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Transcript of Iron Curtain physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II...
COLD WAR
NATO vs Warsaw Pact
NATO, Warsaw Pact, & The Iron Curtain
Iron Curtain physical boundary dividing Europe into two
separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War in 1991
Dividing democratic and communist countries in Europe.
Chinese Civil War
When 1927-1949
Who Chiang Kai-Shek
(Nationalist) Mao Zedong (Communist)
Who won/Outcome Mao Zedong (Communist) China becomes
communist President
Truman What did the US do?
Nothing
When 1950-1953
Who North Korea South Korea
Who won/Outcome No one. Stalemate
38th parallel President
Truman and Eisenhower
What did the US do? Supported South Korea
Korea
Cuba When
1962 Who
Cuba Soviet Union US
What Soviet missiles in Cuba aimed at
America Communist take over in Cuba
(Fidel Castro) What did US do?
Invaded Cuba (Bay of Pigs). Failed CIA operations. US trained Cuban exiles
Who won/Outcome Ended with a cease fire and
nuclear weapons ban by USSR and US
Cuba became Communist
When 1955-1975
Who North Vietnam (Vietcong) South Vietnam United States
Who Won/Outcome North Vietnam Many Americans died or Pulled-
out of the war People in America started to
hate the war and protest Anti-Vietnam war
President Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon
What did the US do? Helped out South Vietnam
Vietnam
“Losing” China China was in a civil war in the 1940s
(US supported) Nationalists vs. Communists Mao Zedong gathered support among
Chinese rural peasants to take control of communist China
America is not willing to go to a military solution over China – they’re too big and the USSR might get involved
China wanted to invade Taiwan The U.S. would not allow China to invade and
destroy the Nationalists. WHY?!?!?
Korean War In 1950, communist North Korean forces flooded over
the 38th parallel into democratic South Korea (whom the US was supposed to protect). This was part of the U.S. policy of Containment.
Truman sent General Douglas MacArthur back into action (he had served in the Pacific in WWII) MacArthur’s strong push is successful until China adds support
to North Korea and pushes back MacArthur begged Truman for greenlight to attack
China, Truman refuses, MacArthur criticizes, Truman fires him (America’s favorite war hero at the time)
The war ended in a stalemate – as the 38th parallel remained the border 54,000 Americans died in Korea America spent $67 billion
Korean War
the Cuban Revolution
1956• Fidel Castro led
communist revolution for control over Cuba, promising an end to inequality, poverty and dictatorship
• Relations with the US got worse, but JFK’s new foreign policy when something didn’t go our way was “flexible response”
The Bay of Pigs invasion
• The CIA trained over 1,000 Cuban exiles to lead invasion of Cuban Bay of Pigs that would lead to overthrow of Castro’s government
• Nothing went as planned and the US army-led invasion was a giant embarrassment and failure– The US had to pay $53 million in supplies for
the release of the captured forces
• Cuba turned to the Soviet Union for more “communist big brother” support
Bay of Pigs
the Cuban missile crisis1962
• October 14: US planes take photos of Soviet missiles in Cuba – placed there by the USSR to keep America out in the future
• October 22: Kennedy informs America of danger in Cuba, intent to limit buildup
• October 24: Kennedy starts naval blockade of Cuba
• October 25: Soviet Union ships stopped at blockade
• October 28: Khrushchev (USSR) vows to pull missiles out of Cuba to avoid bigger conflict– US had to take missiles out of Turkey as well
describing the Vietnam War
• 1953: Eisenhower explains DOMINO THEORY and how US cannot let another nation fall to communism– if one country in Southeast Asia fell to
communism, then the neighboring countries would become communist as well
• Vietcong will resist US within South Vietnam
• JFK, afraid to be labeled “soft” on communism, continues US involvement in Vietnam
• After USS Maddox fired upon, Congress passes Tonkin Gulf Resolution gives wide war-power to LBJ
Vietnam War
Vietnam War
U.S. Troop levels escalate…
• 1963: 16,000 (JFK)• 1964: 50,000 (LBJ)• 1965: 180,000 (LBJ)• 1966: 385,000 (LBJ)• 1967: 500,000 (LBJ)• 1968: 542,000 (LBJ)• 1969: 480,000 (Nixon)• 1970: 225,000 (Nixon)• 1971: 160,000 (Nixon) • 1972: 10,000 (Nixon)
A Difficult War to fight• Elusive/Unclear/
Determined Enemy– Vietcong were fighting
a hundred-year-old war for their survival
• Impossible Terrain – jungles, heat,
bugs, rain, traps, hiding Vietcong
– 3.5 million landmines still in Vietnam today
• Guerilla Warfare • War of Attrition• Chemical Warfare• Sinking Troop
Morale
the Tet offensive
• TET OFFENSIVE – January 1968– Tet holiday ceasefire (Vietnamese New
Year)– Vietcong ignore ceasefire and attack
100 towns– Vietcong lose 32,000 (ARVN/US lose
3,000), - before Tet: 28% doves, 56% hawks
- after Tet: 40% doves, 40% hawks
The “Living room war”
• Vietnam is often characterized as the "living-room war" or the "television war." It was the first war to be systematically televised, and it was so televised during a period when television was becoming a more compelling presence in American life.
growing opposition to the war
• Most soldiers DRAFTED• African American Soliders– 10% of forces, 20% of death toll (??)
• The New Left (protest leadership)– SDS & FSM
• student groups rage against “the machine”• seek to increase youth voice in government
– Kent State & Jackson State• Violence erupts, people die
• Opposition turns to protest and resistance• DOVES vs. HAWKS– protesters were unpopular
• (70% believed it was un-American to protest war)
Sputnik I
• In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into space – America worried, “are we falling behind in
science & technology?”
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower encouraged increased spending on education (math & science, especially)– And increased military/defense spending
Levittown
• There is a baby boom following WWII– a dramatic increase in birth rates
during the post-World War II era
• Americans had saved up tons of money and the economy is BOOMING
• The 1950s will be an era of conformity– Everyone looking to be the same, do the
same
• Levittown, NY and then Levittown, PA– Planned suburbs for the new American
family
Interstate Highway Act 1956
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower (elected 1952)
• 40,000 miles of highways in 10 years makes it the largest public project in American history to that time– To connect the nation, coast to coast– To grow urban American outward into
suburbs– Attributed to the development of
suburban areas in the U.S during the 1950s
The impact television on American culture
• POLITICS & NEWS – (Civil Rights & Vietnam War)
• POPULAR CULTURE – (music, clothing, family relations)
• COMMERCIALS– (teenage consumerism)
the presidential debates (Kennedy/Nixon, 1960)
• 70 million Americans tuned in to watch the first ever presidential debate
• Richard Nixon, the Vice President and foreign policy expert, hoped to expose Kennedy’s inexperience
• John F. Kennedy (JFK) got a lot of coaching and was very collected/confident on TV
Kennedy won, barely by only 119,000 votes
Thanks to tv debates and his active position on civil rights
Describe the causes and early momentum of the civil rights movement.
• What is civil rights?
Jackie Robinson
1947: Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball, ending eighty years of segregation in “America’s Pastime”
Who was president then? What did this president do of note with regard to civil rights?
Jackie with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947
Jackie at MLK’s “March on Washington” in 1963
news coverage of the Civil Rights movement
news coverage of the Civil Rights movement
• Television, newspaper, magazine, radio
• Constant attention to marches, demonstrations and activities kept civil rights in Americans’ minds
• Sympathy for non-violent protestors shown in the news won popular support for the movement
explaining Brown v. Board of Education
1954• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas = “separate but equal is inherently unequal”
efforts to resist the ‘brown’ decision
• The responsibility for integration fell to local governments
• Ten years after Brown, more than 89% of African American students in the South still attended segregated schools
• Little Rock, Arkansas: Central High School famously resisted and the nation watched on TV as Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the African American students to class
One of the “Little Rock Nine” gets harassed
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
April 1963• He didn’t feel like they could
wait any longer, change was needed immediately
• Breaking unjust laws is okay
I have a dream.
August 1963• Created support for desegregation• Prompted the Civil Rights Act of 1964• Called for a dream that whites and
blacks could live together in peace.• …• …• …• …
comparing & contrasting SCLC and SNCC
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference– Formed in 1957 by MLK, other ministers &
civil rights leaders soon after Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee– Formed in 1960, these students thought that
change was coming too slowly; going to challenge the system Pronounced “snick”
Tactics used by civil rights organizations
• Sit-ins were a non-violent way of forcing attention to situations that needed attention
• Freedom Rides across the South– While testing bus segregation, with Kennedy’s
support from federal troops
• Changing Composition of SNCC– 1966: frustrated tensions erupted and some
leaders started to become more militant• Black Power: more “we shall overrun” less “we shall
overcome”– resisted by MLK
causes & consequences of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
July 1964• Lyndon Johnson signed Civil Rights
Act of 1964– Banned discrimination in employment – Banned discrimination in all establishments
(libraries, restaurants, hotels, etc)– Federal government would protect voting rights– Federal government would work harder on
integrating schools
causes & consequences of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
• SNCC workers spent the “Freedom Summer” of 1964 traveling through the South (Mississippi, mostly) trying to register African American voters
• Lyndon Johnson pushed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 through Congress, eliminating literacy tests, poll taxes, etc– African American voters tripled in the South
the political impact of the JFK assassination
• Kennedy took the presidency with a vision of a New Frontier– “ask not what your country can do for you, but
what you can do for your country.”– civil rights legislation– race to the moon– Peace Corps– assault on poverty
• November 22, 1963 an assassin’s bullet ended JFK’s presidency, but perhaps gave greater strength to his visions for America’s future
explaining Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
• Johnson was a master politician and he worked to achieve the visions JFK had held
• Tax cuts• Civil Rights laws• War on Poverty– Federal funds for low-incomehousing.
• Education• Health careLBJ getting sworn in on an airplane
The LBJ Treatment
establishing Medicare
• Health care and low-cost insurance to those over 65
• And Medicaid too…– Low-cost health care for those on welfare
The Warren Court
• Chief Justice Earl Warren leading an activist Supreme Court
• Ever since Brown v. Board of Education, the Court worked to fight for individual rights– Banning school prayer– Taking power away from censors
The court Expands individual rights
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)– The accused must be
informed of their individual constitutional rights (5th Amendment)
• Roe v. Wade (1973)– Woman has the individual
right to have an abortion because she has the right to private decisions over her own body
the Bakke decision on affirmative action
• Supreme Court decided in 1978 in the case of California v. Bakke that using racial quotas (numbers set ahead of time) was illegal, but that race could be considered a factor in the admissions process
• Affirmative Action – increase the opportunities of those that have been historically discriminated against (in admissions or employment)
origins & goals of the modern women’s movement
• 1960s: fueled by feminism -- that women should have economic, political & social equality with men
• In 1966, the National Organization of Women (NOW) was formed, pushing for better opportunities and better choices for women
César ChÁvez
• As the Latino population in the US grew, so did their need for better representation and better treatment
• Chávez founded the United Farm Workers’ movement in 1966 – It would be like a union for farm
laborers that would use non-violence to reach its goals
Rachel Carson
• Wrote about the negative effects chemical pesticides could have on the environment– Silent Spring (1962)
• The outcry from American readers led LBJ to pass Water Quality Act of 1965
Compare to: Uncle Tom’s Cabin or The Jungle
modern environmentalist movement
• Environmentalists, those taking an active role in protecting the environment, grew throughout the 1960s– In 1970, Nixon created the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to set and enforce pollution standards, research and control
– Also on April 22, 1970, Americans celebrated their first Earth Day celebration
describing the social and political turmoil of 1968
• On top of the Tet Offensive in January…• assassination of Martin Luther King, JR
– April, 1968: Memphis, TN– a shattered end to the Civil Rights movement
• assassination of Robert F. Kennedy– June, 1968: Los Angeles, CA– An end to a brother’s hope of rekindling JFK’s legacy
• COLLEGE CAMPUS PROTESTS– 400,000 students involved across the nation
• Democratic National Convention– August, 1968: Chicago, IL– Protests turn to mob/police violence– LBJ wasn’t going to run for president for Democrats
again• “the Great Society was shot down on the battlefields of
Vietnam”
the rise of the conservative movement
• In 1964, Barry Goldwater ran for president against Lyndon Johnson and lost big time– His campaign criticized federal
government over-activity in trying to fight social inequality, poverty, or any lack of opportunities
• In 1968, America seemed to need a break from all the turmoil of the 1960s– Richard Nixon (R) won the
presidency
BLUE STATES
Republican(Conservat
ive) wins
RED STATES Democrat (Liberal) wins
President Nixon’s foreign policiy
• In 1971, Richard Nixon normalized relations between the US and China for first time since 1949
• In 1972, Nixon visited China to strengthen economic and political relations
Nixon’s resignation
• In 1972, Nixon was up for reelection and was pretty sure to do well
• The Committee to Reelect the President broke into Democratic Headquarters at the Watergate office and apartments complex– The cover-up that followed was ugly
• Washington Post uncovered the story• Senate investigates• Prosecutors were fired• Audio tapes from the Oval Office were tampered with
• Nixon, fearing impeachment for his role in the burglary and cover-up, resigned in 1974 – First president ever to do so
the Presidency of Gerald Ford (1974-1976)
• “Our long national nightmare is over”– Hard feelings over Nixon’s actions
• Ford pardoned Nixon, preventing criminal trial
– Economic struggles• Oil prices rising and rising and rising• INFLATION (rising prices) unsuccessfully challenged
by Ford’s plan to Whip Inflation Now (WIN)
• Jimmy Carter (D-GA) wins the presidency in 1976, promising in a down-to-earth style: “I will never tell a lie to the American people.”
Carter administration’s efforts in the Middle East
• Carter promoted human rights and morality in foreign policy (bad for relations with USSR)
• In 1978, Carter invited the leaders of Egypt and Israel to America to complete their peace talks →→ Camp David Accords
• In 1979, there was a revolution in Iran and Carter did not support the new government
• November 4, 1979: Iranian militants took 52 American hostages in Tehran– (444 days of hostage crisis, continuing oil
problems and still-rising prices killed Carter’s presidency)
Which image is easier for a
voter to remember?
changing attitudes toward government
• 1932-1963 – FDR, Truman, Eisenhower, JFK
• 1963-1980–Johnson: passed Civil Rights legislation,
but Great Society died while he lied about troop escalation
–Nixon: slowed civil rights, had to resign over Watergate scandal
–Ford: pardoned the crook before him, couldn’t fix the economy
–Carter: couldn’t get the hostages back, couldn’t fix long lines at gas stations
What do you think of government?Do you trust our leaders in government?
Ronald Reagan: foreign Policy
• As the Soviet Union began its collapse, Reagan flexed muscle with increase defense spending
• In 1986, Americans found out that Reagan sold weapons to Iran (when he’d said he wouldn’t) and that the money from the sales went to help fund the Contras in their revolution in Nicaragua– Iran-contra scandal really did not hurt
Reagan’s image that much
Ronald Reagan: Domestic Policy
• Reagan easily beat Jimmy Carter in 1980 and set out to restore confidence in government and economy
• Reaganomics was his plan where people would pay less taxes, save more money and then investments & productivity would rise– Government spending and regulation went down– Drugs, education, urban slums all grew into
bigger problems
