■Essential Question:–What was the impact of European

imperialism in Africa and India?

Unit X – Quiz 2

1. When did the Suez Canal open?2. Why was it initially difficult for European

powers to control their empires?3. What was the British Raj?4. How did Europeans adapt their lifestyles to

tropical regions?5. What was the Indian practice of sati? What

happened to the practice under British rule?

From 1880 to 1914 European nations used imperialism to dominate the continent of Africa

The arrival of Europeans changed AfricaBefore Europeans, Africa

was divided into tribal clans

…and powerful Islamic kingdoms

During the Age of Exploration, Europeans explored the African coast

…and brought African slaves to their colonies in America

The Industrial Revolution led to imperialism in

Africa in the mid-1800s

The first Europeans to explore the interior of Africa were missionaries & explorers

In the 1870s, the discoveries of a

missionary named David Livingstone

increased European interest in AfricaReports of large

deposits of natural resources & the rise

of nationalism in Europe set off a race for African coloniesSocial Darwinism,

steamboats, & industrial weapons

encouraged the conquest of Africa

The race for African colonies was so fierce that Europeans became afraid wars would break out

In 1884, 14 nations met at the Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa

Quick class discussion:What kind of rules do you think they came up with?

Any nation could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations & showing it could control the area

No African nations were invited to attend; No concern was given to ethnic divisions in Africa

By 1914, Europeans controlled 90% of Africa

France took most of west Africa

Belgium claimed the Congo in central AfricaGermany had many colonies

throughout AfricaThese nations used

African colonies to gain diamonds, tin, gold, rubber & built cash-crop

plantations

The most dominant imperial power in Africa

was Great Britain

British industry fueled demand for raw materials

Britain seized control of South Africa from

the Dutch

In 1882, Britain seized control of

the Suez Canal from a French company

Many citizens in England dreamed of a British colony from “Capetown to Cairo”

England

South Africa

EgyptIndia

Britain claimed colonies in Egypt & in East Africa

His DeBeers Company created diamond mines

in South Africa

The most important empire-builder in Africa

was British businessman, Cecil Rhodes

Rhodes gained new colonies for Britain in

southern Africa

Rhodes used his wealth to build railroads &

telegraph lines in Africa

What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa?

Europeans introduced new technologies like

railroads, telegraph lines, & steamboats…

…but transportation routes only connected areas that benefited

European businessmenEuropeans brought an

end to the slave trade… …but Africans were paid low wages & exploited

What was the impact of European imperialism in Africa?

Europeans built schools, churches, & hospitals…

…but Africans were taught European culture

Africans were unable to rule themselves,

participate in voting, or learn professional skills

In South Africa, the British segregated

society called apartheid which remained in place

for over 100 years

Europeans profited off Africa’s raw materials &

cheap African labor

Africans rebelled against European rule, but were defeated due to advanced European weaponry

Africa remained under the control of

European imperialists from the 1880s until the 1950s & 1960s

■Essential Question:–What was the impact of British

imperialism in India?

During the Age of Imperialism from

1850 to 1914, Europeans dominated Africa & Asia

During this era, no nation could match

the industrial, military, or colonial power of Britain

Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire”

Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India

How did India become the “brightest jewel

in the crown”?

After Vasco da Gama’s discovery of a water route to India in 1498, European trade with India increased

In the 1600s, Europeans gained a foothold in the Indian Ocean trade

The British East India Company was formed to trade exotic Asian goods

in Europe & AmericaThe East India Company

set up trade posts in major port cities in India By 1700, India’s Mughal Empire was in decline & small states ruled by a

maharajah were formedConflicts between Hindus & Muslims

further weakened India The East India Co gained

more control of India

The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, & opium

Raw materials like cotton helped fuel Britain’s industrial revolution

Opium was refined in India & smuggled into China; Opium addition helped the British gain access to Chinese tradeThe East India Company sold cheap, British-made textiles to Indian people

From 1750 to 1850, the British East India Co ruled

most of India with little interference from Britain To protect their trade &

territories, British officials hired Indian soldiers

called sepoys

By the 1850s, Indian resentment for the British was growing

In 1857, rumors spread that sepoy gun cartridges

supplied by the British by were greased with

pork & beef fatHindu & Muslim sepoys

were outraged & rebelled against the British

The Sepoy Mutiny lasted over 1 year; The British

gov’t had to send troops to help the East India Co

Execution of sepoys

The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian historyIn 1858, the British gov’t took

control from the East India Company & ruled India

directly; British rule was called the Raj & lasted until 1947

The British government made important improvements in

India including railroads, telegraph & telephone lines, roads, canals, dams, bridges

British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India”

Britain also built schools, hospitals, irrigation projects,

& medical improvements

The British emphasis on cash-crop plantations led

to food shortages & famine in India

(7 million Indians died due to starvation in 1876)

British rule hurt the native Indian economy,

further divided social classes, increased hostility between

Muslims & Hindus

India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia

The Dutch East India Co gained control of the

East Indies in the 1600s

The Dutch profited from rubber, tin, oil resources & cash-crop plantations

India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia

In the 1840s, France seized control of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia in Indochina

The French profited from rice plantations