ïðîòè ²ðàêó â 1991 ð., îïåðàö³¿ ç³ ñêèíåííÿ ðåæèìó Õóñåéíà â 2003 ð. òà êàìïàí³¿ ïðîòè ²Ä²Ë â Ñèð³¿ òà ²ðàêó â 2014–2015 ðð.

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Íåçâàæàþ÷è íà çíà÷íèé âïëèâ ðåë³ã³éíîãî ôàêòîðà íà êîíôë³êò ó ªìå-í³ (ïðîòèñòîÿííÿ õóñèò³â-çåéäèò³â òà ñóí³ò³â), éîãî ïðè÷èíè íîñÿòü ñêî-ð³øå ñîö³àëüíèé õàðàêòåð, ùî â³äáóâàºòüñÿ íà òë³ çàãîñòðåííÿ â³äíîñèí ì³æ ñóí³òñüêèìè êðà¿íàìè òà ²ðàíîì. ² õî÷à îô³ö³éíîþ ìåòîþ àðàáñüêî¿ êîàë³ö³¿ áóëî ïðîãîëîøåíî áîðîòüáó ç òåðîðèçìîì â Ñèð³¿, ²ðàêó, Ë³â³¿ òà ªìåí³, îäíàê ³ñíóº äóìêà, ùî ñïðàâæíüîþ ìåòîþ êîàë³ö³¿ º íå ªìåí, à ²ðàí. ªìåí æå ñòàâ àðåíîþ áîðîòüáè çà ðåã³îíàëüíå ë³äåðñòâî ì³æ ÊÑÀ òà ²ðàíîì. Àìåðèêàíñüêèé ïðîôåñîð ñîö³îëîã³¿ Àíòîí³ Îáåðøåëë ââàæàº, ùî íåáåçïå÷íå ïîëîæåííÿ ªìåíó âèçíà÷àºòüñÿ êîíôë³êòóþ÷èìè îñîáàìè, à òàêîæ ëîÿëüí³ñòþ, ïîë³òè÷íîþ ³ ðîäîâîþ, äå ñïàëàõóâàëè ñóòè÷êè ì³æ öåíòðîì ³ ïåðèôåð³ºþ, à òàêîæ ì³æ ï³âí³÷íîþ ³ ï³âäåííîþ ÷àñòèíàìè êðà¿íè [14].

Ñë³ä çàçíà÷èòè, ùî ïî÷àòîê ïðîâåäåííÿ îïåðàö³¿ «Áóðÿ ð³øó÷îñò³» ñàìå íàïðèê³íö³ áåðåçíÿ 2015 ðîêó, à íå ó âåðåñí³ 2014 ðîêó, êîëè õóñèòè çà-éíÿëè ñòîëèöþ àáî ó ñ³÷í³, êîëè ïðåçèäåíò Õàä³ îãîëîñèâ ïðî â³äñòàâêó, áàãàòî â ÷îìó ïîÿñíþºòüñÿ ïðèóðî÷åííÿì ¿¿ äî ïåðåãîâîð³â â Ëîçàíí³ ç ïðè-âîäó ÿäåðíî¿ ïðîãðàìè ²ðàíó. Á³ëüø³ñòü ïîë³òîëîã³â ñõèëÿºòüñÿ äî äóìêè, ùî òàêèì ÷èíîì ãîëîâíà êðà¿íà êîàë³ö³¿ Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ ïðàãíå çàâàäè-òè íîðìàë³çàö³¿ â³äíîñèí ÑØÀ ç ²ðàíîì [6], òîìó ùî öå ìîæå çàãðîæóâàòè ¿é âòðàòîþ ñòàòóñó ãîëîâíîãî ñîþçíèêà òà îïîðè ÑØÀ â ðåã³îí³.

Çà äàíèìè Ì³í³ñòåðñòâà îáîðîíè Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿, âíàñë³äîê ïðîâå-äåííÿ ïîâ³òðÿíî¿ îïåðàö³¿ êîàë³ö³¿ âäàëîñÿ çíèùèòè 80 % ñêëàä³â çáðî¿ õóñèò³â, âêëþ÷àþ÷è âàæêó çáðîþ òà áàë³ñòè÷í³ ðàêåòè [3]. Ïðîäîâæóºòüñÿ ìîðñüêà áëîêàäà ªìåíà ç ìåòîþ íåäîïóùåííÿ ïîñòà÷àííÿ çáðî¿ õóñèòàì, ùî òàêîæ óñêëàäíþºòüñÿ òèì, ùî îñê³ëüêè ªìåí ³ìïîðòóº ïîíàä 90 % ïðîäîâîëü÷èõ òîâàð³â, çàðàç â³í ôàêòè÷íî ñòî¿òü íà ïîðîç³ ïðîäîâîëü÷î¿ êðèçè. Õî÷à íàðàç³ ³ñíóþòü ï³äñòàâè ãîâîðèòè ïðî ïåðåìîãó «àðàâ³éñüêî¿ êîàë³ö³¿» â ªìåí³, öå òâåðäæåííÿ ìîæå âèäàòèñÿ ïåðåä÷àñíèì ÷åðåç íåãî-òîâí³ñòü õóñèò³â âñòóïàòè â ä³àëîã ç êîàë³ö³ºþ.

Ïðîãíîç ðîçâèòêó ïîä³é Íà íàøó äóìêó, º íàñòóïí³ âàð³àíòè ðîçâèòêó ïîä³é: 1) ÿêùî ïåðåìîãó çäîáóäå «àðàâ³éñüêà êîàë³ö³ÿ», äî âëàäè â ªìåí³ ïî-

âåðíåòüñÿ Õàä³, ùî áóäå îçíà÷àòè çì³öíåííÿ ïîçèö³é Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ â ðåã³îí³ ÿê êðà¿íè, ÿêà çäàòíà ñòàòè îá’ºäíàâ÷èì öåíòðîì òà äàòè â³äñ³÷ áóäü-ÿêèì ñïðîáàì çì³íèòè áàëàíñ ñèë â ðåã³îí³; âîäíî÷àñ, ÿêùî íå âäàñòü-ñÿ øâèäêî çàïîâíèòè âàêóóì âëàäè, îñëàáëåííÿ õóñèò³â ìîæå ïðèçâåñòè äî àêòèâ³çàö³¿ òåðîðèñò³â, àäæå ñàìå õóñèòè àêòèâíî ïðîòèä³ÿëè «Àëü-Êà¿ä³» òà ²ñëàìñüê³é äåðæàâ³;

2) êîíôë³êò ìîæå âñòóïèòè â çàòÿæíó ôàçó òà íà ïåâíèé ÷àñ ñòàòè ïðè-õîâàíèì. ²ðàí íà ÷îë³ ç íîâèì ïðåçèäåíòîì, ÿêèé îñòàòî÷íî âèð³øèâ âèéòè ç³ ñòàíó ì³æíàðîäíî¿ ³çîëÿö³¿, ìîæå íå ïîãîäèòèñÿ òàê ïðîñòî â³äìîâèòèñÿ â³ä ñâî¿õ àìá³ö³é ñòâîðèòè «øè¿òñüêó äóãó» òà ñòàòè íîâèì ë³äåðîì ðåã³î-íó. Â óìîâàõ, êîëè âñ³ êðà¿íè ðåã³îíó îá’ºäíóþòüñÿ ïðîòè ñï³ëüíî¿ çàãðîçè â óîñîáëåíí³ ²Ä²Ë, ²ðàí, ÿêèé âæå íàäàº àêòèâíó ï³äòðèìêó â áîðîòüá³ ç íåþ ²ðàêó òà Ñèð³¿, ìîæå ñòàòè ïîòóæíîþ ñèëîþ äëÿ ¿¿ çíèùåííÿ, ùî

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ðîçóì³þòü â ÑØÀ, ÿê³ ðîáëÿòü ïîêàçîâ³ êðîêè â íàïðÿìêó íîðìàë³çàö³¿ â³äíîñèí ç ²ðàíîì;

3) äîñÿãíåííÿ êîìïðîì³ñó ì³æ öåíòðàëüíîþ âëàäîþ òà õóñèòàìè øëÿ-õîì íàäàííÿ îñòàíí³ì àâòîíîì³¿. Äîâîë³ ñêëàäíî ïðèïóñòèòè, ùî Ñàóä³â-ñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ çìîæå ïîãîäèòèñÿ ç öèì, àäæå âèíèêíåííÿ íà ¿¿ êîðäîíàõ øè-¿òñüêî¿ àâòîíîì³¿ ñòàíå íàïðÿìó çàãðîæóâàòè âèíèêíåííÿì â ñàìîìó ÊÑÀ ñåïàðàòèñòñüêîãî ðóõó â íàôòîíîñí³é Ñõ³äí³é ïðîâ³íö³¿ ç ïåðåâàæàþ÷èì øè¿òñüêèì íàñåëåííÿì. ²ðàí òàêå âèð³øåííÿ ñèòóàö³¿ çàäîâîëüíèëî á á³ëü-øå, àäæå òàêèì ÷èíîì â ªìåí³ ìîãëî á âèíèêíóòè âïëèâîâå ïðî³ðàíñüêå óòâîðåííÿ íà çðàçîê ë³âàíñüêî¿ «Õåçáîëëè». Äî òîãî æ íå ñë³ä çàáóâàòè ïðî ôàêòîð ²Ä²Ë. Ïîêè ùî ²ñëàìñüêà äåðæàâà ãðàëà íå íà ñàóä³âñüêîìó ïîë³, à ïðîòè îïîíåíò³â ÊÑÀ, àëå â ìàéáóòíüîìó ñàìå Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðàâ³ÿ ìîæå ñòà-òè íàñòóïíèì ïóíêòîì åêñïàíñ³¿ òåðîðèñòè÷íîãî óòâîðåííÿ, ³ òîä³ îñòàíí³é äîâåäåòüñÿ éòè íà êîìïðîì³ñ ç ²ðàíîì;

4) ðîçïàä ªìåíó íà ï³âí³÷íó òà ï³âäåííó ÷àñòèíó (ÿê äî 1990 ð.), ùî ìîæå ñïðè÷èíèòè ïðÿìèé êîíôë³êò ì³æ ÊÑÀ òà ²ðàíîì òà ïîñèëèòè õàîñ â Áëèçüêîñõ³äíîìó ðåã³îí³.

Ùîá íå äîïóñòèòè âîºííîãî âèð³øåííÿ êîíôë³êòó, ÿêå ìàòèìå íàñë³ä-êîì çíà÷íó ê³ëüê³ñòü æåðòâ, íàñàìïåðåä ñåðåä ìèðíîãî íàñåëåííÿ, íåîáõ³ä-íî ðîçïî÷àòè ìèðíèé ä³àëîã ì³æ âîþþ÷èìè ñòîðîíàìè. Ïðè öüîìó ïîâè-íí³ áóòè âðàõîâàí³ ³íòåðåñè âñ³õ ºìåíö³â, ÿê³ ïðåäñòàâëÿþòü ð³çí³ ñòîðîíè êîíôë³êòó. Êîîðäèíóþ÷à ðîëü â öüîìó ïðîöåñ³ ïîâèííà íàëåæàòè ÎÎÍ. Çî-âí³øíÿ ïîë³òèêà, ÿêà áàçóºòüñÿ íà çîâí³øí³õ ³íòåðâåíö³ÿõ, íå ïîâèííà ñòàòè äîì³íóþ÷îþ ó êðà¿íàõ Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó. Ðåã³îíàëüíèì äåðæàâàì äîâåäåòüñÿ ðîçáèðàòèñÿ ì³æ ñîáîþ ñàìîñò³éíî. Íåîáõ³äíî ðîçïî÷àòè ïå-ðåãîâîðè ì³æ ð³çíèìè ôðàêö³ÿìè, çàïðîïîíóâàòè ñòâîðåííÿ óðÿäó íàö³î-íàëüíî¿ ºäíîñò³. Ìîæëèâî, êðà¿íàì Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó íåîáõ³äíî â ïîäàëü-øîìó ðîçðîáèòè ñèñòåìó êîëåêòèâíî¿ áåçïåêè, ÿêà áóäå çàõèùàòè çàêîíí³ ³íòåðåñè âñ³õ çàëó÷åíèõ ñòîð³í. Áåç ãîòîâíîñò³ ñï³âïðàöþâàòè â íàïðÿìêó âèðîáëåííÿ òà ðåàë³çàö³¿ ðåàëüíèõ æèòòºçäàòíèõ äîìîâëåíîñòåé ñòîðîíàìè ªìåíñüêîãî êîíôë³êòó ïîäàëüøèé ðîçâèòîê äàíî¿ ñèòóàö³¿ ìîæå ïðèâåñòè äî ïîñèëåííÿ çàãðîç ãëîáàëüíîãî òåðîðèçìó, ùî â ñâîþ ÷åðãó íåãàòèâíî âïëèâàòèìå íà ì³æíàðîäíó áåçïåêó.

Òàêèì ÷èíîì, ìàéáóòíº ªìåíó ùå í³êîëè íå ìàëî òàêîãî çíà÷åííÿ äëÿ âèðîáëåííÿ êîíô³ãóðàö³¿ ñèë â Áëèçüêîñõ³äíîìó ðåã³îí³ ÿê çàðàç. Ñüîãîäí³ ªìåí çíàõîäèòüñÿ â ñòàí³ ãëèáîêî¿ âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷íî¿ êðèçè, îäíèì ç íàñë³äê³â ÷îãî, îêð³ì ôàêòè÷íî¿ ãðîìàäÿíñüêî¿ â³éíè ì³æ öåíòðàëüíèì óðÿäîì òà õóñèòñüêèì ðóõîì, ñòàëî ïðîíèêíåííÿ ñþäè ð³çíîãî ðîäó ðàäè-êàëüíèõ ³äåé òà òåðîðèñòè÷íèõ ñòðóêòóð íà çðàçîê ÀÊÀÏ. Îäíà ç íàéá³äí³-øèõ äåðæàâ Àðàâ³éñüêîãî ï³âîñòðîâà, ÿêà íå ìàº âåëèêèõ íàôòîâèõ ðåñóð-ñ³â, àëå ÿêà çàéìàº ñòðàòåã³÷íå ïîëîæåííÿ íà áåðåç³ Áàá-åëü-Ìàíäåáñüêî¿ ïðîòîêè, ñòàëà ïîëåì ç³òêíåííÿ ³íòåðåñ³â òàêèõ «êèò³â» ðåã³îíó, ÿê Ñàó-ä³âñüêàÿ Àðàâ³ÿ òà ²ðàí, ÿê³ íà «øàõ³âíèö³» Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó âåäóòü âëàñ-íó ãðó çà ë³äåðñòâî â ðåã³îí. Äåÿê³ äîñë³äíèêè âæå íàçâàëè êîíôë³êò â ªìåí³ ïðîêñ³-â³éíîþ ì³æ öèìè îáîìà êðà¿íàìè. Äëÿ Ñàóä³âñüêî¿ Àðàâ³¿ âàæëèâèì º çáåðåæåííÿ ë³äåðñòâà â Áëèçüêîñõ³äíîìó ðåã³îí³, íà ÿêå ïî-

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÷èíàº çàç³õàòè ²ðàí, çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷í³ àìá³ö³¿ êðà¿íè ñÿãàþòü äàëåêî çà ìåæ³ ïðîñòî âèõîäó ç ðåæèìó ì³æíàðîäíèõ ñàíêö³é ³ ñïðÿìîâàí³ íà äîñÿãíåííÿ ñòðàòåã³÷íî¿ ìåòè — óòâîðåííÿ «øè¿òñüêî¿ äóãè» — ²ðàí — Ë³âàí — ²ðàê — Ñèð³ÿ, âêëþ÷àþ÷è Áàõðåéí, ªìåí ³ â ìàéáóòíüîìó Ñõ³ä-íó ïðîâ³íö³þ ÊÑÀ. Âîäíî÷àñ ìåòîþ Åð-Ð³ÿäó º íå ò³ëüêè ïåðåøêîäæàííÿ «øè¿òñüêîìó Â³äðîäæåííþ». Ï³ñëÿ äîñèòü îáìåæåíèõ óñï³õ³â ÊÑÀ â Ñèð³¿ òà ²ðàêó ïîçèö³¿ ñóí³ò³â ÿê ë³äåðà âñüîãî ìóñóëüìàíñüêîãî ñâ³òó îïèíè-ëèñü ï³ä âåëèêèì ïèòàííÿì. ²ñíóâàëà ðåàëüíà çàãðîçà ïåðåðîñòàííÿ ðóõó õóñèò³â â ºìåíüñêó «Õåçáîëëó» â çîí³, ÿêà áåçïîñåðåäíüî ìåæóº ç êðà¿íà-ìè Ïåðñüêî¿ çàòîêè, ùî îçíà÷àëî á ðèçèê îïèíèòèñÿ â øè¿òñüêîìó ê³ëüö³ âïëèâó. Òîìó ÊÑÀ çðîáèëî ñòàâêó íà «ìàëåíüêó ïåðåìîæíó â³éíó», ÿêà á ñòàëà ï³äòâåðäæåííÿì çäàòíîñò³ êîðîë³âñòâà âèð³øóâàòè ñêëàäí³ â³éñüêî-âî-ïîë³òè÷í³ çàâäàííÿ.

Â êîíòåêñò³ ïðîòèñòîÿííÿ ç ²ðàíîì çàäëÿ íåäîïóùåííÿ âñòàíîâëåííÿ íàä ªìåíîì êîíòðîëþ ïðî³ðàíñüêè íàëàøòîâàíèõ õóñèò³â Ñàóä³âñüêà Àðà-â³ÿ ³í³ö³þâàëà ñòâîðåííÿ «Àðàâ³éñüêî¿ êîàë³ö³¿» òà ïðîâåëà óñï³øíó îïå-ðàö³þ «Áóðÿ ð³øó÷îñò³», ÿêà îòðèìàº ñâîº ïðîäîâæåííÿ â îïåðàö³¿ «Â³ä-ðîäæåííÿ íàä³¿». Âîäíî÷àñ íå ïîòð³áíî çàáóâàòè, ùî â ²ðàíó âñå ùå ³ñíóº øàíñ ðîç³ãðàòè ñâ³é ãàìá³ò íà Áëèçüêîñõ³äí³é øàõ³âíèö³.


1. Áà Àëàâè Ì. Ì. Ïîñëå Éåìåíñêîé ðåâîëþöèè: ðàçäåëåíèå ñòðàíû èëè ôåäåðàòèâíîå ãîñó-äàðñòâî? / Àëàâè Ì. Ì. Áà // Â³ñíèê Äí³ïðîïåòðîâñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó. Ñåð³ÿ : Ô³ëîñîô³ÿ. Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ. Ïîë³òîëîã³ÿ. — 2014. — Ò. 22, âèï. 24(2). — Ñ. 137–141.

2. «Áóðÿ ðåøèìîñòè» íàä Éåìåíîì [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://m.lenta.ru/articles/2015/03/26/yemen

3. Â Éåìåíå çàâåðøåíà âîåííàÿ îïåðàöèÿ «Áóðÿ ðåøèìîñòè» [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://zn.ua/WORLD/v-yemene-zavershena-voennaya-operaciya-burya-reshimosti-173770_.html

4. Äåðãà÷åâ Â. Éåìåí. Ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêîå ïðîòèâîñòîÿíèå [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äî-ñòóïà: http://www.dergachev.ru/geop_events/240311.html.

5. Åôèìîâ Â. Éåìåí â ôîêóñå áîðüáû ìåæäó ÑØÀ, Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèåé è Èðàíîì [Ýëåêòðîí-íûé ðåñóðñ] // Ñîâðåìåííûé Èðàí. — ¹ 37. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://siran.ru/data/si37.pdf

6. Éåìåí — âîéíà Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè ïðîòèâ Èðàíà East [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://geo-politica.info/yemen---voyna-saudovskoy-aravii-protiv-irana.html/

7. Ëåâèí Ç. È. Ôåíîìåí «àðàáñêîé âåñíû» // Ñòðàíû Âîñòîêà â êîíòåêñòå ñîâðåìåííûõ ìè-ðîâûõ ïðîöåññîâ: ñîöèàëüíî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèå, ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå, ýòíîêîíôåññèîíàëüíûå è ñî-öèîêóëüòóðíûå ïðîáëåìû. — Ì.: ÈÂ ÐÀÍ, Öåíòð ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîé êîíúþíêòóðû, 2013. — Ñ. 25–31

8. Îðºõîâà Ò. ². Ôîðìóâàííÿ ³íòåãðàö³éíèõ ïð³îðèòåò³â àðàáñüêèõ êðà¿í Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó â óìîâàõ òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ãëîáàëüíîãî ñâ³òîóñòðîþ / Ò. Îðºõîâà, Ì. Àëü // Ì³æíàðîäíà åêî-íîì³÷íà ïîë³òèêà. — 2010. — Âèï. 1–2. — Ñ. 41–75.

9. Ïîãîðñüêà ². ². «Àðàáñüêèé âåêòîð» ñó÷àñíî¿ çîâí³øíüî¿ ïîë³òèêè ÑØÀ: ãëîáàëüí³ ï³äâà-ëèíè ³ ðåã³îíàëüí³ îñîáëèâîñò³ / ². ². Ïîãîðñüêà, Ä. Ì. Ëàê³øèê // Ïðîáëåìè ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí. — 2014. — Âèï. 8. — Ñ. 177–195.

10. «Ðåøèòåëüíûé øòîðì» íàä Éåìåíîì [Ýëåêòðîííûé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http://globalconflict.ru/analytics/98929-reshitelnyj-shtorm-nad-jemenom

11. Snyder Ñh. Saudi Arabia’s big gamble in Yemen [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2015/04/01/saudi-arabia-big-gamble-in-yemen

12. How the Yemen conflict risks new chaos in the Middle East [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ]. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/how-the-yemen-conflict-risks-

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new-chaos-in-the-middle-east/2015/03/27/1c4e7b5c-d417–11e4–8b1e-274d670aa9c9_story.html

13. Human Development Report 2010. Statistical Annex. — Table 1.UNDP. — N. Y., 2010. — P. 145.

14. Lewis A. Federalism as Peace-Building: Searching for Solutions to the Conflict in Yemen [Åëåêòðîííèé ðåñóðñ] / A. Lewis. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïó : http://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/05/federalism-as-peace-buildingsearching-for-solutions-to-the-conflict-in-yemen/


Ëóêüÿíîâà È. À. Èíñòèòóò ìåæíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÊÍÓ èì. Øåâ÷åíêî óë. Ìåëüíèêîâà, 36, ã. Êèåâ, 04050, Óêðàèíà

ÊÎÍÔËÈÊÒ Â ÉÅÌÅÍÅ ÊÀÊ ÀÐÅÍÀ ÏÐÎÒÈÂÎÑÒÎßÍÈß ÌÅÆÄÓ ÑÀÓÄÎÂÑÊÎÉ ÀÐÀÂÈÅÉ È ÈÐÀÍÎÌ

Ðåçþìå Â ñòàòüå ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû è ïðè÷èíû ïåðåõîäà âíóòðè-

ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî êîíôëèêòà â Éåìåíå â ìåæäóíàðîäíóþ ïëîñêîñòü. Îïðåäåëåíî, ÷òî Éåìåí çàíèìàåò ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî âàæíîå ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå â ðåãèîíå. Î÷åð÷å-íû ïîçèöèè Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè è Èðàíà â îòíîøåíèè Éåìåíà. Ðàñêðûòû ïðè÷èíû ñîçäàíèÿ àðàáñêîé âîåííîé êîàëèöèè è ïðîâåäåíèÿ îïåðàöèè «Áóðÿ ðåøèìîñòè». Ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû ïîñëåäñòâèÿ äåÿòåëüíîñòè àðàáñêîé êîàëèöèè. Ïðèâåäåí âîç-ìîæíûé ïðîãíîç ðàçâèòèÿ ñîáûòèé.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: àðàáñêàÿ âîåííàÿ êîàëèöèÿ, ðåãèîíàëüíîå ëèäåðñòâî, òåððî-ðèñòè÷åñêèå ñòðóêòóðû, âîåííàÿ îïåðàöèÿ, âíóòðèïîëèòè÷åñêèé êîíôëèêò, òåððî-ðèçì, áàëàíñ ñèë â ðåãèîíå, óðåãóëèðîâàíèå êîíôëèêòà.

Lukianova I. O. Institute of International Relations, Kiev National University Melnikova str., 36, Kiev, 04050, Ukraine

THE CONFLICT IN YEMEN AS THE ARENA FOR CONFRONTATION BETWEEN SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAN

Summary The article discusses the historical aspects and causes of the transition of the politi-

cal conflict in Yemen on the international plane. Yemen is considered to be the country having an extremely important strategic position in the region. The positions of Saudi Arabia and Iran in relation to Yemen are outlined. The reasons for establishing Arab military coalition and conducting the operation «Decisive Storm» are revealed. The consequences of the Arab coalition’s activity are analyzed. The possible forecast of the pace of developments is given.

Key words: Arab military coalition, regional leadership, terrorist organizations, military operation, internal political conflict, terrorism, the balance of power in the region, the settlement of the conflict/

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ÓÄÊ 355.02:061.1

Ðîìàíîâà Î. Â. êàíä. ïîëèò. íàóê, äîöåíò êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóëüâàð, 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65068, Óêðàèíà òåë.: 80482–633259

ÔÐÀÍÖÈß Â ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÅ ÏÎÄÃÎÒÎÂÊÈ È ÐÀÒÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ ËÈÑÑÀÁÎÍÑÊÎÃÎ ÄÎÃÎÂÎÐÀ

Â ñòàòüå èññëåäóåòñÿ ðîëü Ôðàíöèè â âûðàáîòêå íîâûõ åâðîïåéñêèõ äî-êóìåíòîâ, òàêèõ êàê ïðîåêò åâðîïåéñêîé Êîíñòèòóöèè è Ëèññàáîíñêèé äî-ãîâîð, êîòîðûå èìåëè âàæíîå çíà÷åíèå íå òîëüêî äëÿ ñîõðàíåíèÿ ÅÑ, íî è äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî ïðîöåññà åãî ðàçâèòèÿ è êîíñîëèäàöèè. Àâòîðîì òàêæå ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàíû ïðè÷èíû ïðîâàëà ïðîåêòà åâðîïåéñêîé Êîíñòèòóöèè íà ðåôåðåíäóìå âî Ôðàíöèè è îñîáåííîñòè äàëüíåéøåãî ðåôîðìèðîâàíèÿ çàêî-íîäàòåëüíîé áàçû ÅÑ ïðè ïîñëåäóþùåì ïðèíÿòèè Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà Ôðàíöèè, ðåôîðìà åâðîïåéñêèõ èí-ñòèòóòîâ, ïðîåêò åâðîïåéñêîé Êîíñòèòóöèè, Ëèññàáîíñêèé äîãîâîð.

Èññëåäîâàíèå ðîëè è ìåñòà Ôðàíöèè â ðåôîðìèðîâàíèè çàêîíîäàòåëü-íîé áàçû ÅÑ íà ñîâðåìåííîì ýòàïå ÿâëÿåòñÿ àêòóàëüíûì è âàæíûì äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ óêðàèíñêîé íàóêè. Íàó÷íûå òðóäû òàêèõ ó÷åíûõ, êàê Àðíî Ëå-ïàðìàíòüå, Ãàýòàíà Ðèêàð-Íèóëü, Ôèëèï äå Ìîíáðèàëü è Ïüåð Ñîñåä ïî-ìîãëè íàì ïðîñëåäèòü ïðîöåññ ïîäãîòîâêè è ðàòèôèêàöèè òàêîãî âàæíîãî äëÿ äàëüíåéøåãî ðàçâèòèÿ Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà äîêóìåíòà, êàê Ëèññàáîí-ñêèé äîãîâîð.

Íà ïðîòÿæåíèè äëèòåëüíîãî ïåðèîäà ñòàíîâëåíèÿ ÅÑ Ôðàíöèÿ àêòèâíî ó÷àñòâîâàëà â ñîâìåñòíîì ïîèñêå òàêèõ ôîðì âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðûå ïî-çâîëÿëè åâðîïåéñêîìó èíòåãðàöèîííîìó îáúåäèíåíèþ ïðîäâèãàòüñÿ âïå-ðåä â óñëîâèÿõ íîâûõ âûçîâîâ åâðîïåéñêîé áåçîïàñíîñòè. Õàðàêòåðèçóÿ ðîëü Ôðàíöèè â ðàçâèòèè åâðîñòðîèòåëüñòâà, áûâøèé ïðåçèäåíò Ôðàíöèè Âàëåðè Æèñêàð ä’Ýñòåí îòìå÷àë: «Ïðîåêò Ñîþçà Åâðîïû… îòëè÷àëè áëåñê è ëîãèêà. Ôðàíöèÿ âñå âðåìÿ íàõîäèëàñü â öåíòðå åâðîïåéñêèõ äèñêóññèé è åå îòíîøåíèå, ïîëîæèòåëüíîå èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîå, ê îáñóæäàåìûì âîïðî-ñàì ïèòàëî ýòè äèñêóññèè» [1, c. 69].

Íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàíèÿ çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé áàçû Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà ñòàëà î÷åâèäíîé ïîñëå òàê íàçûâàåìîãî «ïÿòîãî» ðàñøèðåíèÿ» 2004 è 2007 ãã., ñèëüíî èçìåíèâøåãî îáëèê Åâðîñîþçà. Ôðàíöóçñêàÿ äèïëîìà-òèÿ ñòîëêíóëàñü ñ íîâûìè âûçîâàìè, ïîèñê ñîâìåñòíûõ îòâåòîâ íà êîòî-ðûå ñòàë ñëîæíûì è äëèòåëüíûì ïðîöåññîì.

Ïîñëå ïðèíÿòèÿ â ÅÑ 12 íîâûõ ÷ëåíîâ Ïàðèæ âûñòóïèë çà òî, ÷òîáû áîëåå âíèìàòåëüíî çàíÿòüñÿ ðåôîðìèðîâàíèåì èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ñòðóê-òóðû Åâðîñîþçà è íà êàêîå-òî âðåìÿ çàìåäëèòü, åñëè íå îñòàíîâèòü ñîâñåì, ïðîöåññ ïðèíÿòèÿ íîâûõ ÷ëåíîâ. Ðàññìàòðèâàëèñü êàíäèäàòóðû Õîðâàòèè,

© Ðîìàíîâà Î. Â., 2015

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à òàêæå Òóðöèè, êîòîðàÿ âïåðâûå çàÿâèëà î íàìåðåíèè âñòóïèòü â ÅÑ åùå â 60-å ãîäû ïðîøëîãî âåêà. «Ïîñëå çíà÷èòåëüíîãî ðàñøèðåíèÿ 2004 ãîäà ó Ñîþçà íåò íè ôèíàíñîâûõ, íè èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûõ ñðåäñòâ áåñêîíå÷íî ïðîäîëæàòü äâèæåíèå... Íåîáõîäèìî ïåðåæäàòü», — îòìå÷àë, â ÷àñòíî-ñòè, Ýäóàð Áàëëàäþð, áûâøèé ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòð, ïðåäñåäàòåëü êîìèññèè ïî ìåæäóíàðîäíûì äåëàì Íàöèîíàëüíîãî Ñîáðàíèÿ Ôðàíöèè [2, c. 14].

Â öåëîì, îöåíèâàÿ ñîñòîÿâøååñÿ ðàñøèðåíèå, ôðàíöóçñêèå ýêñïåðòû ïîä÷åðêèâàëè, ÷òî îäíîâðåìåííîå âñòóïëåíèå 12 íîâûõ ÷ëåíîâ ñèëüíî èç-ìåíèëî Åâðîñîþç, óñèëèâ åãî ðàçíîðîäíîñòü. Â ðåçóëüòàòå óâåëè÷èëàñü âåðîÿòíîñòü îáîñòðåíèÿ òðåíèé è ðàçíîãëàñèé ìåæäó åãî ÷ëåíàìè. Íåëü-çÿ ñêàçàòü, ÷òî ïðàêòèêè è òåîðåòèêè åâðîèíòåãðàöèè íå ïðåäâèäåëè ïî-äîáíûõ ïðîáëåì. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó âìåñòå ñ ïðîðàáîòêîé èäåè ðàñøèðåíèÿ ÅÑ áûëà íà÷àòà ïîäãîòîâêà åãî èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ðåôîðìû, îòäåëüíûå ýëåìåíòû êîòîðîé ââîäèëèñü óæå Íèööñêèì äîãîâîðîì 2000 ã. Îäíàêî îñ-íîâíûå íàäåæäû áûëè ñâÿçàíû ñ ðàçðàáîòêîé è ïðèíÿòèåì åâðîïåéñêîé Êîíñòèòóöèè, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà áûëà âûâåñòè åâðîèíòåãðàöèþ íà íîâûé óðîâåíü ðàçâèòèÿ.

Ñ ó÷åòîì òîãî, ÷òî âûðàáîòêà Êîíñòèòóöèè ïðîõîäèëà ñ ïðåîäîëåíèåì òðóäíîñòåé è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ðàçíîãëàñèé, â ïåðâîíà÷àëüíûé àìáèöèîç-íûé ïðîåêò áûëè âíåñåíû ñóùåñòâåííûå èçìåíåíèÿ. Ðåçóëüòàòîì äîëãîé è êðîïîòëèâîé ðàáîòû ñòàëî ñîçäàíèå ïðèåìëåìîãî äëÿ âñåõ ñòðàí ÅÑ ïðî-åêòà Êîíñòèòóöèè.

Òåêñò Êîíñòèòóöèè áûë ñîãëàñîâàí è ïîäïèñàí òîëüêî â èþíå 2004 ã. Äîãîâîð î Êîíñòèòóöèè áûë îêîí÷àòåëüíî óòâåðæäåí â îêòÿáðå 2004 ã. íà çàñåäàíèè Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîâåòà. Ðåøåíî áûëî, ÷òî Êîíñòèòóöèÿ âñòóïèò â ñèëó â íîÿáðå 2006 ã. ïîñëå ðàòèôèêàöèè âñåìè ñòðàíàìè-÷ëåíàìè Åâðî-ñîþçà. Ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü ïðîâåñòè ðàòèôèêàöèþ ñ ïîìîùüþ íàöèîíàëüíûõ ðåôåðåíäóìîâ èëè ÷åðåç ïàðëàìåíòû ãîñóäàðñòâ-÷ëåíîâ ÅÑ.

Íà ðåôåðåíäóìå 29 ìàÿ 2005 ã. 54,87 % ôðàíöóçñêèõ èçáèðàòåëåé ïðî-ãîëîñîâàëè ïðîòèâ ïðîåêòà, òîãäà êàê ïîääåðæàëè åãî 45,13 %. Äðóãîé ñòðàíîé, ïðîãîëîñîâàâøåé ïðîòèâ Êîíñòèòóöèè, ñòàëè Íèäåðëàíäû, ãäå íà ðåôåðåíäóìå 1 èþíÿ 2005 ã. áîëüøèíñòâîì ãðàæäàí ïðîåêò òàêæå áûë îòêëîíåí [2, c. 23]. Ïðèíÿòèå èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíûõ ðåôîðì, íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà â íîâîì ñîñòàâå, áûëî çàáëî-êèðîâàíî.

Ñòðåìÿñü íàéòè âûõîä èç ñëîæèâøåéñÿ ñèòóàöèè, ôðàíöóçñêîå è â öå-ëîì åâðîïåéñêîå ýêñïåðòíîå ñîîáùåñòâî óäåëèëî áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå àíà-ëèçó ïðè÷èí, ïî êîòîðûì ôðàíöóçñêèå ãðàæäàíå îòêàçàëèñü ïîääåðæàòü ðàçðàáîòàííûé ïðè àêòèâíîì ó÷àñòèè ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ôðàíöóçñêîé ïîëè-òè÷åñêîé ýëèòû ïðîåêò åâðîïåéñêîé Êîíñòèòóöèè.

Ðåçóëüòàòû ðåôåðåíäóìà âî Ôðàíöèè ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ôðàíöóçû ïî-ïðåæíåìó ãîòîâû áûëè îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íà ðåøåíèÿ, ïðè-íèìàåìûå íå â Áðþññåëå, à â Ïàðèæå. Ïî ñëîâàì Àðíî Ëåïàðìàíòüå, «ñ ñà-ìîãî íà÷àëà ïðîöåññà èíòåãðàöèè ôðàíöóçû ñ÷èòàëè ñåáÿ åâðîïåéöàìè, íî ïðèíèìàëè Åâðîïó òîëüêî ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî îíà áóäåò áîëüøîé Ôðàíöè-åé, ðû÷àãîì Àðõèìåäà, êîòîðûé ïîçâîëèò åé âîññòàíîâèòü ñâîþ ïðåæíþþ

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ìîùü è çàùèòèòüñÿ îò Ãåðìàíèè. Êîãäà ýòî áûëî íåâîçìîæíî, îíè áëîêèðî-âàëè âåñü ïðîöåññ... Ïîñëå ðàñøèðåíèÿ ðàâíîâåñèå (â ÅÑ) áûëî íàðóøåíî, è ÷èñòî ìåõàíè÷åñêè ôðàíöóçñêîå âëèÿíèå ìîãëî áûòü ðàñòâîðåíî» [3].

Ôàêòè÷åñêè ðåôåðåíäóì ïî ïðîåêòó Êîíñòèòóöèè ñòàë ïåðâûì âñåíàðîä-íûì ãîëîñîâàíèåì ïî âîïðîñó î òîì, êàê Ôðàíöèÿ äîëæíà ðåàãèðîâàòü íà âûçîâû ãëîáàëèçàöèè. Åâðîñòðîèòåëüñòâî âîñïðèíèìàëîñü ìíîãèìè ôðàí-öóçàìè â êà÷åñòâå îäíîãî èç ïðîÿâëåíèé ãëîáàëèçàöèè, êîòîðàÿ çàñòàâëÿëà èõ «âñå òóæå çàòÿãèâàòü ïîÿñà». Ãîëîñîâàíèå ïîêàçàëî, ÷òî ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ ñðåäíåãî èçáèðàòåëÿ, åâðîèíòåãðàöèÿ íå óëó÷øàåò, à íàîáîðîò, îñëîæíÿ-åò ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîå ïîëîæåíèå ñðåäíåé ôðàíöóçñêîé ñåìüè. Êàê ïîä÷åðêèâàåò áåëüãèéñêèé ýêñïåðò Ãàýòàíà Ðèêàð-Íèóëü â ñâîåì èññëå-äîâàíèè, ïðåäñòàâëåííîì áëèçêîé ê Ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè Ôðàíöèè Àññîöèàöèåé Æàêà Äåëîðà «Íàøà Åâðîïà» â õîäå ãîëîñîâàíèÿ ïî Êîíñòè-òóöèè âûÿâèëàñü îñòðàÿ ïðîáëåìà, îáùàÿ äëÿ èíòåãðèðîâàííîé Åâðîïû: êàê ñî÷åòàòü ðàçâèòûå ñîöèàëüíûå ãàðàíòèè ñ äèíàìè÷íûì ðàçâèòèåì è íåîáõîäèìîñòüþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ìîäåðíèçàöèè. Èòîãè ãîëîñîâàíèÿ ïîêà-çàëè, ÷òî Ôðàíöèÿ íå ñîãëàøàëàñü îòêàçûâàòüñÿ îò ñâîåé «âûñòðàäàííîé» ñîöèàëüíîé ìîäåëè [4].

Íà ðåçóëüòàòàõ ðåôåðåíäóìà ñêàçàëîñü òî, ÷òî ìíîãèå ôðàíöóçû âîñïðè-íÿëè «ïÿòîå» ðàñøèðåíèå ÅÑ ñêîðåå êàê âûçîâ, à íå êàê ôàêòîð, ñïîñîá-ñòâîâàâøèé ïîâûøåíèþ áëàãîñîñòîÿíèÿ êàæäîé ôðàíöóçñêîé ñåìüè. Øè-ðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû áûëè îïàñåíèÿ ïî ïîâîäó òîãî, ÷òî «ñòàðóþ» Åâðîïó, è áåç òîãî ñòðàäàþùóþ îò ïîñòîÿííîãî ïðèòîêà èììèãðàíòîâ, çàõëåñòíåò âîëíà äåøåâîé ðàáî÷åé ñèëû èç ñòðàí-íîâè÷êîâ, è ïðèíÿòèå ïðåäëîæåííî-ãî ïðîåêòà Êîíñòèòóöèè â öåëîì ïðèâåäåò ê ðîñòó áåçðàáîòèöû âî Ôðàí-öèè. Ôðàíöóçû óâèäåëè â íàñòóïàþùåé ãëîáàëèçàöèè, ñèìâîëîì êîòîðîé äëÿ ìíîãèõ áûë Åâðîñîþç, íå òîëüêî ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé âûçîâ, íî è óãðîçó ñâîåé íàöèîíàëüíîé èäåíòè÷íîñòè.

Îòêàç Ôðàíöèè è Íèäåðëàíäîâ ïîääåðæàòü Êîíñòèòóöèþ çàòîðìîçèë âåñü ïðîöåññ åâðîñòðîèòåëüñòâà. Õîòÿ íåêîòîðûå ñòðàíû, òàêèå êàê, íà-ïðèìåð, Ëþêñåìáóðã, ïðîäîëæèëè ðàòèôèêàöèþ, öåëûé ðÿä ãîñóäàðñòâ ðåøèë åå îòëîæèòü íà íåîïðåäåëåííûé ñðîê. Ïðîâåäåíèå âàæíîé äëÿ ÅÑ èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíîé ðåôîðìû áûëî ïîñòàâëåíî ïîä âîïðîñ, îòìå÷àë ïî ýòî-ìó ïîâîäó âëèÿòåëüíûé ôðàíöóçñêèé ïîëèòîëîã, äèðåêòîð Ôðàíöóçñêîãî èíñòèòóòà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé äå Ìîíáðèàëü [5].

Íà ìîìåíò ïðèõîäà ê âëàñòè Íèêîëÿ Ñàðêîçè â ìàå 2007 ã. äâå ñòðà-íû-÷ëåíà ÅÑ (Ôðàíöèÿ è Íèäåðëàíäû) íå ïîääåðæàëè ïðîåêò, òîãäà êàê óñïåøíàÿ ðàòèôèêàöèÿ Êîíñòèòóöèè ñîñòîÿëàñü â 18 èç 27 ñòðàí Åâðîñî-þçà, åùå ÷åòûðå îáúÿâèëè î òîì, ÷òî ñêîðî åå ðàòèôèöèðóþò, è òîëüêî òðè íå îáíàðîäîâàëè ñâîèõ íàìåðåíèé. Ñëîæèëàñü ïàðàäîêñàëüíàÿ ñèòóà-öèÿ, êîãäà Ôðàíöèÿ, äîëãèå ãîäû ÿâëÿâøàÿñÿ ëîêîìîòèâîì åâðîïåéñêîé èíòåãðàöèè, ôàêòè÷åñêè çàáëîêèðîâàëà åå äàëüíåéøåå ðàçâèòèå. Ìíîãèå ñòîðîííèêè Êîíñòèòóöèè êàê âî Ôðàíöèè, òàê è çà åå ïðåäåëàìè îáâèíè-ëè ôðàíöóçîâ â çàìîðàæèâàíèè åâðîñòðîèòåëüñòâà. Â Ïàðèæå çàÿâèëè î ñòðåìëåíèè èñêàòü âûõîä èç òóïèêà: íîâûé ôðàíöóçñêèé ïðåçèäåíò âû-äâèíóë èäåþ ïðèíÿòèÿ òàê íàçûâàåìîãî óïðîùåííîãî äîãîâîðà EC.

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Âûäâèãàÿ ñâîè åâðîïåéñêèå èíèöèàòèâû, Ñàðêîçè íàìåðåâàëñÿ âåðíóòü ðàñøèðåííîìó ÅÑ óïðàâëÿåìîñòü è äèíàìèçì, çàêðåïèâ çà Ôðàíöèåé ðîëü îäíîãî èç ëèäåðîâ Åâðîñîþçà. Ýòî áûëî âàæíî êàê äëÿ Åâðîïû, êîòîðàÿ «âïàëà â ðàñòåðÿííîñòü» ïîñëå íåãàòèâíûõ ðåçóëüòàòîâ ôðàíöóçñêîãî ðå-ôåðåíäóìà, òàê è äëÿ Ôðàíöèè, ñòðåìÿùåéñÿ ýôôåêòèâíî îòâå÷àòü íà âûçîâû ñîâðåìåííîñòè. Ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ íîâîãî ôðàíöóçñêîãî ïðåçèäåíòà, íåîáõîäèìî áûëî «ñïàñòè» îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ ïðîåêòà Êîíñòèòóöèè, èìåâøèå êëþ÷åâîå çíà÷åíèå äëÿ áóäóùåãî ðàçâèòèÿ ÅÑ. Íàìåðåâàÿñü ðàç-áëîêèðîâàòü ñèòóàöèþ, âîçíèêøóþ ïîñëå ìàéñêîãî ðåôåðåíäóìà 2005 ã., Ñàðêîçè âûäâèíóë èäåþ ïðèíÿòèÿ âìåñòî Êîíñòèòóöèè íîâîãî óïðîùåí-íîãî äîêóìåíòà, ðåãëàìåíòèðóþùåãî äåÿòåëüíîñòü ÅÑ. Òàê íàçûâàåìûé ìèíè-äîãîâîð èëè «óïðîùåííûé» äîãîâîð âïåðâûå îôèöèàëüíî áûë ïðåä-ëîæåí áóäóùèì ôðàíöóçñêèì ïðåçèäåíòîì âî âðåìÿ åãî âèçèòà â Áðþññåëü â ñåíòÿáðå 2006 ã., åùå òî îòêðûòèÿ èçáèðàòåëüíîé êàìïàíèè. Îí çàÿâèë, ÷òî ïîäîáíûé äîêóìåíò ìîã áû âîñïðîèçâåñòè òå ïóíêòû ïðîåêòà Êîíñòè-òóöèè, ïî êîòîðûì â Åâðîñîþçå óæå äîñòèãíóò êîíñåíñóñ. Ïðè ýòîì ïðåä-ëàãàëîñü, ÷òî â öåíòðå íîâîãî äîãîâîðà, êàê è ïðîåêòà Êîíñòèòóöèè, áóäåò èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ ðåôîðìà ÅÑ (óïðîùåíèå ñèñòåìû ïðèíÿòèÿ ðåøåíèé, ñîêðàùåíèå ÷èñëà åâðîêîìèññàðîâ è ò. ä.), à òàêæå ïîëîæåíèÿ, ïîçâîëÿ-þùèå ïðîäâèíóòü èíòåãðàöèþ â ïîëèòè÷åñêîé è âîåííîé îáëàñòÿõ, áîëåå ÷åòêî ôîðìóëèðîâàòü è ïðîâîäèòü â æèçíü îáùóþ âíåøíþþ è âîåííóþ ïî-ëèòèêó ÅÑ. Ðåàëèçàöèÿ ýòèõ ìåð äîëæíà áûëà óêðåïèòü êàê Åâðîïåéñêèé Ñîþç, òàê è ïîçèöèè Ôðàíöèè âíóòðè ÅÑ.

Áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå íîâîå ðóêîâîäñòâî óäåëèëî âîåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèì àñïåêòàì åâðîèíòåãðàöèè. Ôðàíöèÿ ñòðåìèëàñü èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðåèìóùå-ñòâà, êîòîðûìè îáëàäàëà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ñòðàíàìè Åâðîñîþçà. Ôðàíöóçñêèé âîåííûé ïîòåíöèàë çíà÷èòåëåí è, ÷òî íåìàëîâàæíî, Ôðàí-öèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÿäåðíîé äåðæàâîé. Íîâûé ïðåçèäåíò íàìåðåâàëñÿ ñóùåñòâåí-íî ïðîäâèíóòü âîåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêóþ êîîïåðàöèþ â ðàìêàõ ÅÑ, ïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî Åâðîïà äîëæíà âçÿòü íà ñåáÿ áîëüøå ïîëíîìî÷èé â äåëå îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ñîáñòâåííîé áåçîïàñíîñòè. Áûñòðîå äîñòèæåíèå âîåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîé àâ-òîíîìèè Åâðîïû áûëî ìàëîâåðîÿòíûì. Îäíàêî ñàìî ïî ñåáå äâèæåíèå ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê ðåàëèçàöèè ýòîé èäåè ñîçäàâàëî äëÿ Ôðàíöèè áëàãîïðè-ÿòíûå âîçìîæíîñòè, ïîçâîëÿÿ åé àêòèâíî ïðåòåíäîâàòü íà ðîëü âîåííî-ïî-ëèòè÷åñêîãî åâðîïåéñêîãî ëèäåðà. Ïîýòîìó íîâîå ôðàíöóçñêîå ðóêîâîäñòâî ïðèäàâàëî áîëüøîå çíà÷åíèå «ñïàñåíèþ» òåõ ïîëîæåíèé Êîíñòèòóöèè, êî-òîðûå áûëè íàöåëåíû íà àêòèâèçàöèþ ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî è âîåííîãî ñîòðóä-íè÷åñòâà ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ ÅÑ.

Èäåÿ Ñàðêîçè îá «óðåçàííîì» èëè «óïðîùåííîì» äîãîâîðå ïîëó÷èëà øèðîêóþ ïîääåðæêó ôðàíöóçñêîãî ïîëèòîëîãè÷åñêîãî ñîîáùåñòâà.

Ïîäãîòîâêà íîâîãî äîãîâîðà ïðîõîäèëà ñëîæíî. Â ðàñøèðèâøèéñÿ äî 27 ÷ëåíîâ Åâðîñîþç âõîäèëè ñòðàíû, ñèëüíî îòëè÷àâøèåñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà ïî ìíîãèì ïàðàìåòðàì — ïî ðàçìåðàì òåððèòîðèè, óðîâíÿì ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ, ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå î êóëüòóðíûõ îñîáåí-íîñòÿõ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå â õîäå äèñêóññèé ïðîÿâèëèñü ðàçëè÷èÿ â ïîäõîäàõ ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ ÅÑ êî ìíîãèì îáñóæäàåìûì ïðîáëåìàì. Ôðàíöóçñêèì ïðå-

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çèäåíòîì ïðîâîäèëàñü áîëüøàÿ ðàáîòà, íàïðàâëåííàÿ íà âûðàáîòêó âçàè-ìîïðèåìëåìîãî êîìïðîìèññà.

13 äåêàáðÿ 2007 ã. íà ñàììèòå ÅÑ â Ëèññàáîíå äîêóìåíò, ïîëó÷èâøèé îôèöèàëüíîå íàçâàíèå «Äîãîâîð î ðåôîðìå Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà», áûë ïîä-ïèñàí, è ðàòèôèêàöèÿ íà÷àëàñü. Ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü, ÷òî Ëèññàáîíñêèé äîãî-âîð âñòóïèò â ñèëó 1 ÿíâàðÿ 2009 ã. ïîñëå ðàòèôèêàöèè âñåìè ãîñóäàðñòâà-ìè. Äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû èçáåæàòü ïîâòîðåíèÿ «íåîæèäàííîñòåé», ïîäîáíûõ ðåôåðåíäóìàì 2005 ã., 26 ñòðàí ÅÑ ñðàçó ïðèíÿëè ðåøåíèå ðàòèôèöèðî-âàòü äîãîâîð ÷åðåç ïàðëàìåíòû. Íèêîãäà â èñòîðèè ÅÑ, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ãî-ëîñîâàíèÿ âî Ôðàíöèè ïî ïîâîäó ñîçäàíèÿ Åâðîïåéñêîãî îáîðîíèòåëüíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà â 1954 ã., íå áûëî îòðèöàòåëüíûõ èòîãîâ ðàòèôèêàöèè ÷åðåç ïàðëàìåíò.

Âî Ôðàíöèè ïðèâåòñòâîâàëè âñòóïëåíèå â ñèëó Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà, âûðàæàÿ íàäåæäó íà òî, ÷òî åãî ðåàëèçàöèÿ ïîìîæåò ñïðàâèòüñÿ ñ íåãà-òèâíûìè ïîñëåäñòâèÿìè ïîñëåäíåé âîëíû ðàñøèðåíèÿ. Àíàëèçèðóÿ ïåð-ñïåêòèâû åâðîïåéñêîé èíòåãðàöèè ïîñëå âñòóïëåíèÿ â ñèëó Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà, ôðàíöóçñêèå ýêñïåðòû ïîä÷åðêèâàëè, ÷òî, âî-ïåðâûõ, îñîáîå çíà-÷åíèå èìåëà èíñòèòóöèîíàëüíàÿ ðåôîðìà ÅÑ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðèíÿòûì äîãîâîðîì. Âî-âòîðûõ, ðå÷ü øëà è î íåêîòîðîì óñèëåíèè ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêîé ðîëè Åâðîïåéñêîãî Ñîþçà. Áûëè ââåäåíû íîâûå ïðàâèëà, ïî êîòîðûì ñ íî-ÿáðÿ 2014 ã. íà÷èíàëà äåéñòâîâàòü ñèñòåìà ãîëîñîâàíèÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàí-íûì (äâîéíûì) áîëüøèíñòâîì. Ðåøåíèå ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïðèíÿòûì, åñëè çà íåãî âûñêàçàëèñü 55 % ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ (15 èç 27), ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèõ êàê ìèíèìóì 65 % íàñåëåíèÿ ÅÑ. Ðåøåíèå ìîæåò áûòü çàáëîêèðîâàíî, åñëè ïðîòèâ íåãî ïðîãîëîñóþò íå ìåíüøå ÷åòûðåõ ñòðàí. Èíòåðåñíî, ÷òî åñëè ðåøåíèå ïðè-íèìàåòñÿ íå ïî ïðåäëîæåíèþ Åâðîêîìèññèè èëè Âûñîêîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ ÅÑ ïî âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêå è áåçîïàñíîñòè, òî çà íåãî äîëæíû ïðîãîëîñîâàòü êàê ìèíèìóì 72 % ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ ÅÑ [2, ñ. 45]. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, Äîãîâîð ïîä÷åðêèâàåò îñîáóþ ðîëü Åâðîêîìèññèè è Âûñîêîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ ÅÑ ïî âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêå è áåçîïàñíîñòè.

Äðóãîå íîâîââåäåíèå Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà âåëî ê òîìó, ÷òî ïðèìåíå-íèå òàê íàçûâàåìîãî ïðàâà âåòî ñòàíîâèëîñü ñêîðåå èñêëþ÷åíèåì, ÷åì ïðà-âèëîì. Ïîñëå âñòóïëåíèÿ äîãîâîðà â ñèëó ðåøåíèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì, êîòîðûå îõâàòûâàþò 96 ðàçëè÷íûõ íàïðàâëåíèé äåÿòåëüíîñòè ÅÑ, äîëæíû ïðèíè-ìàòüñÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûì áîëüøèíñòâîì. Ïðè÷åì ýòà ñèñòåìà ãîëîñîâà-íèÿ áûëà ðàñïðîñòðàíåíà íà 33 íîâûå ñôåðû. Ïðèíöèï åäèíîãëàñèÿ (èëè ïðàâî âåòî) ñîõðàíÿëñÿ òîëüêî â îòíîøåíèè òàêèõ îñîáî ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûõ âîïðîñîâ, êàê íàëîãè, ñîöèàëüíàÿ ñôåðà, ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî îðãàíîâ âíóòðåí-íèõ äåë, ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé ðåæèì, ìåñòîðàñïîëîæåíèå èíñòèòóòîâ ÅÑ, ðà-òèôèêàöèÿ äîãîâîðîâ, ïðèíÿòèå íîâûõ ÷ëåíîâ. Äîãîâîðîì ïðåäóñìîòðåíî ñîõðàíåíèå ïðàâà âåòî ïðè ðåøåíèè âîïðîñîâ âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè ÅÑ. Íî ïðè íàçíà÷åíèè Âûñîêîãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ ÅÑ ïî èíîñòðàííûì äåëàì è ïîëèòèêå áåçîïàñíîñòè è â ðåøåíèÿõ ïî ðàçâèòèþ «ñòðóêòóðèðîâàííîãî» ñîòðóäíè÷å-ñòâà ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïðàâèëî ãîëîñîâàíèÿ êâàëèôèöèðîâàííûì áîëüøèíñòâîì.

Âàæíîå ïîëîæåíèå Äîãîâîðà, íàïðàâëåííîå íà ðåôîðìèðîâàíèå èíñòè-òóòîâ ÅÑ, áûëî ñâÿçàíî ñ ñîêðàùåíèåì ñ 2014 ã. ÷èñëà ÷ëåíîâ Åâðîêîìèñ-

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ñèè. Íîâûå ïðàâèëà ñîêðàùàëè ÷èñëî ÷ëåíîâ Êîìèññèè äî äâóõ òðåòåé îò îáùåãî ÷èñëà ñòðàí-÷ëåíîâ ÅÑ (18 èç 27). È õîòÿ â òå÷åíèå ïÿòè ëåò îäíà òðåòü ñòðàí íå äîëæíà áûëà èìåòü ñâîåãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ â Åâðîêîìèññèè, ýêñïåðòû îöåíèâàëè ýòî íîâîââåäåíèå êàê âàæíûé øàã íà ïóòè ê ïðåâðà-ùåíèþ Åâðîêîìèññèè èç êîëëåêòèâíîãî îðãàíà â åâðîïåéñêîå ïðàâèòåëü-ñòâî.

Âìåñòå ñ òåì, ïî ìíåíèþ ôðàíöóçñêèõ ýêñïåðòîâ, äîãîâîð íå ðåøàåò ïîëíîñòüþ ïðîáëåìó åäèíîé âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè ÅÑ. Íîâûé äîêóìåíò âû-ñâå÷èâàåò âñþ ñëîæíîñòü åâðîïåéñêîé ñèñòåìû ïðèíÿòèÿ è ðåàëèçàöèè âíåøíåïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ðåøåíèé â ðàìêàõ ÅÑ. Ïðîåêò, öåëüþ êîòîðîãî ÿâëÿ-ëîñü óñèëåíèå åâðîïåéñêîãî âëèÿíèÿ, íå áûë çàâåðøåí âìåñòå ñ âñòóïëå-íèåì â ñèëó Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà, è ïîçèöèîíèðîâàíèå ÅÑ â êà÷åñòâå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî èãðîêà «íå êîíêðåòèçèðîâàíî» [6].

Â íîâîì äîêóìåíòå îòñóòñòâóåò ÷åòêîå îôèöèàëüíîå îïðåäåëåíèå ïîíÿ-òèÿ «Åâðîïåéñêèé Ñîþç». Ïî-ïðåæíåìó íå âïîëíå ÿñíî, èäåò ëè ðå÷ü î íàäíàöèîíàëüíîì îáúåäèíåíèè, î ðåãèîíàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè, êîíôåäåðà-öèè, ôåäåðàöèè îòäåëüíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ èëè î êàêîé-ëèáî ïðîìåæóòî÷íîé ñòðóêòóðå. Ïî èíèöèàòèâå Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè, Ãîëëàíäèè, Ïîëüøè, ×åõèè èç äîãîâîðà áûëè èñêëþ÷åíû âñå óïîìèíàíèÿ î åâðîïåéñêîì ôëàãå, ãèì-íå, âàëþòå, äíå Åâðîïû, ìèíèñòðå èíîñòðàííûõ äåë, êîíñòèòóöèè, èíà÷å ãîâîðÿ, îáî âñåì, ÷òî íàïîìèíàëî áû ñèñòåìó óïðàâëåíèÿ åäèíûì ãîñó-äàðñòâîì. Öåëè èíòåãðàöèè îïðåäåëåíû ëèøü â îáùèõ ñëîâàõ: ïðåòâîðå-íèå â æèçíü óíèâåðñàëüíûõ äåìîêðàòè÷åñêèõ öåííîñòåé è ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ðûíî÷íîé ýêîíîìèêè. Âïîëíå î÷åâèäíî, ÷òî ÅÑ èìååò ñâîè èíòåðåñû íà ìåæäóíàðîäíîé àðåíå, íî â Ëèññàáîíñêîì äîãîâîðå îíè íè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêè, íè öèâèëèçàöèîííî íå ëèìèòèðîâàíû è íå îïðåäåëåíû.

Â öåëîì, ïîëàãàþò ôðàíöóçñêèå ýêñïåðòû, ïî ìåðå ðåàëèçàöèè äîãîâîðà Åâðîñîþç áóäåò ïîñòåïåííî îáðåòàòü ñâîéñòâà áîëåå ãèáêîé ñèñòåìû. Äàëü-íåéøåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ïîëó÷àò òàêèå ôîðìû êîîïåðàöèè, êàê «ñòðóêòó-ðèðîâàííîå» èëè «ïðîäâèíóòîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî», ïðåäóñìîòðåííîå äîãîâî-ðîì, à òàêæå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî «ñ èçìåíÿåìîé ãåîìåòðèåé» [2, c. 50].

Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìîæíî ñäåëàòü âûâîä, ÷òî ó÷àñòèå â åâðîïåéñêîì ñòðî-èòåëüñòâå òðàäèöèîííî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ãëàâíûì ïðèîðèòåòàì ôðàíöóçñêîé âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè. Îäíàêî ïðîâàë ïðîåêòà åâðîïåéñêîé Êîíñòèòóöèè íà ðåôåðåíäóìå âî Ôðàíöèè ñâèäåòåëüñòâîâàë î òîì, ÷òî ñòðàíà èñïûòûâàëà òðóäíîñòè, ñâÿçàííûå ñ àäàïòàöèåé ê ïðîöåññó ãëîáàëèçàöèè. Äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ðåàáèëèòèðîâàòü ñâîþ ñòðàíó è âûâåñòè Åâðîïåéñêèé Ñîþç èç èí-ñòèòóöèîíàëüíîãî òóïèêà, îôèöèàëüíûé Ïàðèæ ïðåäëîæèë Ëèññàáîíñêèé äîãîâîð, âêëþ÷èâøèé îñíîâíûå èäåè Êîíñòèòóöèè. Ïîñëå âñòóïëåíèÿ â ñèëó Ëèññàáîíñêîãî äîãîâîðà áûëà ïðîäîëæåíà ïîñòåïåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìà-öèÿ ÅÑ èç ñîþçà îòäåëüíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ â íàäíàöèîíàëüíîå îáúåäèíåíèå ôå-äåðàòèâíîãî òèïà. Îñíîâíûå öåëè, êîòîðûå ñòàâèëà ïåðåä ñîáîé Ôðàíöèÿ, àêòèâíî âûñòóïàÿ çà ïîäïèñàíèÿ ýòîãî äîãîâîðà, áûëè äîñòèãíóòû.

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1. Æèñêàð ä’Ýñòåí Â. Ôðàíöóçû. Ðàçìûøëåíèå î ñóäüáå íàðîäà / Â. Æèñêàð ä’Ýñòåí. — Ì.: Ëàäîìèð, 2004. — 248 ñ.

2. Çâåðåâà Ò. Â. Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà ñîâðåìåííîé Ôðàíöèè / Ò. Â. Çâåðåâà. — Ì.: Êàíîí ÐÎÎÈ, 2014. — 344 ñ.

3. Leparmenlier A. Le refus de la souveraineté partagée / À. Leparmenlier // Le Monde. — 2005. — 01.06.

4. Ricard-Nihoul G. Le non français du 29 mai 2005: comprendre, agir // Notre Europe. Etudes erecherches. — 2006. — 25.06, ¹ 44. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http//www: notre-europe.asso.fr/articlephp3

5. RAMSES 2008: Thierry de Montbrial et Philippe Moreau Defarges (IFRI): Regards croisés sur les grands dossiers européens. — 18.09.2007. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http//www.ifri.org

6. Saucède P. Traité de Lisbonne: quels seraient ses effets sur la puissar l’Union Européenne? / P. Saucède. — accessed 15.11.2009. — Ðåæèì äîñòóïà: http//www.euractive.fr


Ðîìàíîâà Î. Â. Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

ÔÐÀÍÖ²ß Ó ÏÐÎÖÅÑ² Ï²ÄÃÎÒÎÂÊÈ ÒÀ ÐÀÒÈÔ²ÊÀÖ²¯ Ë²ÑÀÁÎÍÑÜÊÎÃÎ ÄÎÃÎÂÎÐÓ

Ðåçþìå Ó ñòàòò³ äîñë³äæóºòüñÿ ðîëü Ôðàíö³¿ ó âèðîáëåíí³ íîâèõ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ äîêóìåí-

ò³â, òàêèõ ÿê ïðîåêò ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ Êîíñòèòóö³¿ òà Ë³ñàáîíñüêîãî äîãîâîðó, ÿê³ ìàëè âàæëèâå çíà÷åííÿ íå ò³ëüêè äëÿ çáåðåæåííÿ ªÑ, àëå é äëÿ ïîäàëüøîãî ïðîöåñó éîãî ðîçâèòêó òà êîíñîë³äàö³¿. Àâòîðîì òàêîæ ïðîàíàë³çîâàíî ïðè÷èíè ïðîâàëó ïðîåêòó ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ Êîíñòèòóö³¿ íà ðåôåðåíäóì³ ó Ôðàíö³¿ òà îñîáëèâîñò³ ïîäàëü-øîãî ðåôîðìóâàííÿ çàêîíîäàâ÷î¿ áàçè ªÑ ïðè ïîäàëüøîìó ïðèéíÿòò³ Ë³ñàáîíñüêî-ãî äîãîâîðó.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: çîâí³øíÿ ïîë³òèêà Ôðàíö³¿, ðåôîðìà ºâðîïåéñüêèõ ³íñòèòóò³â, ïðîåêò ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ Êîíñòèòóö³¿, Ë³ñàáîíñüêèé äîãîâ³ð.

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Romanova O. V. Odessa NationalUniversity Department of International Relations R. 32, French. Bul., 24/26 Odessa-58, 65058 Ukraine

FRANCE IN THE PROCESS OF THE PREPARATION AND RATIFICATION OF THE LISBON TREATY

Summary This article views the role of France in the development of new European docu-

ments such as the draft of the European Constitution and the Lisbon Treaty, which were important not only for the preservation of the EU, but also to further the process of its development and consolidation.

Key words: foreign policyof France, the reform of the European institutions, the draft European Constitution, Lisbon Treaty.

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ÓÄÊ 323.22/28(560)«2002/2015»

Paiuk K. A. postgraduate student Department of International Relations, Odessa National University k. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine tel.: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

CHANGING TURKEY: POLITICAL PARADIGM

The article is devoted to the changes in the political paradigm of Republic of Turkey. In the article the author adheres to analysis of the results of elections held during 2002–2015 period, demonstrates electorate’s views, and shows the premises of current changes in results of the voting. Key words: Republic of Turkey, political paradigm, elections, international relations.

Republic of Turkey is an active actor of international relations; its inter-nal policy processes as well as its steps on international scene is one of the relevant subjects of political researches. Scientific base is rather varied and is represented by the works of such researchers as Y. Gaber [7, 12], A. Guryev [4, 8, 9], G. Zyganshyna [6], N. Mosaky [5], S. Trubnycov [10] and K. Chul-covskaya [11]. As the source base statesmen’s works [1, 2], official site of Central Election Commission of Republic of Turkey [3] are mentioned.

The represented article is aimed to show the main changes in the internal political paradigm of the state. Tasks of the article are to identify the main premises of current changes through the analysis of the results of elections held in Republic of Turkey during 2002–2015 period, and show its possible influence on the internal policy processes.

Republic of Turkey that transformed into politically stable and predictable state during Justice and Development Party (JDP) holding office is in change now. The first time JDP holding office the party couldn’t take the majority of the votes in the current year parliamentary election.

It is possible to identify the premises of current changes through the analy-sis of all the results of the elections held in Republic of Turkey at the begin-ning of XX century. During 2002–2015 period parliamentary elections were held 4 times, local elections were held 3 times and 1 time according to the referendum decision presidential elections was held. Also at September 12, 2010 was organized initiated by JDP referendum which admitted the amend-ments to the Constitution of 1982.

I. Parliamentary elections In parliamentary election of 2002 following the political crisis caused by

critical contradictions appeared inside the coalition in office of that time — Democratic Left Party (DLP), Nationalistic Movement Party (NMP) and Fa-

© Paiuk K. A., 2015

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therland Party (FP) — the victory got opposition pro-Islamic Justice and De-velopment Party [10, P. 322]. Clear program of actions, impetuous reforms, active foreign policy based on some pan-Turkism and neo-Osmanism positions with the emphasis on such concepts as «zero-problems with neighbors», «po-litical dialog and diplomacy», «economic interdependency» that is very close with the policy economization, «energy factor» and «different cultures and religions harmonic co-existence approach» initiated Turkey’s transformation into one of the leading states of the region [1].

The factors mentioned above had given JDP the opportunity to win the next parliamentary election and form one-party government one time more that made possible then to organize two referendums which brought core amendments to all branches of power. Referendum of 2007 admitted to elect president by nation-wide voting that according to the party in office opinion presupposes the optimization of state governance, activation of economic and political reforms, foreign policy [8]. Referendum of 2010 «gave the green light» to the bringing to life amendments connected with transformation of executive and legislative branches of power. Thus, amendments were connect-ed with changes of superior courts formation mode: enlargement of the com-position of the Constitutional court from 11 to 17 members and enlargement of Superior Judicial and Public Prosecutor’s Council from 7 to 22 members by acceptance to mentioned instances of ordinary judges and attorneys with the right of parliament to nominate 3 members of the Constitutional Court. Also amendments were aimed to limit the influence of army on the extension of the internal political situation and identifying of the foreign policy prerogatives of Turkish government, establish the power of the civil courts to judge armed forces personnel in case they commit crimes against state security and con-stitutional system. Other amendments were connected with widening of the democratic rights and freedoms for Turkish citizens and civil organizations. To the civil society was added the ombudsman institution, citizens (not only organizations but individual persons also) got the opportunity to file an ap-peal to the Constitutional court, public servants won the opportunity to make contracts and stage a strikes including political demands also. In general the amendments to the Constitution of 1982 accepted 57.9 % of the voters par-ticipated in referendum [4].

JDP’s regular success was confirmed with the victory in the parliamentary election of 2011that gave the party opportunity to form one-party govern-ment [9]. However parliamentary election of 2015 showed another results. JDP took 40.87 % of votes thus got 258 seats in parliament but didn’t get the majority. The reasons of such results were caused by several subjective and objective factors as following: reduction of the state economic growth rate, rise of the unemployment rate up to 16 %, negative picture in the regional security sphere [3, 7].

Democratic Left Party (DLP) and Nationalistic Movement Party (NMP) in the parliamentary elections of 2002, 2007, 2011 and 2015 showed rather even results with flowing dynamics for DLP and growing dynamics for NMP. De-spite this in opposition DLP — NMP tandem DLP is leading. Weakness of the

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opposition, first of all, is in incapacity to work out united and clear program of actions. The opposition put the emphasis on criticism of current power instead.

During the mentioned period systematic growth of the pro-Kurdish parties support is observed. If in the elections of 2002, 2007 and 2011 seats in parlia-ment got independent deputies who represented the interests of pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (PDP), in the elections of 2015 Peoples’ Demo-cratic Party (PDP) overcame 10 % electoral threshold and thus took 13,12 % of votes and 80 seats in the parliament — equal to the quantity of seats NMP got [8, 9, 11].

Date / Party JDP* DLP* NMP* PDP* / PDP**

03.11.200234,28 % / 363

seats19,39 % / 178

seats8,36 % / 0

seats1,0 % / 9 seats

22.07.200746,58 % / 341

seats20,88 % / 112

seats14,27 % / 70

seats5,24 % / 26

seats

12.06.201149,83 % / 327

seats25,98 % / 135

seats13,01 % / 53

seats6,57 % / 35

seats

07.06.201540,87 % / 258

seats24,95 % / 132

seats16,29 % / 80

seats13,12 % / 80

seats

* Justice and Development Party * Democratic Left Party * Nationalistic Movement Party * Peace and Democracy Party ** Peoples’ Democratic Party [3]

Due to results of parliamentary election winner JDP began to provide consultations connected with forming of the coalition government. After the first round of negotiations held with the representatives of political forces which got seats in parliament Nationalistic Movement Party and Peoples’ Democratic Party claimed that they abandon coalition negotiations. Political consultations between JDP and the main opposition force — Democratic Left Party became unsuccessful also. Thereby against a background of radical organizations revitalization and Kurdish «peace process» turn off, strength-ening of the security measures and mass police raids within the framework of the anti-terrorist operation held by government, in conditions of de facto war with the «Islamic state» (IS) militants and Kurdistan Workers Party forces in Syria and Northern Iraq Turkey is on the threshold of the new electioneering. Early parliamentary elections are appointed for November 1, 2015 [12].

II. Local elections Besides the parliamentary election an important place in the Turkey’s in-

ternal politics local election holds. The reason of this is that in local election through voting not only regional government body composition but admin-istration of the two main cities of Ankara ad Istanbul also is selected. Lo-cal election results in particular show more fairly Turkish electorate views because in the regions fixed voting traditions for one or another party are

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preserved frequently that gives the opportunity to observe the popularity of different political forces not only within the country but according to the regions also [6].

In local election of 2004 JDP got a confident victory. Despite the fact that election campaign of 2009 was held against a background of deep economic crisis in the country JDP held the leading positions in the local election [5]. Election results of 2014 also were marked with the victory of Justice and Development Party. According to elections results the Democratic Left Party and Nationalistic Movement Party kept rather even positions with little domi-nance of votes for DLP in 2004 and 2009, for NMP — in 2014. Pro-Kurdish parties that have no success in 2004 and 2009 showed significant growth in the election of 2014 [6, 8].

Date / PartyNumber of votes

28.03.2004 29.03.2009 30.03.2014JDP 41,673 % 38.39 % 45.43 %DLP 18,231 % 23.08 % 16.87 %NMP 10,451 % 15.97 % 20.71 %PDP* 0,727 % 0.00 % 7.73 %PDP** – – 0.38 %

[3].

III. Presidential election August 10, 2014 in Turkey was held first presidential election according to

which president was elected by popular vote. All three presidential candidates symbolize consensus over dissension, as they demonstrated similar political values in support of basic rights and liberties. The main shortcoming of the İhsanoğlu and Demirtaş campaigns, however, resided in their failure to con-vince the electorate of their ability to do a better job than Erdoğan in solving the constitutional challenges facing Turkey [2]. The victory in the election got Recep Tayyip Erdogan. His opponents — united candidate from Democratic Left Party and Nationalistic Movement Party Ekmeleddin Insanoğlu and a candidate from Peoples’ Democratic Party Selahattin Demirtaş got much less votes. Pro-Kurdish party candidate was the second-best and had much more better results than the united DLP and NMP candidate. It has to be mentioned that it’s the first time in Turkey’s republican history when Kurd representa-tive takes part in the presidential election [8, 11].

Candidates Number of votesRecep Tayyip Erdogan (JDP) 51,79 %Ekmeleddin Insanoglu (DLP/NMP) 9,76 %Selahattin Demirtash (PDP**) 38,44 %

[3].

Conclusions Thus, making the analysis of Turkey’s internal policy processes, results

of parliamentary, presidential and local elections of 2002–2015 period the following conclusions can be drawn. Despite the popularity of Justice and De-

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velopment Party that has been in office for about 13 years significant change of electorate’s views is observed. In 2014–2015 for the first time political au-thority gained pro-Kurdish political force thus changing traditionally existing political balance. If earlier JDP and R. T. Erdogan in particular was perceived as power that start «Kurdish peace process» and got significant results in stabilization of South-Eastern part of Turkey now electorates’ views transfor-mation and formation of easily gaining popularity new pro-Kurdish political force that is capable to influence on internal policy processes of the country is observed. In this situation results of the early parliamentary election in many respects depends on the capability of JDP and personally R. T. Erdogan to settle the destabilization of Turkey’s South-Eastern region and confront the increased security threats and the strategy of Peoples’ Democratic Party behavior, its capability to take effective decisions for settlement of current security crisis.

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Ïàþê Å. À. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé ÎÍÓ èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé áóë., 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÌÅÍßÞÙÀßÑß ÒÓÐÖÈß: ÏÎËÈÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÏÀÐÀÄÈÃÌÀ

Ðåçþìå Ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà ïåðåìåíàì âî âíóòðèïîëèòè÷åñêîé ïàðàäèãìå Òóðåöêîé Ðå-

ñïóáëèêè. Â ñòàòüå ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ðåçóëüòàòîâ âûáîðîâ ïåðèîäà 2002–2015 ãîäîâ, ïîêàçàíû îñíîâíûå ïðåäïî÷òåíèÿ ýëåêòîðàòà, óêàçàíû ïðåäïîñûëêè òåêóùèõ èç-ìåíåíèé â ðåçóëüòàòàõ ãîëîñîâàíèÿ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Òóðåöêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà, ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðàäèãìà, âûáîðû, ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ.

Ïàþê Ê. À. êàôåäðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ÎÍÓ ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé áóë., 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà

Ì²ÍËÈÂÀ ÒÓÐÅ××ÈÍÀ: ÏÎË²ÒÈ×ÍÀ ÏÀÐÀÄÈÃÌÀ

Ðåçþìå Ñòàòòÿ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà çì³íàì ó âíóòð³øíüîïîë³òè÷í³é ïàðàäèãì³ Òóðåöüêî¿ Ðåñ-

ïóáë³êè. Â ñòàòò³ ïðîâåäåíî àíàë³ç ðåçóëüò³ò³â âèáîð³â ïåð³îäó 2002–2015 ðîê³â, ïîêàçàí³ îñíîâí³ âïîäîáàííÿ åëåêòîðàòó, âêàçàí³ ïåðåäóìîâè ïîòî÷íèõ çì³í â ðå-çóëüòàòàõ ãîëîñóâàííÿ.

Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: Òóðåöüêà Ðåñïóáë³êà, ïîë³òè÷íà ïàðàäèãìà, âèáîðè, ì³æíàðîäí³ â³äíîñèíè.

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Ðóñîâà Î. Ñ. àñï³ðàíòêà êàôåäðè ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí Îäåñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçüêèé á-ð, 24/26, ì. Îäåñà-58, 65058, Óêðà¿íà òåë.: (380482) 633259 e-mail: [email protected]

ªÂÐÎÏÅÉÑÜÊ² ²ÍÒÅÃÐÀÖ²ÉÍ² ÏÐÎÖÅÑÈ Â ÓÌÎÂÀÕ ÑÓ×ÀÑÍÈÕ ÂÈÊËÈÊ²Â ÑÈÑÒÅÌÈ Ì²ÆÍÀÐÎÄÍÈÕ Â²ÄÍÎÑÈÍ

Ñòàòòÿ ïðèñâÿ÷åíà àíàë³çó ïîíÿòòÿ «ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿», éîãî ñóò-íîñò³, îñíîâíèõ çàñàä òà ìåõàí³çì³â çàïðîâàäæåííÿ. Îñîáëèâå ì³ñöå â³ä-âåäåíî äèñêóñ³¿, ÿêà â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ì³æ ïðåäñòàâíèêàìè äâîõ òåîðåòè÷íèõ øê³ë, à ñàìå ïîë³òè÷íèõ ðåàë³ñò³â òà ë³áåðàë³â â³äíîñíî ðîë³ äåðæàâè â ³íòåãðàö³éíèõ ïðîöåñàõ. Ðîçãëÿäàºòüñÿ ö³ëèé ðÿä ïðîáëåì, ç ÿêèìè ñüîãîä-í³ ñòèêàþòüñÿ äåðæàâè-÷ëåíè ªÑ, çîêðåìà åêîíîì³÷íà íåñòàá³ëüí³ñòü, ð³çêå çðîñòàííÿ ð³âíÿ ïîïóëÿðíîñò³ íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íî¿ ³äåîëîã³¿ òà ºâðîñêåïòè÷íèõ íàñòðî¿â ñåðåä øèðîêèõ âåðñòâ íàñåëåííÿ ªâðîïè. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ºâðîïåéñüêà ³íòåãðàö³ÿ, ïîë³òè÷íèé ðåàë³çì ³ ë³áåðàë³çì, ªÑ, ñóâåðåí³òåò, íàö³îíàë³çì, ºâðîïåéñüêà ³äåíòè÷í³ñòü.

Ñüîãîäí³ ³íòåãðàö³éí³ ïðîöåñè â³äáóâàþòüñÿ ó áàãàòüîõ ñôåðàõ ñóñï³ëü-íîãî æèòòÿ, òîìó ðîçìà¿òòÿ ï³äõîä³â, ÿê³ íàìàãàþòüñÿ ïîÿñíèòè ïðèðîäó öüîãî ÿâèùà, º òàêîæ çíà÷íèì. ²íòåãðàö³ÿ — öå ïðîöåñ áàãàòîãðàííèé òà âñåîõîïëþþ÷èé, òîìó ñôîðìóëþâàòè ïåâí³ çàêîíîì³ðíîñò³, çà ÿêèìè â³í ðîçâèâàºòüñÿ, äîñòàòíüî âàæêî. Ïî-ïåðøå, ÷åðåç âåëèêó ê³ëüê³ñòü ó÷àñ-íèê³â, çàëó÷åíèõ äî íüîãî, à ïî-äðóãå, ÷åðåç ïîñò³éíó ³ ð³çêó çì³íó óìîâ, â ÿêèõ çíàõîäèòüñÿ ñâ³òîâà ñï³ëüíîòà. Äëÿ îêðåìî âçÿòî¿ êðà¿íè ó÷àñòü ó öüîìó ïðîöåñ³ âèãëÿäàº ïðèâàáëèâîþ ÷åðåç ìîæëèâ³ñòü ïðîñóâàòè ñâî¿ âëàñí³ ãåîïîë³òè÷í³ òà åêîíîì³÷í³ ³íòåðåñè ÿê â ðàìêàõ ðåã³îíó, òàê ³ íà ì³æíàðîäíîìó ð³âí³. Âïðîâàäæåííÿ ïåâíèõ ³í³ö³àòèâ â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ëåãøå ³ øâèäøå, êîëè êðà¿íà îòðèìóº ï³äòðèìêó ³íøèõ äåðæàâ, ùî º ÷ëåíàìè òîãî ñàìîãî îá’ºäíàííÿ àáî îðãàí³çàö³¿. Òàê, çà äîïîìîãîþ êîìóí³òàðíèõ çóñèëü îá’ºäíàí³é ªâðîï³ âäàëîñÿ ïîäîëàòè ñòðàøí³ íàñë³äêè Äðóãî¿ ñâ³-òîâî¿ â³éíè ó äðóã³é ïîëîâèí³ ÕÕ ñòîë³òòÿ. Çà òâåðäæåííÿì Ð. Øóìàíà: «ªâðîïó íå áóäå ñòâîðåíî øâèäêî ÷è çà ºäèíèì ïëàíîì. Âîíà ðîçáóäîâó-âàòèìåòüñÿ ÷åðåç ïîñë³äîâí³ äîñÿãíåííÿ, ÿê³ ñëóãóâàòèìóòü îñíîâîþ ðå-àëüíî¿ ñîë³äàðíîñò³» [1, ð. 15]. Îòæå ïðèíöèï ñï³âðîá³òíèöòâà ñòàâ çà-ïîðóêîþ ñòàëîãî åêîíîì³÷íîãî òà ïîë³òè÷íîãî ðîçâèòêó, ñòâîðèâøè äëÿ ªâðîïè ³ì³äæ «îñòðîâà äîáðîáóòó» ïîñåðåä áóðåìíîãî ñâ³òîâîãî îêåàíó. Õî÷à ïðîòÿãîì îñòàííüîãî äåñÿòèë³òòÿ öåé ì³ô ïîñòóïîâî ðîçâ³í÷óºòüñÿ ï³ä òÿãàðåì íåñïðîñòîâíèõ äîêàç³â ó âèãëÿä³ ñâ³òîâî¿ ô³íàíñîâî¿ êðèçè, â³éñüêîâèõ êîíôë³êò³â ó áåçïîñåðåäí³é áëèçüêîñò³ äî êîðäîí³â ªÑ òà ïðî-áëåì íà êøòàëò íåëåãàëüíèõ åì³ãðàíò³â òà ¿õ àäàïòàö³¿ äî ºâðîïåéñüêîãî ñïîñîáó æèòòÿ.

© Ðóñîâà Î. Ñ., 2015

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Ïîâåðòàþ÷èñü äî ñóòíîñò³ ôåíîìåíó ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿, ñòàðøèé íàóêîâèé ñï³âðîá³òíèê ²íñòèòóòó ñâ³òîâî¿ åêîíîì³êè òà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³ä-íîñèí ÍÀÍ Óêðà¿íè ªâà Ê³ø çàçíà÷àº, ùî âèùåçãàäàíà òåçà ç äåêëàðà-ö³¿ Ð. Øóìàíà â³äîáðàæàº ñóòí³ñòü ô³ëîñîô³¿ ðîçâèòêó ºâðî³íòåãðàö³¿, à ñàìå — íàäàííÿ ïåðåâàãè ïðàêòèö³, à íå ôîðìóâàííþ àïð³îð³ ³äåîëîãåì ÷è òåîðåòè÷íèõ êîíñòðóêö³é, ÿêèìè ìàº êåðóâàòèñÿ ïðàêòèêà [2, ñ. 103]. Òàêîæ îäèí ç íàéïîñë³äîâí³øèõ çàõèñíèê³â ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ ³ñòî-ðèê À. Ì³ëâîðä ó ïðàö³ «Êîðäîíè íàö³îíàëüíîãî ñóâåðåí³òåòó» çàçíà÷àâ, ùî óñï³õ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ ñâ³ä÷èòü ïðî åôåêòèâí³ñòü ³íòåãðàö³éíî¿ ïîë³òèêè ³ ìàº äîáð³ ïåðñïåêòèâè, îñê³ëüêè êðà¿íè ïåðåêîíàëèñü â ¿¿ ïå-ðåâàãàõ ïåðåä äâîñòîðîííüîþ ôîðìîþ â³äíîñèí [3, ñ. 11]. Òîìó êëþ÷îâèì ïîíÿòòÿì, ùî âèçíà÷àº ïðîöåñ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿, º ÿê³ñíà âçàºìîä³ÿ ¿¿ ó÷àñíèê³â.

Âèòîêè ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ ïîëÿãàëè ó ïðàãíåíí³ ë³äåð³â çàõ³äíî-ºâðîïåéñüêèõ äåðæàâ óíèêíóòè ïîâòîðåííÿ â³éñüêîâèõ ç³òêíåíü, ùî ìàëè ì³ñöå ó ïåðø³é ïîëîâèí³ ìèíóëîãî ñòîë³òòÿ. À îòæå çàáåçïå÷èòè áàçîâ³ óìî-âè äëÿ ³ñíóâàííÿ êîæíî¿ äåðæàâè, òîáòî ¿¿ ô³çè÷íó áåçïåêó. Åêñ-êàíöëåð ÔÐÍ Ãåëüìóò Êîëü â îäí³é ç³ ñâî¿õ ïðîìîâ ñêàçàâ: «ªâðîïåéñüêà ³íòåãðàö³ÿ º íàñïðàâä³ ïèòàííÿì â³éíè ³ ìèðó ó ÕÕ² ñòîð³÷÷³» [4, ð. 121]. Ïîïðè òîé ôàêò, ùî ºâðîïåéñüêà ³íòåãðàö³ÿ ðîçïî÷èíàëàñÿ ÿê åêîíîì³÷íà ñï³âïðàöÿ, ìîæíà ñòâåðäæóâàòè, ùî âîíà º ïîõ³äíîþ â³ä ³íòåãðàö³¿ â â³éñüêîâî-îáî-ðîíí³é ãàëóç³. ßêùî æ ö³ ïðîöåñè â³äáóâàþòüñÿ îäíî÷àñíî, òî öå ñòâîðþº óìîâè âçàºìîçàëåæíîñò³ ì³æ ó÷àñíèêàìè ³íòåãðàö³¿, äå åêîíîì³÷íîãî çðîñ-òàííÿ ìîæíà äîñÿãòè ëèøå øëÿõîì ïîãëèáëåííÿ êîîïåðàö³¿, à «áåçïåêà» ñïðèéìàºòüñÿ âèêëþ÷íî ÿê êîëåêòèâíå ïîíÿòòÿ.

Íà äóìêó îäíîãî ³ç íàéâ³äîì³øèõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ òåîðåòèê³â òà ³ñòîðèê³â ÕÕ ñòîë³òòÿ Õàííè Àðåíäò, «ºâðîïåéñüêèé ïðîåêò» ÿê ïðîöåñ òà ñàìî-ö³ëü, ñôîðìîâàí³ ³ âò³ëåí³ â æèòòÿ çàâäÿêè ñîö³îêóëüòóðí³é òà åêîíîì³÷í³é ìîäåðí³çàö³¿, ïðèçâåëè äî çàðîäæåííÿ ïàí’ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³ [5, ð. 158]. Àíàë³çóþ÷è ñàìå ö³ àñïåêòè ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿, ëîã³÷íèì º âèñíîâîê, ùî âîíà çîáðàæóºòüñÿ ÿê ïðîöåñ ïîñë³äîâíîãî ³äåíòè÷íîñò³-áó-äóâàííÿ, ÿêèé îêð³ì íàäàííÿ ñóòòºâèõ ìàòåð³àëüíèõ áëàã ñòâîðþº â³ä÷óò-òÿ ºäíîñò³ â ðàìêàõ ªÑ, ³ ïðèíàëåæíîñò³ éîãî äåðæàâ-÷ëåí³â äî ñï³ëüíî¿ ñïðàâè. À ç ìîìåíòó ïî÷àòêó ðîçøèðåííÿ ªÑ àêòóàëüíîñò³ íàáóâàº ïðîöåñ òàê çâàíî¿ «ºâðîïå¿çàö³¿», ÿêà â³äáóâàºòüñÿ ó äâîõ íàïðÿìêàõ, ªÑ — äåð-æàâè-÷ëåíè òà äåðæàâè-÷ëåíè — ªÑ. Òóò òðåáà ÷³òêî óñâ³äîìëþâàòè, ùî íå ëèøå ªÑ ðàçîì ç éîãî ïðèíöèïàìè ³ñíóâàííÿ òðàíñôîðìóº íîâîïðèáóëó äåðæàâó çñåðåäèíè (çàêîíîäàâñòâî, çîâí³øíüîïîë³òè÷íèé êóðñ, åêîíîì³÷íó ïîë³òèêó), à é êîæåí íîâèé ÷ëåí ªÑ âíîñèòü ö³ëó íèçêó ïèòàíü íà ïîðÿ-äîê äåííèé îá’ºäíàíî¿ ªâðîïè. Öå çâîðîòí³é ïðîöåñ, íå ò³ëüêè ªÑ çì³íèâ ñüîãîäí³øíº ñïðèéíÿòòÿ íàö³îíàëüíî¿ äåðæàâè, à é íàâïàêè, ç ÷àñîì íà-ö³îíàëüí³ äåðæàâè, ÿê³ âõîäÿòü äî éîãî ñêëàäó, òðàíñôîðìóâàëè ªÑ.

Â ïåðø³ äåñÿòèë³òòÿ ³ñíóâàííÿ õàðàêòåðíèì åëåìåíòîì ªÑ áóâ êîíñåí-ñóñ åë³ò. Ñó÷àñíîìó ªÑ ïðèòàìàííà ïðÿìà äåìîêðàò³ÿ, íàïðèêëàä, ó âèãëÿ-ä³ ðåôåðåíäóìó. Ñõâàëåííÿ âàæëèâèõ äëÿ ªÑ äîêóìåíò³â (Ìààñòðèõòñüêèé äîãîâ³ð, Ë³ñàáîíñüêà óãîäà), ïðèéíÿòòÿ ð³øåíü ùîäî ðîçøèðåííÿ ñîþçó

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ñóïðîâîäæóºòüñÿ ðåôåðåíäóìàìè â êðà¿íàõ-÷ëåíàõ. Íàâ³òü ó ïîòî÷íîìó 2015 ðîö³ â Ãðåö³¿ â³äáóâñÿ ðåôåðåíäóì ùîäî çàïðîâàäæåííÿ àáî â³äìîâè â³ä ïðîãðàìè ðåôîðì òà åêîíîì³¿, çàïðîïîíîâàíî¿ ãðåöüêîìó óðÿäîâ³ òð³é-êîþ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ êðåäèòîð³â. Ïîñòóïîâî ïîë³òè÷í³ åë³òè ªÑ óñâ³äîìëþþòü íåîáõ³äí³ñòü áåçïîñåðåäíüî¿ ó÷àñò³ ãðîìàäÿí ñîþçó â äàíèõ ïðîöåñàõ íà ð³âí³ ç éîãî ïîë³òè÷íèìè ë³äåðàìè.

Òðàíñôîðìàö³¿ ïîì³òí³ ³ â ïðîöåñ³ íàáóòòÿ ÷ëåíñòâà ªÑ, ôîðìóâàííÿ çàâäàíü, ö³ëåé, â ³íñòèòóö³éí³é àðõ³òåêòóð³, ïîë³òèö³ òà ì³æíàðîäíîìó âïëèâ³. ªÑ ñòàâ âèíÿòêîâî âàæëèâèì àêòîðîì ó ãëîáàëüíèõ ³ áàãàòîñòî-ðîíí³õ ôîðóìàõ òà òîðã³âåëüíèõ çíîñèíàõ, éîìó âäàëîñÿ ÷àñòêîâî ïåðåïè-ñàòè êîäåêñ ç âåäåííÿ ïåðåìîâèí. Ç ïîÿâîþ ªÑ ó ì³æíàðîäí³é äèïëîìàò³¿ ³ ïåðåîñìèñëåíí³ éîãî ðîë³ â ïðîöåñ³ ðåã³îíàëüíî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ çàçíàëî çì³í ³ ïîíÿòòÿ ñàìîãî ñóâåðåí³òåòó [6, ð. 236]. Í³ìåöüêèé ïîë³òîëîã Ìàðêóñ ßõòåíôóõñ âçàãàë³ ââàæàº, ùî îäíèì ç íàéö³êàâ³øèõ ³ íàéâàæëèâ³øèõ àñ-ïåêò³â ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ ³ º òðàíñôîðìàö³ÿ òðàäèö³éíî¿ íàö³îíàëüíî¿ äåðæàâè â ñóá’ºêò, ñêëàäîâèé åëåìåíò íîâî¿ òðàíñíàö³îíàëüíî¿ ïîë³òè÷íî¿ ñèñòåìè [7, ð. 256].

Äèñêóñ³ÿ ïåðåâàæíî¿ á³ëüøîñò³ òåîðåòè÷íèõ øê³ë, ÿê ïðîïîíóþòü ð³çí³ ï³äõîäè òà ìåòîäè äîñë³äæåííÿ ïðîöåñ³â ³íòåãðàö³¿, çâîäèòüñÿ ãîëîâíèì ÷èíîì äî âèçíà÷åííÿ â íèõ ðîë³ äåðæàâè. Õî÷à äåðæàâà ³ çàëèøàºòüñÿ öåíòðàëüíèì êîìïîíåíòîì â àïàðàò³ ªÑ, äåðæàâîöåíòðè÷íèé ï³äõ³ä íå º íàéá³ëüø âäàëèì äëÿ éîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ. Âæå íà ïî÷àòêîâîìó åòàï³ âè-â÷åííÿ ïðîöåñó ºâðî³íòåãðàö³¿ âèíèêàº ïèòàííÿ, äî ÿêî¿ ãðóïè àêòîð³â ñó-÷àñíèõ ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí ñë³ä â³äíåñòè ªÑ. ×è ñë³ä ðîçãëÿäàòè ªÑ ÿê ì³æóðÿäîâó îðãàí³çàö³þ, äåðæàâó ç îáìåæåíèìè ôóíêö³ÿìè ³ ïîâíî-âàæåííÿìè àáî âçàãàë³ ÿê îêðåìèé òà óí³êàëüíèé ïðèêëàä ðåã³îíàëüíî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿. Çâàæàþ÷è íà ïîä³áíó êîíòðàâåðñ³éí³ñòü, íà ïîãëÿä àâòîðà, º äîö³ëüíèì ðîçãëÿíóòè ºâðîïåéñüê³ ³íòåãðàö³éí³ ïðîöåñ³â êð³çü ïðèçìó ïî-ãëÿä³â äâîõ êëàñè÷íèõ òåîðåòè÷íèõ øê³ë, à ñàìå ðåàë³ñò³â òà ë³áåðàë³â, â óìîâàõ ñó÷àñíèõ âèêëèê³â òà òåíäåíö³é, â³äïîâ³äíî äî ÿêèõ ñüîãîäí³ ðîç-âèâàþòüñÿ ñôåðà ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí.

Ç òî÷êè çîðó íåîðåàë³ñò³â, òîé ôàêò, ùî ªÑ íå º äåðæàâîþ, äàº ï³äñòàâè ââàæàòè, ùî öå óòâîðåííÿ íå ìàº âëàñíèõ ÷³òêî âèçíà÷åíèõ íàö³îíàëüíèõ ³íòåðåñ³â. Çàì³ñòü öüîãî â çîâí³øí³é ïîë³òèö³ ªÑ äîì³íóþòü ãåîïîë³òè÷-í³ òà áåçïåêîâ³ óïîäîáàííÿ êðà¿í-÷ëåí³â. Ë³áåðàëè ïðèòðèìóþòüñÿ äóìêè, ùî ïðîòèñòîÿííÿ ì³æ êðà¿íàìè-÷ëåíàìè áàçóºòüñÿ â á³ëüøîìó ñòóïåí³ íà åêîíîì³÷íèõ, à íå íà ãåîïîë³òè÷íèõ ³íòåðåñàõ. Ë³áåðàëüíà òåîð³ÿ íàìàãà-ºòüñÿ ïåðåäáà÷èòè, ÿêèì ÷èíîì çîâí³øíüîåêîíîì³÷íà ïîë³òèêà ªÑ âèçíà-÷àº çîâí³øíþ òà áåçïåêîâó ïîë³òèêè îá’ºäíàííÿ äåðæàâ. Òåîð³ÿ ðåàë³ñò³â ðîçãëÿäàº âñå íàâïàêè. Ðàçîì ç òèì, ðåàë³ñòè î÷³êóþòü ñòàëîñò³ çîâí³øíüî-ïîë³òè÷íèõ ³íòåðåñ³â, à ë³áåðàëè — çì³í. Äëÿ ë³áåðàë³â äåðæàâíà ïîë³òèêà çì³íþºòüñÿ âíàñë³äîê âïëèâó ãðóï âíóòð³øíüîåêîíîì³÷íèõ ³íòåðåñ³â. Ðå-àë³ñòè ââàæàþòü ³íñòèòóö³éíå îôîðìëåííÿ çä³éñíåííÿ çîâí³øíüî¿ ïîë³òè-êè â ªÑ íåäîö³ëüíèì, òîä³ ÿê ë³áåðàëè, íàâïàêè, ï³äòðèìóþòü ñòâîðåííÿ îêðåìî¿ ³íñòèòóö³¿, ç ïîãëÿäó ðîçïîä³ëó âëàäè, ùî âèçíà÷àº ñòðàòåã³÷í³ ïð³îðèòåòè òà óõâàëþº ð³øåííÿ [8].

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Çíà÷íà ÷àñòèíà àðãóìåíò³â ðåàë³ñò³â â³äíîñíî çàãðîçè áàãàòîïîëÿðíîñò³ â ªâðîï³ íà ïî÷àòêó 90-õ ðîê³â ìèíóëîãî ñòîë³òòÿ ñïèðàëàñü íà ïðèïóùåííÿ, ùî òàê³ ºâðîïåéñüê³ êðà¿íè, ÿê Í³ìå÷÷èíà, Ôðàíö³ÿ, Áðèòàí³ÿ, ³ ìîæëèâî ²òàë³ÿ, íàáóäóòü ñòàòóñó âåëèêèõ äåðæàâ [9, ð. 7], îäíî÷àñíî ïåðåáóâàþ÷è ó ñêëàä³ ªÑ, ùî ïðèçâåäå äî ïåâíèõ äèñïðîïîðö³é. Ìîæíà ñòâåðäæóâàòè, ùî äåÿê³ ç íèõ âæå º òàêèìè ÷åðåç ¿õ ê³ëüê³ñí³ ïåðåâàãè ó ÂÂÏ òà ÷è-ñåëüíîñò³ íàñåëåííÿ. Ïîâåðòàþ÷èñü äî ñüîãîäí³øí³õ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ ðåàë³é, ìîæíà êîíñòàòóâàòè òîé ôàêò, ùî ðåàë³ñòè ÷àñòêîâî ìàëè ðàö³þ. Ôðàíö³ÿ ³ Í³ìå÷÷èíè ä³éñíî êîðèñòóþòüñÿ á³ëüøèì ïîë³òè÷íèì àâòîðèòåòîì ó ïî-ð³âíÿíí³ ç ³íøèìè êðà¿íàìè-÷ëåíàìè ªÑ. Öå ò³ äâ³ äåðæàâè, ÿê³ âèñòóïà-þòü ç íàéá³ëüøîþ ê³ëüê³ñòþ ³í³ö³àòèâ, à ãîëîâíå áåç ¿õ çãîäè äóæå ñêëàäíî ðåàë³çóâàòè áóäü-ÿêèé ïðîåêò, ùî ìàòèìå áåçïîñåðåäí³é âïëèâ íà ïîäàëü-øå ìàéáóòíº ªÑ. À ùî æ ñòîñóºòüñÿ Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿, òî êðà¿íà áåçïåðå÷íî äåêëàðóº ñâîþ ïðèíàëåæí³ñòü äî ñï³ëüíèõ ç ªâðîïîþ ö³ííîñòåé, àëå ðàçîì ç òèì ïî÷óâàºòüñÿ çàò³ñíî â ìåæàõ ªÑ. 8 âåðåñíÿ 2015 ðîêó íèæíÿ ïàëàòà ïàðëàìåíòó Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿ íàâ³òü ïðîãîëîñóâàëà çà ïðîâåäåííÿ ðåôåðåí-äóìó ùîäî òîãî, ÷è âàðòî çàëèøàòèñü â ªÑ àáî âèéòè ç éîãî ñêëàäó. Âîëå-âèÿâëåííÿ áðèòàíö³â ìàº â³äáóòèñü äî ê³íöÿ 2017 ðîêó. Îòæå ïðèáëèçíî äâà ðîêè ï³äóòü íà çâàæåííÿ ïîçèö³é Áðèòàí³¿, óñ³õ ìîæëèâèõ íåãàòèâ-íèõ ³ ïîçèòèâíèõ íàñë³äê³â ïîä³áíîãî êðîêó. Ë³äåð Ïàðò³¿ íåçàëåæíîñò³ Îá’ºäíàíîãî Êîðîë³âñòà Íàéäæåë Ôàðàäæ âïåâíåíèé, ùî Áðèòàí³ÿ ìîæå ñêîðèñòàòèñÿ ïðèêëàäîì Íîðâåã³¿, ÿêà íå º ÷ëåíîì ªÑ, àëå ìàº â³ëüíèé äîñòóï äî éîãî ºäèíîãî ðèíêó, ³ íå çìóøåíà âèêîíóâàòè îáîâ’ÿçêè çã³äíî ç çàêîíîäàâñòâîì ªÑ â òàêèõ ãàëóçÿõ, ÿê ñ³ëüñüêå ãîñïîäàðñòâî, ñóäî÷èíñòâî òà âíóòð³øí³ ñïðàâè [10]. Òàêîæ äåðæàâà îòðèìàº çìîãó ñàìîñò³éíî ðåãó-ëþâàòè ñâî¿ òîðã³âåëüí³ â³äíîñèíè ç òðåò³ìè êðà¿íàìè. Õî÷à ó ðàç³ âòðàòè Áðèòàí³ºþ ÷ëåíñòâà â ªÑ âîíà ðèçèêóº íàáóòè ñòàòóñó àóòñàéäåðà, çàëèøè-òèñü îñòîðîíü ºâðîïåéñüêèõ ³íòåãðàö³éíèõ ïðîöåñ³â, ùî çìîæå çàøêîäèòè ¿¿ ³ì³äæó, ÿê îäíîãî ç íàä³éí³øèõ ïàðòíåð³â ÑØÀ â ªâðîï³.

Òàêèé ï³äõ³ä ïîë³òè÷íî¿ åë³òè Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿ ï³äøòîâõóº êðà¿íó äî àê-òèâíîãî âïðîâàäæåííÿ àëüòåðíàòèâíèõ àáî êîìïðîì³ñíèõ ³íòåãðàö³éíèõ ñòðàòåã³é. Â äàíîìó êîíòåêñò³ âàðòî çãàäàòè êîíöåïö³þ «ªâðîïè çì³ííèõ ãåîìåòð³é», àâòîðè ÿêî¿ êîíöåíòðóþòüñÿ íà âèðîáëåíí³ ïðàêòè÷íèõ øëÿ-õ³â òà ìåòîä³â ðåàë³çàö³¿ ðåã³îíàëüíèõ ³íòåãðàö³éíèõ ïðîöåñ³â [11, ñ. 32]. Îäí³ºþ ç ¿¿ ñêëàäîâèõ ÷àñòèí º ïðîåêò «Êàðòêîâî¿ ªâðîïè», ³äåîëîãîì ÿêî-ãî âèñòóïèâ ó ñâ³é ÷àñ ãîëîâà áðèòàíñüêîãî óðÿäó Äæîí Ìåéäæîð. Â³äïî-â³äíî äî ö³º¿ ìîäåë³ ³íòåãðàö³¿ äåðæàâè ñàì³ âèð³øóþòü, áðàòè ÷è í³ ó÷àñòü ó ïåâí³é êîíêðåòí³é ³íòåãðàö³éí³é ³í³ö³àòèâ³, òîáòî êðà¿íè-÷ëåíè ìàþòü çìîãó âèáèðàòè ñòðàòåã³¿ ðîçâèòêó ³ äîëó÷àòèñÿ äî ¿õ ðåàë³çàö³¿ [12, ñ. 69]. Öÿ êîíöåïö³ÿ äîçâîëÿº Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿ íå áðàòè ó÷àñòü ó òèõ çàãàëüíîºâ-ðîïåéñüêèõ çàõîäàõ, ÿê³ âèäàþòüñÿ òàêèìè, ùî íå â³äïîâ³äàþòü ¿¿ âëàñíèì ³íòåðåñàì. Íàïðèêëàä, êðà¿íà äîñ³ âèêîðèñòîâóº âëàñíó âàëþòó — ôóíò ³ íå âèÿâëÿº áàæàííÿ ïðèºäíóâàòèñü äî çîíè ºâðî. Öÿ êîíöåïö³ÿ ä³éñíî âè-ãëÿäàº äóæå ïðèâàáëèâîþ ³ ïåðåäáà÷àº íàÿâí³ñòü âåëèêî¿ ê³ëüêîñò³ ³íøèõ ñï³ëüíèõ ö³ëåé ì³æ åëåìåíòàìè ³íòåãðàö³éíîãî îá’ºäíàííÿ. Â ³íøîìó âè-ïàäêó ³ñíóº ðèçèê éîãî äåç³íòåãðàö³¿.

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Êîíòðàðãóìåíò ë³áåðàë³â çâó÷èòü íàñòóïíèì ÷èíîì. ªÑ ñòâîðåíî çà òà-êèì ïðèíöèïîì, ùî íàâ³òü á³ëüø ïîòóæí³ äåðæàâè-÷ëåíè íå îòðèìóþòü í³ÿêîãî îñîáëèâîãî ñòàòóñó (ïðîïîðö³éíà ñèñòåìà ðîçïîä³ëåííÿ ãîëîñ³â òà ïðåäñòàâíèê³â ó ïàðëàìåíò³). Àêöåíò ðîáèòüñÿ íà îäíîñòàéíîñò³ òà ïîøóêó êîìïðîì³ñ³â â ðàìêàõ ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ Ðàäè, êîæíà êðà¿íà ìàº ïðàâî âèñëî-âèòè ñâîþ äóìêó ùîäî òîãî ÷è ³íøîãî ïèòàííÿ. ªÑ ïîñòóïîâî ñàì ïî ñîá³ ñòàº âåëèêîþ äåðæàâîþ â ì³æíàðîäí³é ïîë³òèö³. Öå ñòâîðþº ïðîáëåìó äëÿ òåçè ðåàë³ñò³â, ÿê³ ëèøå äåðæàâó âèçíàþòü ÿê çàêîííîãî àêòîðà ì³æíà-ðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí. Ïðîòå öå íå ñïðîñòîâóº ôàêòó ðîçâèòêó òà ïîãëèáëåííÿ òàêîãî ôåíîìåíó ÿê «ªâðîïà ð³çíèõ øâèäêîñòåé».

Íà äóìêó ïðèá³÷íèê³â ïîë³òè÷íîãî ðåàë³çìó, äëÿ ëþäåé º íåïðèðîäíîþ ³äåÿ íàÿâíîñò³ îäíîãî ïðîâëàäíîãî öåíòðó ÷åðåç òå, ùî äåðæàâà ñüîãîäí³ çàëèøàºòüñÿ ãîëîâíîþ ôîðìîþ ³ñíóâàííÿ ëþäñüêî¿ ñï³ëüíîòè. Íàö³îíàëü-í³ äåðæàâè í³êîëè íå ïåðåñòàíóòü ³ñíóâàòè òîìó, ùî âîíè ÿâëÿþòü ñîáîþ âîëþ íàðîäó. Òîìó äåëåãóâàííÿ äåÿêèõ àñïåêò³â íàö³îíàëüíîãî ñóâåðåí³-òåòó íàäíàö³îíàëüíèì îá’ºäíàííÿì (íàïðèêëàä, äåðæàâàìè-÷ëåíàìè ªÑ äî ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ïàðëàìåíòó àáî ªâðîïåéñüêî¿ Ðàäè) äîñ³ ñïðèéìàºòüñÿ ÿê ÷àñòêîâà âòðàòà âëàñíî¿ äåðæàâíîñò³. Âñå öå ïîðîäæóº ôîðìóâàííÿ ïåâ-íèõ óïåðåäæåíü, ùî óêîð³íþþòüñÿ ãëèáîêî ó ñâ³äîìîñò³ ãðîìàäÿí êðà¿í ªÑ. Âîíè ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ³ç â³ä÷óòòÿì òîãî, ùî ³íòåðåñè ò³º¿ àáî ³íøî¿ äåðæà-âè óòèñêàþòüñÿ çàäëÿ äîñÿãíåííÿ çàãàëüíîºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ìåòè. Òàêèé ñîá³ êîìïëåêñ ìåíøîâàðòîñò³ â ìåæàõ ñó÷àñíîãî íàäíàö³îíàëüíîãî îá’ºäíàííÿ. Çâ³ñíî, ïîä³áí³ ïñèõîëîã³÷í³ áàð’ºðè âäàºòüñÿ ç óñï³õîì äîëàòè, îñîáëèâî â óìîâàõ ñòàëîãî ðîñòó ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ åêîíîì³êè. Ïðîòå ñâ³òîâà ô³íàíñî-âà êðèçà, ÿêà áåçóìîâíî çà÷åïèëà äåðæàâè ªÑ, ëèøå çàãîñòðèëà äèñêóñ³¿ íà ïîä³áí³ òåìè. ßñêðàâî ïîì³òíî öå áóëî ï³ä ÷àñ áîðãîâî¿ òà ïîë³òè÷íî¿ êðèçè â Ãðåö³¿. Íàêîïè÷åííÿ òàêîãî ðîäó âçàºìíèõ ïðåòåíç³é ïðèçâåëî äî ñèñòåìíî¿ êðèçè ªÑ òà øâèäêîãî çðîñòàííÿ â³äöåíòðîâèõ òåíäåíö³é. Ïðè-ãîëîìøëèâà ïåðåìîãà ºâðîñêåïòèê³â ³ ïðàâèõ ïàðò³é íà âèáîðàõ äî ªâðî-ïåéñüêîãî ïàðëàìåíòó ó òðàâí³ 2014 ðîêó («Íàö³îíàëüíèé ôðîíò» ó Ôðàí-ö³¿, «Ïàðò³ÿ íåçàëåæíîñò³ Ñïîëó÷åíîãî Êîðîë³âñòâà» ó Âåëèêîáðèòàí³¿, «Çîëîòèé ñâ³òàíîê» â Ãðåö³¿ òà «Éîáá³ê» â Óãîðùèí³) âèêëèêàëà ïîæâàâ-ëåííÿ ó ëàâàõ ïîë³òè÷íèõ ðåàë³ñò³â. Âîíè êîíñòàòóâàëè òîé ôàêò, ùî, ç îäí³º¿ ñòîðîíè, ïîäàëüøå ïîãëèáëåííÿ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿ ñóòòºâî ïðîáóêñîâóº, êîëè öå ñòîñóºòüñÿ òàêèõ ñôåð, ÿê ñï³ëüíà çîâí³øíÿ ïîë³òè-êà òà ïîë³òèêà áåçïåêè, à ç ³íøî¿ — äåðæàâè ªÑ âñå ÷àñò³øå ïîâåðòàþòüñÿ äî ðèòîðèêè â ñòèë³ ïðèìàòó âëàñíèõ íàö³îíàëüíèõ ³íòåðåñ³â. Òóò âàðòî çóïèíèòè ñâîþ óâàãó íà îäí³é ç ïîòåíö³éíèõ çàãðîç äëÿ ö³ë³ñíîñò³ ªÑ ïðî ÿêó ùå ó 1990 ðîö³ ãîâîðèòü àìåðèêàíñüêèé ïîë³òîëîã Äæîí Ì³ðøàéìåð: «Ã³ïåðíàö³îíàë³çì ìîæíà ââàæàòè ïðè÷èíîþ ðîçãîðòàííÿ ìèíóëèõ âîºí â ªâðîï³, ³ â³í áóäå ÷èííèêîì, ùî ñïðîâîêóº ïî÷àòîê âîºí ó ìàéáóòíüîìó» [13]. Ð³âíî ÷åðåç 20 ðîê³â ó ñâî¿é Áåðë³íñüê³é ïðîìîâ³ Ãåðìàí âàí Ðîìïåé âòîðèòü éîìó, çàâëÿþ÷è: «Íàéá³ëüøèì âîðîãîì ªâðîïè º ñòðàõ. Ñòðàõ ïðèçâîäèòü äî åãî¿çìó, ÿêèé ó ñâîþ ÷åðãó äî íàö³îíàë³çìó, à íàö³îíàë³çì âåäå äî â³éíè. Ñó÷àñíèé íàö³îíàë³çì ÷àñòî âèÿâëÿºòüñÿ çîâñ³ì íå ïî÷óò-òÿì ãîðäîñò³ ÷åðåç âëàñíó íàö³îíàëüíó ïðèíàëåæí³ñòü, à º íåãàòèâíèì ïî-

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÷óòòÿì íàñòîðîæåíîñò³ ñòîñîâíî ³íøèõ». Àëå âîäíî÷àñ ï³äêðåñëþº: «Íàø ñîþç íàðîäèâñÿ ç áàæàííÿ ñï³âïðàöþâàòè, ùîá ïðèìèðèòè òà ä³ÿòè â äóñ³ ñîë³äàðíîñò³» [14]. Ïîêè ùî î÷³ëüíèêàì ªÑ â îñîá³ Àíãåëè Ìåðêåëü òà Ôðàíñóà Îëëàíäà âäàºòüñÿ çáåð³ãàòè êðèõêèé áàëàíñ, âäàëî ìàíåâðóþ÷è ì³æ ïðåäñòàâíèêàìè ë³âîãî òà ïðàâîãî ñïåêòðó. Àëå ïîñòàº ïèòàííÿ, ùî ñòàíåòüñÿ ç ªÑ, ÿêùî íàñòóïíà ïðîáëåìà, ç ÿêîþ â³í ñòèêíåòüñÿ, çàâäàñòü «ºâðîïåéñüêèé ³äå¿» á³ëüø ì³öíîãî óäàðó? Ñüîãîäí³øíÿ êàòàñòðîô³÷íà ñè-òóàö³ÿ ç íàäçâè÷àéíîþ âåëèêîþ ê³ëüê³ñòþ á³æåíö³â ç Áëèçüêîãî Ñõîäó, ÿê³ íàìàãàþòüñÿ óñ³ìà ìîæëèâèìè ³ íåìîæëèâèìè øëÿõàìè ïîòðàïèòè íà òåðèòîð³þ ªÑ òàêîæ íå ñïðèÿº éîãî âíóòð³øí³é êîíñîë³äàö³¿. Àäæå, îêð³ì äîäàòêîâîãî ô³íàíñîâîãî íàâàíòàæåííÿ íà íàö³îíàëüí³ áþäæåòè äëÿ âèëó÷åííÿ êîøò³â íà óòðèìàííÿ íîâîïðèáóëèõ ³ìì³ãðàíò³â, äåðæàâà, ùî ¿õ ïðèéìàº, ïîâèííà ïîäáàòè ïðî ¿õ ñîö³àëüíó àäàïòàö³þ äî íîâèõ óìîâ ³ñíóâàííÿ ³ çàáåçïå÷èòè ì³ñöåì ðîáîòè. Äàí³ çîáîâ’ÿçàííÿ áóäå íåëåãêî âèêîíàòè, âðàõîâóþ÷è ùî ó äåÿêèõ êðà¿íàõ ªÑ ð³âåíü áåçðîá³òòÿ ïåðå-âèùóº ïîçíà÷êó ó 25 %. Öå ñòâîðþº äëÿ êîð³ííîãî íàñåëåííÿ íåáàæà-íó êîíêóðåíö³þ òà ñïðèÿº ðîçïîâñþäæåííþ íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íèõ ïîãëÿä³â âæå ñåðåä øèðîêèõ âåðñòâ íàñåëåííÿ. ×è íå öå º ùå îäíèì ôàêòîðîì, ÿêèé ðîçìèâàº ïîíÿòòÿ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³äåíòè÷íîñò³? Â òàêèõ óìîâàõ ñàìå íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íà ³äåîëîã³ÿ âèãëÿäàº íàéá³ëüø ïðèâàáëèâîþ, ÿê òàêà, ùî âèñòóïàº íà çàõèñò³ äåðæàâíîñò³ êðà¿í-÷ëåí³â ªÑ. ªâðîïåéñüê³ ïîïóë³ñòè áåçæàëüíî åêñïëóàòóþòü íàö³îíàë³ñòè÷íó ðèòîðèêó, ôîðìóþ÷è òàêèì ÷è-íîì îáðàç âîðîãà, ÿêîãî ìîæíà çâèíóâàòèòè ó âñ³õ íåãàðàçäàõ, ùî ñòàëè ðåçóëüòàòîì ¿õ âëàñíî¿ íåäîëóãî¿ ïîë³òèêè â ò³é ÷è ³íø³é ãàëóç³. Àëå öå âêðàé íåáåçïå÷íà ãðà, ÿêà ìîæå ïðèçâåñòè äî òðàã³÷íèõ íàñë³äê³â. Ïðè-÷îìó ìàñøòàáè òðàãåä³¿ ìîæóòü áóòè ð³çíèìè, ïî÷èíàþ÷è â³ä ð³çíîãî ðîäó ñîö³àëüíèõ âèáóõ³â äî êðèâàâèõ ãðîìàäñüêèõ êîíôë³êò³â. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, êîëî ³ñòîð³¿ çàìêíåòüñÿ ³ ªâðîïà ìîæå ïîâåðíóòèñÿ äî òîãî, ÷îãî âîíà òàê áàæàëà óíèêíóòè, ðîçïî÷àâøè ïðîöåñ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿, à ñàìå — óíåìîæëèâèòè ïîíîâëåííÿ â³éñüêîâèõ ä³é íà ö³é òåðèòîð³¿.

Òàêèì ÷èíîì, íà ñüîãîäí³ ªÑ ñòèêàºòüñÿ ç ö³ëîþ íèçêîþ çàãðîç, ÿê³ º ïîòåíö³éíî íåáåçïå÷íèìè äëÿ éîãî ³ñíóâàííÿ òà ïîòðåáóþòü íåãàéíîãî âèð³øåííÿ. Ç òî÷êè çîðó àâòîðà ñòàòò³, íàéá³ëüø ñåðéîçíà êðèçà, ç ÿêîþ êîëè-íåáóäü ñòèêàâñÿ ªÑ, öå êðèçà «ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³äå¿», òå, â³ä ÷îãî â³ä-øòîâõóâàëèñÿ çàñíîâíèêè ªâðîïåéñüêîãî ñîþçó âóã³ëëÿ òà ñòàë³. Êâîëà ³íñòèòóö³éíà ðåôîðìà, åêîíîì³÷íà íåñòàá³ëüí³ñòü, ñëàáêà ïîë³òèêà áåçïåêè òà ö³ëà íèçêà ñîö³àëüíèõ ïðîáëåì, ùî íàêîïè÷óâàëèñÿ ïðîòÿãîì îñòàí-íüîãî äåñÿòèë³òòÿ, çíà÷íî óñêëàäíþþòü ïðîöåñ ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³íòåãðàö³¿. Çàáåçïå÷åííÿ áåçïåêè íà êîðäîíàõ ªÑ, â³äöåíòðîâ³ òåíäåíö³¿, çðîñòàííÿ ïîïóëÿðíîñò³ ïðàâèõ ñèë òà ðîçìèâàííÿ ïîíÿòòÿ «ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ³äåíòè÷-íîñò³» — îñü ïèòàííÿ, ÿê³ íàéáëèæ÷èì ÷àñîì âèçíà÷àòèìóòü ïðîãðàìó ä³é ªÑ. Ñüîãîäí³ ªâðîïà ïîòðåáóº ïåðåãëÿäó çàñàä ñâîãî êîíöåïòóàëüíîãî ðîçâèòêó. ªÑ ïîâèíåí íàðåøò³ ïåðåòâîðèòèñÿ ç ãðîì³çäêî¿ ì³æóðÿäîâî¿ îð-ãàí³çàö³¿ íà ãíó÷êèé, ìîíîë³òíèé ³ øâèäêî ðåàãóþ÷èé íà ñó÷àñí³ çàïèòè ìåõàí³çì. Äëÿ öüîãî, ïåðø çà âñå, íåîáõ³äíî âèçíà÷èòèñü, à ùî æ ñàìå îá’ºäíóº ñüîãîäí³ 28 êðà¿í-÷ëåí³â ªÑ, ÿê³ çàäà÷³ òà ö³ë³ ñòîÿòü ïåðåä íèìè,

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³ íàñê³ëüêè åôåêòèâíîþ º ¿õ ðîáîòà. Äîñòàòíüî ñêëàäíî ðîáèòè ïðèïóùåí-íÿ ùîäî òîãî, ùî ñîáîþ ÿâëÿòèìå ªÑ ÷åðåç 10–20 ðîê³â, àëå ³ãíîðóâàííÿ âèùåçàçíà÷åíèõ ïðîáëåì íåìèíó÷å ïðèçâåäå íå ëèøå äî çàãîñòðåííÿ ñèòó-àö³¿ âñåðåäèí³ îá’ºäíàííÿ, àëå é çä³éñíþâàòèìå äåñòàá³ë³çóþ÷èé âïëèâ íà ãëîáàëüíó ñèñòåìó ì³æíàðîäíèõ â³äíîñèí.


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11. Êîï³éêà Â. Êîíöåïö³¿ òà äîêòðèíè ºâðîïåéñüêî¿ ºäíîñò³ â îñòàíí³é òðåòèí³ ÕÕ ñòîð³÷÷ÿ / Â. Êîï³éêà // Ðîçøèðåííÿ ªâðîïåéñüêîãî Ñîþçó. Òåîð³ÿ ³ ïðàêòèêà ³íòåãðàö³éíîãî ïðî-öåñó. — Ê., 2002. — Ñ. 8–74.

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Ðóñîâà Î. Ñ. êàôåäðà ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îòíîøåíèé Îäåññêîãî íàöèîíàëüíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè È. È. Ìå÷íèêîâà ê. 32, Ôðàíöóçñêèé á-ð, 24/26, ã. Îäåññà-58, 65058, Óêðàèíà

ÅÂÐÎÏÅÉÑÊÈÅ ÈÍÒÅÃÐÀÖÈÎÍÍÛÅ ÏÐÎÖÅÑÑÛ Â ÓÑËÎÂÈßÕ ÑÎÂÐÅÌÅÍÍÛÕ ÂÛÇÎÂÎÂ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÌÅÆÄÓÍÀÐÎÄÍÛÕ ÎÒÍÎØÅÍÈÉ

Ðåçþìå Ñòàòüÿ ïîñâÿùåíà àíàëèçó ïîíÿòèÿ «åâðîïåéñêîé èíòåãðàöèè», åãî ñóùíîñòè,

îñíîâíûõ ïðèíöèïîâ è ìåõàíèçìîâ âíåäðåíèÿ. Îñîáîå ìåñòî îòâåäåíî äèñêóññèè ìåæäó ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿìè äâóõ òåîðåòè÷åñêèõ øêîë, à èìåííî ïîëèòè÷åñêèìè ðå-àëèñòàìè è ëèáåðàëàìè îòíîñèòåëüíî ðîëè ãîñóäàðñòâà â èíòåãðàöèîííûõ ïðî-öåññàõ. Ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ öåëûé ðÿä ïðîáëåì, ñ êîòîðûìè ñåãîäíÿ ñòàëêèâàþòñÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà — ÷ëåíû ÅÑ, â òîì ÷èñëå ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ íåñòàáèëüíîñòü, ðåçêèé ðîñò óðîâíÿ ïîïóëÿðíîñòè íàöèîíàëèñòè÷åñêîé èäåîëîãèè è åâðîñêåïòè÷åñêèõ íàñòðîå-íèé ñðåäè øèðîêèõ ñëîåâ íàñåëåíèÿ Åâðîïû.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: åâðîïåéñêàÿ èíòåãðàöèÿ, ïîëèòè÷åñêèé ðåàëèçì è ëèáåðà-ëèçì, ÅÑ, ñóâåðåíèòåò, íàöèîíàëèçì, åâðîïåéñêàÿ èäåíòè÷íîñòü.

Rusova O. S. Department of International Relations Odessa National University, r. 32, French Bul., 24/26, Odessa-58, 65058, Ukraine

EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN RESPONSE TO THE CURRENT CHALLENGES OF THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Summary The article is devoted to the analysis of such concept as «European integration»,

its content, basic principles and mechanisms of implementation. A closer attention is paid to the discussion between the representatives of two theoretical schools, namely the political realists and liberals with regard to the state’s role in the integration processes. Under consideration is a great number of problems, which currently face the EU member-states, including the economic instability, a sharp rise of popularity of the nationalist ideology and the eurosceptic sentiments among the broad layers of population in Europe.

Key words: European integration, political realism and liberalism, EU, sovereign-ty, nationalism, European identity

Óêðà¿íñüêîþ òà ðîñ³éñüêîþ ìîâàìè

Òèðàæ 100 ïðèì. Çàì. ¹ 482 (129).

Âèäàâíèöòâî ³ äðóêàðíÿ «Àñòðîïðèíò» 65091, ì. Îäåñà, âóë. Ðàçóìîâñüêà, 21

Òåë.: (0482) 37-07-95, 37-24-26, 33-07-17, 37-14-25 www.astroprint.odessa.ua; www.fotoalbom-odessa.com

Ñâ³äîöòâî ñóá’ºêòà âèäàâíè÷î¿ ñïðàâè ÄÊ ¹ 1373 â³ä 28.05.2003 ð.

Ñâ³äîöòâî ïðî äåðæàâíó ðåºñòðàö³þ äðóêîâàíîãî çàñîáó ìàñîâî¿ ³íôîðìàö³¿: ñåð³ÿ ÊÂ ¹ 11464–337Ð â³ä 07.07.2006 ð.

Âèùà àòåñòàö³éíà êîì³ñ³ÿ Óêðà¿íè âèçíàëà æóðíàë ôàõîâèì âèäàííÿì ç ñîö³îëîã³÷íèõ ³ ïîë³òè÷íèõ íàóê. Ïîñòàíîâà Ïðåçèä³¿ ÂÀÊ Óêðà¿íè ¹ 1–05/1 â³ä 10 ëþòîãî 2010 ð.

Çàòâåðäæåíî äî äðóêó â÷åíîþ ðàäîþ Îäåñüêîãî íàö³îíàëüíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà Ïðîòîêîë ¹ 1 â³ä 29.09.2015 ð.

Àäðåñà ðåäêîëåã³¿: 65082, ì. Îäåñà, âóë. Äâîðÿíñüêà, 2 Îäåñüêèé íàö³îíàëüíèé óí³âåðñèòåò ³ìåí³ ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà

ISSN 2304–1439. Â³ñíèê ÎÍÓ ³ì. ². ². Ìå÷íèêîâà. Ñîö³îëîã³ÿ ³ ïîë³òè÷í³ íàóêè. 2015. Ò. 20. Âèï. 2 (23). Ñ. 1–132.

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