األولى المحاضرة

Introduction to Anatomy & Histology and

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Terminology

The anatomical position is an imaginary one,

used for any person whatever his actual

position. It is widely used in all medical fields,

not only for learning purposes but also as a

landmark for charting various problems.

Anatomical position is identified while the person is standing erect, with the face and eyes directed forwards, the upper limbs straight beside the body and the palms of hands directed forwards

It is an imaginary vertical plane, passing antero-posteriorly through the midline of the body dividing it into 2 equal halves "right and left".

ANATOMICAL PLANES They are imaginary planes to describe the relations of different organs to each other.

Median Sagittal Plane:

It is an imaginary

vertical plane,

passing from side

to side (at a right

angle to the

sagittal plane),

dividing it into

anterior and

posterior parts.

Coronal Plane:

It is an imaginary horizontal plane, passing horizontally through the body at a right angle to the sagittal and coronal planes dividing it into upper and lower parts.

Transverse plane:

(A)ANATOMICAL TERMS RELATED TO POSITION1- Medial or Lateral:

Any structure near the midline of the body is called; medial, e.g. big (1st) toe is medial to other toes of foot.

Any structure away from the midline of the body is called; lateral, e.g. thumb (first finger) is lateral to other fingers of hand.

N.B.: Most of the structures have medial and lateral

surfaces, except midline structures.

2- Anterior or Posterior :

* Any structure near the front of the body is called;

"anterior or ventral".

* Any structure near the back of the body is called;

"posterior or dorsal".

3- Superior or Inferior:

• * Any structure near the upper end of the

body is called; "superior".

• * Any structure near the lower end of the

body is called; "inferior".

4- Superficial or Deep :

* Any structure near the surface of the body is

called; "superficial".

* Any structure away from the surface of the

body is called; "deep".

(B)ANATOMICAL TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENTThey include the following:1- Flexion or Extension: Flexion: It is bending of a joint of limb.

Extension: It is straightening of a flexed joint. Lateral Flexion: It is the flexion (or bending) of the trunk.

Abduction or Adduction:

Abduction: It is a movement of a limb away from the

body.

Adduction: It is a movement of a limb towards the

body.

3- Rotation: Rotatory movement of a limb (or a join) around

its long axis. Medial Rotation: Direction of the front of the

rotated part medially. Lateral Rotation: Direction of the front of the

rotated part laterally.

4- Pronation or Supination: "Movement of the

forearm” Pronation: It is the rotation

of the forearm to direct the palm of the hand posteriorly.

Supination: It is the

rotation of the forearm to direct the palm of the hand anteriorly.

Inversion or Eversion: "Movement of the foot”

Inversion: Movement of the foot to direct the sole

medially (or inwards).

Eversion: Movement of the foot to direct the sole

laterally (or outwards).