]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}...6]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }} 1/ e,f (3) e,f 2/ twå...
Transcript of ]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}...6]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }} 1/ e,f (3) e,f 2/ twå...
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]] earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó }}
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm; þ"r®pmpkjzifh
&dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/
]] jrwfAk'̈\0dyóem}}
a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)
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jrwf jrwf jrwf jrwf jrwfAk'¨\0dy0dy0dy0dy0dyóemoifwef;
]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}]]0dyóemESif hr*¾if(8)yg;}}
0dyóemtvkyfonf r*¾if (8)yg; tvkyf
w&m;yifjzpfygonf/
1/ or®m'd|d - rSefpGmjrifjcif;(right view)
2/ or®mouFyÜ- rSefpGmMuHjcif;(right thought)
3/ or®m0gpm - rSefpGmajymjcif;(right speech)
4/ or®mur®E Å- rSefpGmvkyfjcif;(right action)
5/ or®mtmZD0- rSefpGmtoufarG;jcif;
(right livelihood)
6/ or®m0g,mr- rSefpGmtm;xkwfjcif;
(right effort)
7/ or®mowd - rSefpGmatmufarhjcif;
(right mindfulness)
8/ or®morm"d - rSefpGmwnfMunfjcif;
(right concentration)
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]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }} ]] or®mouFyÜ }}
or®mouFyÜ\ t"dyÜg,frSm rSefpGmMuHjcif;
(right thought) jzpfonf/ rSefpGmMuHrS rSefpGmodjrif
jcif;qdkaom or®m'd|d (right understanding)
jzpfayrnf/ or®m'd|djzpf&eftwGuf or®mouFyÜvkyf
&rnf/ or®mouFyÜ rSefpGmMuHEdkif&ef MuHyHk? MuHenf;udk
oif,lMu&jcif;jzpfonf/ twåjzifhawmh MuHwwf
ygonf/ avmb? a'go? arm[jzifhawmh MuHwwf
ygonf/ tewåjzifhawmh rMuHwwfMuyg/
tavmb- pGefYjcif; (wPSm? Oyg'gef)
ta'go - Nidrf;at;jcif; (udavom)
tarm[ - ynmjzifh odjrifjcif; (or®m'd|d)
wPSm? Oyg'gefpGefYzdkY? udavomjidrf;apzdkY?
ynmjzifhMuHpnfzdk YawmhrvkyfwwfMuyg/ ,if;wdk Y
twGuf rSefpGmMuHpnfwwfatmif oif,l&jcif;
jzpfygonf/
]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}]] opömav;yg; ESih f tvkyfw&m; }}
'ku©opömudkodjcif;? ork',opömudk y,f
jcif;? eda&m"udk opömqdkufjcif;? r*¾opömudk yGm;jcif;
onf opömav;yg;ESihfhpyfí tvkyfw&m; (4)rsdK;
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jzpfygonf/ ,if; od? y,f? qkduf? yGm;onf avmuD
opömESih f avmukwå&mopöm[lí (2)yd kif;&S d\/
avmuDopömudk oif,lESvHk;oGif;Ed kifaomfvnf;
avmukwå&mopömudk udk,fwdkif rsufarSmufjyKrSom
odjrifEdkifayrnf/
tajccH avmuDopöm (4)yg;
1/ &kyfemrf 'ku©opömudk ydkif;jcm;odjcif;
2/ t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef ork',opömudky,fjcif;
3/ um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHcsKyf&m eda&m"opömudk
qdkufjcif;
4/ or®m'd|dqdkaom 0dyóemr*¾if (5)yg;udkyGm;jcif;
0dyóemqdkonfrSm ynmr*¾ifESifh orm"d
r*¾if ESpfrsdK;aygif;jzpfaom r*¾if (5)yg;udk oDvr*¾if
(3)yg; wpfaygif;wnf;yg0ifaom r*¾if(8)yg;
jynfhpHkatmif yGm;rsm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ trsm;tm;
jzifh a,m*DwdkYonf r*¾if(5)yg;udk b,fvdkyGm;rsm;
tm;xkwf&rnfudk ar;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/
trSefrSm r*¾if (5)yg;udk jynfhpHkatmif rdrd
udk,fwdkifyif jyKvkyf&avonf/ orm"dr*¾ifudk
trsm;tm; jzi f hv ky fwwf Muygonf/ 0i fav
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xGufav? azgif;ydef?
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]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}]] tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; }}
1/ e,f (3) e,f
2/ twå ESifh tewå
3/ txnfcE¨m ESifh oabmcE¨m
4/ NrJaomedpö ESifh rNrJaomtedpö
5/ raem'Gg& ESifh "r®m½kH (tm&Hk\oabm)
6/ t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef tzHk;
7/ y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESifh taMumif;tusdK;
8/ cE¨m (2)rsdK; ESifh opömav;yg;
9/ a&SUpdwf? aemufpdwf? r*fpdwf
10/ t&IcHtm&Hk jzpfysuf? t&IÓPfr*f
txufyg tcsufwdkYudk or®mouFyÜ rSefpGm
MuHpnfoHk;oyf ESvHk;oGif;wwfygvQif udk,fydkifÓPf
jzifh (olrsm;ajymod? pmzwfod? qifjcifod r[kwfyJ)
rdrdudk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifvQif or®m'd|djzpf
ay:NyD; r*¾if(5)yg;jzifh 0dyóem½IyGm;Edkifayrnf/
]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}]] plVaomwmyef }}
plVaomwmyefonf aomwmyefyk*¾dKvfod
&rnfh tajccHoabmw&m;wkdUudk odxm;aom
yk*¾dKvf jzpfonf/ aomwmyefonf 'd|dESifh0dpdudpäm
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tjrpf jywfcsKyfjidrf;onf/ emr&lyy&dapä'ÓPf
ac: emrf&kyfudk yd kif;jcm;odaomÓPfonf 'd|d
t,lrSm;udk y,f&efjzpfjyD; ypö,y&d*¾ÓPfac:
taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;wwfaom ÓPf
onf 0dpdudpämudk y,f&eftwGufjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdU
udk pmod? BuHpnfodr[kwfyJ udk,fydkifoddjzpfygu
plVaomwmyef[k ac:xdkufayonf/ bk&m;&Sif\
"r®a'oemawmfrsm;onf t&d,opömudkxdk;xGif;
odjrifEdkifatmif oGefoifqHk;r a[mMum;xm;awmf
rlaom ynm&yfrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ xdkynm&yf wkdUudk
pepfwpfus av;av;pm;pm; avhvmoif,l
tm;xkwfoihfygonf/
]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }} ]] 0dyóem ESif h e,f (3) e,f }}
(1) or®Kwde,f - (oDv)
ig olwpfyg;? a,mufsm; rdef;r? yk*d¾Kvf
owå0g &dS\/ taumif; tqdk;&dS\? taMumif; tusdK;
&dS\/ eddpö? okc? twå? okb t,lrSm; &dSMu\/
(2) y&rwfe,f - (orm"d)
&kyfemrfESpfyg;? cËmig;yg;&Sd\/ yk*d¾Kvfowå0g
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r&dS/ &kyfemrf taMumif;tusdK;om&dS\/ tedddpö? 'ku©?
tew?å tokb t,lrSef&dS\/
(3) opöme,f - (ynm)
avmuDopöm (2)yg;jzpfaom 'ku©opömESifh
ork',opöm? avmukwå&mopöm (2)yg;jzpfaom
eda&m"opömESifh r*¾opömqdkaomopöm(4)yg;&dS\/
0dyóemonf opöm(4)yg;udk odjrif&ef?
rsufarSmufjyK&eftwGuf tm;xkwf&jcif;jzpfonf/
xdkaMumifh or®Kwdde,frS y&rwfe,fodYk ul;&onf/
&kyfemrfy&rwfa&mufrS opöm0ifum ork',
y,fjcif;? 'ku©csKyfjcif;? eda&m"qdkufjcif;wdkYudk r*¾if
&Spfyg; yGm;rsm;jcif;jzifh aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfonf/
opöme,fwGif udpö(4)yg; aqmif&GufjyD;pD;
ygu or®Kwde,fwGif ork',r&dSyJ 'ku©jidrf;um
eda&m"tjrifjzifh avmuaumif;usdK;wdkYudk xuf
0ef;usif pifMu,faom um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH
wdkYjzifh aqmif&GufaexdkifEdkifavonf/
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]] jrwfAk'¨\0dyóem }}
0dyóemtajccHtydkif;ESifh 0dyóemyGm;jcif;
tydkif;wdk Yyg0ifonf/ 0dyóemtajccHtydkif;wGif
emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfESi f h ypö,y&d* ¾[ÓPfwd k Y
yg0ifí owd 0D&d, orm"dwdkYudk xlaxmif&onf/
ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf
e,f (3)e,f ESifh taMumif;tusdK;
1/ or®Kwd taMumif;tusdK;
2/ y&rwf taMumif;tusdK;
3/ opöm taMumif;tusdK;
or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;or®KwdtaMumif;tusdK;
1/ tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm rdrdtvdktwdkif; tpdk;&
onf[k,l\/
2/ taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusdK;w&m;jzpfay:
jcif;udkvufcH\/
3/ odkYaomf taMumif;aumif;ojzifh tusdK;aumif;
onf[kqdkNyD; taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;
w&m;tay:rSmwdkuf&dkuf tpdk;&ae\/
4/ taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusdK;w&m; qufET,frIudk
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wdkuf&dkuf qufET,fjcif; (connection) oabm
tm;jzifh ,ljcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrma&udk rD;jzifhtylay;ygu rD;ylaom
aMumifh a&yl&onf[k wdkuf&dkuftaMumif;tusdK;
qufET,frI (connection) oabmrsdK;,lvQif
or®Kwde,frS twåtjrifjzpf\/ rD;onf a&ylrI
tay:wGif wdkuf&dkuf tpdk;&aejcif;jzpfonf/
y&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrify&rwftaMumif;tusdK; (0g) tewåtjrif
1/ tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
jzpfay:\/
2/ rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;ESifhom oufqdkif\/
3/ taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;tay:rSm
tpdk;r&/
4/ taMumif;w&m;wdkY jynfhpHknDnGwfonfESifh
tusdK;w&m;onf olYoabmolaqmifjyD;
(topftopf) jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
taMumif;w&m;ESifhtusdK; w&m; qufEG,frIudk
tajctaeay;jcif;? aus;Zl;jyKjcif; (condition)
oabmtm;jzifh,ljcif; jzpfonf/
tewåtjrifwGif rD;wGif&d Saom tyl
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awaZm"mwfonf jzpfonfhae&mrSmyifcsKyf\/
ae&majymif;a&GUjcif; (vHk;0)r&dSyg/ a&yljcif;onf
a&wGif&d Saom at;onfhawaZm"mwfrsm; csKyf
aysmufjyD; ylonfhawaZm"mwfrsm; olYoabm
olaqmifum (topftopf) jzpfay:aejcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rD;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;\
aus;Zl;jyKrIESifhum; ruif;Edkifacs/ rD;onf a&ylrI
tay:wGif wdkuf&dkufqufET,frI (connection)
oabmrsdK; (tpdk;&jcif;) r[kwfyJ tajctaeay;rI
(condition) taejzifhom (aus;Zl;jyKjcif;)oabm
rsdK; jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&yljcif;udpöwGif rD;onf
tyl"mwftaMumif;w&m;wdkY vHkavmufjynfhpHkrIjzifh
aus;Zl;jyKjcif;oabmomjzpfonf/ a&yljcif; (tusdK;
w&m;)onfolYoabmolaqmifum(topftopf)
jzpfay:aeaomobm0wpfckomjzpfygonf/
aemufOyrmwpfrsdK;rSm avwdkufíopf&Guf
vIyfjcif;jzpfonf/ or®Kwde,fwGif avwdkufjcif; onf
taMumif;w&m;jzpfí opf&GufvIyf jcif;onf
tusdK;w&m;jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif avwdkufjcif;
(taMumif;) w&m;onf opf&GufvIyfjcif; (tusdK;)
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w&m; tay:wGif tpdk;&aeonf/ y&rwfe,fwGif
avwGifyg0ifaom 0ga,m"mwfonf avrSmyif
csKyfaysmuf\/ odk Yaomf opf&GufvIyfjcif;onf
opf&GufwGifyg0ifaom rlvwnfNidrf0ga,m csKyf
aysmufí vIyf&Smtopfjzpfay:vmaomaMumifh
olYoabmolaqmifum vIyf&Sm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdkodkY vIyf&Sm;0ga,m topfjzpfay:vm jcif;onf
avwd ku f jci f ;q d kaom taMumi f ;w&m; \
aus;Zl;jyKrIESifhum;uif;í rjzpfay:Edkifacs/ xdkaMumifh
taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m; tay:wGif
wdkuf&dkufqufET,frI (connection) oabmrsdK;jzifh
(tpdk;&jcif;) r&dSaomfvnf; tajc taeay;rI
(condition) oabmrsdK; jzifhomaus;Zl; jyKjyD;
tus d K ;w&m;onf ol Yoabmolaqmi fum
(topftopf)jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfonf/
xYdktwl za,mif;wdkifrD;ul;rIwGifvnf;
yxrza,mif;wdkifrS rD;onf 'kwd,za,mif;wdkifudk
tajctaeay;rI (condition)taejzifhom aus;Zl;
jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,za,mif;wdkifü rD;awmuf
rIonf 'kwd,za,mif;wdkif&d S awaZm"mwfu
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oYloabmolaqmifum rD;awmuftopf jzpfay:
vmjcif; jzpfonf/ rD;ul;ajymif;jcif;rsdK; vHk;0r&dSyg/
tcef;wpfckwGif tarSmifudkz,fvdkygu
tarSmifudk wdkuf&dkufz,fír&yg/ tvif;qdkaom
taMumif;w&m;udkom tm;xkwf&\/ rdrdonf
taMumif;w&m;ESifhomoufqdkifí tusdK;w&m;
onf taMumif;w&m;wdkYjynfhpHkygu oYloabmol
aqmifum jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;tjrif
onf taMumif;tusdK;udk tewåtjrifjzifh ydkif;jcm;
odjrifjyD; ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf\ tajccHoabm w&m;
(concept) wpfckudk &&dSjcif;jzpfayonf/
]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}]]opömtMumif;tusdK;}}
'ku©udk or®Kwde,frS olodigod &yfuGufod
taejzifh qif;&Jjcif;udk 'ku©[k em;vnfMuygonf/
Oyrm wJjzifhae&jcif;onf'ku©? acgif;udkufjcif;onf
'ku©? Adkufemjcif;onf 'ku©? aumif;aumif;rpm;
&jcif;onf 'ku©ponfjzifh odMuygonf/ bk&m;&Sif
qkdvdkaom'ku©rSm xdkuJhodkY r[kwfyg/ ork',&dSygu
'ku©&dSygonf/ ork', r&dSygu 'ku© r&dSyg/ 'ku©udk
ork',&dS r&dS tay:wGif rlwnfí "r®pMumw&m;
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awmfwGi f a[mMum;awmfr lc J hygonf/ Oyrm
wdkufjzifhae&jcif;onf csrf;om\? wJjzifhae&jcif;
onf qif;&J\[k trsm;odygonf/ or®Kwde,f
taejzif hvnf; rSefygonf/ or®Kwdopömvnf;
xd kufygonf/ od k Yaomfopöme,fr S Munf hvQi f
wdkufjzifhae&aomfvnf; wdkuftay:wGif ork',
&d Sygu 'ku©&d Sygonf/ wJjzif hae&aomfvnf;
wJtay:wGif ork',r&dSygu 'ku©r&dSyg/ xdkYaMumifh
opöme,fwGif ork',&dSrS 'ku©&d S jcif;jzpfonf/
ork',r&dSygu 'ku©r&dSyg/ ork',udk r*¾jzifh y,fí
ork', (taMumif;)csKyfjcif;aMumifh 'ku© (tusdK;)
csKy f jcif;onf eda&m"jzpfygonf/ xd k YaMumif h
opöme,fwGif ork',ESifh'ku©? r*¾ESifh eda&m"wdkY onf
taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh qufET,faeMu avonf/
xd kod k Y od jri fygu cE¨y#dp öorky Ü g' f
aMumif; tusdK;udkvnf; tewåÓPftjrifjzif h
em;vnf odjrifatmif ESvHk;oGif; tm;xkwf&ayrnf/
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]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}} ]]cE¨m ESif h taMumif;tusdK;}}
rsufpd + tqif; jrifpdwf
( taMumif; ) ( tusdK; )
taMumif;tusdK;udk tewåtjrifjzifh ESvHk;
oGif;wwfvQif taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom rsufpd
ESifhtqif;wdkufqdkifrIonf rdrd\ apwemESifh ouf
qdkifaomfvnf; tudsK;w&m;jzpfaom jrifpdwfonf
rdrdESifh (vHk;0) roufqdkifyJ taMumif;w&m;wdkY
jynfhpH knDnGwfrIaMumifh oYloabm olaqmifjyD;
(topf)jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;w&m;
wdk YwGif eD;aomtaMumif;(ypö,)ESif h a0;aom
taMumif; (a[wk)[líESpfrsdK;&dS\/ jrifrIwGif rsufpd
ESifhtqif; wdkufqdkifrIonf eD;aomtaMumif;jzpfí
twdwfrSuHonf a0;aomtaMumif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf twdwfrSuHonf ydkít"duusygonf/
OyrmuHukefíaoqHk;jyD;aomolud k rsufpdESif h
tqif;wdkufqdkifay;aomfvnf; jrifpdwfrjzpfay:
Edkifawmhyg/ xdk YaMumifh jrifrIwGif tusdK;w&m;
jrifpdwfjzpfay:jcif;onf twdwfuHqdkaom a[wk
taMumif;w&m;onfom y"meusygonf/
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]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}} ]]om;orD; ESif h tewå}}
rdbESpfyg;wGif om;orD;rsm;arG;zGm;jcif;udk
taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh tewå&IaxmifhrSvnf;
odjrifEdkifygonf/ rdbESpfyg; awGYqHkaygif;zuf rIonf
eD;aomtaMumif;w&m;jzpfí twdwfrSuH onf
a0;aom taMumif;w&m;jzpfonf/ eD;aom
taMumif;w&m;&dSaomfvnf; twdwfrSa0;aom
taMumif; (uH)r&dSygu om;orD; r&Edkifyg/
xdkYaMumifh arG;zGm;vmaom om;orD;onf
ol\uHtaMumif;w&m;twdki f; ol Yoabmol
aqmifíjzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m;rQomjzpf
avonf/ þuJhodk Y taMumif;tusdK;udk tewå
ÓPfjzifh rodjrifEdkifaomaMumifh twåtjrifjzifh
ighom;? ighorD;taejzif h pG JpG Jvrf;vrf;jzpfay:
aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ þodkYjzifh or®Kwde,f jzpfaom
om;orD;wdkYudk ry,f&aomfvnf; ork', (ac:)
wPSm Oyg'gef (attachment)udk y,f&ayrnf/
rdbwdkYonf a&avmif; aygif;oif ajrMoZmauR;
jcif;qdkaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYjzifhom oufqdkifí
tusdK;onf oYloabmolaqmifjzpfay:ayrnf/
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]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf}}
txnfcE¨m (structural body) -
,if;onf acgif; udk,f ajcvufjzpfonfh
q&m0efwd k Yodaom cE¨mud k,fMuD; jzpfygonf/
,if;cE¨mudk odjrifygu a&m*gaysmufygonf/
(,if;cE¨mwGif t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gefyg\)
oabmcE¨m (functional body) -
,if;onf bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;awmfrlaom
&kyfemrfcE¨mjzpfygonf/ ,if;cE¨mudkodjrifygu
udavom aysmufygonf/ (,if;cE¨monf t0dZÆm?
wPSm? Oyg'gef uif;\/)
(txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m) (txnfcE¨m) - (oabmcE¨m)
1/ rsufpd - jrifonfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m
(pu©m,we)
2/ em; - Mum;onfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m
(aomwm,we)
3/ ESm - eHonfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m
(Cmem,we)
4/ vQm - pm;onfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m
(Zd0Sm,we)
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18
5/ udk,f - xdonfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m
(um,m,we)
6/ raem - awG;onfh emrf&kyf\ wnf&m
(rem,we)
rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f? raemonf
or®Kwde,fjzpfí tjrJ&dSaom edpötjrifjzihf rdpäm'd|d
t,lrSm;&dS\/ taMumif;wdkufqdkifrS jzpfay:aom
emrf&kyfonf y&rwfe,fjzpfí rNrJaom tedpötjrif
jzifh or®m'd|d t,lrSef (right view) jzpfavonf/
]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}} ]]&kyf\oabm}}
rsufpdESifhqufqHaom&kyfonf tqif;
(&lyg&kH)? em;ESifhqufqHaom &kyfonf toH (o'́g&kH)?
ESmacgif;ESifhqufqHaom &kyfonf teHY (*Ëm&Hk)? vQm
ESifhqufqHaom &kyfonf t&om (&om&Hk)? udk,fESifh
qufqHaom &kyfonf txd (azg|AÁm&Hk)? raemESifh
qufqHaom &kyfonf oabm ("r®m&Hk)jzpfygonf/
y&rwf&kyf\oabmonf tajymvG,f
oavmuf todrvG,fyg/ Oyrm &THUcJwpfckudk
acG;yHkvkyfygu acG;jzpf\? ,if;acG;&kyfudk &THUcJjyef
vkyfí EGm;yHkvkyfygu EGm;jzpfjyef\? ,if;EGm;&kyfudk
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19
&THUcJjyefvkyfí vlyHkvkyfygu vljzpfjyef\? tppf
trSefwGif acG; EGm; vlwdkYonf wu,fr&dSyg? &THUom
&dSygonf/ xdkYtwl armifjzL armifeD armifrJ[k ac:
oHMum;ygu yk*¾dKvf? owå0g[k t,lrSm;Muygonf/
trSefrSm t&dSw&m;jzpfaom(toH)\ zGJYpnf;yHkajymif;
aejcif;om jzpfygonf/ &THUudk yHkoP²mef trsdK;rsdK;
ajymif;aejcif;ESifhwlygonf/ wu,fh t&dSw&m;rSm
toHqdkaom &kyfy&rwfw&m;om jzpfygonf/
]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}]]txnf&kyf ESif h oabm&kyf}}
ESmacgif;vdkYajymoHMum;ygu rdrdrsufESm&dS
txnfj'yf ESmacgif;&kyfudkom odMuygonf/ trSef
rSm em;ESifhqufqHaom&kyfonf toH&kyf (o'´g&kH)
omjzpfonf/ ESmacgif;udk rsufpdjzif h jrif&ygu
tqif;&kyf (&lyg&Hk)omjzpfonf/ ESmacgif;udk vuf
jzif hxdygu txd&ky f (azg|AÁm&H k ) jzpfonf/
ESmacgif;ud k pdwfjzih fawG;xifygu oabm&kyf
("r®m&Hk) jzpfonf/ xdkodkY tm&Hkjzpfaom oabm&kyfudk
odjrifygu ESmacgif;qdkaom ynwftxnfcE¨m
(structural body)ESifh tm&Hkqdkaom y&rwf
oabmcE¨m (functional body)wdkYudk ydkif;jcm;
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20
odjrifEdkifayrnf/ xdktcg 'd|d (t,lrSm;)wdkYjzifh
jyif;pGm pGJvrf;rIrS pwifvGwfajrmufEdkifayrnf/
]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}]]emrfoabm}}
emrfonf nTwfwwfaomoabm&dSonf/
emrfcE¨m (4)yg;&dSonf/
1/0dnmPu©E¨m - tm&Hkudk odaomoabm
2/a0'emu©E¨m - tm&Hkudk cHpm;aomoabm
3/onmu©E¨m - tm&Hkudk rSwfom;aomoabm
4/ocFg&u©E¨m - tm&Hkudk aphaqmfaomoabm
Oyrm ESmacgif;vdkY ajymoHMum;ygu rdrdwGif
onmomay:ygonf/ arG;vmpOftcgu ESmacgif;
[k rodyg/ olrsm;ajymoHMum; (o'´g&kH)udk onmjzifh
rSwfom;xm;jcif;omjzpfonf/ odk Yaomf onm
(emrf)ay:onf[k rodMuyJ igodonf igrSwfonf
[k ,lqMuygonf/ onm(emrf)udk (ig)[k 'd|djzifh
t,lrSm;jcif;jzpfonf/ odk Yaomf onm(emrf)\
y&rwfonf tm&Hkudk rSwfom;wwfaom (oabm)
rQ(Mud,m)oufoufomjzpfygonf/ xdkYtwl a0'em?
ocF g&? 0 dnmPfwd k Yonfvnf; igolr[kw? f
Bud,moabmrQomjzpfMuavonf/
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21
]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}]] raem'Gg& ESif h "r®m&kH }}
(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)(rsufpd?em;?ESm?vQmudk,f) (tqif;?toH?teHY?t&om?txd)
(raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) (raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH) ("r®m½kH)
pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf) pdwf + Oyg'gef yk*¾ dKvf?owå0g(ynwf)
r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg;r*¾if(5)yg; emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m) emrf&kyf (oabmcE¨m)
pu©K'Gg&ESif h½lyg½kH? aomw'Gg&ESif ho'´g
½kH? Cme'Gg&ESifh *E¨m½kH? Zd0Sm'Gg&ESifh &om½kH? um,
'Gg&ESifh azmXAÁm½kHqdkaom 'Gg& (5)ckESifh tm½kH (5)ckudk
todrsm;Muaomfvnf; raem'Gg&ESif h"r®m½k Hud k
todenf;Muygonf/ odkYaomf 0dyóem&IrIyGm;wGif
raem'Gg&ESifh "r®m½kHonf t"duusygonf/
rsufpdonf jyify orkwde,fwGif&Sdaom
yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KESifh wdkufqdkifaomtcg
rsufpdwGif tqif;yHk&dyf(image)om ay:ygonf/
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22
y&rwfe,fonf rsufpdrSponf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf rsufpdonf tqif; ta&mif
(colour)ESi f hom qufqHygonf/ y k* ¾ d Kv f ?
owå0gtaejzifh rsufpdxJ0ifí r&yg/ rsufpdwGif
tqif;yHk&dyfay:onfESifhwpfNydKifeuf raem'Gg&wGif
vnf; yHk&dyff(image)ay:ygonf/ ,if;onf "r®ed
,mrjzpfygonf/ odkYaomf raem'Gg&wGif yHk&dyfay:
aomfvnf; xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rodEdkifao;acs/ ,if;
yHk&dyfonf "r®m½kHtjzpfay:NyD; raemrS qifjcifum
yHkoP²meftrnfwdkYjzifh ynwfjyKí xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
odcGifh&jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh rsufpdrSjrifjcif; (seeing)
jzpfí raemuodjcif; (recognising)jzpfygonf/
xdkodkY rsufpdrSjrifí raemuodrIjzpfpOfudk em;vnf
oabmaygufygu em;? ESmacgif;? vQm? udk,fwdkYjzifh
odrIjzpfpOfwdkYonfvnf; wpfoabmwnf;twlwl
yifjzpfavonf/ em;uMum;íraemuod\? ESm
acgif;ueHí raemuod\? vQmupm;í raemu
od\? udk,fuxdíraemuod\/ odkYaomf tawG;
odrIjzpfpOfwGif raemonf jyifyrS tm&HkwdkYudk r,l
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23
awmhyJ yH kwGif jyxm;onfhtwd ki f; raemonf
"r®m&Hktjzpfay:aom tm&HkudkomqifjcifNyD; odcGifh
&jcif; jzpfavonf/ Oyrm rsufpdrdSwfNyD; a&Twd*Hk
apwDawmfBuD;udk qifjcifygu "r®m&Hktjzpf tm&Hk
ay:í raem0dnmPf(pdwf)uod&jcif; jzpfygonf/
rsufpdrS jrifpdwfonf jrifaomfvnf; uGJuGJ
jym;jym; rodEdkifacs/ ,if;onf tm½kHudk vufcH&m
Xme (Receptor)oabmrsdK;omjzpf\/ trSef
wu,fod&jcif;rSm raemwGif qifjcifpdwfjzpfay:NyD;
trnfESif hyH koP²mefwdk Yud k ynwfwifíodaom
pdwfaMumifhjzpfonf/ rsufpdonf ½lyg½k HESif hom
qufqH\/ em;onf o'´g½kH? ESmacgif;onf *E¨m½kH?
vQmonf &om&Hk? udk,fonf azg|AÁm&Hkponfjzifh
olY'Gg&ESif holYtm&Hktvdkuf ypöKyÜefwnfhwnfhESif h
qufqHMuaomfvnf; raem'Gg&onf tm½kHtm;vHk;
ESif hqufqHygonf/ odk Yaomf awG;rIjzpfpOfwGif
"r®m½kHjzifhomqufqHí twdwf? tem*wf? ypöKyÜef
tm½kHtm;vHk;udk odcGifh&jcif;jzpfavonf/
xdkYaMumifh vufawGUwGif raemü qifjcif
pdwfjzpfrSom od&jcif;jzpfonf/ raem'Gg&rSm
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24
jzpfaompdwfonf tm½k Hud kom od&avonf/
xdkaMumifh tm½kHESifhpdwfom&Sd\/ þodkYqdkvQif jyify
orkwde,frSm yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K&dSNyD; rsufpd
ujrifí raemuod&onfrSm y&rwfe,frS tm½kH
oabmudkom pdwfuodcGifh&jcif; jzpfavonf/
odkYaomf tm½kHudktm½kH[k trSefrodEdkifyg/ yk*¾dKvf?
owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬K[k t,lrSm; txifrSm;\/ xdkodkY
jzpf&jcif;rSm raemü Oyg'gef&d SaeaomaMumif h
jzpfygonf/
odrIjzpfpOfwGif jrifpdwfonf t&dSw&m;
tqif;tm½kH(ta&mif)udkom odoifhygaomfvnf;
raemü Oyg'gef&dSaeaomaMumifh tm&Hkoabmudk
tcdkiftrm tESpfom&jyKí yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf?
0w¬Ktaejzif h raemuodjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm
&kyf&Sifydwfum;? wDADGzefom;jyifwdk YwGif tqif;
ta&mif(colour)wdkYomay:ygonf/ raemwGif
Oyg'gef&dSaomaMumifh ,if;tqif;yHk&dyfwdkYudk "r®&Hk wGif
yk*¾ dKvf? owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Ktjzpf trSefwu,f
tppfxifNyD; txifrSm; t,lrSm;jcif;jzpfavonf/
ykxkZOfwdkY\odrIjzpfpOfwGif raem'Gg&ü
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25
pdwfESifh Oyg'gefjzpfay:\/ Oyg'gef[kqdkaomfvnf;
rlvw&m;ESpfyg;jzpfaom (t0dZÆmESif hwPSm)wdk Y
yg0ifNyD;jzpf\/ ,if;w&m;ESpfyg;onf t"du
MudK;udkifjzpf\/ t0dZÆm-trSefrodrI? wPSm-ESpfouf
rI? Oyg'gef-pGJvrf;rIwdk Y\tpGrf;aMumifh tm&Hk\
oabmudk tcdkiftrm tESpfom&jyKí yk*¾ dKvf?
owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬Ktjzpf txifrSm;NyD; odjrifoGm;jcif;
jzpfavonf/
(raem'Gg&) ("r®m½kH)
pdwf+Oyg'gef (ork',opöm) yk*¾dKvf owå0g (ynwf)
0dyóemÓPf (r*¾ifig;yg;) emrf&kyf ('ku©opöm)
r*fÓPf (r*¾opöm) edAÁmef (eda&m"opöm)
w&m;ESvHk;oGif; yGm;rsm;aomtcg 0dyó
emÓPfonf raem'Gg&rSm jzpf\/ xdktcg raem
'Gg&wGif wpfcsdefü ESpfpdwfNydKif rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh
t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef (ork',opöm)jzpfcGifh r&
awmhacs/ r*¾ifw&m;yGm;rsm;aomaMumifh "r®m½kHrSm
yk*¾dKvf? owå0g (ynwf) tjrifrsm; csKyfaysmufNyD;
(y&rwf)&kyfemrfay:\/ xdkemrf&kyftay:wGif
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26
tedpö? 'ku©? tewåvu©Pm0ifNyD; 'ku©opöm jzpfaom
&kyfemrfqif;&JtrSefudk eda&m"opöm qdkufatmif
ESvHk;oGif; ½IyGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h ]] 0ifavxGufav ESif h "r®m"r®m"r®m"r®m"r®m&H k }}&H k }}&H k }}&H k }}&H k }}
a&Twd*HkapwDawmfMuD;onf &efukefNrdKU
od*kFwå&ukef;awmfay:rSm tNrJwnfaeygonf/ rdrdwdkY
ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifvdkufaomtcg "r®m½kH tjzpf
tm&Hkay:ygonf/ ESvHk;roGif;awmhonfESifh xdktm½kH
r& S dawmhyg/ r dr dwd k Yod&onfrSm tcd ki ftrm?
tESpfom&r&Sdaom tm½kHoabmom jzpfygonf/
xdkenf;wl 0ifavxGufavonf ESmoD;zsm;
rSmtNrJ&Sdygonf/ w&m;½IrSwfaomtcg 0ifav
xGufavudk qifjcifí ESvHk;oGif;vdkufonfESihf rdrd
rsufESm&Sd ESmacgif;ESifhavudkomod&onf[k xifMu
ygonf/ odkYaomf rdrdwu,fod&onfrSm 0ifav
xGufav(tm½kH)udk "r®m½kHtjzpf od&jcif;jzpfonf/
ESmacgif;rSm 0ifavxGufavonf tNrJ&Sdaeaomf
vnf; rqifjciforQ tm½kHtaejzihf ray:aom
aMumifh rod&jcif;jzpfonf/ rdrdod&aom 0ifav
xGufavonf (tm½kH)0ifavxGufavom jzpfyg
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27
onf/ þuJhodkY tm&Hk\oabmudk cGJjcm; odjrifygu
0dyóemtm;xkwf&mwGif rsm;pGm taxmuftul
jyKayrnf/ (w&m; pwif tm;xkwfolwdk Yonf
yOöm&k H(y&rwf)ud k wd kuf&d kuf tm&H krjyKEd ki fyg/
ynwfrvGwfao;aom "r®m&HkrSmyif t0dZÆm?wPSm?
Oyg'gefrS &kef;uefae&aomtcsdef jzpfygonf/)
]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}]] "mwfMuD;av;yg; ESif h tm&Hk }}
avmuwGif obm0w&m;wdkYonfolYo
abm olaqmifjyD; taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh wnf&dS
aejcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - opfyif? awm? awmif?
a&? ajr? av? rD;ponfwdk Yonf or®Kwde,frS
obm0wdkY jzpfMuonf/ y&rwftaejzifh yx0D?
tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m"mwfMuD;av;yg;wdk Y\
tpktaygif; oabmw&m;rsm;om jzpfMuygonf/
odkYaomf odrIkjzpfpOfwGif xdkobm0wdkYudk
udk,f (um,'Gg&)jzifh wdkuf&dkufqufqHEdkifaomf
vnf; wu,fodrIonf raemrSmjzpfay:aom
pdwfuom od&jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh raemrS
od&aompdwfonf trnfynwfjyKxm;aom rmaysmh
(yx0 D) ? ,d kp D ; z G J Upnf ; (tmayg) ? y lat;
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28
(awaZm)? axmufuef wGef;wdk; (0ga,m) ponf
wdk Yudkom od&aomaMumifh "mwfMuD;av;yg;udk
"r®m&HkwGif (obm0vu©Pm)taejzifhom odcGifh
&aejcif; jzp fonf/ od k Yaomf y&rwftm&H k\
oabmrSm rmjcif;onf tcdkiftrm tESpfom&
tm;jzifh wu,frmonfr[kwf? rmonhftjcif;
t&mrQomjzpfaom tm&Hkoabmudkom ÓPfjzifh
od&jcif;jzpfonff/ ylrIonfvnf; tcd kiftrm
tESpfom&tm;jzifh wu,fylonfr[kwf? ylonfh
tjcif;t&m vu©Pmjzpfonf h tm&H koabm
oufoufudkom odcGifh&jcif;jzpfavonf/
Oyrm rSefMunfhonfESifhwl\/ rSefonf
(jyify)obm0wdkYESifh wdkuf&dkufqufqH&aomfvnf;
rSefwGif yHk&dyfomay:ygonf/ rSefudk Munfhaomtcg
yHk&dyfudkom od&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH?
pm;? xd? awG;wGif rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fonf
tm&Hkudk wdkuf&dkuf qufqHEdkifaomfvnf; raemrS
pdwfonf rSefrSmyH k&dyfxifouJhod k Y tcd kiftrm
tESpfom&jzifh pGJ,lr&Edkifaom yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? j'yf?
0w¬Kr[kwfonfh tm&Hkoabmoufoufudkom
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29
odjriffEdkifavonf/
]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h]]tpdk;r&onfh tewåESif h
tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}tESpfom&r&dSonfh tewå}}
"mwfMuD;av;yg;onf OwkaMumifhtjrJ
azmufjyefajymif;vJaeaom obm0w&m;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ xdkajymif;vJaeaomobm0wdkYudk rdrd
tvdktwdkif; tpd k;r&yg?? ol Yoabmolaqmif
aejcif;omjzpfygonf/ xd kaMumif h obm0\
tewåvu©Pmonf tpd k;r&jcif;? ol Yoabm
olaqmifjcif;wdkYudk em;vnfvufcHMuygonf/
rdrdwdkYodcGifh&aom "mwfMuD;av;yg; (xdrI)
wdkYonf um,'Gg& (udk,f)rSm taMumif;wdkufqdkif
rSom jzpfay:aom um,0dnmPfjzifh od&aom
azg|AÁm&Hk (txdtm&Hk)omjzpfavonf/ taMumif;
uif;onfESif h xdktm&H kud kodaom 0dnmPfcsKyf
aysmuf\/ xdkuJ hod k Y taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzif h
jzpfay:csKyfaysmufaejcif;onfvnf; olYoabm
olaqmifae jcif;jzpfygonf/ odk Yaomf um,
0dnmPfjzif h od&aomtm&H kwGi f tcd ki ftrm
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30
tESpfom& r&d S jcif; (tom&ua|etewåm)
oabmonf tvGefxif&Sm;aom vu©Pm jzpfyg
onf/ w&m;tm;xkwfolwdkYwGif obm0"mwfMuD;
av;yg;wGif tpdk;r&jcif;? oYloabmolaqmifjcif;
vu©Pmrsm;udk odjrifEdkifMuaomfvnf; tcdkiftrm
tESpftom;tm;jzifh (j'yfynwf)usef&dSaewwf
ygonf/ taygif;tpkoabm (orl[Ce) NydK&ef
vdkaewwfygonf/
xdkaMumifh 0dyóemwGif tm&Hk\ tcdkif
trm tESpfom& trmcH r&dSjcif; (tom&ua|e
tewåm)qd kaom tewåvu©Pmoabmud k
xdk;xGif; odjrifEdkifrSom 'd|djzifh tm&HkwdkYudk yk*¾dKvf?
owå0g? j'yf? 0w¬KjyKí tcdkiftrmtm;jzifh vnf;
aumif;? tESpfom&tm;jzifhvnf;aumif; t,lrSm;
('d|d)ESifh jyif;pGm pGJvrf;jcif; (Oyg'gef)rS vGwfajrmuf
Edkifayrnf/ (cE¨m\ obm0onf oabmw&m;
oufoufom jzpfygonf/)
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31
]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }} ]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h taMumif;tusdK; }}
t0dZÆm
ocFg&
0dnmPf
emrf&kyf
oVm,we
zó
a0'em
wPSm
Oyg'gef
ur®b0
Zmwd
Z&mr&P
y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk taMumif;tusdK;tm;jzifh
ydkif;jcm;vQif t0dZÆm? ocFg&onf twdwftaMumif;
jzpfí 0dnmPf? emrf&kyf? oVm,we? zó? a0'em
onf ypöKyÜeftusdK;jzpfonf/ wpfzef wPSm?
Oyg'gef? ur®b0onf ypöKyÜeftaMumif;jzpfjyefí
Zmwd? Z&m r&Ponf tem*wftusdK; jzpfjyef
twdwftaMumif;
ypöKyÜeftaMumif;
ypöKyÜeftusdK;
tem*wftusdK; ('ku¨opöm)
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32
ygonf/ þokd U taMumif;wpfvSnh f ? tusd K;
wpfvSnhf jzpfay:aejcif;jzifh taMumif;tusdK;
b0oHo&monf rqHk;Ekdifawmhacs/
taMumif;w&m;onf ork',opömxkduf
í tusd K;w&m;onf 'ku©opömxk dufygonf/
,cktcg jrifvkduf? Mum;vdkufonfESihf ypöKyÜef tusdK;
w&m; (cE¨mig;yg;) jzpfavonf/ ,if;onf 'ku©
opömjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh jrifaomtcg jzpfay:aom
cE¨mig;yg;udk a,musfm;? rdef;rtaejzifh todrSm;rI
t0dZÆmaMumif h wG,fwmrI (wPSm)? pG Jvrf;rI
(Oyg'gef) jzpfay:\/ pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefaMumifh rdrd
tvdktwdkif; um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdk Y jzif h
tm;xkwfrI (ocFg&)jyKvkyfaomtcg ukodkvf?
tukod kvf (uH)wd k Y jzpfay:avonf/ xk dtcg
aemufb0 aemufcE¨mudk jzpfapaomtaMumif;
ork',opömxdkufavonf/
xkdUaMumifh b0qdkonfrSm jrif? Mum;? eH?
pm;? xd? awG;wkdUwGif y#dpöorkyÜg'f tusdK;w&m;
(cËmig;yg;)udk t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef tpGrf; aMumifh
y k* d ¾ Kv f owå0gt,l jzi f h r dr dtvd ktwd ki f ;
-
33
tm;xkwfrI(ocFg&)jyKum ukodkvftukodkvfuH
taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzpfay:aeovdk opömtm;jzifh
vnf; tusdK; 'ku©opömESifh taMumif; ork',
opömwdkUom jzpfay:aejcif;jzpfygonf/
þodkU y#dpöorkyÜg'fudk odjrifem;vnfygu
0dyóem\ tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfaom &kyfemrf?
taMumif;tusdK;udk tewåÓPfjzif h odjrifNyD;
'ku©opöm (cE¨mig;yg;)u od&rnfhtusdK; w&m;?
ork',opöm (t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef)u y,f&rnfh
taMumif;w&m;[lí ydkif;jcm;odjrif Edkifayrnf/
xkdtcg ork',opömudk r*¾opömjzifh
y,fí ork', r&dSaomaMumifh 'ku©kjidrf;jcif;onf
taMumif;csKyfojzifh tusdK;csKyfaom eda&m" opöm
qdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ þodkY y#dpöorkyÜg'f udk
em;vnfodjrifjcif;jzifh or®Kwde,frS y&rwfe,f
odkYa&mufum opöm0ifonftxd ESvHk;oGif; yGm;rsm;
tm;xkwfEdkifayrnf/
-
34
]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}]] 0#foHk;yg;ESif h avmuDopömav;yg; }}
y#dpöorkyÜg'fa'oemwGif ypöKyÜeftusdK;
w&m; (5)yg;onf &kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&?
0dnmPfwdkYjzpf\/
ypöyÜKyeftaMumif;w&m; (5)yg;onf
t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? ocFg&? uHwdkY jzpfygonf/
0#foHk;yg;udk opömav;yg;ESifh,SOfí odoifhayonf/
(1) tusKd;w&m; (emrf&kyf) 0dygu0#f
- 'ku©opömudk ydkif;jcm;odjcif;
(2) taMumif;w&m; (t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'gef)
udavo0#f
- ork',opömudk y,fjcif;
(3) taMumif;w&m;udky,fNyD; tusKd;w&m;
tay:rSm vu©©PmoHk;yg;wifí
r*¾opöm yGm;jcif;
(4) taMumif;w&m; ur®0#f (uH)csKyfjcif;
aMumifh tem*wftusdK;w&m; (0dygu0#f)
csKyfjcif;onf eda&m"opöm qdkufjcif;jzpf\/
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35
0dyóemyGm;jcif;tydkif;
]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}]] y#dpöorkyÜg'f ESif h 0dyóem }}
(a&SUpdwf) (aemufpdwf) (r*fpdwf)
0dnmPf t0dZÆm or®m'd|d
emrf&kyf wPSm or®mouFyÜ
oVm,we Oyg'gef or®m0g,mr
zó ocFg& or®mowd
a0'em uH or®morm"d
(tusdK;) (taMumif;) (r*¾ifig;yg;)
ykxkZOfwdkYwGif jrif ?Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;
wdkYü a&SUpdwfESifh aemufpdwfrsm; qufwdkufjzpfay:
Muonf/ a&SUpdwfonf rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f
wdkYrSm jzpfay:í aemufpdwfonf raemrSm jzpfay:
onf/ Oyrm jrifpdwfonf tm&HkudkvufcHonfh
oabmomjzpfí raemrS aemufpdwfuodjcif;jzpf
ygonf/ rsufpdujrifjcif;(seeing)jzpfí raemu
odjcif; (recognizing)jzpfonf/ pmzwfjcif;wGif
pmudk rsufpdujrifaomfvnf; raemrS aemufpdwfu
-
36
pmudk zwfjcif;? odjcif;? trSwfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/
Mum;rIwGifvnf; em;wGifjzpfaom Mum;pdwfonf
toHudk vufcHonfhoabmom (hearing)jzpfí
raemrS aemufpdwfwdkYuom vloH? acG;oH? iSufoH
ponfjzifh cGJjcm;odjcif; (recognizing)jzpfonf/
pm;rIwGif vQmonf t&omudkomod\/ csdKonf?
cg;onfponfjzif h trnfemrwd k Y jzif h raemrS
aemufpdwfu ynwfjyKjcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrm (dog) ]]a'gh}}[k Mum;ygu em;wGiff
toH ]]a'gh}}udkom Mum;ygonf/ raemuacG;[k
odjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd?
awG;wdk YwGif a&SUpdwfjzpfay:NyD; aemufpdwfwdk Y
vdkufum tenf;qHk; raemuHtodtxd jzpfay:
avonf/ xdktcg y#dpöorkyÜg'ftqHk; (uH)txd
a&mufavonf/ xdkYaMumifh Mum;pdwfjzpfNyD; raemu
owd jzi f h r* ¾i ftodvd ku fE d ki fy gu Mum;&i f
Mum;w,frSwfonf toHoabmoufoufudkom
t&IÓPfjziffh yk*¾dKvfowå0gt,ljzpfonfh avmu
ynwfod vGwfatmif ESvHk;oGif;jcif; jzpfavonf/
a&SUpdwfjzpfNyD; raemu r*fpdwfvdkufvdkygu
-
37
jrif ?Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif a&SUpdwftay:
Oyg'gefuyfonfudk OD;pGm jrifatmifMunfhoifh
ayonf/ jrifjcif;onf a&SUpdwfjzpfí Oyg'gef
uyfjcif;onf aemufpdwfjzpfavonf/ jrifrItay:
wGif Oyg'gefuyfonfudk owdjyKrdygu owdjyK
rdaomtcsdefwGif xd kOyg'gefcsKyf\/ owdESif h
Oyg'gefonf wpfcsdefü ESpfck wpfNydKifeuf rjzpfEdkifyg/
xd ktcg Oyg'gef jzpfysuf? odjcif;ur*fjzpf Ny D;
owdjzifhr*¾iftodvdkufEdkifavonf/
xd k jyif Oyg'geypö,mba0gqd kojzif h
Oyg'gefaMumifh rdrdtvdktwdkif; um,uH? 0pDuH?
raemuHwdkYjzihf tm;xkwfum ukodkvftukodkvfuH
qdkaom b0rsm; jzpfay:&\/ xdkaMumifh jrif? Mum;?
eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif Oyg'gefuyf? ruyfudk owd
0D&d,xm;íMunfh&ayrnf/ owdjzifhOyg'gefudk
jrifatmifMunfhEd kifjcif; (focus) vkyfEd kifygu
Oyg'gefuyfrSef; odvdkufonfESifh Oyg'gef jzpfysuf
odrIur*fjzpfí Oyg'gefudk w'*Fy,fEdkifNyD; w'*F
0dyóemr*fpdwf 0ifEdkifavonf/
Oyrm-tpm;taomufrSmvQif udk,fBudKuf
-
38
&m? udk,fOyg'gefuyf&mudkom rSmpm;Muojzifh
Oyg'gefaMumifh 0pDuHajrmuf\/ owdy|mef&dSygu
&om&Hkay:wGif uyfaeaomOyg'gefudk ÓPfjzifh
jrifEdkifayrnf/ xdkYtwl jrifrI? Mum;rI? eHrI? pm;rI? xdrI?
awG;rIponfwdkYwGifvnf; rdrdOyg'gefuyf&m udkom
MudKufpGJ? rMudKufpGJjzifh ajymMu? vkyfMu? MuHMujcif;
jzpfygonf/ &kyf&SifBudKufolu &kyf&Sif taMumif;?
abmvHk;yGJBudkufolu abmvHk;yGJ taMumif;? rdrdwdkY
Oyg'ge fuy f&mud kom a jym Mu? vky f Mu?
awG;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/
Oyg'gefonf ork',jzpfí Oyg'gefudk
odaomÓPfonf r*¾jzpfygonf/ raemwGif
wpfcsdefü ESpfpdwfjydKif rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh raem
wGif r*¾if0ifvdkufygu ork',(Oyg'gef) w'*F
csKyf\/ ork',jzpfysuf odrIonf r*fjzpf\/
Oyg'gefudk Oyg'gef[lí owdjzifhtodvdkufjcif; onf
r* ¾i fx d ku f Ny D ; w'* F0 dyóemjzp fygonf/
t&IÓPfonf r*¾i fig;yg; jzp fí t&Ic Honf
ork',opöm jzpfavonf/
-
39
]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}]]a&SYpdwfjzpfysuf aemufpdwfr*f}}
(a&SYpdwf) (aemufpdwf) (r*fpdwf)
0dnmPf t0dZÆm or®m'd|d
emrf&kyf wPSm or®mouFyÜ
oVm,we Oyg'gef or®m0g,mr
zó ocFg& or®mowd
a0'em uH or®morm"d
('ku©opöm) (ork',opöm) (r*¾ifig;yg;)
a&Shpdwfudk aemufpdwf r*¾ifjzifh&Ijcif;onf
0dyóemjzpfygonf/ pdwåmEkyóem[kac:onf/
a&S hpdwfonf "r®m&H ktaejzif ht&IcHw&m;jzpfí
aemufpdwfonf raemwGif t&IÓPfw&m; jzpfay:
onf/ xdkaMumifh jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wdkYwGif
taMumif;wdkufqdkifí jzpfay:vmaompdwfwdkY onf
"r®m&HkwGif t&IcHtm&Hktjzpf &dSaeMuygonf/ vmyg?
&Iyg[k ac:aeouJhodkYjzpfygonf/
Oyrm jrifpdwfwdkYtay:wGif Oyg'gefuyf
ygu Oyg'gefyg0ifaompdwfudk raemu t&IÓPf
r*¾ifjzif h &IyGm;&\/ xdktcg Oyg'gefjzpfysuf?
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40
odaomt&IÓPfu r*fjzpf\/ Oyg'gefruyf
ygu jrifpdwfonf "r®m&HkwGif t&IcHtm&Hkjzpfí
raemwGif t&IÓPf0ifEdkifNyD; jrifpdwf jzpfysuf?
raemu r*fjzifh 0dyóem&IyGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wGif taMumif;
wdkufqdkifí jzpfay:vmaom cE¨mig;yg;? &kyfemrf
ESpfyg;onf t&IcH 'ku©opömw&m;rsm;om jzpfMu
ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh 'ku©opömudk a&S;OD;pGm
rjrifEdkifacs/ avmuobm0rSm 'ku©udk ork',u
zHk;uG,fxm;\/ xdkaMumifh ork',opömjzpfonfh
Oyg'gefuyfaompdwfudk OD;pGmjrifatmif Munfhoifh
ayonf/ ork',opömudk OD;pGm&IyGm;jcif;jzifh r*¾if
w&m;rsm; tm;aumif;vmonfhenf;wl ork',
rsm;vnf; enf;yg;vmavonf/ xdktcg raemwGif
ork',opömae&mü t&IÓPf r*¾if0ifum &kyfemrf
'ku©opömudk odjrif &IyGm;Edkifavonf/
xdkaMumifh 0dyóempwif tm;xkwfolwdkY
onf ork',opömudk t&IcHtaejzifh OD;pGm&IyGm;
oif hygonf/ ork',opöm (t0dZÆm? wPSm?
Oyg'gef)tzHk;udk zGifhEdkifrSvnf; 'ku©opömudk awGYEdkif
-
41
ygonf/ xdktcg 'ku©opöm &kyfemrf y&rwfwdkYudk
qHk;atmif csKyfatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfMu&\/
&kyfemrfcsKyf&monf edAÁmefjzpf\/ edAÁmefudk rsuf
arSmufjyKEdkifrSom ork',udk tMuGif;r&dS tjyD;
y,fEdkifavonf/ orkapä'y[mef[k ac:onf/
0dyóemvrf;qHk; jzpfavonf/
]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}]]aemufpdwf odk Yr[kwf r*fpdwf}}
jrif? Mum;? eH? pm;? xd? awG;wGif a&SYpdwf
jzpfay:jyD; owdjzifhr*fpdwf0ifEd kifvQif wPSm?
Oyg'gef? uH csKyf\/ "r®pMumw&m;awmfwGif
e da&m"opömonf wPSmcs Ky f&m jzp fonf/
xdk YaMumif h rsufpdwGif jrifpdwfjzpfNyD; raemu
r*fpdwf0ifEdkifvQif udavomMum;rcdkygu wPSm
csKyfaomaMumifh avmuDeda&m"opömqdkuf\/
xdkodkY ESvHk;oGif;EdkifygvQif 0dyóemÓPf
jzifh r*¾opömESifh eda&m"opömudk odjrifEdkifayonf/
xdkaMumifh jrifpdwf? Mum;pdwfponfwdkYudk udav
omMum;rcdkbJ uyfí&IEdkifygvQif r*fpdwfcPü
w'*Feda&m" qdkufavonf/ ,if;r*fukodkvfonf
0#frS&kef;xGufEdkifaom edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; 0d0#³
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42
ukodkvfvnf; jzpfonf/ tu,fí jrifpdwfjzpfjyD;
raemupdwfonf MunfndK o'¨gpdwfjzpfygu
ukodkvfuHajrmufNyD; ewf&Gmok*wd a&mufaMumif;
jzpfavonf/ odk Yaomf jrifpdwfjzpfjyD; raemu
pdwfonf a'gopdwfjzpfygu tukodkvfuHajrmuf jyD;
tyg,f'k*¾wdyd k Yavonf/ xdk YaMumif h edAÁmefud k
r*fpdwfuydk Y\? ewfjynfudk ukodkvfpdwfuydk Y\/
tyg,fudk tukodkvfpdwfuomydkYjcif;jzpfavonf/
]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}]] udk,fomemí pdwfremapESif h }}
bk&m;&Sifonf udk,fomemí pdwfremap
ESifh[k cE¨oH,kwf eukvydwkokwfü a[mMum;
awmfrlygonf/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,fudk t&Sifom&d
ykMwmrax&fonf þodkYa[mawmfrl\/ cE¨mig;yg;
jzpfaom &ky?f a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPfwdkY
tay:wGif Oyg'gefjzifh ig? igOpöm[lí twåtjzpf
pGJ,lvQif udk,femjcif;onf (um,du'ku©a0'em)
jzpfí pdwfemjcif;onf raemu apwodu
(a'greóa0'em)jzpfay:avonf/
rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fwGif jzpfaom
cE¨mig;yg;tay:wGif ig[lívnf;aumif;? ighOpöm
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43
[lívnf;aumif; twåtjzpf raemu r&Iygu
udk,femoljzpfaomfvnf; raemwGif r*¾if0ifvdkuf
ygu pdwfemol rjzpfawmhacs/ ud k,femjcif;
tay:wGif Oyg'gefuyfaomaMumifhom pdwfemjcif;
jzpf&onf/ xdkaMumif h udk,femjcif;tay:wGif
raemur*¾ifjzif h todvdkufNyD; owdESif h0D&d,
tm;aumif;aumif;xm;í 0dyóem&IEd kifygu
bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;awmfrlouJhodkY udk,fomemí
pdwfremawmhacs/
]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }} ]] uHyd k Y&ma&muf&w,f }}
ukodkvfuHonf ok*wdbHkoYdkydkY\? tuk
odkvfuHonf 'k*¾wdbHkoYdk ydkY\/ odkYaomf bk&m;oGm;
csifaom raemuH (apwem)onf bk&m;odkY ydkY\?
w&m;yG JoGm;csifaom raemuH(apwem)onf
w&m;yG Jyd k Y\? bD,mqdkifoGm;csifaom raemuH
(apwem)onf bD,mqdkifydk Y\ponfjzifh ypöKyÜef
uHtaMumif;w&m;E Si f h uHy d k Y&ma&muf&aom
tusdK;w&m;udkrl yk*¾dKvf? owå0g? igvGwfatmif
0dyóemtaMumif;tusdK;ÓPfjzif h rjrifwwf
Muyg/ ]]igoGm;vdk Y iga&mufwm}}[lí rdrdtvdk
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44
twdkif; jzpfw,fxifaom 'd|dt,lrSm; tjrif rSm;jzifh
awGa0aeMuavonf/
]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}]]uHudkrarQmfESif h uHudkaumif;atmifvkyfyg}}
vltrsm;pkonf uHaumif;csifMuygonf/
odkYaomf uHaumif;jcif;onf tusdK;w&m;jzpfí rdrd
ESifhroufqdkifyg/ rdrdonf taMumif;w&m;ESifhom
oufqdkifaomaMumifh aumif;aom um,uH? 0pDuH?
raemuHwd k Yud kom vkyfaqmif&ayrnf/ ,if;
taMumif;w&m;aumif;wYdk jynfhpHk&ifhusufrIaMumifh
jzpfay:vmrnfh tusdK;w&m; uHaumif;jcif;wdkYudk
awmif hwp&m rvd kyg/ taMumif;w&m;wd k Yud k
jynfhpH katmif tm;xkwfygu tusdK;w&m;onf
olYoabmolaqmifum "r®ed,mrt& rvTJraoG
jzpfay:vmayrnf/
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45
oH,kwåedum,f oVm,we0*¾ygVdawmf
e0yk&mP0*f
]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}]] ur®eda&m"okwf }}
&[ef;wd k Y topf ta[mif;jzpfaom
uHwdkYudk 4if;? uH\csKyf&mudk4if;? uH\csKyf&modkY a&muf
aMumif; tusifhudk4if; a[maytHh/ xdkw&m;udk
emMuukefavmh? aumif;pGm ESvHk;oGif;Muukefavmh?
a[mMum;aytHh/
]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}]] uHa[mif; }}
&[ef;wdk Y tb,fonf uHa[mif;rnf
oenf;/
&[ef;wdkY rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\?
jyKjyiftyf\? pDrHtyf\? cHpm;rI\taMumif;[k
½I&rnf/ em;onf uHa[mif;rnf\/ ESmacgif;onf
uHa[mif;rnf\/ vQmonf uHa[mif;rnf\/
udk,fonf uHa[mif;rnf\/ pdwfonf uHa[mif;
rnf\? jyKjyiftyf\? pDrHtyf\? cHpm;rI\taMumif;
[k½I&rnf/ &[ef;wdkY þ(tvHk;pHk)udk uHa[mif;[k
qdktyf\/
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46
]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }} ]] uHopf }}
&[ef;wdkY tb,fonf uHopfrnfoenf;/
&[ef;wdk Y ,ck]ypöKyÜef} tcgü tMuif
(wpfpHk wpf&m)trIudk udk,fjzifh4if;? EIwfjzifh4if;?
pdwfjzifh4if; jyK\/ &[ef;wdkY udk,f EIwf pdwfjzifh
,ckjyKtyfaom þtrIudk uHopf[kqdktyf\/
]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}]] uH\csKyf&m }}
&[ef;wdkYtb,fonfuH\csKyf&mrnfoenf;/
&[ef;wdk Y tMuifedAÁmefonf um,uH
0pDuH raemuH\csKyfjcif;aMumifh (udavomrS) vGwf
ajrmufrI t&[wåzd kvfod k Y tm½H k\tjzpf jzif h
a&muf\/ &[ef;wdkY þedAÁmefudk (uH\csKyf&m)[k
qdktyf\?
]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}]] uH\csKyf&modk Y a&mufaMumif;tusifh }}
&[ef;wdk Y tb,fonf uH\csKyf&modkY
a&mufaMumif;tusifhrnfoenf;/
t*Fg&Spfyg;&Sdaom þt&d,mr*fyifwnf;/
rSefpGm jrifjcif;? rSefpGm MuHjcif;? rSefpGm qdkjcif;? rSefpGm
jyKjcif;? rSefpGm toufarG;jcif;? rSefpGm tm;xkwfjcif;?
rSefpGm atmufarhjcif;? rSefpGmwnfMunfjcif;wnf;/
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47
&[ef;wdkY þr*fudk (uH\csKyf&m)odkY a&muf
aMumif;tusifh[k qdktyf\/ &[ef;wdkY þodkYvQif
igonf uHa[mif;udka[mtyfNyD? uHopfudk a[mtyf
NyD? uH\csKyf&mudk a[mtyfNyD?? uH\csKyf&m odkY
a&mufaMumif;tusifhudk a[mtyfNyD/ &[ef;wdk Y
wynfhom0uwdkY\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;aom
oem;wwfaom q&mjzpfaom igonf oem;jcif;
udkpGJí oifwdkYtwGuf jyKoifhonfudk jyKtyfNyD/
&[ef;wdkY þonfwdkYum; opfyif&if;wdkY
wnf;? þonfwdkYum; qdwfNidrf&mausmif;wdkYwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY (udavomudk)½IdUNr§dKufMuukefavmh? rarh
ravsmh hMuukefvifh? aemiftcg ESvHk;rom,m rjzpf
Muukefvifh? þonfvQif oifwdkYtwGuf ig\tqHk;
trwnf;[k jrwfpGmbk&m;onf rdefYawmfrl\/
(yd#uwf - jrefrmjyef)
a'gufwmpdk;vGif (rEÅav;)
-
48
]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}} ]]or®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0ef}}
BudKufp&m[kxifvdkufonfESifh wyfrufrI
(tbdZÑm)onfjzp fy:\/ tbdZÑmonfumr
0dwufyifwnf;/ rBudKufp&m[kxifonfESifh ESvHk;
rom,mrI (a'greó)onf jzpfay:\/ ESvHk;rom
,mrIoufoufjzpfvQif 0d[d Hom0dwufjzpfí
ysufpD;&efMuHpDtm;xkwfvQifAsmyg'0dwufjzpf\/
,if;0dwufoHk;rsdK;vHk;yif rdpämouFyÜjzpf\/ rdpäm
ouFyÜ (3)rsdK;vHk;udk zsufqD;EdkifrS or®mouFyÜjzpfEdkif
rnf/ or®mouFyÜjzpfrS or®m'd|dudk taxmuf
tuljyKEdkifayrnf/
or®m'd|dr*¾ifonf ]Zmwdynm}[k ac:\/
or®mouFyÜr*¾ifudk ]ud&d,ynm}[k ac:\/ or®m
'd|dr*¾ifonf jrif&Hkomjrifwwf\/ Munfh&HkomMunfh
wwf\/ or®m'd|dr*¾ifjrifvmatmif or®mouFyÜ
r*¾ifu 0dyóemtm&Hkrsm;udk or®m'd|dr*¾if\a&SU
arSmufodkYa&mufatmif wifjyay;&\/ 0ef;usif
tm;vHk;udk jrifomxifom&dSatmif jyKvkyfay;&\/
þonfrSmor®mouFyÜr*¾if\wm0efwnf;/
OD;a&Tatmif (csrf;omudk&SmazGjcif;rS)
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49
"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;"r®vrf;pmpOfrS xkwfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;
1/ "r®vrf;udk avQmufMur,f
2/ rZösdrvrf;udk avQmufMur,f
3/ jrwfAk'̈\0dyóem
4/ yd#uwfrSwfpk
5/ "r®aumufEkwfcsufpmpkrsm;
6/ 0dyóem ]0vHk;wef;}
7/ 0dyóem tajccHESifh tvkyfay;w&m;
8/ tajccHÓPfESpfyg;ESifh tewåtjrif
9/ ouúm,'d|d odyHky,fyHk
10/ vufawGUavQmufvSrf;"r®vrf;
11/ tqefvrf;
12/ The Origin of Rebirth
13/ The Four Noble Truths and Anatta