------ ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY -----& ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY by Richard...

$: ------ ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY -----& ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY by Richard B. S cott Occasional Paper # 21 TRIBAL & ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HEU1&1\ID VALLEY$
------TRIBAL amp ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt1AND VALLEY

by Richard B S cott

Occasional Paper 21

TRIBAL amp ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HEU1amp1ID VALLEY

by Richard B Scott

Occasional Paper 21

The author collectcd most of the information contained in this paper while scrving in Afghanistan as the staff social analyst for USAID betveen 1971 - 1978

Spring 1980 Afghanistan Council

The Asia Society 112 East 64th Street

New York City

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INTRODUCTION

The mosaic of tribal and ethno-linguistic groups inhabiting Afghanistan is complex and has been described by D~pree and others in some detail l For some specific areas however the situation lS much more complex than can be recorded on a national ethnoshygraphic map or describea in terms of its Pashtunization The purpose of this paper is to outline the tribal and ethnic groups found in Helmand Province and to describe the nature of their distribution over the province ~nile this mainly descriptive task is not complete it gives a clear picture of the complexity of the situation and should serve as a base upon whict other studies can build The data for some of the regions within the province are more complete than for others reflecting the variation in the opportuni ties to collect slpplemet-tary data rfuere possible (e g the Shamalan Region) more detailed analyses or case studies are presented of limite~ areas and of specific tribal Of ethnic units to demonstrate the nature of the heterogeneity of the area and its political implications ie the relationships between groups

Helmand province appears as a microcosm of the national mosaic of ethnic groups reshyflecting a combination of indigenous Pashtun Baluch and Brahui groups and the results of a major irrigation system constructed mainly since 1946 The irrigation system~ vth its storage dam allowed for utiization of previously farmed land for more than one grOving season per year and for the expansion imto large areas of new previously unshycultivated land Ilith this delelopment came an active land settlement program that recruited settlers from all of Afghanistan although there was some bias in favor of the Pashtun tribal groups 7i thin whose territory the province rests 2

In this paper the various Pashtu1 tribal groups will be discussed in the same manner as the ethno-linguistic groups since this clear distinction is also made among themshyselves 7he Purfose of any cocial identification be it tribe clan ethno-linguistic or sect differences serves the tical purpose of defining the limits of the various groups that interact on the basis of this identification These observed differences serve as the basis for social and 201itical organization and action Pashtun tribal affiliation is at least as significant a political identification in Helmand Province as is being Turkmen Uzbek or Hazara

The various tribal and ethnic affiliations correlate with a number of other factors which vlill be noted in this discussio1 For example settler versus indigenous houseshyholds land tenure patterns length of time in the province homogeneity of settlement pattern all of which may relate to political influence and p0l1er or the lack of it on the local scene In the context of the development of a major modern irrigation system this has many ramifications Ar ethnical homogeneous area of long standing is able to present a unified opposition to proposed developments defined as disadvanshytageous by the farmers In the same manner such a group can petition govcrnrtent offices more effectively to receive early project benefits and services The antithesis of this is the political impotence of a rece1tly settled community of mixed tribal and ethnic origins Tribal and ethnic i6entification frequently acts as a basis of political organization and division vis-a-vis each oher and vis-a-vis the government as will be discussed in the context of an example belew

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There is no attempt to discuss in detail the origins of the various groups listed While the province of origin previous occupation and number of years in Helmand Province were recorded in the basic interview that data will not be presented here in quanti tative form The stater-ents of tribal affiliation Jere taken at face value The interviewees in almost all cases readily identified their group affiliation It was no secret and they were generally proud of their groap origins Small children could and did answer the affiliation quesLions as readily as adults There are some group names however that are not familiar and may represent sub-classes of the more commonly known tribal names The important point would seem to be how the individual

visualizes and states his group identity

BACKGROUND

Helmand Province is the largest province in ilfghanistan (62337 sq km) equaling ten per cent of the country Geographically the province is rocky foothills in the north blending into relative flat clay desert centrally with more sand added to the south and east This is cut roughly from north to south by the Helmand River whose flood plain is the focus of most of the population Host of the province is desert with only about 25 per cent of the land irrigated and agriculture is generally not possible without irrigation There are less than 7 persons per square kilometer but the settled population is concentrated along the Helmand River in the foothill regions to the north and in small valleys with streams springs or c z systems 3 as their ater sources These foothill regions are noted for their out-middot on over the two decades at least the result of falling water tables and a gradual drying of water sources Host of the migrants have moved into the central Helmand area with its maj or irrigatiol svstem development and exparding oportuni ties for work and resetshytlement Until the recent changes in governments this movement was also aimed at temshyporary employment in Iran with its inflated salary scale

The population of Helmand Province is estimated at about 397000 people 94 per cent of whom are considered rural 4 The ethnic composition of the urban centers of Lashkar Gah and Girishk will not be considered in this paper but they appear to follow the pattern of their regions Lashkar Gah the provincial capital has a strong element of persons originating outside the province with its combination of civil servants persons associated with ~ or hoping to be associat~d with - the land settlement proshygram as well as those associated ith the services in this farm-centered town

As noted the settled indigenous populations of Helmand Province are mainly Pashtu speaking tribal groups in the north and central regions and Brahui and Baluch speaking groups to the south with the blurred and mixed ethniclinguistic border occurring south of Deshu in the region of K~anashin There are exceptions to this indigenous settlement pattern eg the Brahui village of Bagat in the Pashtun region of South Darwishan and the last villages in the province along thG Helmand River to the south Landi and Palala~ which have Pashtun origins (Baretz or Barachi) and have been located in the middle of the Baluchi speaking area for the 200 years according to local statements The patterns of nomad tribal affiliation and crelt1 utilization will be discussed in a separate section but they tend to follow an ethnic distribution pattern similar to that of the indigenous settled population

Indigenous in this paper includes among other e1cr1ijnts Pashtun groups settled in the Helmand region through land granted by Ahmad Shru1 in his attempts to settle and unify his young nation in the mid to late 1700s Thus most of these groups are of tribes of the Durrani Confederation and state their origins in the Helmand in terms of Ahmad Shah Some of the first resettlement activities of the government in modern times began after the 1910 construction (or reconstruction) of the Saraj Canal

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opened nevI lands for agriculture in the Yakchal area near Girishk and farther south Emigrants from the Russian revolution of Uzbek and Turkmen origins were among those settled With the completion of the Kajakai Dam and the najor irrigation networks of the Boghra Shamalan and Darwishan Canals a major resettlement program was deshyveloped in the 1950s and 60s with Afghan Helrand-Arghandab Valley Authority (HAVA) being the implementing agency Between 1953 and 193 5486 farm families were settled in the region 5 and they represented many of the tribal ethnic and linguistic groups in Afghanistan The policy in this early period as to recruit and settle related families in a block as a single social unit with the settlement formalities being handled through a unit representative eg 50 to 100 families of the same tribe or ethnic group that had previously functioned as a unit The early emphasis of the proshygram was on the settlement of nomadic groufs But for a variety of reasons many of the romads had difficulty becoming irrigation farmers under harsh cesert conditions Later HAVA settlement regulations required settlers t) have fanning experience These groups vere assigned bebveen 4 and 6 hectares of land per household depending on the quality of the land and the regulations at the time of settlement They also received a wide variety of settlement services such as Lousing first year1s seed prepared irrigation systems credit food programs etc

Between 1973 and 1978 just over 4 000 families Vere settld in the province under all accelerated program The apparent policy for many of theCG families ias that they Vere to be settled in tribally and eiJmically heterogeneouo units in a area This vas perhaps a move to break up the strong tribal group and political unity found among some of the previously settled groups a1 the indigenous population But it has left some of these neV groups at a political dis~dvantage vis-a-vis the government and the other grou)s The recent s ttlers havc~ ~eceived about 2 hectares of land per household and very limited services And the land where they have been settled is of poorer quality than that received by previous groups 1Ji th the exception of the group settled on a past govermccmt s cd [arm in Darihan many recent settlers were required to level their mm land and dig their mm irri -ation ditches - a time consuming task hen using a shovel in areas previously uncleared and uncultivated e g central Darwishan s will be noted the timing for the production of the first crop is critical 111en settler support services are minimal of the various sorts of settlement patterns will be presented in more detail below

ffiTHODOLOGY AND SOURCES

The basic data on tribal and ethnic group affiliation by region come from a farm economic survey (FES) conducted during the winter and spring of 1976 The results of this survey have been pullished and include some of the basic data presented here but the report is not generally available at the present time 6

The FES sample Vas drawn from lists of landm-mers on file in the H]VA agricultural extension offices at the regional level Thus the quanti tative data on the distributio of the tribalethnic groups represent the stab le settled 20pulations of the area and do not include the more mobile farm laborers and nomads The tot~l sample of usable completed interviel schedules was 801 and represents an estiraa ted 35 to 4 per cent of the survey universe

There were inaccuracies in the records being used to draw the sample such as names of people who could not be located in the region and names of original ]andovmers who were long dead and hose la1d had been divided These problems were dealt with by using a supplementary sample list of farmers and by interviewing in gtome cases a descendant of the man listed For the main purposes of this paper the interview schedule and the length of the interview are not important since the paper lill focus on only one item ased in the initial identification section ie tribalethnic

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group afpoundiliation

The eighteen interviewers were recruited poundrom the offices of HAVA and their educational backgrounds ranged from college graduates in agriculture economics and engineering to high school graduates Several of them had previous field experience with the 1970 FES7 and a variety of smaller surveys in between All received two weeks of training and practice in the use of the interview schedule All were bishylingual native speakers of Pashtu educated in Dari The overall supervision and coordination of the research activities were provided by both HAVA and USAID personshynel who were in the field with the interviewers at the time the interviewing was in progress

The data on tribal and ethnic affiliation are arranged by region in HelFand Province These regions do not in all cases Hpresent geographic or cultural regions but administrative units as defined by the HAVA Agricultural Extension Service The Shamalan Region in this report varies from that used in the 1975 FES and is closer to the local definition of the

A simple description of each region is presented to place tibal and etnic group distribution data in a more meaningful context The tribalethnic mix of the various regions is a product of a combination of the available develcpable natural resources (land and water) development activities and the land settlement program

The Arghandab River area is not included because it was not covered Ll the 1975 FES and it rests to a extent in Kandahar Province where FJWA las greatly reduced its interest and activities since the ealy 1970s eg the cultcral Extension Service now comes under the Kandahar provincial government rather than HAVA

Finally the more detailed data and case studies presentea on specltic areas eg Shamalan Khanashin and the Registan Desert are the result of a wide variety of small project-related surveys numerous field trips and recorded observations and conversations between March 1971 and April 1978

NAWZAD REGION

This is a poundoot1 region about 60 kilometers north of Girishk over an undeveloped desert track is a vater-short area dependent upon very old j(are_2 systems for irrigation that lave been in the process of dYing up for the past 15-20 years 8 The average farm size (639 hect~res) is near average for the provi~ce (692 hectares) but 55 per cent of the sample had less than 2 hectares During the year an average of nearly 3 hectares per farm is left idle reflecting the limited availability of water 23 per cent of the cultivated land is plowed by tractor It is an area noted for considerable out migration as the water sources decline Average household size (89 oersol1s) is just belm the provincial average (94 persons) There have been no settlers placed in this region

Nawzad is a relatively homogeneous area of Durrani tribal groups Isakzai - 45 Barakzai - 11 Alikozai - 11 Five other tribal groups represented in the sample of 38 households are Popalzai Jmiddot10hammadzai AchekzaL Zori and Sulimankhail

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Map No 1

Surveyed Regfons of Helmand Province

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MUSA QALA REGION

This is a foothill region to the east of Nawzad and receives its irrigation water from indigenous intakcs off the 1usa Qala River or wash and from karez It is a water-short area noted for out migration The roads in the area are unshydeveloped tracks The average farm size (874 hectares) is slightly more than the provincial average but just over 2 hectares per farm are left idle during the year About 10 per cent of tile farmers have more than this figure Only 5 per cent of the land is plmled by tractor Hous ehold size (109 persons) is above the provincial average There have been no settlers placed in this region

Musa Qala is the most hcmogeneous region of the province Alizai - 93 Achekzai 2 Three other tribal ]roups represented in the sample of 55 households included Ludin Sadate and Sayed

KAJAKAI-ZAHIN DAAR REGIOtJ

This is an extension of the lusa Qala hills area and includes a small section of the Helmand River flood plain just south of the Kajakai Dam It is an area irrigated mainly from ~cltr-ez systems an springs as ell as from the Helmand River via traditional intakes and ditch systems xcept for the flood plair this area is water-short and losing population 9 The ave~age farm size (52 hectares) is less than the provincial average and 65 TJC cent of tLe farmers own less than 2 hectares The average houseshyhold size is 99 persons near the provincial average Some 29 hectares per farm are left idle during the crop year and none is recorded as having bee plm-eed by tractor There have been no 2ettlers in this region

Kajakai-Zamin Dawar pound0110s th~ homogeneity of Husa Qala with JIlizai - 90 and three other tribal groups representee in a s2mple of 31 households including Nurzai Popalshyzai and Hirzai

SANGIN REGION

llhis region is on tlle left bank of the Helmand River and stretches from the village of Garm Ab (just south of the Kajakai area) to Haydarabad of Girishk It is a narrow flat flood plain region The market town of Sangin is about 40 kilometers north of Girishk over a good all-Vleather road that goes to the Kajakai Darl The region abundant year-round Jater through traditional diversions and intakes off the river and from the Saraj Canal The average farm size is the smallest for the province (322 hectares) of vJhich only 46 hectiires renain idle Only 19 per cent of the land is plmved by tractor In the process of maximizing income off the smallest amount of land Sangin has been the ce~ter of opicm poppy cultivation in this part of the country The poppies are success fully double-crOIJped with the late planting of cotton which is very profitable if there is not an early frost Household size (101 persons) is larger than the provincial average which compounds the economic pressures on the land There have been no settlers placed in this region

Sangin is somewhat less homogeneous than the areas to the north but is still primarily made up of Durrani tribal groups with Alikozai - 60 Isakzai - 17 Nurzai - 7 Achekzai - 6 96 Seven other tribal groups represented in a sample of 97 households were Shaik Hohammad Barakzai Yusufzai Nas Shadizai and Tokhi With adequate water but very limited land -esources there has been little opportunity or reason for the indigenous settlement pattern to be changed

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GIRISHK RLGION

Most but not all of this is located in the Helmand River flood plain On the right bank of the river it includes the area behveen the ]1usa Qala River junction in the north and rlalgir in the south On the left bank it includes the area between Haydacabad just SOllth of Sangin and the desert steppe areas of Yakchal Halgir ana parts of Nahre Saraj The market center of Girishk is 48 kiloshymeters nortrnyest of Lashkar Gah over good all-veather roads and is located on the

Kandahar - -aerat higrlvay This is the center of many government services (eg health and asricul tural extension) for the region north of the highway It is also the site )f a newly constructed cotton expected to take pressure off the gin located in Lashkar Gah

Irrigation water for this area is furnished by the Boghra Canal tile Canal and several indigenous diersions off the river The area is considered to have water for culture but there are water problems south of the highway on the left bank of the river The average farm size (687 hectares) is near the provincial average with only 55 hectares left idle Thirty-nine per cent of the land is plmved by tractor The average household size is the t of the -Ii th 11 Thus it is (0 highly populated intensiv21y cultivated area with little

room for cpansion These are characteristics shaud with Sangin just to the north Settlers amounted to 11 per cent of the s e and represent some of the oldest examples of land settlement in Helmand Frovincc as noted previously

Girishk is an mixed area reflecting terns to be found in the central Helmand Valley witb Barakzli - 46~ Isakzai 23 I1oharCiuadzai - 7 Tuelve other tribalethnic groups reprcrented in a s of 94 househoJds included Aldar Khogyani Baluch lclaku Auraish Tajik Sayed AlikozaL Ballossan Nurzai and Tokhi

NAD-I-ALI REGION

This region came into being 2S a result of the construction of the Canal and was opened for se-ttlement on the previously uncultivated in about 1954 Nad-i-Ali is located 01 the right bank of the BelmarlCI River a1lout 17 kilo-shymeters west of Lashkar Gab over good all-veather roads The has a of water and general poor dr3inage This is a result clay soil and

le conglomerate at about 2 meters or less belo the surface and comshyby over-irrigation The farmers are all settlers a1d their land hol~ings

are relatively consistent 62 hectares of which only 31 hec-ares are left idle during the year The fields are ly set in a rectangular shape Those settled in the area after 1973 received about 2 hectares of land

Most of the early settlers were Pashtun nomads and were settled in relatively large groups of 50-100 households of ly associated tribal units under a represenshytativeleader The settlement servces were fairly ive eg generous farm size an ox housing extension services credit land preparation first year seed and food programs But in lad-i-Ali lwre one village das completely 2JJandondd attri tion rat_es were This Vas the result of a cOl1bination of rJarginal soils misuse of water inexperience in arld the salting of the land The complete change in lifes from tent--dvelling nomad to settled i farmer must have also come as a shock to many The settlerlent pattern for Nad-i-Ali was in 7 governshyment constructed centrally located vi wi th some farmers walking as much as 4 kilometers to their fields lO

As the years passed however this prospered via better farl1ing the introduction of high-yielding varieties of wheat chemical fertilizers and inshycreases in wheat and cotton Tractors are a corn11on sight in use to crack the

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hard clay soils wi th 74 per cent of the land recorded as being plowed in this way At first glance this package of modern farming practices suggests large incomes and there are those who have been able to manipulate the system to make better than average gains by having access to larger amounts of land and investing in tractors that are in great demand for contract plowing both in Helmand and Nimroz Provinces But this farming system is as expensive as it is necessary under the conditions in Nad-i-Ali with final net incomes not very different frc~ those in the water-short areas of Nawzad and Husa Qala The soils are better anj the costs of farming are less (with the limited use of fertilizers) in the footh~ll areas

The average household in Nad-i-Ali (78 persons) is the smallest for the province perhaps reflecting what appear to be relatively high rates of off-farm employment

Nadi-Ali is the second most heterogeneous region in the province ith Kharoti - 34 Arab - 9 Kakar - 8 Achekzai - 6 Nurzai - 5 Baluch - 5 There are 15 other tribalethnic groups represented in a sample of 78 households including Shaikhail Hazara Hiyakhail Sulimankhail Turkmen Hohammadzai Daftani Tajik Uzbek Hullahshykhail Sayed Ibrahimkhail Niyazai Nasir and Yusufzai T1e Tarzi - Stephens Report recorded Taraki Ilardaki pound1ahikhail and Molathail in addition ll

A section of the village cf Zargun Qala (one of the original 7 villages) may be ci ted as an example of the Nad-i-Ali settlement path~rn12 018 of the tribal units that makes up this village is 80 households of settled Daftani nomads originally from the area of Ghazni who were settled about 20-25 years ago They were given about 54 hectares of la1d per household The tribal settlement representative laquo~ the ~ime of original settlement later became a regiQnal representative to Parliament He has maintained his role as group representati v~ spokesman and leader through the years He as an organizer of the petition for help i th drainage problems U1at led to the selection of his development block for the initial conshystruction of on-farms drains in Nad-i-Ali in 1975 under the Helmand Drainage Project Within his ilnrnediate extended household and kin group rests the control of at least four of the settlement land parcels in the development block and he owns the only tractor The ater-master (mjJab) for his block is a young member of this mans immediate kin group and there were no complaints of middotiter shortage in U1e area Virtually all the land in the block was plmved by tractor un a contract basis Thus it can be seen that leadership and pmver are centrali zed in the settleshy~middotnt qroup and apparently have been at least since the time of settlement making group 1n perhaps less complicated

since 1973 five fa ~ - es of Kakar from the Kandahar region have been given land in this Daftani development ~~ ~ c)rk of plots each just over tltlO hectares They were given plots of land preiously settled by Daftani who bad abandoned tlem The Kakar families reside in the Bee villagetown of Chah-i-Anjir which is closer to the land than the village of Daftani residence (Zargun Qala) It is not clear what happened to the village housing and accompanying garden plots of land of the original Daftani settlers

Given the farming system described above which seerrsto produce a satisfltlctory level of household farm production it is as yet unclear if the two hectare plots given the Kakar and 8ther recent replacement settlers in L~e region will be of an economically viable size

As a side issue Ule Belmand developments of the past two decades have draltl1 people from many oUler areas of the country aside from the settlers In 1976 a s~rvey was conducted13 on 136 laborers who were employed to dig on-farm drains in tids development block of Nad-i-Ali as part of the Helmand Drainage Project The idea

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behind the hand-dug drains in this r as opposed to machine-excavated drains was to get supplementary incomes to the rural population especially during the slack winter season In short 82 per cent of the laborers resided in the general project area 12 per cent were from the settler households but only one man could be associated i th a plot of land in the block being developed Forty-three per cent had applied to be settlrs Thirty-four per cent were sharecroppers 35 per cent were day lomiddotborers and 25 per cent were owners of land This included the settlers Of the non-settlers half had small amounts of land outside Helmand Province (averaging just under one hectare) and most of the other landmmers had land in the water-short areas like rmiddotlusa Qala Nawzad and vlashir Eighteen per cent had lost the use of their land through loans Of the residents 60 per cent originate from Helmand Province and 58 per cent of these are from the foothill areas of Washir Nawzad and Musa Qala The others originate from a variety of neighboring provinces e g Nimroz Farah Ghor uruzgan Zabul and Ghazni Of the nonshyresidents (25 men) 68 per cent were from the same range of neighboring provinces noted for the residents and were products of the extant seasonal labor migration or transhumance nomadic movement The remainder were mostly from the foothill regions of Helmand Province

MPR1A REGION

This region like Nad-i-Ali is the result of the construction of the Boghra Canal and was opened for settlement in 1959 It has a surplus of irrigation water and many of the soildrainage problems ()f Nad-i-Ali The population is all settlers about half being of Pashtun nomad origin the other half h(lving cr~n landless farmers The settlement patterns vry from small settled viI to on-farm residents This variation reflects experimentation in settlement that came out of the earlier Nad-i-Ali experience The average farm size (533 hectares) is somewhat smaller than Nad-i-Ali reflecting the search over time for the most economic farm size Only 93 hectares (average per farm) is left idle during the year and 41 per cent of the land is plowed by tractor The average household size is G3 persons

1-larja is recorded as being tlGbally and ethnically the most heterogeneous of all the regions with Nurzai 26 Alikozai - 186 Daftani - 11 Kakar - 6 i l1ardaki 6 Fourteen other tribalethnic groups represented in a sample of 80 houseshyholds included Niyazai Sayed Kharoti Achekzai Tajik Nasir Alizai Nati Hindu Sahebzadah Barakzai Dawi fmiddotohammadmond Corugi Sulimankhail and Ahmedzai The Tarzi-StepLens Report also reported Arab Slemankhail Ibrahimkhail Safi Shahikhail and Mohikhail 14

CENTRAL REGION

This is a large complex region in terms of soils water sources land use and etlmic groups It represents an administrative unit rather than any sort of geographic area It includes the left bank of the Helmand River from the area of Yakchal in Girishk to the village of Karez at the confluence of the Helmand and Arghandab PJvers where stand the ruins of Qala Bist This left bank includes desert steppe soil vater-short areas poorly Lrigated by the lower reaches of the silted-up Saraj Canal) or by indigenous intckcs off the river and some areas along the Arghandab flood plain One of the ircigation systems of the village of Karez is via an indigenous diversion structure (n the Helmand River through a ~~ system that cuts under the river escarpment to fields at lower levels so~e mi les to the eas t On the Helmand Rivers righ t bank the region includes the flood plain at Babaji I with adequate ater from the Boghra Canal For the purshyposes of this paper the areas of Bolan and Aynak have been iucluded in the

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Shamalan of which they are a part The Nahr S area has suffered a loss of population over the years as the irrigation system based on the Saraj Canal became less effective silting Babaji on the other hand has become more affluent with the addition of the new water sources and a major drainage system

Lashkar Gah iE the provincial capital and rrarket center for the a wealth of government services This Central Region also incLudes ir the home of the Helmand Construction (riCe) -hich is a or source of off-farm for large numbers of the local population

The average farm siz2 is 598 hectares vIi th 150 hectares remaining idle and about 30 per cent of the land plOmiddoted by tractor The average household size (93 persons) is almost the provincial average Thirty per cent of he population is recorded as settlers reiding in i Chal--j-i-Anjir Loy Hanca (all closely related areas) and llahcc Saraj I an area of long-term settlement

This Central Region retains the of the indigenous of the area Barakzai - 43 96 Achekzai - 8 - 6Z Isakzai - 4~ Nasi1- 4 TYlenty other g-~OllpS in a sample of 91 househ01 is inclmde AJize_i KOlkar l Shaikhail I Tarri l Nurzai Tajikl AlikozaL laziri l Safi l Kheshai lI

IsmailzaL Baluch ArdcL Hazara Sulirnankhail Hota~L Arab Hullahkhail and Bobcilcdrkh Cii 1

SHM1ALkJ REGION

This is on the right bank and in the flood plain just across the Helmand Jtivcr from Lashkar Gab The is iTi 1ctcd from the Sbamalar Canal via a network of lndigerou laterals that pre-date the r1ain cimal Before the modErn deve in the Belmand in tile 19508 and 60s including the conslruction of the Shamalan Canal this l~eg_on las poundrom a systElr of indignous intakes and di tches off the river vJhen the new canal was constructed I a branch off the Canal the old di tches vere s connected to it TJ1is solved the rrobler1 of

ditches across areas fRrmcd for centuries with and fragmented field configurations It did rot result llOwever in

system

1he Couthern reaches of the Shamalan Canal ure into vlater-short areas the result of recent land develof)ment and settlerr_ent beyond the canals designed capacity I

cOYi1bined wi th over-use of vlater in the upper reaches The older established areas near the canal are considered to have a s of water The water

supply for other areas a great deal on the distcmce from the source A segment of this fertile flood plain has been farmed for centuries

The average farm size (496 hectares) is second smallest in the province behind with only 55 hectares idle during the year This low level of idle lemd

adequate latr The indigenous 1 patterns are appear like a jigsaw highly fragnented

the majority of and are located on the best land rorty-nine per cent of the land is by tractor The average household size (92 person) is near the provincial average Tenty-six per cent of the sample households are settlers

Shamalan presents a picture of a inhabited region with an overshylay of long terrt and recent settlers each with its own pattern of settlement and land tenure First the generalized description

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~ - Buluch Sk- Shaikhail ~ - Kharot i T - Turkmen ~ - Nurzai vI - llardaki Na- ~I-SI r - ~Jaz i11 ~z

--

As II indicates the dominant indigenous Durrani tribal groups in the area from north to south ar Barazai - 52 96 i -- 14 Nurzai ~ 8 ii th a small 5 pocket of Achekz~i near the river in a district called Shakh Achekzai There is also a t of Kharoti in lower zarist but they are settlers of about 15 years ago

There cre 24 other t-ibal ard eth1ic grocps identified i1 the region in a sample of 146 households including Chilzdi ik ~asir Shaikhai 1 I-oharmnadzai Uzbek Turkmen haziri Kakar Karaish [1(lrtoUwil Viardaki Hashikhail Sulimankhail Safi Baluch lllizai Alikozai Ilazarkhail Numand Alikhail Omarkhail ~1iyakhail

SBAiJlLAN SElTIE~middotEllT PATTEm~ EYMlPLES

No detailed data are available fo~- Shamalan than for any ot1er region Illustrations will be dra-m from these data to explain better the nature and conposi tion of settlement patterns

1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115

This is an of i setthment with nearly all the land belonging to members of the IlaJakzai trib(~ See III and IV lhere has been no government land settlcJTCLt In this arca because foJ all practicol mrpcses all available

cultured lend is in usc Four plots b0 to the government Nos 133 139 (vhici1 is a ditch righ t-of-ltday) I 196 ~~~d lSl7

reflected in the landlolding anu sett_lemcnt pattecns The Iarger landcyDcls the are tlle centers of power around vJhich vi are zed in Shamelan as in most other Helmand regions thcse nen are not aJ)sentee liilcUords but rcm vlho Lave been born 3nd raLced

In the itic21 structur~

live undo- Ue same bas ic conditions as their neighLorsin these vi and relatives A vilJage will be referred to s namo The village resident_s -ill be the khan farm 12J)mers servantsI

relatives or other indlviduals with at least some tYVe of tical ties ~his

will include a mrrJv~r 0 snaIl lanclo~llers in the irmnediate area middoti1o cOfficTIonly are meni)ers of hat Day be rfe-nd to as tl~o tllS sub-tribe or clan lithout necessarily implying any internal cohesion ltcept in the fClce or U1e outside flOrId

Hap III IU thin th Sharmlan at joast there are r1arriage ties betwefn khans kin-groups dlC extent of vhich is unmeasured that reflect both the -)oli tical structure and the desire to rrany ones daughter to a social equal

A Jhan may be officially recognized as the vi11agf headmal or whose job it is to c~rry out ~ny and all official governreent business If he 600s not fill the role birrself one of his tical subordinateS vil1 There is one Vatennaster or

in this St11dy area 0 is Barakzai -- his ather ~s Eli2) before him and who maintains his position in Ii th the loca] Kltapi3 the -lilter disshytributicn system is stated to be s democratic in e i I everJ man ith land geLs W21ter in his turn it at a more political level wit many disputes ctbou~c taking vlater out of turr dnd over teo a of tiDe This is partul a the Lot season immdiate1y fol a heat harvest when eeryone is a second crop (established as as possible Since a khaz1 wilJ have more land than his neighbors and thus Iave to more water he will p3y the a greater total fee for the crop sei3son Payment to th( lS on the basis of units of irrigated crop-season He will also have more -lorking his land The resul t is that he will have greater influence in the selection of a nev than his neighbors and be in a position to extract a share or get a more tirllely distributon of the water if necessary

12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000

MAP No H1 CADASTRAL MAP

r~ORTH SHAMALAN N shy

BARAKZAI HOLDINGS BY SUB- TRIBE

I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI

SHAOIZAI[2J ~ 15AZAI

Source Richard B Scott The North Shat1k11an A SIJ rvet of La nd and People Kabul 1971

(f) d o +l o gt~ (f)~ c +l Ho ~ Q)d ro d ~ t~ (f) 1)o H 10 ____-middotrlo (j) _~~~ gt- rr1 ill middotrl H e ~~_ 2 1_ --C ---yenl-1IlJJ

It sholld he notedmiddot that for the regions watered by the main canals of Boghra Shamalan and Danlishan the government maintains control of the water until it leaves these canals after which it is under the control of the indigenous systems of water distribution There are no water charges as such Farmers pay a token fee for the m~intenance of the system aye responsible for maintaining the ditches off the main canal under the direction of the ~ and they are sometimes required to work a few days per year to shovel some of the silt out of the main canals during the annual shut-dOII711 and maintenance period of 40 days during mid-vJinter f-iost of the main canal maintenance however is accomplished by HCC heavy equipment under contract i

t

In some Shamalan districts the kha1 is also the m~ Thus there is a tendency to centralize power and influence but it is one rarely fully realized among the easily fragm8nted Pashtun groups

The definition of sharecropper is not so clear cut as it may be in some other areas of the orld A sharecropper Play be of virtually any tribe or ethnic group found in the provnce or country He may be the fu11ills relutive He may be contracted for one crop--season or he may reave a long-term relationship with the landowner He may be a la~dless migrant or he may be a small landowner with a household of surplus labor A small larldovmer with a labor-short household may sharecrop his land and tlork along wih the sh2Cecropper to divide the share A sharecropper may receive 20 per cent of the crop 01 50 per cent or some fraction thereof depending on the level of h]_s contribution to the farming system i e labor only I oxen and plow seed and fertilizer etc Cash crops like melons vegetables and cotton produce a cash share dnd higher percentages of the total because of the extra labor involved Grain crops like 1tlheat and corn are shared in kind Sharecroppers in this area commonly Vor~ several differcnc plots alone or in cooperation with others under various kinds of arrangements

Under such a 3tructure the system of patron2ge for sharecroppers farm laborers and other small lardowners in the area is highly developed complex and is if somewhat loose the basis of political affiliation The maj has the responsibility for looking after the interests of those who -Jork or eu poIi tically support him those of his cJrnmuni ty He is expected to be pious and in te name of religion perform religicusly defined good or pious acts ( ) for the good of the cornllUni ty as a whole or for needy individuals ie build and maintain a mosque pay a lions share of the eXf enses for maintaining the coml1lUni ty prayer leader or ll~JJall ald aid the poor and desitute To ~derstand this structure in any given area however it is first necessary to have a picture of the tribalethnic composition as it relates to tlle la1d rhat is the basis for organization In the north Shamalan example the non-Larakzai landmvners (see Map IV) are not of very recent origins 15 or more years and are the result of either lruld sales or at sometime in the distant past were land and asked to perform the religious ftmctions for the co~munity ie thc Sayeds Since land sales are considered by the farmers as something approachi1g imrnorali ty in terms of not living up to ones responsibilities to ones ancestors igtnd off-spring the 9~- system of loans is a comTIlonly found method for outsiders to encroach on an area with potential ~y is a system of loaning which draws no foy-bidden interest but transfers the use of the land (the collateral) from the owner to the lender until the loan is repaid It is commonly ~eJy difficult to retrieve the land having lost the means of rural production Although these loans nay be documented as the generations pass documents (of poorer families 8speci~11y) get lost or dqstroyed and actual land ownership becomes disputed Plot No 20~ is perhaps an example of this situation although the present Nurzai owner ilsis-s that he purchased the land and has papers to prove it The descendents of the previous owner insist that the land was gr~l not sold and ant to repay the loan stating also that they have documents to support their

bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00

MAP No rv CADASTRAL MAP

NORTH SHAMALAN II

NON-BARAKZAI HOLDINGS

o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI

Source Richard R Stott The North Shamalan A Survey-of L1n~ and-PeOPle- Kahu1 f9ilshy

I- U1

case But no one makes the first move being unsure of the end results ltn unshyresolved conflict is better than a final official loss In this case the Nurzai lives on the land with a large extended household numbering about 40 persons which gives him a stronger case for maintaining possession Political power and security are to some degree dependent on the number of people who will give support in time of ~rouble This support can be tribal religious based on economic kinship (as in this case of his man vi th a large household moving into a predominantly Barakzai area) or a combination of the above The Nurzais Barakzai neighbors have remairced uninvolved in the dispute His move onto the land from a nearby village came at a time of a planned major land deve project which was to include land leveling land consolidation and an improved system of ditches and drains It as also a time of land speculation increased prices of wheat and melons and a major increase in land values At the same time there were rUllors of land reform activi ties to be associated with the land development ect

Within the area of Map III there are 92 plots of land (177 hectares) 15 of which are houses 8r village sites This excludes four government plots There are 33 plots that have two or more owners (up to 8) listed in the cadastral records and many cases of individuals who have more than one plot or shares in several plots There are 41 plots vIi th owners excluding the government plots and house sites Several of the owners have addi tional outside the survey area Tnis attern of fragmentation and mUltiple ownership reflects various stages of the system of Muslim inheritance among other as does the pattern of sub-tribe (a common ancestor) holdi~gs The average size multipleshyowner plot is 18 hectares i for single ovmel plots it is 2-6 hectares For an idea of relative size Plot No 142 is 228 hectares and Plot No 180 is 5 hectares Plot No 172 (about 4 hectares) offers another variation of the andholding complexi ty The cadastral records shm 7 owers from 6 households The plot is in fact broken down into smaller plots of a fraction of a hectare eacn all of which are presently gpoundsectl to a Bulcch who lives in a nearby village This has been the case for more than ten years The Bal uch has an Isakzai srarecropper who furshynishes his own oxen for plowing and draws a 50 per cent share The Isakzai works one or two other plots as well but under unknown arrangements The plot is listed as a single piece of land with multiple owners ly because it is being worked as a single plot and because in the past one man tax on the total plot for the others The individual listed in the cadastral records as the grandfather of the multiple owners is directly related to only two of the seven He was of the same tribe sub-tribe and residence but his relationship to most was l at best vague He paid the land tax for the group before his death

There are thre in the area that have an average of 173 hectares not a particularly farm size The t holding of the three totalled 304 hectares There are in other areas of Shamalan with considerably more land than this but the that district influence and wealth is relative to the district and to tribal affiliation Tile Nurzai noted above has more land than one of the three Barakzai f but he is a newcomer as well as ar outsider and lacks the broad tribal support Generally the older established Pashtun areas of Shamalan are the more highly fragmented in ~erms of land he lcFns The khansect tend to have smaller holdings and the political scene is more fragmented too There are some outstanding exceptions to this generalization Other vari~Jles at work in the situation are the amount of land with vlhich the ~J s ancestor startedi hmv prolific the farrti has been through the generations i and if there has been opportunity raalized to expand the holdings

---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map

I Sayedad Village shyf

I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy

Dotted line indicates limit of Sayed land

w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T

Riza -L- Lalo_ ~1od DaudNur AliJafer

L I 1 I Haydar I AkbarAbbas Huseyin Ayas

AYNAK ILLUSTRATIONS OF LAND

1 Ki ngroup s 2 Owners

)raquo cr cr 0gt w I

0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u

There vere 59 identified Vlorking in the area representing 13 difshyferent tribal and ethnic groups including Barakzai Nurzai Popalzai llizai Alikozai Isakzai Achekzai Arab Tajik Baluch Kakar Sayedand Sulimankhail

There appeared to be no patter1 of groupinc of sharecroppers by tribe or ethnic groups on a given plot of land J_n cases where mernbers oftbe same family share a plot For examle ar Isakzai a Tajik and a Sayed Jere found working a single plot and ould share the results About 83 pr cent of the land in the area is worked under some sort of arrangement four of the 59 shareccolJperS (~8 per cent) intervieied irdicated that they were from the faa _hills area previously noted (but _1chlding a brcader area than Nauzad Musa Qala and Zamin Dawar) and most commonly gave ti1e reason for having left their homes as reduced water sources and dried up fields

2 AYNAK 16

lt the point where the llad-i~Ali wasteway enters the Shamalan from the desert there is a villaqe of Sayeds (descendents from the lmiddotoharrnned) called Sayedad learby is the torrJJ of Nir Salim ilho founded Le village -lhen he was given lwd and settled in the area sorne 400 years ago by the -resident Barazai tribe HE was the local Pir (religious leader or guide) and had a wide following His tomb is a place of pilgrimage His descen da1ts presently inhabit the village and thE highly fragmented nature of their land loldings reflccts this sti 11 serve their relisious fmetion wi th an old and the lead dth much althOlgh presently being neary infirm Other m(~nbers of this lineage stated that make yearly treks to some of the northern provinces of tJle country where they receive religious dues from displaced Pashtun tribal viI that apparently acerted continued obligations of sUlpcrt for the role of the Pir after these many decades 17

1he fields east of the vi belonging to tLe S are in a very small area measuring about one-alpound a kilometer in wiCth and three-qua--ters a kilometer in length See Hap No V This area represents the original holdings of Eir Salim after four centuries of the division of property among surviVirig sons if not daughters It includes 109 of land ranging from 32 hectares (the vil to 02 hectares averaging 32 hectares per plot It is one of the most highly fragmened areas in LIe Shamalan region if not in the province The area is intensively farmed wjth vinyards on 10 plots in the center nwnerous plots of melons and vJhsat in tt-e lots around the There Vere a few smallcgt

plots of ()pi urn before the government crack-dOVl1 in 1973 Several of the plots on the periphery of the area are the results of more recent purshy

chases The neighboring vi are Barakzai

A series of sketch maps and diagrams (on the following page) ill serve to denonshystrate the process of fragmentation and the resulting intensive land use On Hap No V th subject are outlined in darker lines and are located just below the vilJage Plot No1 is 58 hectares Plot No2 is 45 hectares and Plot No3 is 54 hectares The plots have already been divided beyond what is recorded in the cadastral records In part the division of the fields is related to the locatio of the di tches e g Ayas two melon fields are separated by a ditch

At the time there are about 15 households of Sayeds in the village about 200 persons wi til an number of sharecropper (but much smaller ) households At least tvlO households maintain houses and Iive most of the year in Lashkar Gah Several householdf have moved permanently to Khashrud where they have land Others have purchased land in other districts of Shamalan or have developed

19

out-of project lands on the desert escarpment to the south of the Nadi-Ali wastevay of these purchases or developments not only the actions of the present generation but are the results of long-term processes

The village sits half on tbe desert escarpment aQ half on the land just below the eSCClrpment divided by the new (1972-74) Shamalan 3-107 lateral iJhich was part of the 3hanala1 Land Development Project lhc move off the fields began about 15 years ago in an Clttempt to recla~m productivc lClnd Arnong other things the new lateral was designed to bring more water ito the water-short Zarist area to tile sonth and follows the alignment of the older and snaller 7Iynak di tcl Ue vi Tile aligment of this neVI lateral through the center of the village illustrates a point of the significarce of tribal affiliation vis-a--vis government intervcntioJ

Th Sayed villagers did not iv-ant the fIey lateral to P3SS through the center of their village saw it as a In1jor source of intrusion into their lives sirce a maintenDIlce road -ould Lave to be uilt on euc bank of the lateral The~- also ScM it as a source of for their small hilc1ren wi th the combination of vehicle trcffic and the rela~ie fast-flowing deep level of tle water They muCic forrt2l and inforr131 rccIucsts and ts to have the laterl routed around the vi VJ a the deel~t To this point the lateral alig1ncnt had been follmnqthe of the ert es in an to limi t the amoun t of d9T~ cuI tural land taken out tle t--of ay T11e decision was m~cde to maintain this nlignment through the villag The final protests headec the tHO older sons of the cld arch roted above began iIi th

lSi accorJir ~o ~hc

rltJgtoll- ~c int0 arQl__DY-T~ts f ti~er ll~ - ~s f and cI--dcd in an ovcrni s 11 jail for t1e leadinrr The laterll corstruction was till sevsral hundred shoct of the vj_l~age at tli tir-e 71E construction scheduled was altered to the through-the-vJllc_ge segment of the lateral inunediaLly to pre- any organized resistance and the approach segment V7as a later date

The next viI to the south about a of a mile along the right-of way produced a different result This vi Barakzai IHaded a Ktan with much influence and many relatives in area He stated that he would not allow the iateral to pass his vi as as he was alive a very strong stCnd vlicl a conclusive statemcnt The alignrlent i-clu1cod the of c cemetery anQ a mosque 11io11 as to be rebuilt at ace exrcnse lfter several weeks of constrnctilor the lateral made a turn into the desert rrissing the village The official reason for the lateral realignment excessive ground water

as i ed is that it demonstrates the relCltive ) of the local DurrCni tribal groups

One ion event

or the recognition by officials of the potential for mobili what frequently a11eac to be and arc highly units of political po-ler vis-a-vis an Ullhnted intervention This is viemiddotdec in contrast to the impotence of a village of respected in their attempt to divert the same unwanted governmert intervention It says something about tlC potential support or lack of it hc local tribes were willing to give to the Sayeds vis-a-vis the government even in the case of the Kt_0J who was next in line on the right-ofshyway and who took his stand a few weeks later

20

I

Time to ze opposition may have been a factor and appeared to be a variable that the goverrment technicians to ccmtrol vi th the change in construction schedule A the route of the lateral tended to follow the of the desert esc-rp~lert there ere some va-iations Ko one was informed of tlle exact righ t~ 0 cntil it becume obvious on t~e In the case of the S village ilS tnc opposi tj 01 began to harden agilins t tl1e lateral as it became more appare exactly il2t the ould the technicians did not time to convince the viI rs of Ule necess but acted quickly instead S(2gmcnt of several hundred metes of unexcavated lateral before the village 2S to make the cut th vi as ~uickly as pcssibIe Once cut VJilS made the a tti tude of the Vas that nothing rore could be done It ~as an fact

TIlese events can be and as a tactic used occasions as (11 ihere intervenrion yenlas tl10ught to be paten controshyver~iaL A group of inflGcntial khans from tbe area in imiddotere called

for a 1 on Ue issue The an in gcnral without any specific dctiils p consensus r agree~ent yenlas reached in principle eg a lateral ~as to be t~e line of the which would mo ie the south rhe cons crue ad hoc ba s the oc-shycurr0d Der i 1 in fonra tioD liJS llct in a~vance and where possible action middotas Csed to pre-emFt obj ections

To return to the e-hl1t ir qlstion tLe cOlvfntiOlal wisdom Hllzlting to the potential POmiddotC1- ofeLe and other religim13 fnctioncres in ]fghan tl1is cxaTltple ~a~ sO1e~hat SnrrJ2-isj f al tJ1ET

details of tgtl~ tdeC]j tle no J~nGln

The ill their role in the area are refened to But th fact reT1ain~) -hat had into tJle arCil severa] llU1lc~ncd years earlier to uS the area religious rtEcshytionaries and continveJ to ilD00rt in return for their services did not come tO tieir aid ic this case vis--u- vis tho govcrnL21H I-Jro I

ftentativc conclusion vould be that the i~1 fact very li ctlc real power on their on but on some occClions t11e tribal cal factions (the

use them to jus ti fy troir political actf using the rn bullrally ts ill a where there are so fe~ rallying 1illS )S

hardJy an original obse~vation and should not be as a lhole especial hen con~i de SId to poJitical structure

In this central district o~ Shamalan 122 famiLi os ere settIed on two hectares of land each (Thich includd a house in 1973-74 See

No VI ~hese plots of land are e and in an area of about 25 square ki1011cters This of land settlement instityced after The ouslv unsettled bocaus of its poor soils bad dr2in~ge and had been ix classification (i e If Lard that does no( ue -t the ninimum 21nen ts (1pound i lilnds ) the US Bureau of Reclrunatior in a soils survey It had been used the ne B3rakzai vi as pas turage for vil1ilge herds of milk cattle The are is Cl1t by the t concentrCltj_oTl of or ny-ains to be found in the ere built at the tirmiddote of the SlaI~alal Canal in

1060s These are no S by a network of on-farm drai)s constructed by tte Project in the rr~d-1970s (not shown on Ho VI) ihere Va3 bas for

21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I

of this combintion of factors tical S vis a--vis t11(

~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~

seltJement iII terms of sloothing for irrigation Agricultural extension secicfs weH ninimal and the settlers did not qJalify for creLii t as they vere tecrnicaJl~l 10dle5s A cotnrlon das to one s lard as a metho of gett the neccssary elunents to raise a crop sirce most of the settlers do not O7n oxen or iu the 1ecessary to the ini ticl crops All but two per cent of the lcnd i1 this block was b~ tractor on contrcct or for a share of the crop At 10221

8 of the original group had J eft by 1976

Ethnically the area is very mixed demens t apparent change in govcrnmrnt policy of earlir years to settle eth1i culll groups together This settlemmt block is not indicated on ilap NC1 II In toted there ere 31 tribal or ethnic groLps identified including Kharcti Uzo(k I i ~- I Safi lardaki Barakzai I

Kajltar Nasir ldizci ~hlrzai Hotaki ai I lurna11d Eazarakl1ail AIH~hail lmiddot~ichcmkhail CnClrkhaii O2TIEH2c1zai ~orikhail vJootkhail Orakhajl Arob Hazara shi1vari Gari Suliiankh1il Sand rarakhail

The laY]Gst groups among these 181e the Laghnuli ik Uzbek and ~haroti in t1at order vIi th between 15 and 20 households each The Tajik 2nd Uzbe~ carle originally from Iakhar Frovirce and the Kharoti lho ere setc1ing nOIiacls came from the area betlC~en Ghazni ald Shah Jui

incllli1g t~e lack of tribalethnic ~iu~lcrnr(nt Lld their

~jOL dtcj to middot1cl1 the etlers I sycmiddot had been connected was controlled the L1rmors -ould not a110d nell fi(~lds Imllda1t Ilater is most the first fc- years a a unit~ of 122 hOl)sdlolris of jlarcti heard but the extClnt ElixCG group with rliw dS a IIazcYfl middot7hLcl ~iO_111_ 11Xle l1ct1tilC cO-inca~i()~3 lrl tiis _region) as man ~as faced with continLing dIfficulties

4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui

sutficiunt Lirpound or vlZlter to for the

land is nOI~a(t3 oulCi able to maLe tlwmselwcs

a ik of his neighbors idrntiL ~d

of other tribal and ethnic groups settled in Snlnalim and indicatzOd on r1ap IJo II Each of these groups nelS its mD set of settlement cir shycums lnces a1d ems Only tne basics will bmiddot= listed here

a In tlw lynak aret there were 12 households of Uzbeks and 4 households of Turkmm settled dS a group ceDout 15 years ago are credited wi th introducing the cOlnmercial production of vegetabl~s in the region

b In the flood plain area near the Tabila area therE arc 10-15 households of Bal UC1 establisccd in a 5na11 tradi tional housing unit Their legal status on the land is not cler since tLey are located in out-of--proj ect land

c In the Hazor Aspl~hdxabah area there are pockets of LO hOlseholds of Safi I 10 households of Shaikhail 34 households of Wardaki ~nd 14 households of Barakzai all settled about 18 years ago This is an crea noted for the consistent planting of the odd field of opium poppies j)efOlmiddote the 1973 shutcovn

d In central Zarist there are 20 households of Nasir settled 25 Y2ars ago an~ to the south 40 houehold5 of KJaroti and ar Zldditional 13 households of Nasir settled about 15 years ago

23

e In the ruinJy from an overflm-J of the Narja wasteway thcro are 38 households of )likJzai 5 households of Alizai a1d 9 households of Haziri settled the Zarist drain Ihis settlement occurred some 5 to 8 years ago In 1974 -IE additioDal 150 households of

Here to iCj rcttled in this il~~lcdiate area but b(ecause of maj01 refused the offer of land

[n summary the E3hamaldl1 is a of the tribal and ethnic llix that iniDJi ts the com1Jine with other factors of a

tical strccture It has been possiblo to dctai 1s of this mx for illustration The total Shamalan more

This is a on the left bank and in the flood of the Helmand River just soubl of Famalan It is ale area 1h1ch h(1 been sfarso2y tl ti 1 1973 It so~c 55 kilometers 30uth o~ bridges the Be-l ll-d Hiver ct the all shyoGatber- scr7jcc roads ~h2 area e~ds just north of (hanasL~in J()Lln t~ain Zi In~l J 02 overrrLcn divcrs i()~l

structl re C1C tile DaCmiddot-rishan Catcll con tructc-d i the la7~e 19~Os T-le di tchs and

laterals rf~ Pl0S fDYlfor COllStrl1ct0d middotith the of those t a goverr--cnt seerl fClun jich vas turned oVer to f3ettlers after 1973 The ater is conside~ed adequate if not surplus

Consider-LJeuro Tes~~ttlcr~(nt hus occurrcd in the sinC0 1973 on 2 hectare but the land boldings tend to be oITlGihat lalger in sie The ilverclJo land IHlcing of the is 92 J1cctareuros tnG S(COllQ lc--gst GtVc~rcg2 in thc IgttO~

vince nl0rc thdn 100 bi al) Gi3 per ceLt f tLe land is trcucoc 1-18 avy)lt2 lochold siz( is C)~ 1)(150(- ncar the 1 c~VerCiSQ Lu~ rc difference J~8-C1Cln s ttloT

housellOlos (67 pel-sons) and indigcnou households (11 persor-s) is considfJablc

Danvisi12m hiiS become il tribally rrixed area ti th ~Jlrzai - 32 llir)zai 16 In a slt1rr~~jle of 68 houserlolds 15 otlul trj 1 2-c etilnic

IScizdl ~liai l~cl1ckzai Sadat ShaL~ail ramp3 c Hamadzai Uzbck I Baluch Tajik Shinwari Hazara and Turk~en

In areas of reCent hurried and intensive land settlerent it must 1)( assUIrmiddoted that the range of tnbal ana ethnic grours dill be brooc18Y t~i2m that recoHi0d at thj~

time Forty-one per cot of the smple gtopulation -ere settlers at t-IG tire of the survey but since settlers on their land for a shorter time than the ClOP ycar surveyed Hero lOt inrludcd in the e universe the cctual perCcitage of settlers in the would be much greaLcr Some 1777 families were said to have been settled in DDndshm dln a lOnonth ill 1974-75 for exampl al~d the settlement program continUed after that date

The rclativGly (68 ) for land being tractor is a reflection of tvlO a liri ted nurber of lDncrVl1ers ovm tractors (two of the khcns in t_he regj on own t-m tluctors e2h) and GSC to farm t1eir cuI tiatDble land and the contract to hClve t]Hi- Lnel llOmiddotcd TLere clerc of con tractors to do this plo~iny L n result of ~ negative response to j~~ great influx of s0~tIers

24

In the southern part of this region there is a village of Brahui that reprcsents an exceptional case in several respecLs hey are a non-Pashtun group in the middle of a Pashtun area They are not goV]rnr1ent settlers and are of r8cent origin in this area The Brahui middotho vill be discussed in Dore detail under the Khanashin mocd into the vil of lagot as the result of a large land sale from the previous inhabitants who were Fopalzai located in the area of Isakzai domination The details of this and settlement of a group of Brahui nomads ampe not knOvn and could berefi t from study Land sales are rare and

land sales are rarer still Since it lts noted that the Ovners moved out of tbe region to Kandahar tllc chances could hav2 resulted from intershytribal conflict The sale was said to have occurred in about 1331 or 1952 25 years prior to this survey

South of Bagat is mos Isakzai terri tory thrliugh the last village in the region I Landi and as far as Deshu I described below in the Khanashin Region To the norti1 of Ba9at in the village of Banader the landmmrs are mostly Nurzai with a mix of Pashtun and Baluch sharecropers It should te noted that according to local statcmerts ill Baluch and 13Jahui areas t~he are of these same groups while in Pashtun dominated Clreas the ClPFcar as a mixture of all groups In a sens t1is s Barth 1 s thesis 0 the maint(~1ance of ethnic idcntity21 The I3shtun ar8as a11m for such a mix in the context of tJc shareshycropper agre81rets 1he are less voli ticallj binding and thus not necessarily dccraciing in the Pashtun vi eVJ EaCJ1 maL retlin~ his ethnic identity But the in thc rwre centralized tical tructure of the Brahui Baluch areas vere said to be of those groups ul1l~ixed VIi th Pashtuns lore of this below

Still further nortJl ing Safar there are blccs of settlers of the l1dar tribe Still further north come the indigenous Alizao and the lIlikozai There las another block of some 400 families of llchekzai rerortec1 to have been settled in central Darrishan but on the trir Desct side on land previousl claimed and worked by a Balucr 10 detailed information was available hOlcver ln ethnic map of Darlishan has not been compiled like that for Shamalan but it will D8 meaningful as the unsettled areas come iClto use and the population becomes stabilized

KHANIISHIli REGIOH

This region is the least accessible of the regions s resting in the southern Helmand River flood bebeen Danvishan and the Helmand Province border at tho villages of Landi and Palalak a distance of well over 100 kilometers Parts of the region are on both sides of th river and motor transport is over undeveloped desert track in through areas of sand dunes The irrigation

arc indigenously constructed and maintained and much cf the area cannot be irr19ated every year I or at all because of the lack of middotatmiddot~r through the limited systems Ihe water shortage generally the use of 21ding varieties of middothea t and fertilizer ~hile the average t for the province (382 hectares) the arroun t of land plan tcd each year dmounts to only a fraction of this figure There is an average of 261 hectares left idle during the crop year The of the people living in the area ~hiJt 0111 land is not on reI snall but is tnrecorded The sarlple of landmvning houselolds in the region amounts to only 23 Settlers represent 35 per cent of the sample but this is only 8 hcuscholds riftye per cent of the land c ultivated is plowed by tractor

25

J 4

not kno-ln and

The averaqe 1 dhol of 382 hecLarcs docs not reflect clearly the patt(~rns of Ule which in teEll are the results of the scttlenent of Ule various tribill and ethnic grcc)s the ei settler in the

have about 4 lectores of lald each been settled in the area the doninan t ethnic group in

e tavc landho bctares Isakzai - 326 hectctCs

versus indigrnous inhabi tamp1t

before 1973 Six of the 2ettlets are EaJ LC1

the regio1 Thc Boluch 886 ~ecta_ Eantz 592

Thus and

of the social v3ria~Jles of [cttler affiliatio~ is denonstrated

the Baluch lcndlloJdinss arc mlch hlampn the Pc~shtun ho farUl north for in ~nalan e-1C size to increas as one look farther south along the Charburjak area ire the 2 covince of niT1roz Tis

holch ng3 ilppear~

is a the dif shyferences in the socia agtid of the iuc~ as c)os ed to tha t of the Pashtun as noted ~~

structure t Frsdrik Barth 22 Balueh are descrih2d

as having a ccntrally focused chiefclient struCture (in t11i8 case r large lancllloiding th cliets to work Le) as oIJpCgts to the politica and

(and smaller holdings to be sli there is less pres

norc lcntecl IJas- tun strlJcttll~C 1 Lh idiiiCiual farm u~its) ~hc~e is also n EOl- landmiddot-

~cr~sivc utilizatioT (lLc2 less of d weo frag-ment the lClrqer b1) lTorcegt This also corrclate with age of lcITcnt

The ethnic com~J()si tion of the is ~middot~~th Balneh

Baretz 26 Isakzai - 13~ ald settler houacholds of ~akac and ~Jasir in dadi tion ~

folle River basin is basica I3aluc terri But 110 J ast byo villages in Helwald Province the river to the south Landi and alal arc of Pashtwl origins (Haretz tribe) have been located in for the past 200 years Ullder a land sant frorn Shah This grcup is also to be found in the Clreas

Dal0chi the tir~

of Elnci tta rhe events that lead to tre isolition of such small tribal units in Balneh to1 shy

their Pashturl tribaJ iaonti ty are

Between these two Pashtun viI and 10ver 1iCj Jlli is Baluch terri tory The landmvners in these villages are Balueh distinguished locally Pokshani but the sharecroIJpers and attached shep2ercis were Brahui

The unless

idc-ifi eel

made al are identified locally as Baluch

of Ueir cn and have strong feelings of a idelti ty At least anong tbe Dales Triny can speak Pashtu Dari Brahui and Bol ucii The center of Brahui settloDcnt is in the village of Ali This mo into the Fashtun areil to the north with Isakzai~ [lS lancloners in Dcshu Tre

of tIce rerlain mostly Brhui

and Baluch wiih some Pashtuns in the (mas 1hi tribaJ extends into UUe disTriets of out]ern Darvisi1an noted It as stated tJ1at G-e nor1adic herd~Tren beteen Palalclk and Ba(jat in sOlltheE Darishan are all Brampi1ui into the tan D(~)eimiddot the pastures of which they control to the Pakistni border also rarge as far no-th as the anoah River The tribal and cU~llic eomrosition of tbe groups that use the desert pasmiddot shytures of the stan will be outlircd belo in the section en nomads

26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS

There are several thousand families of tent-dwelling sheep and goat herding transhumance nomads who migrate on a regular schedule over regular routes into Helmand Province in the late fall going out again to s1lt1lmer pastures to the north in early spring Generally these are Pashtun tribal groups Others use the desert pastures of the Registan and maintain a migration pattern that does not take them out of the province These are mostly Brahui and Baluch tribesmen

Water is the determining factor in winter camp location There are several patterns of winter camping in the province Some nomads camp on government land along the edges of the settled areas like Nad-i-Ali and Marja taking advantage of water sources that originate from the major irrigation chaneIs and wasteways Before 1973 these groups paid the government for the right to camp in these areas These areas became very important during the drought of the early 1970s and atshytracted herders who originally winter camped on desert wells Some were recorded as having come from as far as the provinces of Farah and Herat For example a group of 14 tents of Nurzai who normally winter camped at Eakwah (Farah) were found in the Khalaj area of Shamalan in late 1971 There were many other similar cases

The Helmand River flood plains outside the agricultural areas were and are important winter camping areas They were more crowded during the drought than L~ey are at the present time Camping in and around farm villages is also a common camping pattern and sometimes but not always involves groups of related tribal origins eg Barakzai nomads camping in Barakzai villages Some of the camp si~es and camp site arrangements with villagers are of a long-term nature ie the same tents could be found in the same locations every winter One of the main sources of grazing in the agricultural areas is along the edges of the numerous ditches and drains Herds are also grazed on fallow land of local khans and oD~ers with the nomads sometimes being charged for the right This pattern was said to add fertility to the soil There were some examples of the village khans andor ma~L~s acting as representatives for the nomads on occasions where government contact was necessary There were also situations of ~aos lending nomads money that was required to be repaid before the spring movement north Outside the animal products these Pashtun nomads did not appear to be involved in trade as is apparently found in other areas of the country23 During the period of the drought (winter 1971-72) the relationship between farmers especially the kh~us and the nomads was nearly the reverse of that described by Ferdinand between the Pashtun nomads and the Hazaras During this period the farmers of the Helmand were increasing their level of wealth through the rapid adoption of high yielding varieties of wheat and fertilizer combined with their stable source of irrigation water They were producing bumper crops while other areas of the country were short The reduction of the grass on natural desert pastures during this period required the nomads to reduce herd size The price of sheep was considerably reduced Farmers with a surplus as well as some townsmen purchased sheep at cut rates while some of the nomads bought forage items like corn stalks to feed their herds

One of the traditional patterns of winter camping in Helmand Province is on desert wells These wells are hand dug commonly along the edges of large washes but in some cases in the open flat desert jost of them must have been dug some time in the distant past by an ancestor of the group now using them They vary in depth from 60-150 feet in this region There is a definite sense of well ownershyship and the water would be shared with some transient herd only under the most trying circumstances Usually 15-20 tents of nomads mostly relatives camp a

27

Map No VII

Southeastern Afqhanistan Nomad Routes

I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I

-Farah I I Oruzqan --

_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy

quarter of a mile away from the well in established long-term camp sites In some cases there are nearby suggesting the permanence of the site To some degree the pasture for a part~cular CaL~ group is defined by distance from the well during early winter before the rains The herds must be watered at their home well every two this places a limitation on pasture size The camp groups begin to scatter over larger areas as the rains begin to puddle water sources over the desert in and Harch About 85 of the yearly six to seven inches of rain falls between December and March

A study of 12 wells located in the desert area north of Nad-i-Ali and Narja between the Boghra Canal and the Kandahar-Herat highvlay (see Nap No I) indicates the folloNing tribal affiliation of each of the wells 24 Nurzai - 4 wells Khanishykhail - 3 wells Barakzai - 2 wells Isakzai - I welli Alikozai - I well and Dagai - I well

Generally the nomads that are found in the upper reaches of the Helmand River are of the Durrani tribal groups eg Nurzai Isakzai Barakzai in much the same way as the indigenous farmers Their route (see Map No VII) is mainly north in to Ghor and wes tern Gruzgan IfOS t commonly in a mountainous area called Siyahband But a few were found to remain in the Helmand basin where they worked as farm laborers (in their terms a degrading circumstance) These werE usually tents or groups of tents that had faced some disaster wi th their herds which were reduced in size and they had found it lL1economical to move

Farther south e g south Shamalan these Durrani tribal groups begin to mix with Ghilzai tribal groups eg Alikozai Taraki Tokhi and in some cases Baluch The Ghilzai move east and north via Kandahar and the Tarnak River into cruzgan Zabul and Ghazni provinces for their summer pastures The greater concentration of these groups appears to be on the Desert side of the Helmand River which requires a separate description

In the north central Registan25 tere is an area of in places broken -vi th large washes and interspersed vi th dried up lake beds It sits about 300 feet

altitude than tl1e rivers that border it This area has considerable ground-cover of varieties of desert scrub and grass ly after rains It is partially surrounded by a band of sand dU~1es - on the

Helmand River side - perhaps 8-10 miles wide In some areas long of sand dune or reach into the plain The main breaks in this sand barrier are in the north from K~shkenakhud and in the west from Safar 1 middothich tend to be the major

routes into and out of the area There are major expanses of sand desert to the SOUtl1 and -est of this area See Nap No VIII as a sketch of the features

As a side note in the center of this northern area is the ruin of an old fortress (Hauz a) that accon2ing to Balsan 26 dates from the time of the Ghaznavid Empire Its location suggests a stopping-over place on a route from Kandahar to the southern Helmand regions that by-passes the He bend of the rivers or a government presence in a rather remote but utilized area

Although the north central plain is clearly a major spring grazing area for thousands of it is waterless except after the spring rains when the water collects in volume in the lake beds and in catchment excavations referred to as na~~~ (pl nmeL~D) There are no wells in this northern area of the desert which limits its use for grazing to tl1e period following the rains This limi~ation is perhaps what preserves the ground cover from over-grazing

29

The pawer excavations or watering tanks have been dug by hand and some are noted for being te ancient in origin Recently some of the excavation work (mostly cleaning the old naveX~fl) is being done by tractors belonging to ~halls

who reside in the agricultural areas along the rivers There are hundreds of these structures scattered all over G~e are~ at least as far south as Banader in ~outh Darwishan There are clear concepts of water rights associated with particular naer9Jl rany of hich have been created by the agricultural ]shans noted above or their ancestors These men have investments in sheep and also utilize the Re]istan pastures di th we aid of these nS~~AD but apparmtly I on a slightly different schedule from that of tie nomads ie several weeks later

The 1flYJetCJ1 vary in siz2 ann structure Commonly they are elongated horseshoeshyshaped pi ts I~O yards long and~ 10 yalds wide excavated three to four feet below the level of the surromding terrain and frequ2ntly located in the hard clay of the dried up lake beds with the excavated eartll led around the edges with the open end facing up-sl()pe =-or example the cOinplex of nalilt=X~D located in Gorestani lake bed some 30 miles due east of the village of Kuchnay Danvishall l as used by a combination of Pashtun tribal groups These groups come mostly from a camping area along the Helmand River dnd represent both Durrani and Ghilzai tribes mixed with Baluch and SJme Brahui families The Durran5_ groups usually move on to their usual swmner pastures to the norG~ as do the Ghilzai The corr~on Arghandab River crossing point for t-tO Durrani tribal groups moving north out of the Registan is near KcshkenaJhud But in the spring after the rains and as the snmv begins to melt in the north hen this movement usually occurs crossing the Arghandab can be problarratical In the case of a high-ater year t~e move is from the llpound~ regions back to and across the Helmand River by the bridge at Hazar Juft Darwishan and 1hen north to G~eir surrJUer pastuns some 30 days distant The Baluch elements move back to the Helmand River tlhen pass the hot season

Farther east some 50-55 Iniles east of the Darvishan bridge but only 10-20 miles south of the Dcri River cnd Keshkarakhud is another concentration of rlClleran alcnj the edge of a great sand dune area (some 50 miles of t) that stretches to the east JImong these for example is a larger structure llur IlohamT1ad Band l or nawer hich includes a lOIN earth dam perhaps 40 in lei1gth and 8-10 feet high with a large excavated catchTIent tank that is capable of holding a great quantity of water The cleared and sloped drainage basin covers an area several hundred yards square to facilitate drainage collection These naweran are mostly utilized by a combination of PashtuIl nomads from the north of tl-t2 mix already described and by Pashtun ~D~ns from the Kandahar region

The final patt8rn of tan Desert utilization by the various tribal groups is that based on desert alls the most northern of which appear to be in Srehdab Chahan some 50 miles east of Safar During the dry winter r-lonths it is the r camping site of about 100 tents a mix mostly of Durrani Padltuns (Nurzaij wiLl-t r some Baluch and some Brahui After the spring rains in Harch G~ey move north to camp on a variety fif riImiddoterClrl including those at Gorestani The Pashtuns move north into the 01 summer pastures and the Baluch and Brahui move mostly to the sout-1-shy _ bull west to the Helmand Ri VGr for the hot season Chey move back to 1 Nmiddot ~Ls in the fall Some 10 miles to the south and vest of Srehdab wells is the well of Taghaz which is used UtOS tly by Baluch who follow the pat tern of utilization noted for t1at group Another 20-25 miles south of Taghaz there is an east~west line of several wells that are scattered over a di3tance of 50-60 miles from Chatok in we east to Hayat in the west The groups using these wells are combinations of Baluch and Brahui Chatok is mixed with th Brahui becoming -dominant at the wells to tile west Sirak in the center is Brahui territory These groups do not move nortl-t in to t~e n_der regio but) as the rains end and

30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I

Sketch of Major Registan Desert Features

bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I

bull t J I I I bull 1 Hauz -

I bull Qai a to bullI tty I f -

Sand f Gorestani c( I Nur

I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---

f- __ 1ltgtgt _ middotSrehdab

I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band

I - -Khanashin I --shyI bull bull bull ---

Mounta in I bull I Jh I

I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan

(Location and number of structures and features are not exact) 31

the new grass appears tiley break from the well encampments scattering over the area but still remain within range of the water source the well Sirak is said to date from Ahmad Shahs time and it furnishes water for 150-200 houseshyholds during the winter months These nomads spend the hot season (15 JUlIe to 15 September) on t1te Helmard River flood 2hus there is a sizable but U11recorded population that utilizes the wells and pastures of the southern Registan that could stand flrther study No observations were made south of Sirak but the Brahui located at KVlaja Ali noted that their herds move six into the desert in the spring and remain there about href~ montbs They utilize a cOIlbination of vlells and naweran in conjunction vli th other nomad groups and list water source as Chah-i-Suliman prba Torsh Ab and Nalaaf It should be noted that movement from the Helmand flood plain to the well area is mostly in a southeasterly direction

SU~4ARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The indigenous tribalethnic composition of Helmand Province is basical Durrani Pashtun from the northern foothills into the central Helmand River basin The southern part of the province is Baluch with a buffer zone of Brahui centered on Kwaja Ali and separating the Baluch from the Pashtun There are Pashtun communities to be found in Baluch (Landi ilnd Palalak) and at least one corrununity of Brahui to be found in Pashtun terri The ethnic boundary is not clear-cut but t1tere appears to be some of Baluch households in Pashtun

(Bagat)

territories but not vise-versa

The Pashtun tribal composition of the province ranges from very homogeneous areas of Alizai in the north (Nusa Qala and Zamin Dawar) to mixed Isakzai and Alikozai conc-crations in thE est (~jmlLiiJ) dW iuLu UH luvler dJll fIdcteL telTclln and Girishk) of the HeImand River bsin The Achekzai and Nurzai are also reshypresented This ble~ds into a Barakzai concentration in the central basin (Girishk and cental ShamGllan) cOrkJ)ining with Popalzai and Nurzci in south Sham(lla~ and into Darwishan Danlishcn there are ilizai Alikozai and Andar are2S with Isakzai dominating the border ara with Khanashin as far south as Deshu Then farther south the two villages of Pashtun Baretz are located in Baluch territory

Superimposed on this already mosaic are large elements of numerous other tribal and ethnic groups from all of stan recruited by a large resettlement program The dor1inant ethnic element among the settlers however I is also Pashtun perhaps because the or focus of the settlement program was on nomads The largest concentration of settlers (100 96) is found in the two desert s development regions previously U11cultivated of Nad-i-Ali and a Other areas also have large numbers of setUers mostly in the central and lower river basin where the modern irri developments have allowed for the exshypansion of croplunds Por example Shamalar - 26 i Central - 30 Dandshan - 41 The areas of greatest tribal and etr~ic homoqeneity and little or no reseuro~~lement are to the noth and to the far south where developable resources (land andor water) are very limited

The developing job opportunities in the central river basin with its expansion and const~~ction activities cash crops as well as the potential of acquiring free land have~rawn labor from regions both north and south This has added to the more heterogeneous ethnic nature of the Centralmiddotregion

32

e In prindl)le tribal or ethnic homogeneity is one potential basis for

organization political influence and for extracting available government

e- services over the years In Helmand Province there is a geographic contradiction to this principle l~e most homogeneuos regions are in the foothill areas and upper ~eaches of the river where water andor land are in short supply

rhus there has been no influx 0 f settlers or laborers to dilute the homogelwj_ty and there hrls been no great increase in government activity or services bec~use there is little potential for development A similar observation can be made for the most southerly reaches of the llelmcmd River in Baluch and Brahui terri tory where again the population is ethnically homogeneous with a very strong centrally focused authcri ty structure and land OIlJ1ership is rcther centralized Available developable land is limited and there has been very li tt-le resettlClcnt activi ty The agricultu~a1 extension service and HIWl ere originally established in the province to fecus on new land development and the resettlement program

The indigenous populations of the central regions of Helmand Province eg the nl Barakzai have llao the advantages of being located on the best flood plain soils

in the province of having been there p~ior to all the recent developments of n being loco ted nelr the nw main market center (the provircial capital of Lashkar ities Gah Ilas establisLed after the daHl and canal constructien) and of having easy

access to all the government services being developed The dam major canal and drainage construcLion aff8cted tl1ese groups in a v8ry posi ti vc way They could not be ignored becam-e tlwy had resettleme1t groups as tJ-wir neighbors The indigenous groups nad influence because their leaders were politically and 8conoshymically lell estab -_ishec1 and their gooOvill even if [assive was needed for the

lS success of much of the program Tl18 main disadvantage faced by the centrally i located Push tun grcups a f8ature of their tl2nere is ths highly fragmented gill nature of their lan1 holdings

The early settlers at were placed in large ethnically homogeneJes units wi Lh recognized leadershi~ had the advantages of unity and the many government services

as which were rocllsed on their settleT12nt But they middotlere commonly placed on poor land with bad drainagt (Nad-i-Ali and Marja) and they had the llsual social and economic disruptive Glements facGd by all groups involvsd lith the resettlement programs These early settlers had the added disadvantage of not being farmers but of being settled numcds faced with difficult farming conci tions The

r drop-out rate was high

The more recent settlers (since 1973) frequently do not have the political adshyas vantages of ethnic unity or leadership The settler services are minimal and

sert the qUulity of much of the land for distribution is even more marginal than that in the past - or is undeveloped for i~rigation at the time of settlement The

r drop-out rate should be 8xpected to be ver high assulning that the settleni have somG place to which twy may return or find employment In sOre cases it [03

41 bull -F~~ t-l1a t- the settlers were going into considerable private debt in the attempt nt to establish themselves and felt that they could not afford to make another

change by giving up the settlement process Faced vi th their many problems well articulated most recent setters appeared to be accepting the opportunity to acquire l~ld of their own bad as it might be

In certain senses the nomads arpcar to be less affected t_han the settlers by the many changes that have occurred in the province in terms of ti18ir lifestyles Their winter markets have irproved The opportunity for outside eITployment has

multiplied many times in instanc2S wl18re households have found for whatever reason that migration is no lon~er a viable alternative eg the loss of a herd The Jlternative pasturage alony the canals and drains of the irrigation

33

systems has added a new dimension to nomadism in time of drought And for many the opportunity to change their lives completely by becoming i farmers has been an advantage But for many others who winter camp on tte wells or along the river moving into a wider desert pasture area as the rains allow or not the movement and routes to the summer pastures and back are still to a

extent determined by factors of geography and weather For tf1ese the le details of sheep goats and camels wool and yoghurt) and fires of

camel-thorn and dung remain little

~t is easy to generalize in ignorance ampbout all the of Helmand farmers as if t1ey are some homogenOus mass There are many indigerous farmers of Helmand Province who are very well off thanks to tlC activi ties of recent times There are also indigenous farmers -7ho are poorer now than a decade ago L1anks to the in water tables eg up in the foothill regions and laterlogging i1 sorEe areas near main canals The sare kind of contrasts can be made of many sEttlers new and old The variables are many Some of the details of the regional economies represrmted in ths paper may be somewhat misleading The total fann-economic picture should be studied carefully27 For example the high rates of tractor use ctlng varieties of wheat and fertilizer found iI Nac-i-Ali appear advantageous until it is realized that given tho hard and pooc clay soils of the area those

innovations are necessary to a crop that will result in an average net household income no better than one in ater-short Nazac or Musa where fields are plowed ith oxen and the use of fertilizers and varieties is not common Helmand Province is full of such coctradictions and requires more serious study To is to be wrong and regional ment programs 1 like academic stereotypes of Helmand farmers ~ are rormal based on such generalizations

The 3 for understanding the complexities of Eelmand Province is its triba composition which is the basis uf most social economic and organizatior and action In a rural soci wi th limi t2d b2sic trust between individuals and fe-7 formalized institutions to consistently enforce social agreeshyments k and its extensions - tribal and ethnic group identity - act as the basis for social ide~tity organization and action But 3S noted this identi ty alone is not enough to allow one to ct vJi t~ any accuracy the outshycome of any event or proposed actio~ The total social economic and political context of the commlli~ity to be affected must be known but the s is the ethnic composi tion of the fic cOIPlnuni ty

lhile this paper may have raised as many questions as it has answered hoefully it has added somewhat to a clearer understanding of the tribal and ethnic comshyposition of Helmand Province and will stimulate an interest in futdre more detailed studies of the area 1 if the opportunity n occurs Unfortunately it appears that many of the anthropologists ~exc TtltteJ

chosen to study in have chosen areas less accessible more exotic perhaps (on the surface) more traditicnally oriented less dynamic and less complex than Helmand Province This in turf has nade their contributions to the mainstream of the development effort in tan over the past UlO

decades of more limited applicability

34

All opinions and conclusions presented in this paper are the sole responsibility of the author and do not reflect those of USAID under whose and for whom all data was originally collected

NOTES

1 Louis Dupree TAJ Princeton University Press 1973 pp 57-65 Anthropolos in Afghanistan AUFS South lsia Series Vol XX No5 1976 Also see J W Anderson and R F Strand (eds) Ethnic and Intergr~)UERelati9lG

~onternJorary Occasional Paper No 15 Afghanistan Council 1he Asia Society New York 1978

2 See L Dupree STAlJ pp 482-85 499-507 634-35 Lloyd LZ Baron lTater Supply Constraint ]11 Evaluation of Irrigation Projects and Role in the Developrrent of ill PhD Dissertation NcGill University Dept of Economics 15 larch 1975 and Ghuarn Farouq Socio-Econom~c of Lang Settlement in Helmand Valley Afghanistan lvIS Tiesis American Univ of Beirut June 1975 For a limited listing of tribal groups for some areas see K Tarzi and I Stevens Economics of cultural Production in Helmand Va~le~ US Bureau of Feclair1ationjAighanistan 1965 p 34

3 Traditionally systems of wells with connecting tunnels located on sloping a errain by which ground water is brought to the surface by gravity poundlml A variatio

of this tunneling is also found to allow channeleCl water to pass under of higher ground Fer illustration see L pp 40-41 For c recent review of the features of Helmand Province see Helmand Basin Soil and Iiate[ SucveyStllltY UShIDjSCS Afghanist2I 1976

4 National Demographi c and Filllly Guidance SurvCy Ee Se Afghani~tanf Vol V Helmand Province No 23 1975

al These

usted and rounded with an a2sumed 2 3- yearly increase and ar estimatea 4000 families seLtled between 1973 and 1978 do not include an urknown J111JnbeT

of nomads and semi-nomads that live and vinter camp in the province

5 G Farouq Socio-Economic cts of Land Settlemen~ p 23

6

7 GP we ns L979 Farm Ecoromic_secturvey Helmand-Jlrghandab~yallEy()J

USAIDAfghanistan 1971

8 JR Jones of Ground -later Resources Inves dabVal1EyA1JtrH2~ity USGSjashington 1971

9 N E NcClymonds ShalloVJ Ground ~7a ter in the Zamin USGSjvliJhington 19iL

10 K Tarzi and I Stevens op cit pp 34-35

n Loc bull cit

12 RB Scott Social Analysis in central Hea~~~ USAIDj Afghanistan 1977

35

13 RB Scott The Socia-Economic Characteristics of On-Farm Drains Hand-Laborers Some Implicatj~ons for Farm Drain ConstrucUon Nad-i-Ali 1976 f iscan

14 K Tarzi and I Stevens lac cit

15 RB Scott The North Shamalan A Survey of Land and USlcIDlfghanistan 191

16 RE Scott Cornnents on Errors in the Cadastral Records Saidad Villcge - llynak -Shamalan Valley USAIDAfghClnistan 1972

17 For coLext see Tapper ledven t of PclshLun llaldmiddotrs in North-liJestern tan ESO]S Vol 36 No i 1973 pp 55-79

18 It must be noted lhat the tactics and actions of lie relations associated with this project vere the sole respons of HAVl and the fOJeign donor (]S]ID) -as not olloved to cipate The [on5 toring of these events JdS done informall1

ld unofficial

1 bullbull B Scott Social Analysis op cit

20 Shamctlan Unit Val DClelopmcnt r(~i13ibili

US Bureau 0

21 F Barth Pathan Identi and its MaintEJnance In Echnic and F 3arth)Iondon lgtlltl and Unvin 1969 pp 117--134

22 Loc cit

23 Klaus Ferdinand l~omad ion and Comcrce in central Vol 1962 pp 123-159 and Ira H Stev(l1S i Jivesto(k the Hclmand Vel llppelldix II pp 81-88 in K Tmzi and I Stevens Dp

Cl_

24 RP Scott Herds Pastures and ornads in the LasLkar Ga1 Area Official ~lemo

randum DSAIDAfghan istan October 1973

25 RB Scott Notes on USlIDl University

Pastures md Nomilds in the North stan l1arch 1974 slJnrr1arized with

of Ari2ona No3 Narch 196 p 14

26 Some of the information here is to some degree in conflict with that

27

Frencois Balsan Exploring ille D8sert gL Royal Asiatic Soci 1972 Pl 153-56 in middotterrrs of tribal ej tyibution and desert pasture utilization the nortl and south tan season) a1d mode of observaticns

His obsevations of veJmiddoty limited pasture use in both may reflect the time of year of his visits (tie

(foot and carrel) vhich limits the scope of the

36

TRIBAL amp ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HEU1amp1ID VALLEY

by Richard B Scott

Occasional Paper 21

The author collectcd most of the information contained in this paper while scrving in Afghanistan as the staff social analyst for USAID betveen 1971 - 1978

Spring 1980 Afghanistan Council

The Asia Society 112 East 64th Street

New York City

[

INTRODUCTION





1



BACKGROUND





2

9

tshyrnshy

r

8d

m







3

I







NAWZAD REGION



4

---

Map No 1


I Dam

lf1


t- shy$~



Desert PltSt ure


ltf)t weI I s

-- I

( I Nallzad I

Qala

I I I J _

Kajakai

~o~ SbI

II iII

Reqfstan Desprt

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

[

INTRODUCTION





1



BACKGROUND





2

9

tshyrnshy

r

8d

m







3

I







NAWZAD REGION



4

---

Map No 1


I Dam

lf1


t- shy$~



Desert PltSt ure


ltf)t weI I s

-- I

( I Nallzad I

Qala

I I I J _

Kajakai

~o~ SbI

II iII

Reqfstan Desprt

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36



BACKGROUND





2

9

tshyrnshy

r

8d

m







3

I







NAWZAD REGION



4

---

Map No 1


I Dam

lf1


t- shy$~



Desert PltSt ure


ltf)t weI I s

-- I

( I Nallzad I

Qala

I I I J _

Kajakai

~o~ SbI

II iII

Reqfstan Desprt

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

9

tshyrnshy

r

8d

m







3

I







NAWZAD REGION



4

---

Map No 1


I Dam

lf1


t- shy$~



Desert PltSt ure


ltf)t weI I s

-- I

( I Nallzad I

Qala

I I I J _

Kajakai

~o~ SbI

II iII

Reqfstan Desprt

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

I







NAWZAD REGION



4

---

Map No 1


I Dam

lf1


t- shy$~



Desert PltSt ure


ltf)t weI I s

-- I

( I Nallzad I

Qala

I I I J _

Kajakai

~o~ SbI

II iII

Reqfstan Desprt

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

---

Map No 1


I Dam

lf1


t- shy$~



Desert PltSt ure


ltf)t weI I s

-- I

( I Nallzad I

Qala

I I I J _

Kajakai

~o~ SbI

II iII

Reqfstan Desprt

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

MUSA QALA REGION






SANGIN REGION



6

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

l il

1shy

f

est of

ily

GIRISHK RLGION






NAD-I-ALI REGION






7








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36








8

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

5

ltl bullplusmn 0

ilishyet

age

ct t

e shy

n

e


MPR1A REGION



CENTRAL REGION


9






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36






SHM1ALkJ REGION



system








10 I

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

Desert

Desert

ura~

B ~ co-flO B Sk


~ ~ 0 rmiddot

- I p I ( 1 A 1 p p r-

p


ianglz

ai

~nakh Adalza 1

R1 Jef

5 Iltm Desert

IV H111 X H1 I

~ ~i DesertMap II


- BoBOlan~1t Qshy

-1-c k B


i I-ablla

Is - i- -B V

wa Blt~Qowergi

J ~arinB Iial abah



--





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











12

1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

[] NASIRZAI

~ HOJAKZAI

Q IBRAHIMZAI

D ALIDINZAI

iilllliill WALIZAI

D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

CJ -s

1 2

FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36





1 NORTH SlIhlhLA115











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1shy

~ooooo 400000 5500000




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D M AStRZAI

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bull I

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bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


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---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

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23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

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Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










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The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

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27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

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I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

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I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

~ooooo 400000 5500000




I- W

SUBmiddot TRIBES

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Q IBRAHIMZAI

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D M AStRZAI

ffilll AOAMZAI





t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

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---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


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I

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Aynak

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I













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4 bull O1HER GROUPS

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23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



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Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36


t




bull I

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

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[J] 8ALUCH

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I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

- shy


w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

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19




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One ion event


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I













21

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I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

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23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

------------i ~ f

bull 0500000 0100000 _00


NORTH SHAMALAN II


o 100 400

TRIBAL FflUATIOIi

SAIO

D HURZI

o 50Z

[J] 8ALUCH

D TARIKUI


I- U1




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


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I

shyI

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321 =6T






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FRAGMENTATION

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u



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19




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One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

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I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36




---- - - --------- ---t1ap No V- --

f- Cadastral Map


I

shy - gt to Q)

+- (j) --shyto

shy c(

I

shyI

-0 to Z

I- -J

0 to o

a

125 m

Aynak

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w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

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321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

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FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

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J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

w ro I lt

-

3 CD - 0 l

3 ro 0 l

t- ro

321 =6T






0gt 0gt lt ~ wiD

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FRAGMENTATION

3 Crops

u



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36



2 AYNAK 16







19




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36




lSi accorJir ~o ~hc




One ion event


20

I













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36













21

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

I I(

4shyo

s u

J

22

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

I


~~_~~ ~~-~~2~~~~smiddot ~~~ ~~~~








4 bull O1HER GROUPS

Barckr~ui









23
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36
















24





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







Thus and



holch ng3 ilppear~










Dal0chi the tir~




The unless

idc-ifi eel





26

( --- I~

__1 -_ A

1

NOMADS





27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

-- I Ghaznl

I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

I I Nimroz

I I

I i II - 1 i

1 I Kandahar

I --shyII

I I I i l I

I I

I I I

I --

--- -shy _-- ---

- -- - - -- - -- --shy-- _I

28 1

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

-~---_-I 1---

bull 1-

Sand

- -I




I A

~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


I ~lt bullTagaz

I ~ Hell s

bull Kanl~

Sand

Mohammad Band



I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


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27




36





KHANIISHIli REGIOH



25

J 4

not kno-ln and







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holch ng3 ilppear~










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26

( --- I~

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27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

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29






30

bull bull

- - -

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r

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--- --- I (ltIe

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bull Keshkenakhud

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Sand

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bull Hayat Hell s

bull

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35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







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6






n Loc bull cit


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ld unofficial



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22 Loc cit


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36

not kno-ln and







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26

( --- I~

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27

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

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I I I I


_

He1mand -- -- __ -I

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28 1

I

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29






30

bull bull

- - -

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ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

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bull Keshkenakhud

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Sand

- -I




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3

I 1 poundiiI I

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Sand

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I I Sand- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - Chotak

Si rak bull

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bull

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35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


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27




36

( --- I~

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27

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He1mand -- -- __ -I

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29






30

bull bull

- - -

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ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

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Sand

- -I




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PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


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Sand

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bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


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27




36

Map No VII


I I 4-- - _ Ghor

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I I

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I

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29






30

bull bull

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ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

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bull Keshkenakhud

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35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

I

I -shy











29






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


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Sand

- -I




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3

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I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


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bull Kanl~

Sand

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bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36






30

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

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bull 1-

Sand

- -I




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3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


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Sand

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Si rak bull

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bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

bull bull

- - -

Map No

ng

r

an

--- --- I (ltIe

VII I


bull Keshkenakhud

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bull 1-

Sand

- -I




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~ bull I

PI middot1

3

I 1 poundiiI I

I I H I --_ltII -- - Q- ---


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Sand

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Si rak bull

bull Hayat Hell s

bull

Sand

35 rm Pakistan





(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36




(Bagat)





32



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36



















33










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36










34


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36


NOTES







al These




6






n Loc bull cit


35







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36







ld unofficial



US Bureau 0


22 Loc cit


Cl_







27




36

------ ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY -----& ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY by Richard...

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Transcript of ------ ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY -----& ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE HELt'1AND VALLEY by Richard...