t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ...
Transcript of t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ...
Edk0ifbmv 2018
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom
ausmufrsufrsm; -
jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufu@
tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udk
udkifwG,fjcif;
Paul Shortell
rmwdum
tusOf;csKyf .......................................................................................... 1
rdwfquf ............................................................................................ 4
1/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufb@ma&;rlabmif .............................................. 7
u) yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;udk tcGefaumuf,ljcif; .............................................. 10
c) tusdK;wlzufpyfvkyfief;rsm;udk tcGefaumuf,ljcif; .......................................... 11*) wpfEdkifwpfykdifwl;azmfrIrsm;udk tcGefaumufjcif; .............................................. 122/ ausmufpdrf;ESifhausmufrsufvkyfief; tcGefay;oGif;rIrsm; ..................................... 14
u) w&m;0ifay;oGif;rIrsm; ........................................................................ 14
c) w&m;r0ifay;oGif;rIrsm; ........................................................................ 163/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuftcGefaumuf&mwGif BuHK&onfh tcuftcJrsm; ................ 17u) tcGefaumuf,lrI wm0efcGJa0jcif; ............................................................ 17c) ygrpfaMu;aumuf,ljcif; ........................................................................ 19*) xkwfvkyfrIay:tcGefaumufjcif; ................................................................ 22C) a&mif;cs&rIwGif tcGefaumufcHjcif; ........................................................... 25i) tjrwftpGef;ay:tcGefaumufjcif; ............................................................. 28p) pm&if;ppfjcif; ESifh Oya'usifhokH;toufoGif;jcif; ............................................. 294/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuftMuHjyKcsufrsm; .................................................... 31
u) b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk okH;oyfjyifqifjcif; ................................. 31c) wefzkd;jzwfjcif; ESifh ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh vkyfief;pOfudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif; ................ 32i) apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rIudk wif;usyfjcif; .................................................... 33aumufeIwfcsuf .................................................................................... 35
aemufqufwGJ - jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief; wefzkd;cefYrSef;jcif; ............... 36
u) ausmufpdrf;u@udk wefzkd;jzwfjcif; .......................................................... 36c) ausmufrsufu@ wefkzkd;jzwfjcif; ............................................................. 40udk;um; .............................................................................................. 43
t"du tcsufrsm;
¼ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@onf ESpfpOf a':vm bDvD,HESifhcsD wefzdk;&Sdonfh vkyfief;
jzpfNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tusdK;tjrwf &SmazGay;Edkifygonf/ odkYaomf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\
tcGefaumuf,l&&SdrIrSm enf;yg;vsuf&Sdonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;u ,if;u@rS tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
udk &&SdrcHpm;&ay/
¼ EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf w&m;0ifa&mif;csonfh tenf;i,faom ausmufpdrf; ausmufrsuf
tay: tvGeftuRH tcGefaumufcHygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;wGif ukrÜPDtrsm;pku xkwfvkyf
rItm; avsmhaygh tpD&ifcHjcif;ESifh ausmufrsm;udk avsmhaygh wefzdk;jzwfjcif;jzifh tcGefa&SmifMu
onf/ pnf;urf;BuD;Muyfolrsm;udk vmbfay;jcif; tygt0if tjcm;enf;vrf;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u tcGefa&SmifMuonf/
¼ tcGefaumuf,lrI wdk;wufvmap&ef tcGefaumuf,lrI pepfudk jyKjyif&ef vdktyfonf/
b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf jyKjyif&ef &mjzwfvkyfief;ESifh ygrpf
csxm;ay;onfh vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif; ESifh apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rIudk ydkí
wif;usyfpGm aqmif&Guf&efvnf; vdktyfonf/
Cover image: Zaw Moe Htet for NRGI
1
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
tusOf;csKyf
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmfjcif;onf *sD'DyDokdY a':vm bDvD,HESifhcsDum ESpfpOf &SmazGay;
aeonf/ u@wGif; vnfywfaeonfh wefzkd;ESifh EdIif;,SOfygu tcGefaumuf,l&&SdrIrSm avsmh
enf;aeqJ jzpfonf/ aemufqkH; xkwfa0xm;onfh jrefrmEdkifiH EITI tpD&ifcHpmt& 2014^15
b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@rS usyfaiG 367 bDvD,H (a':vm 369
oef;0ef;usif) &&SdcJYonf/ 2015^16 wGif usyfaiG 457 bDvD,H (a':vm 373 oef;0ef;usif)
&&SdcJYaMumif; od&onf/1
xkwfvkyfrIESifh aps;EIef;rsm;ay:wGif ,lqwGufcsufykH trsdK;rsdK;ay: rlwnfNyD; 2014^15 b@m
a&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdfrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ vnfywfwefzkd;\ 2 .3 ESifh 16 .1 &mckdifEIef;Mum;
ukd tcGeftjzpf aumuf,l&&SdcJYonf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif 0 .9 ESifh 9 .1 &mckdifEIef;
Mum; aumuf,l&&SdcJYonf/ NRGI rS awGUqkHar;jref;cJYonfh vkyfief;&Sifrsm;url aumuf,l&&SdcJY
onfh tcGefyrmPonf azmfjycJYyg ,lqcsufatmuf enf;rnf[k ajymqkdcJYMuonf/ xkwfvkyfrI
wefzkd;\ 2 &mckdifEIef;rS 5 &mckdifEIef; Mum;udkom aumuf,l&&SdEdkifzG,f &Sdonf[k ajymonf/
vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeonfh b@ma&; rlabmifaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? tusifhysuf vmbfpm;rI
EIef; jrifhrm;jcif;? w&m;r0if tcGef (informal taxation) aumuf,lrIrsm; &Sdaejcif;wkdYaMumifh
vnf;aumif; tcGef&&SdrI enf;&jcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmwrf;wGif tcGefaumuf,ljcif;udk pDrHxdef;
aMumif;onfh Oya'rsm;? pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif awGU&onfh tm;enf;csufrsm;udk
azmfjyqef;ppfoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ tcGefa&Smif&Sm;jcif;udk wm;qD;&mwGif xyfwl ta&;ygonfh
EdkifiHa&;udpö&yf ESpfckjzpfonfh wyfrawmfESifh wkdif;&if;om; vufeufukdifrsm;Mum; jzpfay:aeonfh
y#dyu©rsm;udk ajz&Sif;rnf r[kwfouJhokdY wyfrawmfESifh t&yfom;tpkd;&Mum; tmPmcGJa0rI
taMumif;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;ajymqkdrnf r[kwfyg/
tpkd;& 0ifaiGtrsm;pkonf xkwfvkyfrI\ &mckdifEIef;tenf;i,fudk vma&mufa&mif;csonfh wESpf
2 Budrf usif;yaom ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif tcGefrsm; tvGeftuRH aumuf,ljcif;ay:wGif rSDckdae&
onf/ 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfrsm;twGif; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif
a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;ay: wefzkd;tvkduf aumufcHonfh tcGefEIef;xm;
(Ad valorem tax) onf yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;\ xkwfvkyfrIwefzkd; 30 &mckdifEIef;ausmf? tusdK;
wlvkyfief;rsm; xkwfvkyfrIwefzkd;\ 70 &mckdifEIef;ausmf &Sdonf/ rMumao;rDESpfrsm;u jyKvkyfonfh
ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif vma&mufjyo a&mif;csrIEIef; avsmhusoGm;jcif;onf tpkd;& tcGef
aumuf,l&&SdrIudkvnf; avsmhusoGm;apcJYonf/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrI trsm;pkudk tcGefraumufEdkif okdYr[kwf &oifhonfxuf
avsmhonfh tcGefudkom aumuf,l&&SdEdkifonfh tajctaejzpfonf/ EITI tcsuftvufrsm;t&
2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfrsm;twGif; xkwfvkyfcJYonfh ausmufpdrf;yrmP 59 rS
74 &mckdifEIef;xdrSm tpkd;&pm&if;wGif yg0ifjcif;r&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ tpkd;&okdY pm&if;jyonfh
xkwfvkyfrIrsm;rSmvnf; tpkd;& &mjzwftzGJUrsm;\ avsmhayghwefzkd;jzwfjcif;udk cH&onf/ ukrÜPD
rsm;u xkwfjyefonfh? ay;oGif;onfh tcGefrsm;onf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrI
wefzkd;\ 1 &mckdifEIef;atmufwGifom &Sdonf/
ygrpffaMu;rsm;jzifh tcsdKUaom0ifaiGrsm;udk tpkd;&u jyefq,f,lEdkifaomfvnf; ,if;enf;vrf;onf
tvkH;pkH aumif;rGefonfawmY r[kwfyg/ vQdKU0Sufvkdifpifcsxm;ay;onfh vkyfief;pOfjzpfaomaMumifh
ygrpf trsm;pkudk pm;yGJatmufrS vufodyfxkd; csay;vkdufonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpkd;& tmPmykdifrsm;
1 Myanmar EITI reports list total jade and gemstone revenues of MMK 387 billion (USD 389 million) in FY 2014/15 and MMK 708 billion (USD 578 million) in FY 2015/16; however, these figures overstate the sector’s contribution and have been recalculated for the purpose of this report. For additional discussion, see note 32.
2
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
onf tpkd;&\ apmifhMunfhEdkifpGrf;xuf rsm;pGm ausmfvGefonfh ygrpf{&d,mrsm;udk csay;Muonf/
ukrÜPDrsm;onf wpf{utvdkuf tcGeftenf;i,frQom ay;oGif;NyD; ygrpfae&m trsm;tjym;udk
&&SdoGm;Muonf/
2015 a&G;aumufyGJrS ykdí 'Drkdua&pDqefaom ukd,fpm;jyKrItwGuf avQmufvSrf;rIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif
cJYouJhodkY NLD taejzifhf tusifhysufvmbfpm;rIudk wkdufzsuf&ef uwdxm;rIrsm; &Sdaomfvnf;
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief;wGif; tcGefa&SmifrIrsm; tBuD;tus,f jzpfay:aeqJjzpfonf/
jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefaumuf,ljcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; aqmif&Gufoihfonfh
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk ,ckpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf jyKjyif&ef - jrefrmEdkifiH\ w&m;0if
tcGefpepfonf ausmufpdfrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;ay:wGif tcGef 2 xyf odkYr[kwf 3 xyfuGrf;
aumuf,lonfjzpf&m ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh ¤if;wkdY xkwfvkyfrIudk avsmhayghpm&if;jy&ef? avsmhaygh
wefzkd;jy&ef wkdufwGef;tm;ay;ouJhokdY jzpfaeonf/ jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'? jynfaxmifpk
tcGefOya'ESifh tjcm;qufpyfaom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfum -
¼ ygrpfaMu; (permit fees)? wGif;0cGefrsm; (production royalties) ? vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef
(corporate income tax) wkdYrSvGJí tjcm;aom tcGefacgif;pOfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif;jzifhf
&Sif;vif;? rQwonfh tcGefpepf wnfaxmifjcif;
¼ ta&mif;tajccH tcGef (ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif aumufcHonf) rS xkwfvkyfrI tajccHonfhtcGef
(wGif;0wGif aumufcHonf) odkY ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh tcGefaumuf,lEdkifonfh yrmPudk jr§ifh
wifjcif;
¼ tusdK;wlvkyfief;rsm; okdYr[kwf yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;rSwfykHwifjcif;jzifh tcGef
a&Smifjcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfEdkif&ef tcGefudk wpfajy;nD aumuf,ljcif;
¼ vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;udk tokH;csNyD; Oya'ESifh wkduf½kdufqefYusifonfh tcGefa&Smif 0,faygufrsm;udk
zefwD;avY&Sdaom tcGefaumuf,lrI wm0ef,lxm;onfh Xmersm;? EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm; jyef
vnfokH;oyfjcif;udk tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif&Gufjcif;?
¼ ukrÜPDrsm;udk aumufcHonfh tcGefESifh tao;pm;? wpfEdkifwpfydkif wl;azmfjcif;rsm;udk
aumufcHonfh tcGefrsm; cGJjcm;xm;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfoihfonf/
&mjzwfvkyfief; ESifh ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif; - ygrpfcsxm;ay;jcif;?
wGif;0cGef wGufcsufjcif;twGuf vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeonfh pepf? jyifqifxm;onfh Oya'rsm;wGif
azmfjyxm;onfh pepfrsm;onf udk,fusdK;&SmrI jyKvkyf&ef tvGefvG,fullonfh pepfrsm; jzpfonf/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrIrS &oihfonfh tpkd;&\ a0pk &&SdEdkif&eftwGuf o,HZmw
ESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; 0efBuD;Xmetaejzifh -
¼ vkyfuGuftm;vkH;twGuf tdwfzGifhwif'gpepf usifhokH;um ,cifumvrsm;u tcGefay;oGif;cJY
aMumif; ckdifrmonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm; jyoedkifonfh ukrÜPDrsm;udkom yg0ifap
&ef/
¼ tcGefawmf ay;oGif;rIrsm; wGufcsufEdkif&eftwGuf bufpkHrS? vGwfvyfpGm? tao;pdwf
&mjzwfonfh pepfudk usifhokH;&ef/
¼ ukrÜPDrsm; okdYr[kwf jrefrmYausmufrsufESifh ausmufpdrf;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; toif;udk ygrpf
okdYr[kwf &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf yg0ifjcif;udk wm;qD;&ef/
apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rIudk ydkíwif;usyfpGm aqmif&Guf&ef - tpkd;&taejzifh wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;
rsm;udk xda&mufpGm ppfaq;? tjypfay;Edkifjcif;u ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdY eD;pyf&mrsm;onf w&m;
3
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
r0if aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;wGif yg0ifap&ef tm;ay;ouJhokdY jzpfaeonf/ oufqkdif&m 0efBuD;Xme
rsm;ESifh Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; wm0ef,lxm;olrsm; aqmif&Guf&rnfh OD;pm;ay; udpörsm;taejzifh -
¼ 0efxrf;OD;a& wkd;jr§ifhjcif;? apmifhMunfha&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh owfrSwfcsufudk tqifhjr§ifhjcif;
vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if wl;azmfa&;vkyfief;rsm; apmifhMunfhjcif;udk tm;jznfhjcif;? vkyfuGufrsm;
apmifhMunfhjcif;wGif &EdkiforQaom enf;ynmrsm;udk tokH;csjcif;/
¼ ygrpf owfrSwfcsufrsm;? pmcsKyfrsm; csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk Oya'wGif owfrSwfxm;onfhtwkdif;
xkdufoifhonfh jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;wkdYudk aqmif&GufoGm;oihfonf/
4
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
rdwfquf
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;taejzifh wGif;xGuf tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk awGUjrif&aomfvnf; tjynfht0
cHpm;cGifhr&Sdonfh tajctae jzpfaeonf/ wpfurÇmvkH;wGif a&mif;csaeonfh ausmufpdrf;\ 90
&mckdifEIef;ausmfudk2 jrefrmEdkifiHrS xkwfvkyfonf/ t&nftaoG;jrifh ywÅjrm;? eDvmESifh tjcm;
a&mifpkH &wemrsm;udkvnf; xdyfwef;rS xkwfvkyfaeonf/3 ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmf
jcif;rS ESpfpOf a':vm bDvD,HESifhcsD &&SdNyD;? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;tBuD;qkH; vkyfief;rsm;teuf
wpfcktyg0if jzpfonf/
tuefYtowfESifh &&Sdonfh o,HZmwrsm; wl;azmfjcif;rS &&Sdonfh tusdK;tjrwf tenf;pkudkom
jynfolrsm;taejzifh cHpm;Mu&onf/ 2018 rwfvwGif xkwfjyefcJYonfh aemufqkH;xkwf
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) tpD&ifcHpm 2 apmift&? tpkd;&
taejzifh &&Sdonfh tcGef0ifaiG yrmPonf u@wGif; jzpfay:aeonfh wefzkd;ESihf EdIif;,SOfvQif
yrmP tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/4 ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrS &onfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf
ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tjcm;aom zGHUNzdK;a&; vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk taxmuftul jzpfap&rnfhtpm;
tusifhysuf vmbfpm;rIESifh jynfwGif; vufeufukdif y#dyu©rsm;5udk ydkí qkd;oGm;apcJYonf/
xkdYaMumifh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufqkdif&m b@ma&; rlabmifrsm; jyKjyifa&;rSm csufcsif;
tm½kHpkduf aqmif&Guf&rnfh udpö jzpfvmonf/ acwfaemufusaeNyDjzpfaom b@ma&;qkdif&m
owfrSwfcsufrsm; tm;enf;csufrsm; &Sdaeonfh qef;ppfrIqkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifh tpkd;&\
Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;vkyfief; tm;enf;csufrsm;aMumifh tcGefa&Smifjcif;rsm; tBudD;tus,f jzpfyGm;ae
onf/ tm;enf;csufrsm;ESifh tom;usaeonfh jrefrmYtcGefpepfudk jyKjyifrSomvQif tcGef0ifaiGrsm;
wkd;wuf&&SdrnfjzpfNyD;? 0ifaiG&&SdrSom zGHUNzdK;a&; vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk jznfhqnf;Edkifrnf jzpfouJhodkY
taMuG;rsm; jyefvnfay;qyfEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
2 w&m;0if ausmufpdrf;xkwfvkyfrI wESpfvsif ysrf;rsSwefcsdef 10000 xkwfvkyfae&mrS 2000 ESpfrsm;rS
pNyD; av;qcefY wufvmcJYonf/ 2010 rS 2011 ckESpftwGif; wESpfvsif ysrf;rQwefcsdef 40000
ausmfcefY xkwfvkyfNyD; tjrifhqkH;taetxm;okdY a&mufcJYonf/ jrefrmtpkd;&wyfESifh ucsifvGwfajrmuf
a&; wyfrawmfMum; wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;ojzifh 2013 ESifh 2014 wGif zm;uefY^vkH;cif; vkyfuGufrsm;
,m,D &yfqkdif;xm;cJYaomfvnf; 2015 ESifh 2016 wGif wESpfvsif yQrff;rQwefcsdef 30000 ausmf
xkwfvkyfcJYonf/
3 ,ckpmwrf;wpfckvkH;wGif ausmufpdrf;r[kwfonfh a&mifpkHausmufrsm;udk ausmufrsuf[k okH;EIef;oGm;
rnfjzpfonf/ tpkd;& pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH\ ausmufrsuf&wem xkwfvkyfrI pkpkaygif;
yrmPrSm ododomom usqif;aeonf/ 2000 ESpfrsm;wGif wESpfvQif um&ufoef; 50 xkwfvkyf
ae&mrS vwfwavmESpfrsm;wGif 10 oef;ausmfom xkwfvkyfvmEdkifcJYonf/ rkdif;½I;rS txGufusonfh
tcsdefwGif? rkdZrfbpfrS xGufEIef;wkd;wufvmonfjzpfaomaMumifh urÇmYywÅjrm; aps;uGufwGif jrefrmY
a0pkudk avsmhusoGm;apcJYonf/
4 2013 {NyD rS 2014 rwfv umvtwGuf 2015 wGif xkwfa0onfh (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative) EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif Munfhyg/ (aemufykdif;wGif 2013^14
EITI tpD&ifcHpm[k okH;EIef;oGm;rnfjzpfonf) 2014 {NyD rS 2015 rwfv umvtwGuf 2018 wGif
xkwfa0onfh EITI tpD&ifcHpmudk Munfhyg/ (aemufykdif;wGif 2014^15 EITI tpD&ifcHpm[k okH;EIef;
oGm;rnfjzpfonf) 2015 {NyD rS 2016 rwfv umvtwGuf 2018 wGif xkwfa0onfh EITI tpD&ifcHpmudk Munfhyg/ (aemufykdif;wGif 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpm[k okH;EIef;oGm;rnfjzpfonf)
5 ausmufpdrf;vkyfief;twGif;wGif jzpfysufaeonfh tusifhysufvmbfpm;rI uGef,uf? y#dyu©ESifh
csdwfqufaerIrsm;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;onfh tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmifudk 2015 ckESpfwGif Global Witness rS xkwfa0cJYonf/ “Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’” (2015) ukdMunfhyg/ a'ocH
t&yfzufvlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdkifiH yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0ef,lrI? wm0efcHrIqkdif&m
t&yfzuftzGJUtpnf; (Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability (MATA) onf
tcsdKUaom owÅKxkwfvkyf&m a'orsm;&Sd obm0 0ef;usifqkdif&m? vlrI0ef;usifqkdif&m tajctaersm;
edrfhusaerIudk tm½kHpdkufvmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;cJYonf/ Oyrm Transparency and Accountability Network of Kachin State, rS xkwfvkyfonfh “Beyond Liability: Preliminary Report on Jade Mining” (2016) udkMunfhyg/
ausmufpdrf;xkwfvkyfrI\
90 &mcdkifEIef;onf
jrefrmEdkifiHrS
jzpfaomfvnf;
EdkifiHom;rsm;u
,if;o,HZmw
tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk
&&SdcHpm;jcif; r&Sday/
5
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief;rsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; aqmif&Guf&efrSm ta&;BuD;onfhudpö
jzpfonf[k vuf&Sdtpkd;&u vufcHxm;onf/ o,HZmwESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;
0efBuD;Xme (MoNREC)8 u wl;azmfcGifh ygrpfrsm; csxm;ay;jcif;? oufwrf;wkd;ay;jcif;udk
2016 ESpfvnfwGif &yfqkdif;cJYonf/ tcGefaumufcHjcif; tajccHrIrsm; tygt0if trsdK;om;
ausmufrsufrl0g' a&;om;&ef ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf taxmuftuljyK aumfrwDudk
0efBuD;Xmeu zGJUpnf;ay;cJYonf/9
okdYaomfvnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk tuefYtowfjzifh? tcsdefqGJ aqmif&Gufaeonfjzpfaom
aMumifh rMumcifrSmyif rlvtaetxm;okdY jyefa&mufoGm;Edkifacs &Sdaeonf/ vkyfuGufcsxm;ay;
6 Myanmar Statistical Organization jrefrmpm&if;tif;tzGJU (A[kdpm&if;tif;tzGJU) ESifh jrefrmY
ausmufrsuf&wem a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief; (Myanmar Gems Enterprise)7 Ibid.8 2016 ta&SUykdif;wGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@onf owÅKwGif;0efBuD;\ BuD;MuyfrIatmuf
wGif jzpfonf/ ¤if;udk obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh opfawma&;&m 0efBuD;XmeESifh aygif;NyD;
o,HZmwESifh ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; 0efBuD;Xmetjzpf ajymif;vJzGJUpnf;cJYonf/
9 trsdK;om;rl0g' a&;qGJjcif;onf u@pDrHrIwGif wm0efcHrI &Sdvmap&ef ta&;ygonfh ajcvSrf;jzpfonf/
okdYaomfvnf; t"du pwdwf[kd'grsm;udk aumfrwDrS z,fxkwfxm;jcif;aMumifh ¤if;vkyfief;pOf\
ukd,fpm;jyKrIESifh xda&mufrIrsm;udk twm;tqD; jzpfapEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyf&m
a'otcsdKUwGif MoZmoufa&mufrI&Sdonfh ppfwyfESifh wkdif;&if;om; vufeufukdiftzGJUrsm;udk
vkyfief;pOfwGif yg0if&ef zdwfMum;jcif;r&Sdyg/
ykH (1)
ausmufpdrf;xkwfvkyfrI
(2006 - 2015)
(wefcsdefaxmifaygif;)6
ykH (2)
ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrI
(2006 - 2015)
(um&ufoef;aygif;)7
6
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
rIrsm; &yfqkdif;vkdufjcif;aMumifh w&m;0if xkwfvkyfrIrsm; usqif;oGm;Edkifaomfvnf; tcsdKUaom
ukrÜPDrsm;onf &yfqkdif;xm;onfh umvtwGif; w&m;r0if wl;azmfrIudk qufvufjyKvkyfae
Murnfjzpfonf/10 ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf yHYykd;rIaumfrwD\ tBuHay;csuf rlMurf;rsm;rS
trSefwu,f ajymif;vJrIrsm; ay:aygufvm&ef apmifhqkdif;&tkH;rnfjzpfonf/ vTwfawmfokdY wif
oGif;xm;onfh jrefrmausmufrsufOya' jyifqifcsufonf vuf&Sdpepfudk tajymif;tvJjzpfaprnf
r[kwfyg/11
jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefaumuf,lrI wkd;wufap&ef aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk
yHYykd;ay;&ef? tcsuftvufrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef &nf&G,fvQuf ,ckpmwrf;udk jyifqifxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ tcef; 4 cef; yg0ifygonf/ tcef; (1) b@ma&;rlabmifudk avYvmjcif; (2) &&Sd
onfh tcGefyrmPudk okH;oyfjcif; (3) tcGefaumuf,l&mwGif BuHKawGU&onfh tcuftcJrsm;udk
azmfxkwfjcif; (4) jyKjyifajymif;vJrIwGif OD;pm;ay;&rnfh udpörsm; wifjyjcif;wkdY jzpfonf/
10 Htet Naing Zaw, .Military Officers Transferred Over Jade Mine Bribes, Killings in Rakhine. The Irrawaddy, 23 May 2018. ukdMunfhyg/
11 jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'rlMurf;ukd NRGI rS okH;oyfNyD;? rSwfcsufrsm;udk 2017 ZGefvwGif
vTwfawmfokdY wifjycJYonf/
7
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
(1) ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf b@ma&;rlabmif
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@udk tcGef^wGif;0cGef aygif;pyfxm;onfh ykHrSefr[kwfaom
aumuf,lrItjyif xkwfvkyfrIcGJa0jcif; pepfrsm;jzifh pDrHonf/12 tcGefaumuf,l&mwGif wpfzuf
apmif;eif; aumuf,lonf/ tpkd;&onf xkwfvkyfrI tenf;i,fudk rwefwq tcGefaumuf,l
aomfvnf; wl;azmfvkdufonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf trsm;tjym;udk tcGefaumuf,lEdkifjcif;
r&Sdyg/ tcGefowfrSwfcsuf tajymif;tvJrsm;jcif;? jyXmef;owfrSwfcsufrsm; xyfaejcif;? tcGef
uif;vGwfcGifh owfrSwfrIjywfom;rIr&Sdjcif;? tpkd;& Xmersm;Mum; n§dEdIif;aqmif&GufrI tm;enf;jcif;
rsm;onfvnf; tcGefaumuf,l&&SdrIudk avsmhenf;aponf/
jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'wGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf b@ma&;rlabmiftwGuf t"duus
onfh owfrSwfcsuf trsm;tjym;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ ygrpfaMu;? wGif;0cGefrsm;? xkwfvkyfrI
cGJa0jcif; owfrSwfcsufrsm; tygt0if tjcm;udpörsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/13 1995 wGif twnf
jyKcJYNyD; BuHhckdifa&;vTwfawmf aemufqkH;oufwrf; 2016 wGif Oya'jyifqifrI jyKvkyfcJYonf/
vuf&Sd NLD tpkd;&onf jyKjyifrIrsm;udk qufvufjyKvkyfonf/
ausmufrsufOya't& aumuf&rnfh tcGeftrsm;pkudk EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;jzpfaom jrefrmYausmufrsuf
&wem a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief; Myanmar Gems Enterprise (MGE) u aumuf,lonf/
tpkd;&tqufqufonf jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'yg14 tcGefpepfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm em;vnfjcif;
r&SdaomaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usifhokH;aeonfh Oya'rlabmif\ ta&;ygonfh tESpfom&
udpörsm;udk MGE wpfOD;wnf;oabmjzifh aqmif&GufcJYjcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
2014^15 b@ma&;ESpf rwdkifrSDESpfrsm;wGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;onf jrefrmY
ausmufrsufOya' tykd'f 27? 31 rsm;t& wGif;0cGefrsm;rSty usefonfh tcGefrsm;rS uif;vGwfcGifh
&&SdMuonf/15 2014 wGif jyXmef;vkdufonfh jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'wGif ,if;uif;vGwfcGifhrsm;udk
y,fzsufvkdufonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufa&mif;cs&rIrsm;wGif txl;
ukefpnfcGef (ukefoG,fcGef ykHpHwpfrsdK;)? tjrwftpGef;ay:wGif aumufcHonfh vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefrsm;
12 wGif;xGufxkwfvkyfonfh EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif tcGef 2 rsdK; aumufcHonf/ wGif;0cGef (royalities) wl;azmfonfh o,HZmw wefzkd;ay: &mckdifEIef;tvkduf aumufcHonfh tcGef? tjrwftpGef;\
&mckdifEIef;wpfckudk aumufcHonfh vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefwkdY jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfrI cGJa0jcif; ykHpHrsm;udk
a&eHESifh "mwfaiGUu@wGif trsm;qkH; awGU&Sd&onf/ owÅKwGif;vkyfief;bufwGif awGU&cJonf/
“Primer: Fiscal Regime Design” (Natural Resource Governance Institute: 2015) wGif
avYvmEdkifygonf/
13 jrefrmYausmufrsufu@twGuf t"duusonfh Oya'rSm jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' jzpfonf/
tjcm;wGif;xGufrsm; pDrH&mwGif tokH;csonfh jrefrmYowÅKwGif;Oya'ESifh uGJjym;onf/ ausmufpdrf;?
ausmufrsufESifh tjcm;wGif;xGufrsm;Mum; usifhokH;onfh Oya' rwljcif;? pDrHonfh vkyfief;Xmersm;
rwlMujcif;aMumifh pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&Sdonfrsm;udk wpkwpnf;wnf; xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;rsm;?
ukd,fusdK;&Smjcif;rsm;udk jzpfaponf/ Paul Shortell, “Does Myanmar Need a Gemstone Law?” The Myanmar Times, 25 January 2017 wGifMunfhyg/
14 2017 wGifwifoGif;onfh jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'rIMurf;wGif tcsdKUaom tcGefacgif;pOfrsm;
aumuf,ljcif;ESifhqkdifNyD; &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ vufrSwfxkd;qkaMu;twGuf Murf;cif;aps;
(okdYr[kwf vkdifpifaMu;)? ausmufrsufjyyGJaMu; okdYr[kwf yk*¾dvu ausmufpdrf; ESifh ausmufrsuf
ta&mif;rsm;uJhokdYaom udpörsm;twGuf aumufcH&rnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif; xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
topfzefwD;vkdufonfh tvwfpm; wl;azmfolrsm;xnfhoGif;&rnfh usef;rma&;? ynma&;? tajccH
taqmuftOD ESifh zGHUNzdK;a&;qkdif&m &efykHaiGESifhywfoufNyD; &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
15 tcef; 3 tykdif; (i) wGif tao;pdwf aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/
8
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
ay;oGif;vmMu&onf/16 tcGefESpfrsdK;pvkH;udk pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme vufatmufcH
jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;Xmeu aumufcHonf/
Z,m;uGuf 1/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ t"du aumuf,lonfh tcGef trsdK;tpm;rsm;17
trsdK;tpm;
tcGef
aumuf,l
onfhykHpH
aumuf,l
onfhXmerSwfcsuf
aumuf,l
onfhEIef;
2014^15
b@ma&;ESpf
aumuf,l
onfhEIef;
2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf
vuf&Sd
aumuf,l
onfhEIef;18
vufrSwfxkd;
tykdqkaMu;ygrpfaMu; MGE
MGE u OD;pD;jyKvkyfonfh tdwfydwf wif'gyGJrsm;
wGif aps;tjrifhqkH; ay;Edkifoludk vkyfuGufrsm;
csay;onf/ tusdK;wl vkyfief;rsm;onf ygrpf
{&d,may: vkdufNyD; EIef;aojzifh ay;oGif;&onf/
3 ESpfpm yk*¾vdu ygrpfrsm;
twGuf wpf{uvsif
usyfaiG 1 oef; ay;oGif;&
onf/ 5 ESpfpm yk*¾vdu
ygrpftwGuf usyfaiG oef;
100 ay;oGif;&onf/
azmfjy
xm;jcif; r&Sd
xkwfvkyfrI
ay: aumuf
cHjcif;
xkwfvkyfrI
wGif;0cGefMGE19
vkyfuGufae&m okdYr[kwf a'oEÅ& MGE ½kH;&Sd a'owGif; &mjzwftzGJUu qef;ppfonf/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuftwGuf 20
&mckdifEIef;? wefzkd;oihf ausmufrsm;twGuf
10 &mckdifEIef;
16 ausmufpdrf; t½kdif;wkH;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;ay:wGif aumuf,lonfh txl;ukefpnfcGef EIef;xm;rSm
wpfESpfESifh wpfESpf tBuD;tus,f uGJjym;onf/ 2014 jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'wGif 30 &mckdifEIef;
azmfjyxm;&mrS 2015 jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'wGif 15 &mckdifEIef; jzpfoGm;NyD; 2016 jynfaxmifpk
tcGefOya'wGif 20 &mckdifEIef; jzpfoGm;onf/ 2017 jynfaxmifpk Oya'wGif 15 &mckdifEIef;okdY
avsmhusoGm;onf/ 2018 ckESpfwGif ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufpdfrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf
rsm;udk txl;ukefpnfcGefrS uif;vGwfcGifh ay;cJYonf/
17 1995 jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'ESifh qufpyfjyifqifcsufrsm;? 2014 jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'? MGE \ tusdK;wl pmcsKyfykHpHESifh tjcm;nGefMum;csufrsm; (NRGI odkY MGE rS jyocJYonfh) ay:wGif
tajccHonf/ ta&;rBuD;onfh tcGefacgif;pOfrsm; yg0ifjcif;r&Sdyg/ taumufcGef? yif;&if;EIwf,ltcGef
(withholding tax)? a&mif;cs&rI\ tjrwfay: aumuf,lonfh tcGef (capital gains tax) (jynfwGif;
tcGefOD;pD;XmerS aumuf,lonf) okdYr[kwf ajrXm;&rf;c (MGE ESifh^okdYr[kwf opfawmXmeu
aumuf,lonf) tp&Sdaom tao;trTm;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
18 2018 jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'ESifh? 2018 jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'rlMurf;wGif tajymif;tvJrsm;
jzpfvmEdkifacs &Sdonf/
19 MGE onf wGif;0cGefEIef;xm; qef;ppf owfrSwf&ef wm0ef&SdaeqJ jzpfaomfvnf; 2016 rSpí
ay;oGif;rI tm;vkH;udk owÅKwGif;XmeodkY wkduf½kduf ay;oGif;&onf/
9
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
a&mif;cs
&rIay:
aumufcH
jcif;
EdkifiHawmf
a0pkMGE
tusdK;wlzufpyf a&mif;cs&rIay: tajccHí MGE u aumuf,lonf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJ twGif;om
aumuf,lonf/
40% 25%
txl;
ukefpnfcGefIRD20
a&mif;cs&orQtwGuf tusKH;0ifaomfvnf;
vufawGUwGif ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGifom
aumuf,lonf/
uif;vGGwf
t½kdif;wkH;
twGuf
15% ?
ta&mifwif
xm;NyD;
ausmuf
twGuf 5%
uif;vGwf21
EdkifiHjcm;aiG
ESifh a&mif;cs
&rIay:
aumuf
,lonfh
tcGef
MGEESifh
IRD
EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifh a&mif;cs&rIrsm;ay:
aumuf,lonf? ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
a&mif;cs&rIrsm;ay:wGifom aumufcHonf/
10%
t½kdif;wkH;
twGuf 3
&mckdifEIef;?
ta&mifwif
xm;onfh
ausmuf
twGuf 1
&mckdifEIef;
ausmufrsuf
jyyGJ 0ifaMu;
A[dk
aumfrwD
ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&rIay:wGifom
aumuf,lonf/1% 1%
tjcm;
tcGeftcrsm;MGE
tcsdKUaom tusdK;wl ausmufrsm; a&mif;cs&rI
ay:wGif BuD;Muyfc (0efaqmifc service fees) ESifh tykdaMu; (incentive fees) aumufcHonf/
1% rS 2%azmfjy
xm;jcif; r&Sd
tjrwf
ay:wGif
aumuf,l
onfhtcGef
vkyfief;
0ifaiGcGefIRD ukrÜPDrsm;\ tom;wif 0ifaiGay:wGif
tajccHum aumuf,lonf/uif;vGwfcGifh 25%
xkwfukefcGJa0rI oabmwlnDcsufrsm; csKyfqkdum MGE ESifh wGJzufonfh tusdK;wlzufpyfESifh
yk*¾vdu vkyfuGuftwGuf usifhokH;onfh Oya' uGJjym;onf/ vkyfuGuf ykHpH 2 rsdK;vkH;twGuf
rwlnDonfh tcGefowfrSwfcsufrsm; csrSwf aumuf,lonf/22 tusdK;wlzufpyf vkyfuGufwl;azmf
onfh ukrÜPD trsm;tjym;onf yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;udkvnf; &,lxm;Muonf/ vkyfuGufykHpH
2 rsdK;Mum; xkwfvkyfrIyrmP okdYr[kwf tjrwftpGef; yrmPudk ta&TUtajymif; vkyfEdkifjcif;aMumifh
tcGefa&Smifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&ef vG,fulaponf/23
20 MGE onf ausmufrsufjyyGJ a&mif;cs&rIrsm;rS txl;ukefpnfcGef aumuf,lonf/ xkdYaemuf
jynfwGif; tcGefOD;pD;XmeokdY vTJay;onf/
21 rMumao;rDu twnfjyKvkdufonfh jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'wGif ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&onf
rsm;udk uif;vGwfcGifh jyKxm;onf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJ jyifywGif a&mif;cs&rIrsm;onfvnf; oabmw&m;
tm;jzifh txl;ukefpnfcGefwGif tusKH;0ifonf/
22 tusdK;wl zufpyfESifh yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;Mum; tcGefowfrSwfcsuf uGJjym;onfhtjyif ygrpf
vkyfief;pOf? vkdifpif owfrSwfcsufrsm;? MuD;Muyfa&; vkyfief;tqifhrsm;vnf; uGJjym;onf/
ukrÜPDwpfckonf zufpyfa&m? yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufyg &,lxm;EdkifonfjzpfaomaMumifh
Oya'aMumif;t& uGJjym;rIrSm vufawGUwGif jcm;em;rIr&Sdoavmuf jzpfaeonf/
23 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif EITI wGif yg0ifcJYonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;teufrS
w0ufeD;yg; (50 rS 24 ukrÜPD) onf zufpyfvkyfuGuf? yk*¾vdu vkyfuGuf 2 rsdK;vkH; &,lxm;Mu
onf/ ,ck azmfjycsufwGif rnfonfh ygrpftrsdK;tpm;rS &,lxm;jcif; r&Sdonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsuf ukrÜPDtcsdKUudk z,fxkwfxm;ygonf/
10
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
ucsifjynfe,f&Sd
tusdK;wl vkyfuGufygrpf
45%
ucsifjynfe,f&Sd
yk*¾vdu ygrpf
46%
ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd yk*¾vduygrpf
9%
rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd
tusdK;wl vkyfuGufygrpf
20%
rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd
yk*¾vdu ygrpf
65%
&Srf;jynfe,f&Sd
tusdK;wl
vkyfuGufygrpf
1%
&Srf;jynfe,f&Sd
yk*¾vdu ygrpf
14%
ausmufpdrf;
ausmufrsuf
(u) yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;udk tcGefaumuf,ljcif;
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;onf ausmufpdrf;xkwfvkyfrI yrmP\ 52
&mckdifEIef;eD;yg;udk xkwfvkyfcJYNyD;? ausmufrsuf\ 94 &mckdifEIef;udk xkwfvkyfcJYonf[k w&m;0if
azmfjyxm;onf/25 yk*¾vdu wl;azmfolrsm;onf xkwfvkyfrI wefzkd;\ 20 &mckdifEIef;udk ay;oGif;&
NyD;? 2015 b@ma&;ESpf tpykdif;wGif tom;wif vkyfief;0ifaiG\ 25 &mckdifEIef;udkvnf; ay;
oGif;&onf/ okdYaomfvnf; xkwfvkyfrI avsmhjyjcif;? tjrwf&&SdrI avsmhaygYwifjyjcif;wkdYudk ykHrSef
aqmif&Gufaeonfjzpf&m wGif;0cGefESifh &&Sdonfh tcGefay;oGif;rIwkdY avsmhusoGm;onf/
wGif;0cGefrsm; avsmhusrI? yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;rS vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef &&SdrIwkdYudk umrdap&ef
tjcm;aom tcGef acgif;pOfrsm;ay:wGif rSDckdvm&onf/ apmifhMunfhEdkifrI pGrf;&nf r&Sdjcif;uvnf;
taMumif;wpfck jzpfonf/ MGE onf yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;rS ygrpfaMu; acgif;pOfjzifh tcGef
24 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpmay:wGif tajccHygonf/
25 yk*¾vdu ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfuGufrsm; apmifhMunfhrIrSm tm;enf;aeqJ jzpfaomaMumifh
tpkd;&pm&if;wGif vkyfuGufyrmPudk avsmhaygh azmfjyjcif;rsm; &SdEdkifygonf/
ykH 3/
a'otvkduf ygrpf
csxm;ay;onfh {&d,m
ESifh ygrpftrsdK;tpm;
(&mckdifEIef;) 2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf24
xkwfvkyfrI avsmhjyjcif;?
tjrwf&&SdrI avsmhaygY
wifjyjcif;wkdYudk ykHrSef
aqmif&Gufaeonfjzpf&m
wGif;0cGefESifh &&Sdonfh
tcGefay;oGif;rIwkdY
avsmhusoGm;onf
11
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
a0pk trsm;tjym;udk aumuf,lonf/26 xkwfvkyfrI tcGefawmfrsm;ESifh 0ifaiGcGefrsm;udk umrdap
&ef tcsdKUaomESpfrsm;wGif ukefoG,fcGef aumufcHcJY&onf/
(c) tusdK;wlzufpyf vkyfief;rsm;udk tcGefaumuf,ljcif;
MGE onf tcsdKUaom yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh xkwfukefcGJa0rI oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (produc tion-sharing arrangements) jzifh vkyfukdifrIrsm; &Sdonf/ tusdK;wlzufpyf vkyfief;rsm;onf
w&m;0if ausmufpdrf;xkwfvkyfrItwGuf t"duusonfh? wpwp rsm;jym;vmonfh xkwfvkyfrI
a0pkjzpfNyD; 2016 wGif 48 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg; a&muf&SdcJYonf/ okdYaomfvnf; w&m;0if ausmufrsuf
xkwfvkyfrI\ 6 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdonf/27 pHxm; tokH;csonfh tusdK;wlzufpyf oabmwlnDcsuf
wGif b@ma&;qkdif&m? vkyfief;ykdif;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif tusdK;wlzufpyfvkyfief;rsm;twGuf w&m;0if owfrSwfxm;onfh
pkpkaygif; tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfrIwefzkd; 60 txuf &Sdaomfvnf;? tusdK;wlrsm;
trSefwu,f ay;oGif;onfh EIef;xm;rSm tvGefenf;onf/ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;uJhokdYyif tusdK;wl
rsm;onfvnf; xkwfvkyfrIwefzkd;udk avsmhjyum Oya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh xkwfvkyfrItcGef
20 &mckdifEIef;udk a&Smif&Sm;Muonf/ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDESifh uGJjym;onfhtcsufrSm tusdK;wlrsm;onf
ygrpfaMu; tenf;i,fudkom ay;oGif;&jcif; jzpfonf/
tusdK;wlvkyfief;rS tcGeftrsm;pkudk xkwfvkyfrI cGJa0jcif;rS &&Sdonf/ MGE onf tusdK;wl
vkyfuGufrsm; aeYpOf aqmif&GufaerIudk apmifhMunfhNyD; t&nftaoG;jrifh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmuf
rsufrsm;udk aejynfawmf&Sd ¤if;\ *kda'gifwGif odrf;qnf;onf/ tpkd;&u pHtjzpf tokH;jyKonfh
pmcsKyfwGif tusdK;wlrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\ xkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJ A[kdaumfrwDu
aejynfawmfwGif wESpf 2 Budrf jyKvkyfonfh ausmufrsufESifh ausmufpdrf; ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
a&mif;cs&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ tusdK;wlrS &&Sdvmonfh tpkd;&\ ta&mif;a0pkrsm;udk MGE okdY vTJajymif;ay;onf/
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf tpykdif;wGif EdkifiHawmf\ xkwfvkyfrI a0pktjzpf 40 &mckdifEIef; &,l&mrS
25 &mckdifEIef;xd avsmhcsay;&ef ukrÜPDrsm;u n§dEdIif;cJYMuonf/ oabmw&m;t& ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufay:wGif aumufcHonfh ukefoG,fcGefESifh vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefrsm; y,fzsufay;jcif;udk
rQwoGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fí aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ vufawGUwGifrl tpkd;& xkwfvkyfrI a0pk
avQmhvkdufjcif;aMumifh qkH;½IH;oGm;&onfh tcGefonf topf aumuf,l&&Sdonfh tcGefxuf rsm;
pGm omvGefaeonf/ ukefoG,fcGef uif;vGwfcGifh &aepOfwGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf 0ifaiGrsm;udk
avsmhaygY zkH;uG,fum t½IH;udk ykHBuD;csJUjyNyD; vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef trsm;tjym; ay;oGif;&jcif;udk
a&Smif&Sm;cJYMuonf/
26 jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf tcGefrlabmift&? ygrpfaMu;onf vufrSwfxkd;aMu;ESifh
oabmw&m; cyfqifqif jzpfonf/ okdYr[kwf pmcsKyfcsKyfonfhtcsdefwGif wpfBudrfwnf; ay;&onfh
tcaMu;ESifh qifqifjzpfonf/
27 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpmt& tusdK;wlrsm;\ xkwfvkyfrI a0pkonf xkwfvkyfrI jyKvkyf&ef ¤if;wdkY
vkdifpif&onfh {&d,ma0pkESifh vGJaeonf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf; tusdK;wl
xkwfvkyfrI vkyfuGuf{u 14556 {u&dSdonf okdYr[kwf pkpkaygif; {&d,m\ 45 &mckdifEIef; &Sdonf/
ausmufrsuf tusdK;wlvkyfuGuf{u 677 okdYr[kwf pkpkaygif;\ 21 &mckdifEIef; &Sdonf/
12
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
b@mESpf
2014^15
b@mESpf
2015^16
b@mESpf
2014^15
b@mESpf
2015^16
■ wGif;0cGef■ txl;ukefpnfcGef■ tjcm;
■ tpdk;&a0pk■ EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh a&mif;csjcif;tay: aumufcHjcif;
tusdK;wl yk*¾vdu
(*) wpfEdkifwpfykdif wl;azmfrIrsm;udk tcGefaumufjcif;
jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@wGif wpfEdkifwpfydkifESifh tao;pm; wl;azmfol tajrmuf
trsm; cefYrSef;ajctm;jzifh zm;uefY^vkH;cif; ausmufrsufvkyfuGuf wpfckwnf;rSmyif vma&muf
wl;azmf vkyfukdifaeol cefYrSef; 200000 &Sdonf/29 1995 ckESpf jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'wGif
EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tao;pm;ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif wl;azmfcGifhudk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/30 vuf&Sd
wGifvnf; tao;pm;ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif wl;azmfolrsm;onf ausmufrsuf&SmazGcGifh &&eftwGuf
ygrpfukdifaqmifxm;olrsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;&avY&Sdonf/ ukrÜPD vkyfuGufae&mrsm;wGif w&m;r0if
wl;azmfjcif; okdYr[kwf tBuD;pm; wl;azmfolrsm; pGefYypfxm;onfh ajrykHrsm;wGif 0ifa&muf&SmazG
Mu&onf/ Oya'aMumif;t&? tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;t& aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; wpfpkHwpf&m r&SdaomaMumifh
,if;tao;pm; wl;azmfolrsm;onf a'owGif;rS avmyef;rsm;ESifh n§dEdIif;um tEÅ&m,frsm;?
acgif;ykHjzwfcH&onfh tajctaersm;wGif wl;azmf&SmazG pm;aomufaeMu&onf/
wGif;xGufrsm;udk tao;pm;? wpfEdkifwpfydkif (small-scale and artisanal methods (ASM) wl;azmfrI enf;vrf;rsm; tokH;jyKum wl;azmfonfhtcgwGif tpkd;&\ tcGefaumuf,lEdkifpGrf;
avsmhusoGm;avY &Sdonf/ 0ifaiGtenf;qkH; &&Sdonfh EdkifiHom;tcsdKUu tao;pm;ESifh wpfEdkif
wpfykdif wl;azmfrIrsm; jyKvkyfMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh tcGefaumufjcif;\ jyefvnfjzefYa0ay;rI
vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm tBuD;tus,f tm;enf;oGm;onf/ trsm;pkrSm wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf aqmif&GufMu
28 xkwfvkyffrI wefzkd;ay: tajcrcHonfh tcGefacgif;pOfrsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; rjyKyg/ vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef
(2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGifom usifhokH;cJYonf) ESifh ygrpfaMu; (b@ma&; ESpf 2 ESpfvkH;twGuf
tusKH;0if) wkdYudk xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
29 “Those who search for jades illegally: The Ye Ma Say” (jrefrmYausmufrsuf&wem
a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;? ykHESdyfaeYpGJ azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sd)
30 2016 jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' jyifqifcsufwGif tao;pm;ESifh wEdkifwykdif ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsuf wl;azmfolrsm;twGuf ygrpftrsdK;tpm;opf yg0ifonf/ vTwfawmfwGif; pdppfokH;oyfrIrsm;
jyKaejcif;aMumifh vkdifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;ESifhqkdifonfh tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifonfh qufpyf
onfh enf;Oya'rsm;udk xkwfjyefjcif; r&Sdao;yg/
ykH 4/
tusdK;wl zufpyfESifh
yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;okdY
wefzkd;tvkduf
aumufcHonfh tcGefEIef;
2014^15 ESifh 2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf28
13
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
onfjzpfaomaMumifh tpkd;&taejzifhvnf; tao;pm;? wpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfief;rsm;rS tcGef
aumuf,l&ef vufawGUwGif tcuftcJ&Sdonf/ azmfjyyg taMumif;jycsufrsm;aMumifh tao;pm;
ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif wl;azmfrIrsm;udk Oya't& cGifhjyKxm;onfh EdkifiHrsm;onf EIef;ao okdYr[kwf
tedrfhqkH; EIef;xm;jzifh aumuf,lMuonf/31
jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' 2016 jyifqifcsufwGif tao;pm;ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif wl;azmfolrsm;
twGuf ygrpftrsdK;tpm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;aomfvnf; ,if;vkyfief;rsm;udk tcGefaumuf,lEdkif&ef
Oya'rsm; yg0ifjcif; r&Sdyg/ ppfukdif;wkdif;a'oBuD; tpkd;&onf MGE ESifh yl;aygif;NyD; cEÅD;vkyfuGuf
wGif tao;pm;ESifh wpfEdkifwpfydkif vkyfief; rSwfykHwifpepfudk pwif taumiftxnfazmfvQuf&Sd&m
tjcm; jynfe,fESifh wkdif;a'oBuD;rsm; taejzifhvnf; ukd;um;EdkifMurnf jzpfonf/
31 “Chapter 3: Deciding on fiscal terms” in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector: Lessons from Global Experience (Natural Resource Governance Institute: May 2017) udkMunfhyg/
14
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
2/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf tcGefay;oGif;rIrsm;
vuf&Sd usifhokH;aeonfh pepfrsm;onf tpkd;&twGuf tvGefenf;onfh tcGef0ifaiGudkom &SmazG
ay;Edkifonf/ ,cktcef;wGif 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpftwGif; ausmufrsufESifh
ausmufpdrf; xkwfvkyfrIrS w&m;0if &&SdcJYonfh tcGefwefzkd;udk cefYrSef; wGufcsufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
ukrÜPDrsm;rS ¤if;wkdY pD;yGm;zufrsm;? tmPmykdifrsm;ESifh a'owGif; tmPmyGJpm;rsm;okdY w&m;r0if
ay;cJYonfh tjcm;aom tjrwftpGef;rsm;udk avYvmoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
(u) w&m;0if ay;oGif;rIrsm;
jrefrmtpkd;&onf 2014^15 b@m&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@rS usyfaiG 367
bDvD,H (a':vm 369 oef;eD;yg;) &&SdcJYNyD; 2015^16 wGif usyfaiG 457 bDvD,H (a':vm 373
oef;eD;yg;) &&SdcJYonf[k EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ (Z,m;uGuf 2) b@ma&;ESpf
2 cktwGif; tcGef0ifaiG trsm;qkH; &&SdcJYonfh pnf;MuyfrIrSm tusdK;wl a&mif;cs&rIrS EdkifiHawmfa0pk
(25 &mckdifEIef;) ta&mif;cGef (24 &mckdifEIef;) ygrpfaMu; (23 &mckdifEIef;) ESifh ukefoG,fcGef (13
&mckdifEIef;) wkdYrS jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfrItcGef ESifh vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefrSm tpkd;&0ifaiG\ 3 &mckdifEIef;?
ESifh 1 .3 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdonfudk awGU&onf/
aumuf,lonfh ykHpH tcGefacgif;pOf 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpf 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf
vufrSwfxkd;
tykdqkaMu;ygrpfaMu; 81 .9 106 .4
xkwfvkyfrIay:
aumuf,lonfh tcGefxkwfvkyfrI tcGef 7 .3 17 .2
a&mif;cs&rIay:
aumuf,lonfh tcGef
EdkifiHawmf a0pk 122 .9 80 .2
txl; ukefpnfcGef 0 108 .7
EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh
a&mif;cs&rI96 .0 101 .7
ausmufrsufjyyGJaMu; 12 .8 7 .3
tjcm; tcGeftcrsm; 32 .5 13 .2
tjrwftpGef;ay:
aumuf,lonfh tcGefvkyfief; 0ifaiGcGef 0 10 .5
32 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\ wGufcsufrIrsm;ay:wGif tajccHxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ txl;ukefpnfcGefESifh vkyfief;0ifaiGcGeftjzpf usyfaiG 15 bDvD,H ESifh 5 bDvD,H
toD;oD; &&SdcJYaMumif; 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif tpD&ifcHxm;onf/ okdYaomfvnf; ,if;
ay;oGif;rIrsm;udk Z,m; 2 wGif xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ ,if;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf
rsm;twGuf tcGef aumuf,lEdkifjcif; r&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ (ausmufpdrf; ESifh ausmufrsufESifh
rqkdifonfh vkyfief;rsm;rS &&SdrIrsm;ay:wGif ay;oGif;jcif;jzpfaMumif; ukrÜPDrsm;u xkwfjyefcJYonf/)
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif txl;ukefpnfcGeftjzpf usyfaiG 360 bDvD,H &&SdcJYonf[k EITI wGif
azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;teufrS usyfaiG 250 .9 bDvD,Hudk jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;XmerS aumuf,ljcif;
jzpfNyD; 108 .7 bDvD,Hudk MGE rS aumuf,lonf/ odkYaomfvnf; ausmufrsufjyyGJtwGif; pkpkaygif;
a&mif;cs&rI (usyfaiG 847 bDvD,H) udk tcGefEIef;xm; (15 &mckdifEIef; okdYr[kwf ¤if;atmuf
avsmhonfhEIef;) jzifh aumuf,lygu tpkd;&taejzifh tjrifhqkH; aumuf,lEdkifrnfh txl;ukefpnfcGefrSm
127 bDvD,H0ef;usifom &Sdonf/ pm&if;azmfjyxm;onfh yrmP\ w0ufyif r&Sdyg/ NRGI ? EITI ESifh IRD wkdY aqG;aEG;rIt& txl;ukefpnfcGefwGif usyfaiG bDvD,HESifhcsDum ykdvQHaerIonf ukrÜPD
rsm;\ tjcm;u@ (wl;azmfjcif; r[kwfonfh) vkyfief;rsm;rS ay;oGif;rIrsm; jzpfEdkifaMumif; nTefjyvsuf
&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh Z,m;uGuf 2 wGif 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif &&SdcJYonfh txl;ukefpnfcGef
ay;oGif;rIrSm usyfaiG 109 bDvD,H (MGE rS xkwfjyefonfhyrmP) jzpfonf[k ,lqvsuf azmfjy
cJYygonf/
Z,m;uGuf 2/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmuf
rsuf tcGefay;oGif;rI
(usyfaiG bDvD,H)
2014^15 ESifh 2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf32
15
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
tjcm; ay;oGif;rIrsm; 13 .8 11 .6
pkpkaygif; (usyfaiG bDvD,Haygif;) 367 .1 456 .9
pkpkaygif; (tar&duefa':vm oef;aygif;) 369 .0 373 .3
tcGefaumuf,l&mrS &&Sdonfh yrmPonf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmfjcif;rS &&Sdonfh
yrmP\ tpdwftydkif;i,fav;om jzpffaMumif; pwdwf[kd'grsm;u vufcHxm;Muonf/ u@
wGif; vnfywfaeonfh wefzkd; tppftrSefudk owfrSwfEdkif&eftwGuf ukd;um;Edkifonfh tnTef;
udef; tenf;i,fom &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh tcGef rnfrQ ,kdpD;oGm;onfudk od&Sd&eftwGuf
tcuftcJrsm; &SdaeqJjzpfonf/
,kHMunfukd;um;Edkifonfh tcsuftvufr&Sdjcif;aMumifh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ wefzkd;
wGufcsuf&mwGif rSef;q wGufcsufrIrsm;ay:wGif rSDckdae&onf/ ausmufpdfrf; xkwfvkyfrIonf
2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif a':vm 2 bDvD,HrS 15 .5 bDvD,HMum;? 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf
wGif a':vm 3 .7 bDvD,HrS 43 .1 bDvD,HMum; &SdEdkifaMumif; wGufcsufEdkifykHudk ,ckpmwrf;\
aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrIonf 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif
a':vm 278 rS 340 oef;Mum;? 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif 385 rS 470 oef;Mum; &SdEdkif
aMumif; cefYrSef;xm;onf/33 ,if;wGufcsuf cefYrSef;rIrsm;t& ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@
wefzkd;\ 2 .3 &mckdifEIef;rS 16 .1 &mckdifEIef;udk 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif aumuf,lEdkifcJYNyD;?
2015^16 wGif 0 .9 rS 9 .1 &mckdifEIef;udk aumuf,lEdkifcJYonf/ Z,m;uGuf 3 udkMunfhyg/
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onf ausmufrsufrS 0ifaiGxuf ydkírsm;jym;onf/ MGE onf ausmufpdrf;rS usyfaiG 139 .3
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34 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpf ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif wifjya&mif;cscJYonfh
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35 u@wefzkd; tao;pdwf wGufcsuf&Sif;jyrIudk pmwrf;aemufqufwGJwGif zwf½IEdkifygonf/
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16
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ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPD trsm;tjym;onf w&m;0if ay;oGif;rIrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&if;jzifh
pD;yGm;zufrsm;? tmPmykdifrsm;ESifh vufeufukdif tzGJUrsm;okdY aiGyrmP trsm;tjym;udk w&m;r0if
ay;oGif;ae&onf/ ,if;twGuf ukefusp&dwfonf tpkd;&okdY ukrÜPDrsm; ay;oGif;onfh yrmP
ESifhwef;wl okdYr[kwf trsm;tjym; ydkEdkifonf/ wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf ay;oGif;rIrsm;udk (1) pmcsKyf
pmwrf;udpö (2) yGJpm;c (3) pifNydKif tcGefpepftwGuf ay;oGif;Mu&onf/
ygrpfukdifxm;olukd,fpm; Mum;vlu 0ifa&mufwl;azmfonfh udpö trsm;tjym; &Sdonf/ ygrpf&&Sd
xm;olrsm;uvnf; vkyfuGufae&m us,fus,f&&eftwGuf pkaygif;wl;azmfMujcif;vnf; &Sdonf/
xkduJYokdYaom taetxm;wGif wl;azmfa&;vkyfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;u Oya'aMumif;t& trnf
ayguf ykdifqkdifoludk xkwfvkyfrI a0pk okdYr[kwf ta&mif;a0pk ay;onf/36
ygrpfr&SdyJ wl;azmfjcif;37? ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;udk EdkifiHjyifyokdY arSmifckdxkwfjcif;rsm;38
tygt0if w&m;r0if vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI trsdK;rsdK;twGuf ukrÜPDrsm;onf tmPmykdifrsm;udk
vmbfxkd;Muonf/ ygrpfrsm; &&Sd&ef? tcsdKUaomvrf;aMumif;rsm; jzwfoef; tokH;jyKEdkif&ef? vkyf
uGuf vkHNcKHa&;twGufvnf; yGJpm;crsm; ay;Mu&aMumif; ar;jref;rIrsm;rS od&onf/39
ucsifvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (autkdifat) onf ausmufpdrf;wl;azmfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;xHrS
tcGef aumuf,lonf/ ygrpfaMu;ESifh xkwfvkyfrI\ 10 &mckdifEIef;udk autkdifatrS aumuf,l
onf/
36 qyfuefx½kduf ay;jcif;? pkaygif;wl;azmfjcif; 2 rsdK;vkH;udk jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'wGif wm;jrpfxm;
onf/
37 See, e.g., note 9.38 See, e.g., Htoo Thant, .Companies smuggling raw jade stones busted,. The Myanmar
Times, 2 March 2017; Kyaw Myo Min, .Police Arrest 20 For Jade Smuggling in Myanmar’s Hpakant,. Radio Free Asia, 14 February 2017.
39 2016 ESifh 2018 Mum; ausmufpdrf;ukrÜPD ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ar;jref;rIrsm;ay:wGif tajccHxm;yg
onf/
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17
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wkdufzsufEdkif&eftwGuf rl0g' tajymif;tvJ BuD;BuD;rm;rm; jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfqJjzpfonf/ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&; aqmif&Guf&mwGif Oya' owfrSwfcsuf tajymif;tvJ? XmewGif; vkyfief;aqmif&Guf
rI tajymif;tvJ? Oya' tokH;csjcif; tavYtxrsm; tajymif;tvJrsm; yg0ifoihfonf/
,cktcef;wGif (1) tpkd;& Xmersm;Mum; tcGefaumuf,lrI wm0efcGJa0jcif; (2) ygrpf vkyfief;pOfrS
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jcif; (5) ukrÜPD tjrwftpGef;ay:wGif tcGefaumuf,ljcif; (6) tcGefay;oGif;rI apmifhMunfhjcif;ESifh
Oya'jzifh Muyfrwfjcif;wkdYESifhywfoufí BuHKawGU&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(u) tcGefaumuf,lrI wm0efcGJa0jcif;
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufwGif tpkd;& Xmersm;Mum; tcGef
aumuf,l&ef wm0efcGJa0rIudk wdwdusus azmfjyxm;&rnf/ tcGefaumuf,l&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh
Xmersm;uvnf; wm0efcHrItjynfhjzifh tcGefaumufjcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf/ jrefrm
Oya'rsm;wGif oufqkdif&m 0efBuD;Xmersm; ESifh OD;pD;Xmersm;Mum; tcGefaumuf,lrI wm0efudk
wdwdusus cGJjcm;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh oufqkdif&m Xmersm;onf vkdtyfcsufudk vkdufNyD;
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;udk ykdif;jcm; &,lMuojzifh qkd;usdK;rsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ (1) tcGefaumuf
,lcGifhtmPm ykdif;jcm;xm;rI rjywfom;ojzifh tcGefacgif;pOf wpfrsdK;udk rwlnDonfh Xmersm;u
tcgcg aumuf,ljcif;? tjcm;Xme vufatmuf&Sd tcGefacgif;pOfudk rqkdifonfhXmerS 0ifa&muf
aumuf,ljcif; (2) MGE tusdK;wlzufpyf vkyfief;zuftaeESifhvnf; yg0ifaeonfjzpfaomaMumifh
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0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; 0efBuD;Xme (MoNREC) ESifh pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme (MoPF) okdY csxm;ay;onf/ okdYaomfvnf; Xme 2 ck\ tcGefwm0efrsm;udk jywfom;pGm razmfjyxm;ojzifh
wm0ef vpf[mrIrsm;? vkyfief; xyfaeonfrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ Oyrm jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'
ESifh jynfaxmifpk tcGefOya'wGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh a&mif;&cGef?
txl;ukefpnfcGefwkdY owfrSwf? aumuf,lEdkifcGifh &Sdaom Xmeudk wduspGm azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/40
MoNREC twGif;rS owÅKwGif; OD;pD;Xme ESifh MGE Mum; b@ma&;qkdif&m wm0efrsm;udkvnf;
wduspGm azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ ygrpfaMu; wGufcsufaumuf,ljcif;? xkwfvkyfrI tcGefrsm; aumuf
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40 vufawGUwGif MoNREC ESifh MoPF \ tcGefaumufcHjcif; wm0efonf xyfae odkYr[kwf tvSnfh
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18
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enf;vrf;&Sm aqmif&Gufonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,cif ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJYonfh yk*¾vdu
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vkyfief;rsm;rSm tppftaq; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;\ tmPmudk Oya'ykdif;rS
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MGE udk trsm;jynfol\ pdppfrIrS uif;vGwfcGifh &&Sdaeaponf/
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rsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;&ef tm;ay;ouJYokdY jzpfaeonf/ txif&Sm;qkH;taejzifh ausmufpdfrf;ESifh
ausmufrsuft½kdif;wkH;udk jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'ygtwkdfif; tcGef 20 &mckdifEIef; aumuf,ljcif;
onf rSwfykHwifaMu;44tjzpf aumuf,ljcif; jzpfonf[k tmPmykdifrsm;u ajymonf/ ,if;
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ausmufrsufOya' jyifqifrIESifh uGJjym;aeonf/45 ukrÜPDrsm;onf MGE \ t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdrIudk
41 MGE ukd,fwkdifvnf; ausmufpdrf;tenf;tusif;udk aejynfawmf ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif jyoae
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42 tcGefaumuf,ljcif;tjyif pD;yGm;jzpf xkwfvkyfrIudk jr§ifhwifjcif;uvnf; tjcm;aom ta&;BuD;
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43 "Access to Justice and Administrative Law in Myanmar" (USAID: 2014).44 MGE ESifh NRGI awGUqkHrI? 2018 ZGef
45 MGE rS owfrSwfxm;onfh &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifhvnf; qefYusifbuf jzpfaeonf/ tykd'f 43
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19
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vkyfief;pOf\ vGwfvyf rQwrIudk avsmhusaponf/ MGE vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif MGJEA ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ukrÜPDrS ay;oGif;&rnfh tcGefyrmPudk wGufcsufonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsuf wefzkd;jzwfonfh &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfwGif yg0if&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ 2016
jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' jyifqifcsuf (txifu& ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPD vlBuD;
rsm; rlMurf;jyKpkonf) wGifvnf; A[kdBuD;Muyfa&; aumfrwDwGif MGJEA twGuf 3 ae&mudk
owfrSwfxm;ay;onf/ ,if;aumfrwDonf &mjzwf t,lcHrIrsm;udk Mum;emonfh aumfrwD jzpf
onf/ MGJEA \ wm0efrSm toif;0if ukrÜPDrsm;udk ukd,fpm;jyK&ef jzpfjcif;aMumifh ukd,fusdK;
&SmrIudk jzpfapNyD; ukrÜPDrsm;\ tcGefudpörsm; qkH;jzwf&mwGif yg0ifaejcif;rS xkwfy,foifYonf/
'kwd,taejzifh tcGef0ifaiG pDrHrIwGif MGJEA yg0ifaejcif;onf tpkd;& tmPmykdifrsm;udk
w&m;ESifhrnDaom "ersm; jzpfxGef;aponf/ MGE tmPmykdifrsm;? MGJEA ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;
yg0ifonfh yl;wGJ ausmufrsufA[kdaumfrwDonf ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufpdrf;
ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;rS 1 &mckdifEIef;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJaMu;tjzpf aumuf,lonf/ aumuf,l&&Sd
onfh tcGefrsm;udk MGJEA pm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;onf/ ,if;pm&if;udk 0ifa&mufppfaq;onfh
pm&if;ppf okdYr[kwf tpkd;&rS w&m;0if apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;jcif; r&Sdyg/46 tpkd;& tajymif;tvJ
jzpfonfhtcgwGif ausmufrsufjyyGJaMu;tjzpf &&Sdxm;onfh tar&duefa':vm oef; 100 eD;yg;
udk OD;odef;pdef tpkd;&rS vla[mif;rsm;u xkwf,loGm;onf[k MGJEA toif;0ifrsm;u ajym
onf/47
(c) ygrpfaMu; aumuf,ljcif;
wl;azmfcGifh ygrpfrsm;onf taMumif; 2 rsdK;ESifh aumif;usdK;jyKonf/ ygrpfcsxm;ay;jcif;rS ygrpf
aMu;tjzpf tcGefrsm; wkduf½kduf &,lEdkifonf/ okdYr[kwf pmcsKyfcsKyfonfhtcgwGif wpfBudrfwnf;
ay;oGif;rItaejzifh &,lEdkifonf/48 tcGef owfrSwfcsuf rvkdufemonfh ukrÜPDrsm;udk ygrpf
oufwrf; rwkd;ay;jcif;? topfrcsay;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf jzpfaomaMumifh ygrpfcsay;onfh
vkyfief;pOftm;jzifhvnf; tcGefaumufjcif;udk oG,f0Iduf tm;jznfhay;Edkifonf/
1995 jrefrmYausmufrsufOya't& wpf{u tus,f&Sd vkyfuGufrsm;udk tdwfydwfwif'gpepfjzifh
46 ausmufrsufjyyGJaMu;onf tem*gwfwGif jyKvkyfrnfh ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm; p&dwftwGuf &nf&G,fonf
[k ,lqEdkifaomfvnf; ¤if;wkdYtwGuf &Sif;vif;onfh Oya'owfrSwfcsufrsm; csxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
jyyGJaMu; aumuf,ljcif;ESifh pDrHrItwGuf vrf;nTefcsufudkvnf; azmfxkwfjzefYcsdxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
47 Chan Mya Htwe, .Tribunal to investigate gem association embezzlement claims. Myanmar Times, 2 June 2016.
48 ygrpfaMu; (vufrSwfxkd; tykdqkaMu;[k ykdívlodrsm;) onf obm0 o,HZmwu@wGif acwfpm;
onfh tcGefykHpHwpfck jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;rI tm;enf;onfh EdkifiHrsm;wGif acwfpm;
onf/ pDrHudef; pwifonfESifh aumuf,lonf/ tedrfhqkH; wGufcsufí aumuf,ljcif;jzpfonf/
vkyfief;atmifjrifrIESifh apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rI wif;MuyfrIay:wGif rSDckdum tavsmhtwif;&Sdonfh
tcGefrsm;jzpfaom xkwfvkyfrI? a&mif;cs&rIay: tajccHonfh tcGefrsm;ESifh,SOfvsif tpkd;&tzdkY t½IH;
enf;onf/ vufrSwfxkd; tykdqkaMu;jzifh wl;azmfrnfh o,HZmwrS &oifhonfh tcGefyrmP &&SdEdkif&ef
rSm cufcJonf/ wpfBudrfwnf; tjywfpkdufxkwf&onfh p&dwfrsm;jym;ojzifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk
wGefYqkwfaponf/ txl;ojzifh aiGaMu; acs;iSm;&ef cufcJonfh tao;pm;ESifh tvwfpm; vkyfief;
rsm;tzdkY jzpfonf/ vufrSwfxkd; qkaMu;ay: rSDckdae&jcif;onf tpkd;&tzdkY wl;azmfcGifh vkdifpifopfrsm;
xkwfay;&ef b@ma&;rufvkH;rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ o,HZmw ukefqkH;jcif;udk jrefqefapNyD;?
EdkifiHawmf\ vkyfief;BuD;MuyfEdkifrIudk avsmhusaponf/
20
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;okdY csay;onf/ owfrSwfcsufrsm;t& tjrifhqkH; aps;ay;Edkifoludk csay;&rnf
jzpfonf/ Murf;cif;aps;tjzpf 3 ESpfoufwrf; vkyfuGufwpfcktwGuf usyfaiG 1 oef;jzpfNyD;? 5
ESpfoufwrf; vkyfuGuftwGuf usyfaiG oef; 100 jzpfonf/49 {u 50 tusdK;wl zufpyf
vkyfuGuftwGuf MGE ESifh vQdKU0SufaqG;aEG; &,l&onf/ ,if;twGuf a&G;cs,f&ef owfrSwf
xm;onfh pHEIef;r&Sdyg/50 &onfh vkyfuGuftus,ft0ef;ESifh ,SOfygu tvGefenf;onfh ygrpfaMu;
udkom ay;oGif;um vkyfukdifMuonf/51
,cktcef;wGif (1) ygrpfcsxm;ay;&mrS tcGef0ifaiG trsm;tjym; &&Sdonfjzpfaomfvnf; ab;xGuf
qkd;usdK; tcsdKU&SdaMumif; (2) ,cif csxm;ay;onfh ygrpfrsm;onf tcGefay;oGif;&ef owfrSwfxm;
csufudk vkdufemrI r&SdaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ 2016 jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' jyifqifcsufwGif
azmfjyxm;onfh ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh pepfjyifqifcsuf? vuf&Sd vTwfawmfu aqmif&Gufaeonfh
jyKjyifrIrsm;onf ,if;tm;enf;csuf qkd;usdK;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf vkHavmufrI r&Sdao;yg/52
tusdK;wlzufpyf r[kwfonfh vkyfief;rsm;udk aumif;pGm BuD;MuyfEdkifjcif; r&SdaomaMumifh MGE onf yk*¾vdu ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfuGufrsm;rS tcGeftcrsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf ygrpf
pepfudk tBuD;tus,f rDSckddae&onf/ MGE onf 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufwl;azmfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;rS vufrSwfxkd; qkaMu; (ygrpfaMu;) tjzpf usyfaiG 82
bDvD,H? 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif 106 bDvD,H &&SdcJYonf[k EITI tcsuftvufwGif
azmfjyxm;onf/53 ,if;tcsuftvufrsm;t& yk*¾vdu ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfjcif;
rS tpkd;& &&Sdonfh tcGef 40 rS 50 &mckdifEIef;onf ygrpfaMu;rS jzpfonf/54
ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh vkyfief;pOfonf vQdKU0SufpGm aqmif&GufonfjzpfaomaMumifh tmPmydkifrsm;
ESifh ukrÜPDrsm;Mum; yl;aygif;BuHpnfrIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ vufawGUwGif yk*¾vdu vkdifpif
trsm;pk r[kwfonfhwkdifatmif trsm;tjym;onf wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf ay;oGif;rIrsm;rSwqifh &,l
Mujcif; jzpfonf/55 ,if;okdY aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh ta&twGuf twdtus rod&onfhwkdifatmif
jrefrmYobm0 o,HZmw "epkpnf;rI trsm;pkudk trsm;jynfoltwGuf r[kwfyJ wpfudkd,f&nf
49 MGE vkdifpifvrf;nTefcsufudk Munfhyg/ owÅKwGif;0efBuD;XmerS tqifhjrifh t&m&Sdrsm; yg0ifonfh
vkyfief;aumfrwDonf vkdifpifavsmufvTm vufcHjcif;? okH;oyfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfonf/
vkyfief;aumfrwDrS tMuHjyK axmufcHcsufrsm;udk Xmeaygif;pkH yg0ifonfh jrefrmYausmufrsufvkyfief;
wkd;wufa&; OD;aqmif aumfrwDu okH;oyf twnfjyKonf/ ODd;aqmifaumfrwDudk or®wu &Hzef&Hcg
OD;aqmifNyD; trsm;tm; jzifh jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;u OD;aqmifonf/
50 vufawGUwGif tusdK;wl zufpyfpmcsKyfrsm;udkvnf; tcsdwftqufjzifhom csay;onf/ Global Witness, “Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’” (2015).
51 MGE vkdifpifvrf;nTefcsufudk Munfhyg/ tykd'f 8/
52 2016 Oya'jyifqifcsufwGif ygrpfcsxm;ay;jcif;ESifh qkdifonfh jyifqifrI trsm;tjym; ygonf/
tBuD;pm;? tvwfpm;? tao;pm;ESifh wEdkifwykdif xkwfvkyfa&;ygrpfrsm;[lí cGJjcm;xm;onf/ 2015
jrefrmYowÅKwGif;Oya'wGif yg0ifonfhpepfESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh wlnDonf/ jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'
jyefvnfjyifqif&ef wifjyxm;csufwGif tBuD;pm;xkwfvkyfrI vkdifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;ukd y,fzsufonfrS
vGJí xl;jcm;onfh jyifqifrIrsm; yg0ifjcif;r&Sdyg/
53 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ay:wGif tajccHygonf/
54 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 EITI tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHum pma&;olrS wGufcsufxm;
ygonf/ ygrpfaMu;onf tpkd;& 0ifaiG\ 32 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg; &Sdonf/ tusdK;wlrsm; ay;oGif;onfh
tcGefrsm;udk z,fxm;ygonf/ tjcm;aom tcGeftrsdK;tpm; tm;vkH;\ wpf0ufudk tusdK;wlrsm;
ay;oGif;NyD;? wpf0ufudk yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;u ay;onf[k ,lqygonf/ (ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif
jzpfay:onfh ay;oGif;rI tajctaet&) ygrpfaMu; ay;oGif;rIonf yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;
ay;oGif;onfh yrmP\ 48 &mckdifEIef; cefYrSef;ygonf/
55 2016 ESifh 2018 twGif; ausmufpdrf;ukrÜPD ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh jyKvkyfxm;onfh ar;jref;rIrsm;
ay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/ Global Witness, “Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’” (2015) udkvnf;
Munfhyg/
tusdK;wlzufpyf r[kwf
onfh vkyfief;rsm;udk
aumif;pGm BuD;MuyfEdkif
jcif; r&SdaomaMumifh
MGE onf yk*¾vdu
ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufvkyfuGuf
rsm;rS tcGeftcrsm;
&&Sd&eftwGuf ygrpf
pepfudk tBuD;tus,f
rDSckddae&onf
21
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
wpfrdom;pk aumif;pm;a&;twGuf vrf;aMumif;vGJoGm;aponf/56
ygrpftrsm;pkudk vmbfay;vmbf,lrS &&Sdonfjzpf&m ygrpfvkyfief;pOfonf ukrÜPDrsm; tcGef
owfrSwfcsuf vkdufema&;udk wGef;tm; rjzpfapcJYyg/ MGE \ vkdifpifcsxm;ay;jcif;qkdif&m
vrf;nTefcsufwGif ygrpfcsxm;ay;&eftwGuf tcGefaqmifrI aemufaMumif; okdYr[kwf tjcm;
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pHtjzpf owfrSwfxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/57 jrefrm EITI tpD&ifcHpmwGif yg0ifcJY
onfh ukrÜPDrsm;wGif58 ukrÜPDrsm; &&Sdxm;onfh pkpkaygif; ygrpf{uESifh tcGefrsm;Mum; wpf{u
tvkduf ukrÜPDrsm;rS tpkd;&okdY ay;oGif;rIrsm;Mum; tEIwfoabm qufEG,frI &Sdaeonfudk
awGU&onf/ (ykH 5 udkMunfhyg) ,if;okdY jzpfaerI\ taMumif;&if; trsm;tjym; &SdEdkifonf/59
ygrpftrsm;qkH; &&Sdxm;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;onf tcGefay;oGif;rIwGif tenf;qkH;jzpfonfudk tcsuf
tvufrsm;t& awGU&Sd&onf/
56 ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh ykHpHonfvnf; tcGefESifhrqkdifonfh aemufqufwGJ oufa&mufrIrsm; &Sdaponf/
ygrpfoufwrf; wkdvGef;jcif; (3 ESpfrS 5 ESpftxdom)? tajccHtaqmuftOD;? obm0 0ef;usif
pnf;urf;vkdufemrI okdYr[kwf &yf&Gm wkd;wufrItwGuf &if;ESD;aiG tenf;qkH;xnfhNyD; tjrefqkH;EIef;jzifh
wl;azmfMujcif;wkdYuvnf; taMumif;&if;cHrsm; jzpfonf/
57 MGE vkdifpifvrf;nTefcsuft& wif'gaps;EIef;udkom wpfckwnf;aom tuJjzwf pHEIef;tjzpf
owfrSwfonf/
58 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif usyfaiG oef;aygif; 750? 2015^16 wGif usyfaiG 1 bDvD,Hausmf
xnfh0ifcJYMuonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDDrsm;onf Oya'aMumif;t& ykdifqkdifol?
xkwfvkyfrI? a&mif;cs&rIESifh tcGefay;oGif;rIqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk EITI okdY ay;oGif;&onf/
xkdowfrSwfcsuft& 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpf ukrÜPDaygif; 69 ck? 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif 50
cefYonf tcsuftvufrsm;udk MEITI okdY ay;oGif;cJYMuonf/ ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;udk EITI wGif yg0if
onfh ukrÜPDrsm;[k &nfnGef;okH;pGJonf/
59 jzpfEdkifacs trsdK;rsdK;udk pOf;pm;&ef vkdonf/
1) ygrpf{&d,m trsm;tjym; &&Sdxm;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;onf ygrpf{&d,m tenf;i,f &xm;onfh
ukrÜPDxufpmvQif vkyfief;udk t&Sdeft[kefjzifh aqmif&GufrI ododomom avsmhenf;onf/
2) ygrpf{&d,m trsm;tjym; &xm;onfh ukrÜPDrsm; &&Sdonfh ausmufonf ygrpf{&d,m tenf;i,f
&xm;onfh ukrÜPD\ ausmufESifh,SOfvQif t&nftaoG; tvGefedrfhaejcif;
3) ygrpf{&d,m trsm;tjym; &xm;onfh ukrÜPDrsm;onf ygrpf{&d,m tenf;i,f &xm;onfh
ukrÜPD rsm;ESifh,SOfvQif qyfuefx½kduf cs&ef jzpfEdkifacs ykdrsm;onf okdYr[kwf pkaygif;wl;azmfrI
jyKvkyf&ef ydkí jzpfEdkifacsrsm;onf/
tajzrsm;
1) ausmufpdrf;vkyfuGufygrpf tm;vkH;eD;yg;udk tBuD;pm; puf,EÅ,m;rsm;ESifh wl;azmfjcif;aMumifh
pwdwf[kd'grsm;ESifh twkduftcHrsm; jzpf&onf
2) ygrpf{&d,m trsm;tjym; csxm;ay;avY&Sdonfh tusdK;wlzufpyfvkyfief; trsm;pkrSm t&nftaoG;
jrifh ausmufrsm;&Sd&m zm;uefY^vkH;cif; ausmufrsufvkyfuGufaMumwGif &Sdaejcif;aMumifh rjzpfEdkifyg/
3) pwdwf[kd'grsm;ESifh ar;jref;csufrsm;t& jzpfEdkifacs 3 wGif azmfjyxm;onfrsm; &SdEdkifonf/
okdYaomfvnf; xkdokdYjyKvkyfjcif;udk ygrpfrsm;? pmcsKyfrsm;wGif wm;jrpfxm;onf/
22
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
0
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100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
ysrf;rQ wpf{utwGuf ukrÜP
Drsm;\
tcGefay;acsrI (a':v
mjzifh)
ukrÜPDrsm;rS wl;azmfcGifh &&Sdxm;onfh {&d,m ({ujzifh)
(*) xkwfvkyfrIay: tcGefaumufjcif;
ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfonfh EdkifiHtrsm;pkonf tcGef0ifaiG&&eftwGuf tajccHtm;jzifh wGif;0cGef
ay:wGif rSDckdtm;xm;onf/61 wGif;0wGif owfrSwfaumuf,lonfh tcGefonf pkpkaygif; xkwfvkyf
rIrS EdkifiHawmftwGuf oifYawmf rQwonfh a0pk&&Sd&ef taxmuftul jzpfapNyD;? ta&mif;
okdYr[kwf tjrwftpGef;ay: tajccHonfh tcGefrsm;uJYodkY ½IyfaxG;jcif; r&SdyJ pDrH&mwGif tcuftcJ
enf;onf/62 jrefrmEdkifiHwGifrl ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrIay:wGif tcGefaumuf,ljcif;
onf (1) ukrÜPDrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY xkwfvkyfrIudk tpkd;&okdY pm&if;jy&ef ysufuGufjcif; (2)
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwefzkd;udk avsmhaygYum pm&if;jyjcif;wkdYaMumifh xda&mufrIr&SdyJ jzpf
aeonf/
2016 ta&SUykdif;wGif tpkd;&onf ¤if;apmifhMunfhEdkifonfh yrmPxuf ykdí ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsuf vkyfuGufvkdifpifrsm;udk csxm;ay;cJYonf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif wl;azmfrI
jyKvkyfaeonfh ygrpf{&d,m 35000 ausmf &Sdonf/63 ausmufrsufvkyfuGufrsm; apmifhMunfh&ef
MGE 0efxrf; 580 teufrS tcsdKUudk wm0efay;xm;onf/ vkyfuGuf trsm;tjym;rSm apmifh
MunfhrIatmufrS uif;vGwffaeonf/64
tusKd;wlvkyfief;rsm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;ESifh yk*¾vdu vkyfuGuf 3 ykH 1 ykHeD;yg;udk apmifhMunfhEdkifonf[k
MGE u cefYrSef;onf/ 2 ckaygif;onf pkpkaygif; xkwfvkyfrI\ 60 rS 70 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg; &Sd
onf/ rnfokdYyifqkdapumrI vuf&Sd apmifhMunfhaerI t&nftaoG;rSm &Sif;vif;rI r&Sdyg/ ausmuf
rsuf vkyfuGufrsm;wGif MGE &Sdaeaomfvnf; tusdK;wlrsm;ESifh yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;\ obm0
60 2015^16 EITI tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHum wGufcsufxm;onf/ ,if;ESpf EITI wGif
yg0ifonfh ukrÜPDrsm;\ tcsuftvufrsm;om yg0ifygonf/
61 “Chapter 3: Deciding on fiscal terms,” in Shortell and Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
62 ,cktcef;wGif xkwfvkyfrIay:wGif aumuf,lonfh tcGefudkom azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 2016^17 b@m
a&;ESpf ta&SUykdif;wGif ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh a&mif;cs&rIay:wGifvnf; tcGefoD;jcm;
aumuf,lonf/ ,if;tpm; t½kdif;wkH;twGuf 3 &mckdifEIef;ESifh? ta&mifwifxm;onf ausmuftwGuf
1 &mckdifEIef; aumuf,l&ef 2016 ausmufrsufOya' jyifqifcsufwGif tpm;xkd; jyXmef;vdkufonf/
63 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpm
64 MGE rS NRGI okdY wkduf½kdufay;ydkYonfh pm&if;/ Irwin, Gemstone Scoping Study (2016) udkMunfhyg/
ykH 5/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;
\ vkyfuGuf&&SdrIESifh
tcGefay;oGif;rIudk
EdIif;,SOfjcif; 2015^1660
23
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
0ef;usif? ab;uif;a&;? b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; csdK;azmufaerIrsm;udk wm;qD;Edkifjcif;
r&Sdyg/ avsmhaygY pm&if;jyrI yrmP twdtusudk rod&Sd&aomfvnf; apmifhMunfhonfhMum;rS
pm&if;rjyyJ xGufoGm;onfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufyrmPrSm tvGefrsm;jym;Edkifonf/
pm&if;jyvmonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrS 20 &mckdifEIef; tcGefudk aumuf,lavY&Sdonf/
2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfMum;wGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf tcGeftjzpf usyfaiG 25 bDvD
,Hudk ay;oGif;cJYonf/ ,if;yrmPonf ¤if;ESpfrsm;twGif; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif
a&mif;cscJY&onfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwefzkd;\ 1 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg;om &Sdonf/65 wpfESpf
vQif tar&duefa':vm 923 oef;eD;yg;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&rI wpfckwnf;rS
aumuf,lEdkifrnfudk tpkd;&taejzifh vufvGwfae&aMumif; jrifawGUEdkifonf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
a&mif;csonfh yrmPrSm wpfESpftwGif; wl;azmf&&SdrIxJrS tpdwftykdif; tenf;i,fom jzpf&m
tcGefraumufEdkifyJ vGwfoGm;onfh yrmPrSm ykdírsm;jym;Edkifonf/
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
b@ma&;ESpf 2014^2015 b@ma&;ESpf 2015^2016
■ aumufcH&&Sdonfh wGif;0cGef
■ ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&&SdrI
■ ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&&Sdonfh yrmP\ 20%
xkwfvkyfrI tcGef&&SdrI avsmhenf;jcif;onf &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfwGif tm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaeaMumif;
xif&Sm;aponf/ okdYr[kwf wl;azmf&&Sdonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;\ tcGefwefzkd;
wGufcsufonfh vkyfief;pOfwGif tm;enf;csufrsm; &SdaeaMumif;udk odomaponf/67 jrefrmYausmuf
rsufOya'wGif vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk azmfjyxm;NyD; ykdí tao;pdwfudk ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf
65 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 EITI tpD&ifcHpm
66 tcGefay;oGif;rIudk 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf EITI tpD&ifcHpmay:wGif tajccHxm;yg
onf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJ ta&mif;yrmPrSm NRGI okdY MGE rS wkduf½kdufxkwfjyefay;rIay:wGif
tajccHygonf/ a&mif;cs&orQ ausmufrsm;udk 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif aiGtaMu
acsjcif; r&Sdyg/ tcsdKUaom ukefonfrsm;onf ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif jzpfxm;onfh yGJrsm;udk
zsufavY&Sdonf/
67 ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm; wefzkd;jzwf&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\ qef;jym;pkHvifonfh ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m
t&nftaoG; (taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh aps;trsdK;rsdK; ajymif;vJEdkifonf? ausmufrsuf wpfckESifh
wpfckMum; EdIif;,SOfjy&ef cufcJonf) ESifh okdodyfonfh aps;uGufoabmwkdYaMumifh (tvsiftjref
ajymif;vJaeonf/ 0,folpdwfBudKuf ypönf;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifrI tm;enf;onf) wrlxl;onfh
tcuftcJrsm; &ifqkdif&onf/ &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfwGif enf;ynmykdif;t& ½IyfaxG;jcif;? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
tBudKufrwljcif;wkdY &Sdaejcif;aMumifh ukd,fusdK;&SmrIrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/ ,if;tcsufonf
EdkifiHawmf\ tcGefb@m &&SdrIudk twm;tqD; jzpfaponf/ “Chapter 4: Improving valuation processes” in Shortell & Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector (2017) ukdMunfhyg/
ykH 6/
ausmufrsufjyyGJ
a&mif;cs&rI yrmP
(tar&duefa':vm
oef;aygif;) ESifh
ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;
xkwfvkyfrItcGef
ay;oGif;rI EdIif;,SOfcsuf
2014^15 ESifh 2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf66
24
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
t½kdif;wkH;rsm; wefzkd;jzwfjcif;ESifh tcGefaumuf,ljcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ (MGE u xkwfjyefxm;onfh vkyfief;pOf) rnfokdYyif qkdapumrI vufawGUwGif tmPmykdifrsm;onf
vrf;nTefcsuf\ t"du tpdwftykdif;rsm;udk vkdovdk usifhokH;NyD; tjcm; jyXmef;csufrsm;udk
vspfvsL½Ixm;onf/
vkyfief;pOf owfrSwfcsufrsm; (procedures) t& ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmfcGifh
vkdifpif&xm;olrsm;onf xGuf&SdorQ tm;vkH;udk a'owGif; &mjzwftzGJUokdY owif;ydkY&rnf jzpf
onf/ a'owGif; &mjzwftzGJUrsm;onf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf t"du xkwfvkyf&m c½kdif
rsm;wGif ½kH;xkdifonf/68 &mjzwftzGJUwGif tenf;qkH; tzGJU0if 9 OD; yg0ifonf/69 MGE rS OuúX
ESifh t&m&Sd 2 OD;? jynfe,f^wkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh a'ocH tpkd;&rS ukd,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;? vkyfief;&Sif
ukd,fpm;vS,f 3 OD;wkdY jzpfonf/70 MGE apmifhMunfha&;tzGJUudk ausmufpdrf;^ausmufrsuf
uRrf;usifol 2 OD;? pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sif 2 OD;? MGE onf ukd,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;ESifh &yf&Gm
acgif;aqmifwpfOD; yg0ifNyD; wwd, tiftm;pktjzpf apmifhMunhfa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf
jyKvkyfEdkifonf/71 okdYaomfvnf; ,if;uJhokdY pkzGJUaqmif&GufrIudk 2017 a&SUwGif ykHrSef aqmif&Guf
jcif; r&Sdyg/
MGE tzGJU0ifrsm; a&G;cs,fjcif;? &mjzwftzGJU zGJUpnf;ykH? vkyfief;ESifh wm0efrsm; tajymif;tvJ
vkyf&ef vkyfykdifcGifh&Sdonf/72 vuf&Sd &mjzwftzGJUrsm;\ zGJUpnf;ykHonf vkyfief;pOfwGif azmfjyxm;
csufESifh tenf;i,f uGJxGufaeonf/73 &mjzwfvkyfief; aqmif&GufaepOf tzGJU0ifrsm; tm;vkH;
&Sdae&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif; r&Sdyg/74 tcsdKUaom &mjzwftzGJUrsm;wGif jrefrmYausmufrsufvkyfief;rS
ukd,fpm;vS,ftcsdKUom yg0ifvsuf aqmif&GufaeMuonfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf[k od&onf/75
&mjzwftzGJUwGif yg0ifonfh jrefrmYausmufrsufvkyfief;rS t&m&Sdrsm;onf ausmufrsufynmwGif
uRrf;usifMuavY&Sdonf/ tpkd;&ykdif;ESifh &yf&Gmukd,fpm;vS,frsm;wGif ,if;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ,SOfEdkif
onfh ynmt&nftcsif; &Sdr&Sdudk twdtus rod&yg/ ausmufrsufESifh ausmufpdrf;wefzkd;jzwfonfh
bkwftzGJU0ifrsm;wGif &Sdxm;&rnfh t&nftaoG;rsm;udk vkyfief;pOfwGif tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;
onf/76 rnfokdYyifjzpfap ausmufpdrf;udk rjzwfawmufrDESifh^okdYr[kwf tay:,HvTm cGmcsjcif;rjyKrD
&mjzwfapjcif;onf &mjzwftzGJU0ifrsm; wefzkd;rSefuefpGm rSef;qEdkifrIudk avsmhusaponf/ tcsdKU
aom &mjzwftzGJUrsm;onf tav;csdefay: rlwnfum tedrfhqkH; ausmuft&nftaoG; aps;EIef;
jzifh owfrSwfonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;onfvnf; wefzkd;tedrfhjzifh &mjzwfcH&eftwGuf t&nftaoG;edrhf
ausmufrsm;udk &nf&G,fcsufjzifh xnfhoGif;onf/
68 &mjzwfvkyfief;pOf tykd'f 44 udkMunfhyg/ vuf&Sd vkyfief;aqmif&Gufaeonfh &mjzwftzGJU 12 zGJU
&Sdonf/ Emma Irwin, Myanmar EITI Gemstone Scoping Study (Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: 2016) udkMunfhyg/
69 &mjzwfvkyfief;pOf tykd'f 19 ukdMunfhyg/
70 Id. at Art. 46. (tykd'f 46)
71 Id. at Art. 85. (tykd'f 85) wwd, Mum;aetzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf oufqkdif&m NrdKUe,frS
&yf&Gmacgif;aqmif? oufqkdif&m NrdKUe,frS a&G;cs,fxm;onfh ausmufpdrf;^ausmufrsuf uRrf;usifol?
MGE rS txl; ukd,fpm;vS,f? jyify ausmufpdrf;^ausmufrsuf uRrf;usifol ESifh
ausmufpdrf;^ausmufrsufvkyfief;&Sif 2 OD; yg0ifonf/ okdYaomfvnf; tzGJU0ifrsm;udk rnfonfhtcsdef
rnfuJhokdY a&G;cs,fonfudk rod&yg/
72 tykd'f 21 - 22? 24/ MGE onf &mjzwfvkyfief;pOf wpfckvkH;wGif wm0ef&Sdol jzpfaomfvnf;
tcGef ay;oGif;rIrsm;udk owÅKwGif; OD;pD;Xmeu aumuf,lonf/ ygrpf&,lxm;olrsm;onf
ay;oGif;&rnfh tcGefrsm;udk jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&;bPfodkY ay;oGif;&onf/ vkyfief;pOfwGif
azmfjyxm;csuft& ukrÜPDrsm; onf BuD;MuyfcESifh &mjzwfcudk MGE okdY ay;oGif;&rnf[k yg&Sdonf/
,if;tcaMu;aiGrsm; wGufcsuf aumuf,lykH pDrHykHrsm;udk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&SdouJhokdY
&&Sdvmonfrsm;udkvnf; (&Sdygu) EITI tpD&ifcHpm okdY wifjyjcif; r&Sdyg/
73 Irwin, Gemstone Scoping Study (2016) at 41-42.74 &mjzwfvkyfief;pOf tykdf'f 32 (enf;Oya' 34 *) Valuation Procedures, Art. 32 (Rule 34c).75 Irwin, Gemstone Scoping Study (2016) at 39.76 &mjzwfvkyfief;pOf tykd'f 48 (Valuation Procedures, Art. 48)
25
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
ppfaq;rIrsm; jyKvkyfNyD;ygu wl;azmfcGifh &xm;olESifh &mjzwftzGJU0if tm;vkH;onf ¤if;wkdY cefYrSef;
xm;onfh &mjzwfwefzkd;udk OuúXxHokdY vQdKU0Sufwifjy&onf/ OuúX\ qkH;jzwfcsufonf twnf
jzpfNyD; ¤if;qkH;jzwfonfh wefaMu;onf tedrfhqkH; tajccHaps;atmuf ra&muf&ef vkdonf/77
vuf&Sd vkyfief;pOft& &mjzwfaumfrwD OuúXtaejzifh tzGJU0ifrsm; wifjyvmonfh tjrifhqkH;
okdYr[kwf tv,ftvwf wefzkd;udk vufcH&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;ay;jcif; r&Sdyg/ vufawGU
aqmif&GufonfhtcgwGifrl &mjzwfvkyfief;tzGJUonf pHEIef;ay:wGifom tajccHum wefzkd;jzwfMu
onf/ ausmuf\ wefzkd;rSefudk qef;ppfrnfhtpm; tav;csdefay:wGif rlwnfum wefzkd;jzwfonf/78
&mjzwfvkyfief;udk vGwfvyfonfh? enf;ynmykdif; uRrf;usifonfh tzGJUrsm;u jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;
r&Sdyg/ ygrpf&oltaejzifh &mjzwftzGJU qkH;jzwfcsufudk apm'u wufvkdygu A[kdausmufrsuf
BuD;Muyfa&;aumfrwD Central Gemstone Supervisory Committee (CGSC) okdY t,lcH
0ifEdkifonf/ CGSC \ zGJUpnf;ykHudk 1995 ausmufrsufOya'wGif oabmtm;jzifh azmfjyxm;
onf/ oufqkdif&m tpkd;&XmerS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ausmufrsuf uRrf;usifol MGJEA79 rS
ukd,fpm;vS,f 3 OD; yg0ifvsuf zGJUpnf;&rnf[k 2016 ausmufrsufOya' jyifqifcsufwGif azmf
jyxm;onf/ vufawGUwGif A[kdausmufrsufBuD;Muyfa&; aumfrwD rnfokdY aqmif&Gufaeonfudk
&Sif;vif;pGm rod&yg/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf &mjzwfwefzkd;rsm; qkH;jzwf&mwGif rnfonfh
vkyfief;pOfudk tajccHonfudkvnf; &Sif;vif;pGm rod&yg/
(C) a&mif;cs&rIwGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;
w&m;0ifrItckdifrmqkH; tcGefaumuf,lEdkifaom ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufa&mif;csrIudk ausmuf
rsufjyyGJrsm;wGif jyKvkyfonf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJ A[kdaumfrwDu aejynfawmfwGif wpfESpf 2
Budrf jyKvkyfonf/ 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ukrÜPDrsm;onf ausmufpdrf;a':vm 1 .2
bDvD,HESifh ausmufrsuf a':vm 11 oef;zkd;cefY a&mif;cscJY&onf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif
ausmufpdrf; a':vm 685 oef;ESifh ausmufrsuf a':vm 7 oef;zkd; a&mif;cscJY&onf/80 ausmuf
pdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrS tcGef&&ef tpkd;&onf ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;ay:wGif tBuD;tus,f rSDckdae
77 tykd'f 52 - 63
78 2016 - 18 twGif; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufpdrf;ukrÜPD ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ar;jref;rIay:wGif
tajccHygonf/
79 jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' 'kwd,tBudrf jyifqifcsuf (2016) tykd'f 34
80 ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&onf[k w&m;0if xkwfjyefonfh wefzkd;onf trSefwu,f a&mif;cs?
tcGefaumuf,lEdkifonfh yrmPxuf ykdavY&Sdonf/ 2011 rS 2015 twGif; 0,folESifh yPmr
&&Sdxm;onfh oabmwlnDcsufrsm; rMumcP ysufjy,favY&Sdonf/ ,if;umvtwGif; ausmufrsuf
jyyGJrsm;wGif jzpfay:cJYonfh ta&mif;\ 50 &mckdifEIef;omvQif aiGtaMu &onf/
t&nftaoG;jrifhonfh ausmufrsm; yGJysufrIrSm ykdírsm;onf/ yGJysufoGm;onfh ausmufrsm;onf
trSefwu,f aiGacsyGJjzpfonfh ausmufrsm;xuf uDvkdtvkduf aps;EIef; 50 &mckdifEIef;cefY ykdrsm;onf/
yGJysuf&jcif; taMumif;&if;cHrsm; &Sif;vif;rI r&Sdaomfvnf; jzpfEdkifacs ,lqcsuf trsm;tjym; &Sdonf/
jzpfEdkifacswpfckrSm w½kwfyGJpm;rsm; onf &EdkiforQ ausmufrsm;udk pnf;xm;NyD;?
0,folrawGUonfhtcgwGif yGJzsufjcif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfEdkif onf/ ukrÜPDrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY w&m;r0if
&&dSxm;onfh ausmufpdrf;rsm;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJ wifjcif; jzifh w&m;0ifjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufjcif;
odkYr[kwf ausmufrsufjyyGJ jyifywGif a&mif;cs&ef &nf&G,fxm; jcif;wkdY jzpfEdkifaMumif;
tcsuftvufrsm;t& odEdkifonf/ usefcJYonfhESpfrSpNyD; MGE onf ausmufpdrf;wGJrsm;twGuf
p&HaiGudk wefzkd;\ 5 &mckdifEIef; wkd;jr§ifhum? aiGtaMu racsolrsm;udk emrnfysufpm&if; oGif;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfcJYonf/ xkdokdY aqmif&Gufjcif;aMumifh aiGracsyJ ysufoGm;onfh yGJEIef; avsmhusoGm;onf/ 2016
ESpfvnfwGif jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufwefzkd; 88 &mckdifEIef;udk
&&SdcJYonf/
26
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
&onf/81 EITI tcsuftvufrsm;t& 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif &&Sdonfh
tcGef 70 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif aumuf,ljcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
rnfokdYyifqkdapumrI tcGefaumuf,lEdkifonfh cGifusOf;usOf;wGif tifwkduftm;wkduf aumuf,l
ae&onfom jzpfonf/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm; tm;vkH;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJrSwqifh
a&mif;cs&rnf[k 2016 rwkdifrDxd w&m;0if owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; ta&mif;t0,f trsm;pk
udk arSmifckd okdYr[kwf vufwpfvkH;jcm; vrf;aMumif;rS a&mif;0,fMuonf/ ,ckpmwrf; jyKpkpOf
ar;jref;cJYonfh pwdwf[kd'g trsm;pku ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;cscJYonfh wefzkd;onf ausmuf
pdrf;u@ pkpkaygif; wefzkd;\ 15 rS 25 &mcdkifEIef;cefYom &Sdonf[k ajymonf/82 ausmufrsufjyyGJ
wGif a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufrsufwefzkd; yrmPonf vkyfief;vnfywfwefzkd;ESifh,SOfvsif rajym
yavmufonfh yrmPom jzpfonf/
ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm; rpnfum;&onfh taMumif;&if; 2 ckudk ,cktcef;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(1) w&m;0if usif;yonfh ta&mif;yGJrsm; ta&twGuf? pGrf;aqmif&nf avsmhenf;aeqJjzpfonf/
(2) tpkd;&onf ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif jzpfonfh ta&mif;t0,fudk rBuHKzl;atmif jrifhrm;onfh EIef;
xm;jzifh tcGefaumufcHonf/ ukrÜPDrsm;onf w½kwf? tdE´d,ESifh xkdif;EdkifiHwkdYwGif tvm;wl
aps;EIef;udk oufomonfh tcGefEIef;xm;jzifh oGm;a&muf a&mif;csEdkifonf/83
ausmufrsufjyyGJ jyKvkyfonfh twkdif;twm avsmhusvmjcif;aMumifh w&m;0if ausmufpdfrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufa&mif;csrI ododomom avsmhusvmonf/ 2012 ta&SUykdif;wGif tpkd;&u OD;pD;NyD;
wpfESpfvQif ausmufrsufjyyGJ tBudrfBudrf jyKvkyfonf/ ESpfpOf ausmufpdrf;wefcsdef 12000 rS
21000 Mum; aps;uGufwifonf/84 aemufqkH; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ESpfrsm;wGifrI wefcsdef 4000 rS
7000 twGif;om a&mif;csEdkifonf/ w&m;0if xkwfvkyfrI yrmPESifh ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif jyo
onfh yrmP rndDrQrIonf us,fjyefYvmcJYonf/ 2014 rS 2016 twGif; ESpfpOf uGm[csufrSm
72 &mckdifEIef;ESifh 88 &mckdifEIef;Mum; &Sdonf/85
81 arSmifckdaps;uGufokdY a&mufoGm;&ef wGef;tm;jzpfapjcif;? wefzkd;jrifh xkwfukeftjzpf ajymif;vJrIudk
twm;tqD; jzpfapaomaMumifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrI r[kwfyJ a&mif;cs&rIay:wGif tcGGef
aumufcHjcif;udk awGUcJonf/ “Chapter 5: Supporting beneficiation” in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector. udkMunfhyg/
82 tjcm;aom pm&if;rsm;ESifh ukdufnDrI &Sdygonf/ Global Witness rS jyKvkyfonfh pm&if;rsm;t&
avsmhaygh pm&if;jyonfh ausmufpdrf;wefzkd; yrmPrSm xkwfvkyfrI\ 80 &mckdifEIef; &Sdonf/
tvm;wlyif MEITI rS u@wefzkd; wGufcsufcJY&m xkwfvkyfrI 70 &mckdifEIef;eD;yg;udk pm&if;jycJYjcif;
r&SdaMumif; cefYrSef;xm;onf/
83 2016 - 18 twGif; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufpdrf;ukrÜPD ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ar;jref;rIay:wGif
tajccHygonf/
84 A[kdpm&if;tif; tzGJUrS xkwfjyefxm;onfh tcsuftvuf (mmsis.gov.mm) MGE rS NRGI okdY
ay;onfh tcsuftvufay:wGif tajccHygonf/
85 Ibid.
ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
a&mif;cs&onfh
ausmufrsufwefzkd;
yrmPonf
vkyfief;vnfywf
wefzkd;ESifh,SOfvsif
rajymyavmufonfh
yrmPom jzpfonf
27
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
2011
48Budrf
2011
txl;
2011
ESpfvnf
2012
49Budrf
2013
50Budrf
2014
51Budrf
2015
52Budrf
2016
53Budrf
2016
ESpfvnf
■ xkwfjyefonfh a&mif;csrI ■ trSefwu,f a&mif;csrI
0
10
20
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pkpkaygif; a&mif;csrIwGif JV \ % pkpkaygif; ay;acsrIwGif JV \ %
pkpkaygif; a&mif;csrIwGif yk*¾vdu\ % pkpkaygif; ay;acsrIwGif yk*¾vdu\ %
2011
48Budrf
2011
txl;
2011
ESpfvnf
2012
49Budrf
2013
50Budrf
2014
51Budrf
2015
52Budrf
2016
53Budrf
2016
ESpfvnf
a&mif;vkdtm;udk xdef;odrf;vkdufjcif;jzifh ¤if;\ zufpyfausmuftwGuf avvHaps;rsm; jrifhwuf
vmrnf[k MGE ,kHMunfojzifh ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;csrIrsm; avsmhcsjcif; jzpfonf[k
tmPmykdifrsm;u axmufjyonf/88 okdYaomfvnf; aps;uGufay: ¤if;\ oufa&mufrIrSm r&Sd
oavmuf jzpfonf/89 ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;udk uefYowfvkdufjcif;aMumifh yk*¾vdu 0,fa&mif;rsm;
w&m;0if a&mif;csrIudk tBuD;tus,f avsmhenf;oGm;apcJYonf/ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;\ a&mif;cs
rIonfvnf; 2011 ckESpf ausmufrsufjyyGJ pkpkaygif; a&mif;cs&rI\ 70 &mckdifEIef;cefY a&mif;csEdkif&m
rS 2016 wGif 40 &mckdifEIef; 0ef;usifokdY avsmhusoGm;onf/90
86 MGE rS NRGI odkY wkduf½kduf xkwfjyefay;onfh tcsuftvufay:wGif tajccHygonf/ usyfaiGjzifh
a&mif;csonfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwefzkd;rsm;udk xnfhoGif;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ usyfaiGjzifh
a&mif;cs&rIonf ausmufrsufjyyGJ a&mif;cs&rI\ tvGefenf;onfh tpdwftykdif;rQom jzpfygonf/
a&mif;cs&onf[k aMunmxm;onfh wefzkd;ESifhywfoufNyD; atmufajcrSwfpk 79 udkMunfhyg/
87 MGE rS NRGI odkY wkduf½kduf xkwfjyefay;onfh tcsuftvufay:wGif tajccHygonf/
88 MGE tcsuftvufay:wGif tajccHygonf/ 2018 ZGefv/
89 Because the emporium accounts for a fraction of total jade and gemstone supply by volume and value, modifications to emporium size are unlikely to have a determinative impact. As a practical matter, emporium price levels documented by MGE do not appear to have changed significantly over recent years.
90 MGE rS NRGI odkY wkduf½kduf xkwfjyefay;onfh tcsuftvufay:wGif tajccHygonf/
ykH 7/
ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
,l½kdjzifh t"du
a&mif;cscJYonfh
ausmufpdrf; a&mif;cs&rI
(tar&duef a':vm)
2011 - 201686
ykH 8/
tusdK;wl zufpyfESifh
yk*¾vdu a&mif;cs&rI
a0pk &mckdifEIef;
2011 - 201687
28
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif tcGefEIef;xm; jrifhrm;jcif;uvnf; ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm;udk arSmifckd
a&mif;cs&ef tm;ay;ouJhokdY jzpfaeonf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf a&SUykdif;wGif 1995 jrefrmY
ausmufrsufOya' tykd'f 27 ESifh 31 t& wGif;0cGefay;NyD;onfh ausmufrsm;udk ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
a&mif;csygu ukefoG,fcGefrS uif;vGwfcGifh ay;cJYonf/ uif;vGwfcGifhudk ½kwfodrf;vkdufjcif;aMumifh
t½kdif;wkH;rsm; a&mif;csygu pkpkaygif;wefzkd;\ 15 rS 20 &mckdifEIef;txdudk ukefoG,fcGeftjzpf
aumuf,lonf/91 tusdK;wlrsm;twGufrl MGE okdY xkwfvkyfrIa0pktjzpf 25 &mckdifEIef;tjyif
ukefoG,fcGefudkyg xyfrHay;oGif;&onf/ acgif;pOftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh aumuf,lonf jzpfaomaMumifh
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufrsufjyyGJ ta&mif;rS tpkd;& aumuf,lonfh tcGefpkpkaygif;
yrmPonf a&mif;&aiG\ 15 rS 45 &mckdifEIef; &Sdonf/
ukefusp&dwf ay;oGif;&rI rsm;jym;onhfwkdifatmif ausmufrsufjyyGJ ta&mif;rS cHpm;&onfh
tusdK;tjrwfrSm tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/ ausmufpdrf;wGJrsm;udk avvHjzifh a&mif;csjcif;onf
a&mif;csol\ tjrwftpGef; &&SdrIudk jrifhwufaponf/ txl;ojzifh t&nftaoG;jrifhonfh
ausmufpdrf;rsm;wGif jzpfonf/ okdYaomfvnf; tcGefudpö xnfhoGif;wGufcsufrnfqkdygu w½kwf
okdY arSmifckd a&mif;csjcif;onfvnf; tvm;wl tjrwf odkYr[kwf ydkí tjrwfxGufonf/92
ausmufrsufrsm;onf EdkifiHwum 0,fvuf tenf;i,fudkom qGJaqmifEdkifonf/ ausmufrsuf
jyyGJwGifvnf; tNydKiftqkdif aps;ay;a&mif;csrI enf;onf/ xkdYaMumifh t&nftaoG;jrifh ausmuf
rsm; tm;vkH;eD;yg;onf arSmifckdaps;uGufokdY a&mufoGm;onf/ jrefrmYywÅjrm;udk jzwfawmuf?
ta&mifwifNyD;ygu ,l½kd 300 rS 3000 (okdYr[kwf t½kdif;wkH;qkdygu ,l½kd 100 rS 1000) txd
a&mif;csEdkifaomfvnf; 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;csonfh
ausmufrsufrsm;rSm wum&ufvQif 4 rS 6 ,l½kdom &Sdonf/93
(i) tjrwftpGef;ay: tcGefaumufjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ukrÜPDrsm;\ tom;wif 0ifaiGay:wGif 25 &mckdifEIef;udk wpfajy;nD aumuf,l
aomfvnf; vkyfief; tjrwftpGef;rS tcGef tajrmuftrsm; azmfxkwfEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/ tcGefr&jcif;
rSm (1) ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;udk 1995 rS 2014 xd uif;vGwfcGifh ay;xm;jcif;
(2) tcGefa&SmifrIudk tpkd;&taejzifh azmfxkwfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/
1995 rS 2014 xd ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;onf 1995 ausmufrsufOya'
tykd'f 27 t& vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefrS uif;vGwfcGifh &Muonf/ tykd'fcGJ (c) wGif owfrSwfxm;onfh
xkwfvkyfrItcGef ay;oGif;NyD;ygu ausmufrsufa&mif;cs&mwGif tjcm; tcGefowfrSwfcsufrsm;rS
uif;vGwfcGifh &Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ tvm;wlyif yk'fr 31 t& EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifh a&mif;&cGef
10 &mckdifEIef; ay;oGif;NyD;onfrsm;udk tjcm;tcGefrsm; aumuf,ljcif;rS tumtuG,f ay;xm;
onf/ 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm; ykdvQHonfh avmifpm
rsm; a&mif;csjcif;rS&&Sdonfh tjrwfay:wGif tajccHum vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefudk ay;tyfcJYjcif;jzpfonf/94
jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'udk avsmh&JpGm t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdjcif;udk taMumif;jyum ukrÜPDrsm;onf
vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefudk ay;oGif;Mujcif; r&Sdyg/ tykd'f 27 ESifh 31 wGif azmfjyxm;onfh ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufrsm; a&mif;cs&rIESifhqkdifonfh tcGefrsm;[k qkd&mwGif ausmufpdrf; okdYr[kwf ausmuf
rsufa&mif;csrIay: tajccHonfh wGufcsufrIudk qkdvkdonf/ ta&mif;ay:wGif aumuf,ljcif;r[kwfyJ
ukrÜPD\ tom;wif 0ifaiGay: wGufcsufaumufcHonfh vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef uif;vGwfcGifhay;rnf[k
91 See note 13.92 2016 - 18 twGif; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufpdrf;ukrÜPD ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh ar;jref;rIay:wGif
tajccHygonf/
93 ta&mifwifxm;onfh ausmufrsufqkdif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk Irwin, Gemstone Scoping Study ESifh 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf EITI tpD&ifcHpmay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/
94 jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;XmeESifh aqG;aEG;rIay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/ 2018 ZGef/
29
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
t"dyÜg,foufa&mufjcif; r&Sdyg/
ukrÜPDrsm;udk xda&mufpGm pm&if;ppfEdkifpGrf; tpdk;&wGif r&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh pm&if;&Sif;wrf;
twkty jyKvkyfum tcGefa&SmifrI jzpfay:&ef tvGefvG,fulonf/ 0ifaiGrsm;udk avsmhazmfjyNyD;?
ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk tykd azmfjyxm;jcif;tm;jzifh tcGefa&Smif&ef enf;rsdK;pkHudk tokH;jyKEdkifonf/
omref vufwvkH;jcm; enf;rsm;tjyif tjrwftpGef;rsm;udk vTJajymif;xm;&ef okdYr[kwf 0Sufxm;
&ef [efjyukrÜPDrsm;udk tokH;jyKEdkifonf/95 jynfwGif;ukrÜPDu EdkifiHjcm;wGif zGifhxm;onfh
ukrÜPDukd aps;uGufaygufaps;ESifh ,SOfvQif tvGefoufomonfh EIef;jzifh ukefpnfrsm; a&mif;cs
ay;onfh n§dEdIif;a&mifcsrI (transfer pricing) udkvnf; tokH;jyKEdkifonf/96
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf tpykdif;wGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh vkyfief;
0ifaiGcGefrsm; ay;oGif;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; trSefwu,f ay;oGif;rIrSm rqkdpavmufom &Sdonf/
EITI tcsuftvuft& jrefrmukrÜPDrsm;\ pkpkaygif; ay;oGif;rIrSm usyfaiG 6 .1 bDvD,H
(a':vm 4 .3 oef;) &Sdonf/97 EdIif;,SOfrnfqkdygu rkdZrfbpfrS Montepuez tBuD;pm; ywÅjrm;
wl;azmfa&; pDrHudef;onf 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf 1 ESpfwnf;rSmyif a':vm 21 .7 oef;
(MZN 1 .36 bDvD,H) ay;oGif;cJYonf/98 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef ay;cJY
onfh ukrÜPDrsm;\ ay;oGif;rIrSm ysrf;rQtm;jzifh MunfhvQif ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif ¤if;wkdY a&mif;cs
cJYonfh yrmP\ 1 .5 &mckdifEIef;om &Sdonf/
(p) pm&if;ppfjcif;ESifh Oya'usifhokH; toufoGif;jcif;
w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&; tm;aumif;atmif aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&SdcJYojzifh ausmufpdfrf;ESifh ausmuf
rsufvkyfief;wGif pnf;vGwfabmifvGwf aqmif&GufrIrsm; &SdcJYonf/ jrefrmYausmufrsuf Oya'wGif
usL;vGefrIrsm;twGuf axmif'PfESifh aiG'Pfrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onf/ w&m;0if vkyfuGufjyify
wl;azmfjcif;? w&m;0if vkyfuGuftwGif; arSmifckd wl;azmfjcif;? xkwfvkyfrI yrmP owif;rydkYjcif;
okdYr[kwf vDq,f owif;ydkYjcif;? ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf w&m;r0if o,f,lykdYaqmifjcif;?
a&mif;csjcif; okdYr[kwf jynfyykdYjcif;rsm; tygt0if udpörsm;twGuf jypf'Pfrsm; owfrSwfxm;
onf/99 xkdYjyif MGE tusdK;wlzufpyf oabmwlnDcsufwGif MGE okdYr[kwf MoNREC rS
wm0efay;xm;onfh tzGJUonf xkwfvkyfrI? odrf;qnf;rI rSwfwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;EdkifcGifh &Sdonf
[k azmfjyxm;onf/ xkdYaemuf vkdtyfcsuft& MGE onf jyifypm&if;ppfrsm;udk cefYxm;NyD;
ukrÜPDpm&if;udk ppfaq;Edkifonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ oufqkdif&m Oya'rsm;ESifh pmcsKyfygtcsuf
tvufrsm;udk ykHrSef? tBuD;tus,f csdK;azmufonfjzpfaomfvnf; oufqkdif&m 0efBuD;Xmersm;ESifh
Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; tmPmykdifrsm;taejzifh pkHprf;ppfaq;&ef? tpD&ifcH&ef? jypf'PfcsrSwf&ef ysufuGuf
cJYonf/
pnf;rsOf;csdK;azmufolrsm;ukd tjypfay;&mwGif &ifqkdif&onfh tcuftcJrsm;rSm (1) tpkd;&taejzifh
ukrÜPD\ pm&if;rsm;udk &,l? pm&if;ppfEdkifpGrf; r&Sdjcif; (2) pmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm; csdK;azmuf
95 ukrÜPD zGJUpnf;ykHudk tokH;csNyD; ukrÜPDrsm; tcGefa&SmifMuykH tao;pdwfudk Aaron Sayne, Erica Westenberg and Amir Shafaie, Owning Up: Options for Disclosing the Identities of Beneficial Owners of Extractive Companies (Natural Resource Governance Institute: August 2015) wGif MunfhEdkifygonf/
96 Natural Resource Governance Institute, Transfer Pricing in the Mining Sector: Preventing Loss of Income Tax Revenue (August 2016) ukdMunfhyg/
97 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf EITI tpD&ifcHpmay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/
98 Mozambique Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, Final Report of the Independent Administrator of EITI in Mozambique (February 2018) (EITI rkdZrfbpf
vGwfvyfaom twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJU\ aemufqkH; tpD&ifcHpm)
99 ,ckpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcGefa&SmifrI ykHpHrsm;twGuf wdusonfh jypf'Pfrsm; csrSwfxm;jcif;
r&Sdyg/
w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;
tm;aumif;atmif
aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;
r&SdcJYojzifh
ausmufpdfrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufvkyfief;wGif
pnf;vGwfabmifvGwf
aqmif&GufrIrsm; &SdcJYonf
30
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
jcif; okdYr[kwf wkdifMum;rI ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf &Sif;vif;? tvkyfjzpfaom vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; r&Sd
jcif; (3) ppfwyfrS t&yfbuf Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; tmPmykdifrsm;ay:wGif vTrf;rkd; MoZmay;aerIwkdY
jzpfonf/
pkHprf;ppfaq;rIESifh qkdifNyD; tpkd;&\ vkyfykdifcGifhrSmvnf; tuefYtowff &Sdonf/ MGE okdYr[kwf
tusdK;wl zufpyfrsm;udk pm&if;ppf&eftwGuf pm&if;ppfcsKyf½kH;wGif vkHavmufonfh tcsuftvuf
rsm; r&&SdouJhokdY ,if; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udkvnf; xkwfjyefavYr&Sdyg/100 MoPF okdYr[kwf tjcm;
tpkd;& tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u b@ma&;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;rsm; pkHprf;jcif;udk vuf&Sd bPfOya't&
umuG,fay;xm;onf/101
Oya'usifhokH;rIqkdif&m tmPm? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rSmvnf; jywfom;rI r&Sdyg/ jrefrmYausmufrsuf
Oya't& pkHprf;ppfaq;a&; wm0efrsm;udk owÅKwGif;OD;pD;XmeokdY ay;tyfxm;onfjzpfaomfvnf;
vufawGUwGifrl MGE uom trsm;pk aqmif&Gufaeonf/ oufaopkaqmif;jcif;? wkdifMum;rI
rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnD aqmif&Gufjcif;? &J? pm&if;ppfcsKyf½kH; okdYr[kwf tjcm; Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;okdY vTJajymif;ay;jcif;rsm;ESifh qkdifonfh pHEIef;rsm;udk rnfonfhXmeurS azmfxkwfxm;jcif;
r&Sdyg/
aemufqkH;taejzifh t&yfbuf w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;rI aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufxkwfvkyf&m a'otrsm;pkwGif w&m;0ifozG,f &Sdaeonfh wyfrawmf\ xdef;csKyf
xm;rIESifh xdyfwkduf &ifqkdifaeMu&onf/ wyfrawmf xdef;csKyfrIonf tcsKdUaom udpörsm;wGif
tpkd;&\ pkHprf;ppfaq;rIudk taxmuftul jzpfapaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh tusifhysuf vmbf
pm;rIudkom jzpfaponf/ wyfrawmf\ EdkifiHa&;tmPmuvnf; ¤if;udk a0zefjcif;rsm;rS ouf
omaeaponf/ vlajymtrsm;qkH; Oyrmtaejzifh OD;odef;pdef tpkd;&vufxufwGif wm0efxrf;
aqmifcJYonfh wyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm; ckd;onf[k pGyfpGJxm;onfh ausmufrsuf &efykHaiG a':vmoef;
aygif;rsm;pGmESifhywfoufNyD; MoNREC ESifh vmbfpm;rIwkdufzsufa&; aumfrwDwkdYrS wpfpkHwpf&m
xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/102
100 pm&if;ppfcsKyf½kH;rS pnf;a0; tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHygonf/ 2017 ar/
101 jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;XmeESifh aqG;aEG;rIay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/ 2018 ZGef/
102 pGyfpGJrIrsm;udk pkHprf;&eftwGuf 2016 ESpfvnfwGif MoNREC BuD;MuyfrIjzifh txl;aumfrwDwpf&yf
zGJUpnf;cJYaomfvnf; 2 ESpfwmtwGif; trsm;jynfolrsm;udk pkHprf;rI &v'fESifhqkdfifNyD; xkwfjyefrI wpfpkH
wpf&m rjyKvkyfcJYyg/ NRGI rS ar;jref;cJYonfh tcsdKUaom pwdwf[kd'grsm;onf ¤if;pkHprf;ppfaq;rIrSm
vkyfZwfjzpfonf[k xkwfazmfajymcJYonf/
31
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
4/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;
vGefcJYonfh q,fpkeSpfrsm;twGif; rkdif;wl;azmfjcif;onf jrefrmYtzkd;wef ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmuf
rsufrsm;udk vsifjrefaomEIef;jzifh ukefqkH;apcJYonf/ tpkd;&taejzifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfcJYonfh
o,HZmw wefaMu;ESifh,SOfvQif tvGefenf;onfh tcGefudkom &&SdcJYNyD;? wGif;xGufrsm; wl;azmf
jcif;rS jynfolrsm; tusdK;cHpm;cGifh r&&SdcJYay/ NLD tpkd;&vufxufwGif aqmif&GufcJYonfh jyK
jyifajymif;vJa&;rsm;onf tBuD;tus,f ysHUESHYaeonfh tcGefa&Smifwdrf;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkifatmif
xda&mufrI r&SdcJYyg/ vuf&Sd tmPm& tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;onfvnf; ¤if;\ oufwrf; 5 ESpf
wpf0ufudk ausmfcJYNyDjzpf&m jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;rSm avsmhusvsuf &Sdonf/
2020 jynfhESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf tcGefaumuf,ljcif; jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif
onfh vrf;pOfrsm;udk ,cktcef;wGif wifjyoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ tvSrf;us,faomfvnf; jzpfEdkif
acs&Sdonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm; jzpfygonf/ tpkd;&taejzifh (1) ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmfa&;
vkyfief;pOfrsm;twGuf ½kd;&Sif; xda&mufaom? wpfajy;nDESifh rQwaom b@ma&; owfrSwfcsuf
rsm; csrSwf&ef (2) ygrpfcsxm;ay;jcif;ESifh wefzkd;jzwfjcif;twGuf yGifhvif;jrifomrI &Sd? uRrf;usifol
rsm; OD;pD;onfhpepfudk tokH;cs&ef (3) apmifhMunfhjcif;? pm&if;ppfjcif;ESifh w&m;Oya' pkd;rkd;a&;udk
wkd;csJUaqmif&Guf&efwkdYudk jyKvkyfEdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsuf csrSwfxm;&rnf/
(u) b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk okH;oyfjyifqifjcif;
ausmufpdrf;? ausmufrsuf tcGeffaumuf,ljcif;ESifhywfoufNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;0ifozG,f
usifhokH;aeonfh tavYtxrsm;onf pm&Gufpmwrf;ESifh w&m;0if xkwfjyefxm;onfh pepfESifh
wlnDrI tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/ tpkd;&onf ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif a&mif;csonfh xkwfvkyfrIa0pk
tenf;i,frQudk tvGefjrifhrm;onfh EIef;xm;jzifh aumuf,lonf/ okdYaomfvnf; ukrÜPDrsm;onf
ta&twGuf avsmhjyjcif;? wefzkd;avsmhjyjcif;ESifh vufwvkH;jcm; aqmif&Gufum tcGeftrsm;pkudk
a&Smif&Sm;Muonf/ ½IyfaxG;aom? 0efxkwf0efykd; jzpfapaom tcGefowfrSwfcsufuvnf; tcGef
avsmhusaponfh taMumif;wpfcktjzpf yg0ifaeonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif
b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; ½kd;&Sif; xda&muf? wpfajy;nD jzpfum rQwap&ef aqmif&Guf
csufrsm; yg0if&rnf/
ygrpfaMu;? wGif;0cGef? vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefrSty tjcm;tcGefrsm; aumufcHjcif;udk y,fzsufjcif;tm;jzifh
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufudk &Sif;vif;atmif aqmif&Guf&rnf/
xkwfvkyfrIrS xkdufwefonfh a0pkudk &,lEdkifjcif;? tcGefaumuf,l&mwGif BuHKawGU&onfh pDrHrI
tcuftcJrsm;udk avsmhcsay;jcif;wkdYaMumifh tusdK;tjrwfESifh qkH;½IH;rIudk rQwaponf/ yk*¾vdu
&if;ESD;jrKyfESHolrsm; qkH;½IH;Edkifacsudkvnf; avsmhcsay;onf/ (Z,m;uGuf 4 udkMunfhyg) vuf&Sdpepf
ESifh ,SOfygu tm;omcsuf rsm;pGm ay:aygufaponf/
¼ ukrÜPDrsm;udk xkwfvkyfrI avsmhayghpm&if;jy&ef okdYr[kwf oHo,jzpfzG,f tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udk
jzpfap&ef wGef;tm;ay;onfh tcGef 2 xyf? 3 xyf aumuf,lrIudk z,f&Sm;jcif; (wGif;0cGef
tjyif txl;ukefpnfcGefudkvnf; ay;oGif;&onf/ tusdK;wlzufpyfrsm;onf EdkifiHawmfa0pk
cGJa0ay;&onf/)103
¼ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf vGwfvyfpGm a&mif;0,fazmufum;EdkifrIudk twm;tqD;jzpfapNyD;?
arSmifckdaps;uGufudk tm;ay;onfh jzpfpOfjzpfaom tcGef&&Sd&ef ausmufrsufjyyGJay:wGif rSDckd
103 MGE ESihf ukrÜPDrsm;Mum;rS xkwfvkyfrI cGJa0jcif; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf orm½kd;us PSCs rsm; ESifh wlnDrI r&Sdyg/ EdkifiHawmf\ xkwfvkyfrI a0pktjzpf wGif;0cGef aumufrnfhtpm; a&mif;cs&rIay:
aumuf,lonfh wGif;0cGef tpm;xkd; tcGefaumuf,lrI jzpfaeonf/
32
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
ae&jcif;udk tqkH;owf&ef ESifh
¼ ukrÜPDrsm;taejzifh tcGefpepfay:wGif tjrwfxkwf&ef vrf;zGifhay;onfh tusdK;wlESifh?
yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;Mum; tcGefaumuf,lrIEIef; rwlonfudk avsmhcs&ef
Z,m;uGuf 4/ tcGeftrsdK;tpm;tvkduf tm;enf;csuf? tm;omcsufrsm;
xkwfvkyfrI wefzkd;ESifh eD;pyfrI pDrH&mwGif tcuftcJ? vG,fulrI yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;
twGuf qkH;½IH;Edkifacs
ygrpfaMu; enf; jrifh rsm;
wGif;0cGef rsm; tv,ftvwf tv,ftvwf
vkyfief;0ifaiGcGef tv,ftvwf enf; enf;
tcGefaumuf,lrIudk tm;avsmhaponfh tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhrsm;udk tpkd;&taejzifh a&Smif&Sm;oihf
onf/ 1995 jrefrmYausmufrsufOya' tykd'f 27 ESifh 31 udk y,fzsufjcif;uJhokdY aqmif&Gufoihf
onf/ MGE rS wGif;0cGefrsm;udk owfrSwfEIef;xm;twkdif; raumufjcif;uJYokdY pDrHykdif;qkdif&m
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rS tm;enf;csufrsm; ay:aygufvmavY&Sdonf/ tem*gwfwGif ,if;okdY aqmif&Guf
jcif;rsm; rjzpfap&ef Oya'ykdif;t& ykdí yGifhvif;pGm aqmif&Guf&ef vkdonf/ 0efBuD;Xmersm;? EdkifiH
ykdif vkyfief;rsm; csrSwfonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;\ wm0efcHrIudk taxmuftyHY jzpfap&eftwGuf
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;? vrf;nTefcsufrsm;udk tifwmeufwGif tcsdefESifhwpfajy;
nD &&SdEdkifap&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;? vrf;nTefcsuf topfrsm;twGuf BudKwifowday;? oabmxm;
&,lonfhpepfudk usifhokH;jcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&rnf/
ukrÜPDrsm;ESifh tao;pm;^vufvkyfvufpm;rsm; Mum;wGif uGJjym;onfh tcGefowfrSwfcsuf xm;
&Sd&rnf/ tcsdKUaomEdkifiHrsm;wGif tao;pm;^vufvkyfvufpm; wl;azmfolrsm;udk EIef;ao okdY
r[kwf tedrfhqkH; tcGefEIef;xm; (3 &mckdifEIef;atmuf) udk aumuf,lonf/104 0efxkwf0efykd; jzpf
aponfh EIef;xm; okdYr[kwf ½IyfaxG;onfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;onf ¤if;tpktzGJUrsm;udk Oya'ESifh
nDatmif aqmif&GufrIudk t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf/
(c) wefzkd;jzwfjcif;ESifh ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh
vkyfief;pOfudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif;
tcGefwGufcsufonfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf; tm;enf;csufudk tokH;jyKNyD; tcGefa&SmifavY &SdMuonf/
ygrpfcsxm;ay;onfh tcgwGifvnf; aps;NydKifray;yJ &atmif vmbfxkd;rIrsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/
aps;uGuf wefzkd;atmuf rwefwq enf;onfh &mjzwfowfrSwfcsuf &&ef vufrSwfxkd;rI jyK
vkyfMuonf/ tcGefa&SmifrIudk wkdufzsuf&eftwGuf vkdifpifESifh &mjzwfvkyfief;pOf 2 ckvkH; yGifh
vif;jrifomrI&Sd&ef? uRrf;usifolrsm; OD;pD;onfh pepfjzpf&ef vdktyfonf/
ygrpfcsxm;ay;&mwGifvnf; wdwfwdwfykef; aqmif&Gufonfh tay;t,lrsm;onf wif'gvkyfief;pOf
NydKifqkdifrIudk tm;avsmhapNyD;? ygrpfaMu;rS &&Sdrnfh tpkd;& 0ifaiGrsm;udk avsmhusaponf/ tcGef
0ifaiG avsmhusrIudk umuG,fEdkif&ef? ygrpfcsxm;ay;jcif; vkyfief;pOf\ ormorwfusrIudk um
uG,fEdkif&eftwGuf MoNREC onf tdwfzGifhwif'g pepfudk usifhokH;oihfonf/ ygrpf oufwrf;
wkd;&ef okdYr[kwf ygrpf&,l&ef avQmufxm;onfh tusdK;wlrsm;udkvnf; yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDrsm;enf;wl
wlnDonfh wif'gvkyfief;pOf zGifhjya&; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk vkdufemap&rnf/
104 “Chapter 3: Deciding on fiscal terms” in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector ukdMunfhyg/
33
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
jyefvnfjyKjyifa&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfrsm;\ t*wd uif;rI? wdusrIudk
tm;aumif;ap&rnf/ vuf&Sd &mjzwftzGJUrsm;ESifh CGSC zGJUpnf;ykHwGif t"du twkduftcH jzpf
aeonfh udpö 2 ck &Sdonf/ (1) vkyfief;&Sif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf ¤if;wkdY ay;oGif;&rnfh tcGef
awmfrsm;udk twkd;tavsmh oufa&mufrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ (2) MGE onf tusdK;wlzufpyf
rsm;\ wGif;0cGefudk wGufcsufonf/ ¤if;tusdK;wlwGif EdkifiHawmf\ ukd,fpm; ¤if;u tpkpyfwpfOD;
taejzifh yg0ifaeonf/
&mjzwftzGJU OuúXu owfrSwfonfh wefzkd;udk jyefvnfppfaq;jcif; r&SdrIuvnf; &mjzwfvkyfief;
wGif t*wdvdkufpm;rIrsm; jzpfay:aponf/ tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif usifhokH;aeonfh pepfrsm;uJhokdY
jrefrmtaejzifh t*wd uif; vGwfvyfonfh qef;ppfrI trsdK;rsdK; jyKvkyfNyD; tjrifhqkH; &&Sdonfh
aps;EIef;ay:wGif tcGefowfrSwfonfh pepfudk usifhokH;oifhonf/105 tpkd;&taejzifh tqifh
okdYr[kwf tjcm; ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m t&nftaoG;rsm;ay:wGif rlwnfum tedrffhqkH; ay;oGif;&rnfh
yrmPudk owfrSwfonfh pepfudk usihfokH;Edkifonf/
ppfrSefonfh wefzkd;wGufcsufrIrsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf qef;ppf wefzkd;jzwfolrsm;\ t&nftaoG;?
tao;pdwf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udkvnf; tqifhjr§ifhwifxm;&ef vkfdtyfonf/
¼ &mjzwfvkyfief; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif tokH;jyKonfh owfrSwf trsdK;tpm; cGJrIrsm;udk
wkd;csJU wif;usyfyg/
¼ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufrsm; aemufqkH;xGufaps;udk wefzkd;jzwfolrsm; od&Sdap&ef pk
aqmif; jzefYcsdxm;yg/
¼ ausmufpdrf;rsm;twGuf ygrpfukdifxm;oltaejzifh &mjzwftzGJUokdY rjyrD tay:,HvTmudk vSyf
xm;? odkYr[kwf jzwfawmufjy&ef/
¼ yPmr &mjzwf wefzkd;t,lcHrItwGuf t,lcHvkyfief;pOf tao;pdwfudk xkwfjyefyg/
¼ &mjzwfvkyfief;pOfwGif ausmufwefzkd; em;vnfonfh wwd,tiftm;pk yg0ifjcif;udk tm;
ay;&ef/
(i) apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rIudk wif;usyfjcif;
b@ma&;qkdif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm; jyifqifjcif;? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif tzdwftpifr&Sdatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;onf trSefwu,f ta&;ygonfjzpfaomfvnf; ausmufrsufESifh ausmufpdrf;
u@ arSmifckdazmufum;rIrsm;udk wkdufzsuf&ef ¤if;aqmif&Gufcsuf wpfckwnf;jzifh rvkHavmufyg/
tpkd;& taejzifh (1) wl;azmfrI vkyfief;rsm;tm; apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rIudk wif;usyfjcif; (2)
pm&if;ppfvkyfief; tm;aumif;atmif aqmif&Gufjcif; (3) Oya'jyify vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifae
onfh ukrÜPDrsm;udk jypf'Pfrsm; csrSwfjcif;? xdk 3 csufudk aqmif&GufEdkifygu xda&mufpGm
avsmhcsEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
MGE wGif apmifhMunfh xdef;ausmif;EdkifpGrf; tm;enf;onf jzpfaomaMumifh ukrÜPDrsm;onf
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfjcif;udk avsmhaygh tpD&ifcHum tBuD;tus,f tcGefa&Smif
Muonf/ vuf&SdwGif ygrpfrsm; oufwrf;wkd;ay;jcif;? topfcsay;jcif; &yfqkdif;xm;onfudk
ausmfvGefum w&m;r0if wl;azmfMuonfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/106 avsmhaygh tpD&ifcHjcif;aMumifh
tcGefrsm; qkH;½IH;rIudk wm;qD;Edkif&ef tpkd;&onf apmifhMunfhrIwGif ykdí tm;xnfh&ef vkdtyfonf/
w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh teD;uyf yl;aygif;&ef vkdonf/
105 “Chapter 4: Improving valuation processes” in Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, Governing the Gemstone Sector.
106 atmufajcrSwfpk 9 ukdMunfhyg/
34
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
yxraqmif&Gufcsuf taejzifh MoNREC onf vkyfuGuf ppfaq;olrsm;udk tvsiftjref
wkd;csJUcefYxm;&ef vkdonf/ uGif;qif;ppfaq;rIrsm;udk tjzpfoabm ppfaq;jcif;rS trSefwu,f
tusdK;&Sdonfh ppfaq;rIodkY ajymif;vJEdkif&eftwGuf oifwef;ydkYcsrIrsm;? pGrf;aqmif&nf qef;ppfrI
rsm; jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfonf/ wl;azmfonfh vkyfief;rsm;&Sdonfh a'orsm;wGif vmbfay;vmbf,lrI
tBuD;tus,f ysHUESHYaeonfjzpf&m tpkd;&taejzifh twkdif;twm wpfckxd csD;jr§ifhrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef
pOf;pm;Edkifonf (Oyrm azmfxkwfawGU&Sdonfh tcGefa&Smif&Sm;rIrS yrmPwpfck csD;jr§ifhjcif;) okdY
r[kwf ausmufvkyfuGuftwGif; 0efxrf;rsm; ykHrSef vSnfhvnf wm0efcsxm;ay;jcif;udk aqmif
&GufEdkifonf/
'kwd,aqmif&Gufcsuf taejzifh wyfraawmf ESifh &J yl;aygif;NyD; ausmufpdrf;wl;azmfonfh ae&m
rsm;wGif puf,EÅ,m;BuD;rsm;jzifh wl;azmfaeonfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif; tygt0if Oya'pkd;rkd;rI
vkyfief;rsm;udk MoNREC rS aqmif&Gufoihfonf/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf vkyfuGufrsm;okdY
t0iftxGufrSm tenf;i,fom&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif tiftm;okH; ppf
aq;jcif;onf arSmifckdxkwfvkyfrIrsm;udk ododomom avsmhusoGm;apEdkifonf/ okdYaomfvnf;
,if;okdY aqmif&GufrI\ xda&mufrIrSm a'owGif; wyfrawmft&m&Sdrsm;\ yl;aygif;rI taetxm;
ay:wGif rlwnfaeonf/ wyfrawmft&m&Sd trsm;pkonf w&m;r0if wl;azmfjcif;rS wkduf½kduf okdY
r[kwf oG,f0Idufí tusdK;cHpm;aeMuolrsm; jzpfonf/107
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufukrÜPDrsm;\ vufwvkH;jcm; aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk pkHprf;? wm;qD;&ef
twGuf pm&if;ppfvkyfief;udk tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif&Guf&efvnf; vkdonf/ pGrf;&nfjynfh0onfh
EdkifiHykdifvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufonfhtwkdif; MGE onf b@ma&;ESpf wpfckjcif;pD\ pm&if;ppf
rSwfwrf;rsm; ppfaq;jcif;? xkwfjyefjcif;rsm;udk jyKvkyfay;&rnf/108 MGE onf ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufwl;azmfa&;wGif tusdK;wltaejzifh qufvufyg0ifaernf jzpfaomaMumifh vuf&Sd
erlempmcsKyfwGif azmfjyxm;csufjzpfaom tpkpyfrsm;onf tao;pdwf pm&if;ppfjcif;udk cH&rnf
[laom jyXmef;csufudk tokH;cs&ef jzpfonf/
ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ ta&mif;t0,f oabmobm0 ½IyfaxG;rI? pm&if;ppfcsKyf½kH;\
tuefYtowf &Sdonfh pGrf;aqmif&nfwkdYaMumifh jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh txl;pm&if;ppf ,lepfudk
zGJUpnf;NyD; vkyfykdifcGifhtaejzifh (1) ukrÜPDrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh b@ma&;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;udk
okH;oyfcGifh (2) xkwfvkyfrIESifh a&mif;csrI trSef od&SdEdkif&ef vQyfwjyuf usyef; uGif;qif;ppfaq;jcif;
wkdYudk ay;xm;&rnf/ pm&if;ppfvkyfief;rsm;taejzifh ykHpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifaomfvnf;
,ck ,lepftwGuf tedrfhqkH;owfrSwfcsuf taejzifh jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;Xme\ vkyfief;uRrf;usifrI?
MGE \ ausmufrsufu@taMumif; ESHYpyfrI? wl;azmf&;vkyfief; pm&if;ppfjcif;wGif uRrf;usif
onfh EdkifiHwum uRrf;usifolrsm;udk aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;&ef vkdonf/
aemufqkH;taejzifh tpkd;&onf Oya'? pmcsKyf? ygrpfyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk azmufzsufaeonfh
ukrÜPDrsm;udk jypf'PfcsrSwf&ef qkH;jzwf&rnf/ jrefrmYausmufrsufOya't& MoNREC onf
ygrpfzsufodrf;cGifh okdYr[kwf qkdif;iHYxm;jcif;? jypf'Pfcsjcif; odkYr[kwf ukrÜPDESifh ykdif&Sifudk
trnfysuf pm&if;oGif;cGifh &Sdonf/ ausmufpdrf; okdYr[kwf ausmufrsuf &&SdrI owif;ydkY&ef ysuf
uGufjcif;? wGif;0cGefay;&ef ysufuGufolrsm;udk &mZ0wfjypf'Pf csrSwfcGifh &Sdonf/109 tvm;wlyif
jrefrmY0ifaiGcGef Oya't& ukrÜPDwpfckonf tcGefa&Smif&ef? rorm jyKvkyf&ef tm;xkwfonf[k
MoPF rS ppfaq;awGU&Sdygu jynfwGif;tcGefOD;pD;Xmeonf vkyfief;0ifaiGcGefudk jyefvnfqef;ppf
107 Global Witness, “Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret.’” ukdMunfhyg/
108 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises (2015); Natural Resource Governance Institute, State Participation and State-Owned Enterprises (March 2015) ukdMunfhyg/
109 NRGI rS avYvmcJYonfh jrefrmYausmufrsufOya'ESifh tjcm; qufpyfOya'rsm;wGif jypf'PfcsrSwfjcif;
wm0efESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGm azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdao;yg/
35
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
cGifh &Sdonf/110
aumufEIwfcsuf
tcGefa&Smifjcif;aMumifh jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@rS &&Sdonfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;onf
vlenf;pk vufokdYom pkpnf;usa&mufoGm;NyD;? EdkifiHvkH; cHpm;&rnfh pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; wkd;wufrI
rsm;udk twm;tqD; jzpfaponf/ ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf wl;azmfcGifhrsm; qkdif;iHYxm;jcif;?
trsdK;om; ausmufrsufrl0g' a&;qGJjcif;wkdYu xda&mufrIr&Sdonfh rl0g'rsm;udk ajymif;vJrI tBuD;
tus,f jyKvkyfEdkif&ef tajctaersm; zefwD;ay;onf/ wkd;wufrIrSm tm;enf;aeqJ jzpfonf/
vuf&Sd tpkd;&taejzifh 2020 a&G;aumufyGJ rwkdifrD t"dyÜg,fjynfh0onfh tajymif;tvJrsm;udk
azmfaqmifvkdygu tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif&Guf&ef vkdonf/
twkdcsKyf wifjy&vQif jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef qE´&SdaMumif;udk udpöokH;&yf NyD;ajrmufatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh oufaoxlEdkifonf/ (1) tcGefaumuf,ljcif;udk tm;aumif;ap&ef? tcGef 2
xyf aumuf,ljcif;udk y,fzsufEdkif&ef b@ma&; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfxdef;n§djcif;
(rebalancing fiscal terms) (2) &mjzwf? ygrpfcsay;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm; tm;aumif;atmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh tpkd;& &oifYonfh a0pk&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; (3) ay:aygufvmEdkifonfh
w&m;r0if vkyfief;rsm;udk wm;qD;Edkif&eftwGuf apmifhMunfhjcif;? Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk
tifwkduftm;wkduf aqmif&Gufjcif;wkdY jzpfonf/ tcGefpepfyg taMumif;t&mrsm; jyKjyifajymif;vJ
½kHjzifh vuf&Sdtajctaeudk ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifapaomfvnf; ,if;tajymif;tvJrsm; pkaygif;aqmif
&Gufjcif;onf jrefrmtpkd;&ESifh jynfolrsm;tm; obm0 o,HZmw tusdK;tjrwfrsm;rS &ykdifcGifh
rsm;udk wef;wlnDwl cHpm;aprnfjzpfonf/
tcGefaumufjcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; ay:aygufvmonfh tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;jcif;onf yxr
tqifhom jzpfonf/ wGif;xGuftcGefrsm;udk a&&SnftusdK;twGuf pDrHEdkif&ef qufvufaqmif&Guf
&rnfhudpörsm; &Sdonf/111 jrefrmEdkifiHrS pwdwf[kd'grsm;taejzifhvnf; tcGefaumuf,lcGifh? obm
0 o,HZmw 0ifaiGrsm; cGJa0ykHESifhywfoufNyD; jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;Mum; oabm
wlnDcsuf &&Sd&ef vkdonf/112 udpö 2 &yfvkH; ajyvnf&eftwGuf EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;rI? enf;ynm
ykdif;qkdif&m axmufyHYrIrsm; trsm;tjym; vkdtyfonf/ jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmf
a&;vkyfief;rS tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk EdkifiHom;rsm; rQa0cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf jynfhpkH aumif;rGefonfh
tcGefaumuf,lrIrSm r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfonf/
110 2011 jrefrmY0ifaiGcGefOya' tykd'f 6 ukdMunfhyg/
111 Andrew Bauer et al. .State-Owned Economic Enterprise Reform in Myanmar: The Case of Natural Resource Enterprises. (Natural Resource Governance Institute and Renaissance Institute: 2018). ukdMunfhyg/
112 Andrew Bauer et al., .Natural Resource Federalism: Considerations for Myanmar. (Natural Resource Governance Institute: 2018); Andrew Bauer et al., .Sharing the Wealth: A Roadmap for Natural Resource Revenue Sharing in Myanmar. (Natural Resource Governance Institute: 2016) ukdMunfhyg/
36
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
aemufqufwGJ -
jrefrmYausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufvkyfief; wefzkd;cefYrSef;jcif;
jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&;twGuf ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmfjcif;onf ta&;ygonfjzpfaomfvnf;
wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwf aqmif&Gufonfh vkyfief;wGif vnfywfaeonfh wefzkd;rSefudk azmfxkwf&ef
cufcJaeqJ jzpfonf/ ukefpnf\ oabmw&m;uvnf; taMumif;wpfcktaejzifh yg0ifaeonf/
ausmufrsuf t&nftaoG;onf wpfckESifh wpfck tBuD;tus,f uGm[onf/ pm&if;jyonfh
tav;csdefonf trSefwu,f xkwfvkyfrI yrmPESifh ukdufnDrI r&Sdyg/ ,kHMunfpGm ukd;um;Edkifonfh
aps;EIef; owfrSwfcsufrSmvnf; &Sm;yg;onf/ ,if;okdY tcuftcJrsm;tjyif w&m;r0if vkyfief;
tBuD;tus,f aqmif&Gufjcif;? ta&twGuf avsmhjyjcif;? wefzkd;avsmhjyjcif;wkdYuvnf; &&Sdvm
onfh tcsuftvufrsm;\ ckdifrm rSefuefrIudk avsmhusaponf/
,ckaemufqufwGJwGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufwl;azmfrIrS &&Sdonfh jzpfEdkifacs wefzkd;udk
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ vuf&SdtcsdefwGif &&Sdxm;onfh tcsuftvuft& vkH;0rjzpfEdkifonfh vkyfief;
jzpfaom aps;uGuft&G,ftpm;udk twdtus wkdif;wmjy&ef &nf&G,fonfh avYvmrI r[kwfyg/
okdYaomfvnf; tcGefay;oGif;rItjzpf &&SdEdkifonfh wefaMu;udk pwdwf[kd'grsm; rSef;qEdkif&ef wif
jyjcif; jzpfygonf/ aps;uGufrwlnDjcif;? tcsuftvuf &&SdrI rwlnDjcif;wkdYaMumifh ausmufpdrf;ESifh
ausmufrsufudk cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
(u) ausmufpdrf;u@udk wefzkd;jzwfjcif;
2012 rS 2016 ckESpftwGif; jyKvkyfcJYonfh ausmufrsufjyyGJrsm;wGif ausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsuf
a&mif;&aiG wpfESpfvQif ,l½kd 1 bDvD,HcefY (a':vm 1 .2 bDvD,H 2018 aiGvJEIef;jzifh) ysrf;rQ
&Sdrnf[k jrefrmtpkd;&u owfrSwfxm;onf/113 ,if;umvtwGif;rSmyif jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmuf
pdrf; trsm;pkudk 0,f,lonfh w½kwfu wpfESpfvQif ysrf;rQ ,l½kd 2 .6 bDvD,HeD;yg; (okdYr[kwf
2016 ckESpf aiGvJEIef;t& 2 .6 ,l½kd) wifoGif;rI &SdcJYonf[k xkwfjyefcJYonf/114
okdYaomfvnf; ausmufpdrf;vkyfief; twkdif;twmESifh ,SOfygu ,if;w&m;0ifxkwfjyefonfh udef;
*Pef;onf tjynfhtpkH r[kwf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ Oyrm 2014 wGif w&m;0if xkwfcJYonfh
ausmufpdrf;onf a':vm 5 .8 rS 30 .8 bDvD,Hxd &SdEdkifaMumif;? cefYrSef;csuf trsdK;rsdK;ay:wGif
rlwnfí Global Witness u wGufcsufxkwfjyefcJYonf/115
w&m;0if xkwfjyefcsuf r[kwfonfh ausmufpdrf;u@ wefzkd;cefYrSef;csuf trsm;pkrSm xkwfvkyfrI
ay: tajcjyKum wGufcsufjcif; jzpfonf/ xkwfvkyfrI ta&twGufESifh cefYrSef;aps;EIef;udk ajr§muf
113 MGE rS NRGI odkY wkduf½kduf xkwfjyefay;onfh ausmufrsufjyyGJ tcsuftvufay:wGif
tajccHygonf/ ,l½kd 1 bDvD,HrSm aiGtaMuacsonfh ta&mif;yrmP jzpfygonf/ ausmufrsuf
jyyGJwGif a&mif;cs&onfh ausmuf &mckdifEIef; trsm;pkudk aiGtaMuacsjcif; rjyKyg/ (atmufajcrSwfpk
79 ukdMunfhyg) ¤if;wkdYudk ysrf;rQ wGufcsuf&mwGif azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/
114 UN Comtrade data (ukvukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvuf) (jrefrmEdkifiHrS wifoGif;onfrsm;udk w½kwfrS
xkwfjyefrI) ay:wGif tajccHygonf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif ausmufrsufESifh ausmufpdrf; ta&mif;
axmifwufoGm;onfudk w½kwfukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvufrsm;wGif awGU&onf/ e,fpyfa&;&m
y#dyu© pm&if;roGif;jzpfonfh ESpfrsm;rS tcsuftvufrsm; qkHoGm;jcif; (autkdifat ESifh jrefrm
ppfwyfMum; y#dyu©aMumifh 2013^14 ausmufpdrf; ukefoG,frI aESmifhaES;cJYonf) okdYr[kwf tjcm;
pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; taMumif;jycsufrsm;aMumifh jzpfEdkifonf/
115 Global Witness, Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’ (2015) udkMunfhyg/ ausmufrsufu@
tjcm;cefYrSef;csufudk David Dapice, A Grand Bargain: What it is and why it is needed (Proximity Designs: 2016) wGifMunfhyg/
37
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
um wGufcsufjcif; jzpfonf/ jrefrmYausmufpdrf; wl;azmfrI wefzkd;trSefudk xkwfvkyfrI? aps;EIef;
,lqcsuf trsdK;rsdK;ay: rlwnf wGufcsufxm;onfudk ,cktcef;wGif wifjyxm;ygonf/
xkwfvkyfrI yrmP
2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;ukrÜPDrsm;onf ausmufpdrf; uDvkd*&rf 16 .3 oef;
(ygrpf{u wpfckrS 486 uDvkd*&rf xkwfvkyfcJYonf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif ausmufpdrf;
uDvkd*&rf 35 .6 oef; (ygrpf{u wpfckrS 1108 uDvkd*&rf) xkwfvkyfcJYonf/ tpkd;&okdY owif;
ykdYjcif; rjyKcJYjcif;u xkwfvkyfrI yrmPudk avsmhusoGm;apEdkifonf/ ausmufvkyfuGufrsm;wGif
apmifhMunfhxdef;ausmif;rI tenf;i,fom &Sdjcif;aMumifh avsmhaygY owif;ydkYrIrsm; tBuD;tus,f
jzpfyGm;Edkifacs &Sdonf/116
ukrÜPDrsm;Mum; owif;ay;ydkYonfh ta&twGuf tBuD;tus,f uGJjym;aeonfudk EITI tcsuf
tvufrsm;wGif awGUEdkifonf/ EITI wGif yg0ifonfh ukrÜPD trsm;pkonf117 MGE ESihf tusdK;
wlzufpyf aqmif&GufMuonf jzpfaomaMumifh BuD;MuyfrI r&Sdonfh yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;xuf
ykdí wdusaom pm&if;&Sdrnf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ EITI wGif yg0ifonfh ukrÜPDrsm;onf 2014^15
b@ma&;ESpfwGif ygrpf{u wpf{urS ausmufpdrf; 1186 uDvkd*&rf xkwfvkyfonf/ tjcm;
ukrÜPDrsm; xkwfvkyfrI ysrf;rQta&twGufxuf 2 qcefY rsm;onf/ 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwGif
ygrpf{u wpf{urS ausmufpdrf; 4280 uDvkd*&rf xkwfvkyfonf/ ysrf;rQta&twGufxuf 4
qcefY rsm;onf/118
Z,m;uGuf A3 wGif xkwfvkyfrI taetxm; 2 rsdK;ay:wGif tajccHum ausmufpdrf;u@\
jzpfEdkifzG,f wefzkd;udk wGufcsufjyxm;onf/ xkwfvkyfrI tedrfhjzifh rSef;q&mwGif w&m;0if xkwf
jyefonfh ausmufpdrf; xkwfvkyfrIrSwyg; tjcm;pm&if;rsm;udk aygif;xnfhjcif; r&SdyJ wGufcsuf
rSef;qonf/ xkwfvkyfrI tjrifhjzifh rSef;q&mwGif ukrÜPDtm;vkH;onf EITI wGif yg0ifaeonfh
ukrÜPDESifh xyfwlusonfh EIef;xm;jzifh xkwfvkyfaeonf[k ,lqvsuf wGufcsuf rSef;qonf/
tjrifhEIef;jzifh rSef;qcsufwGif xkwfvkyfonfh ausmufpdrf;yrmP 59 &mckdifEIef;udk 2014^15
b@ma&;ESpf? 74 &mckdifEIef;udk 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfwkdYwGif pm&if;rjyyJ xkwf,lcJYEdkifaMumif;
awGU&onf/
ysrf;rQaps;EIef;
tqifhowfrSwfcsuf wpfckESifh wpfckMum;? tqifhwljcif;Mum;wGif ausmufpdrf; t&nftaoG;?
aps;EIef; uGm[rIrSm BuD;rm;onf/119 Oyrmtm;jzifh 2014 ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif tqifh C
ausmufpdrf;udk 1 uDvkdvQif 3 ,l½kdrS 15 ,l½kdMum; a&mif;csonf/ yxrwef;pm; ausmufpdrf;udk
wpfum&ufvQif ,l½kd 500 (wpfuDvkdvQif ,l½kd 2 .5 oef;jzifh a&mif;csonf) rS wpfum&ufvQif
,l½kd 10000 (wpfuDvdkvQif ,l½kd oef; 50) jzifh a&mif;csonf/ (Z,m;uGuf A1 udkMunfhyg)
xkdYaMumifh t&nftaoG;jrifhonfh xkwfvkyfrI tav;csdef tenf;i,fonf xkwfvkyfrIyrmPwGif
tcsdK;rnDyJ yg0ifaeonf/
116 3/ i) xkwfvkyfrIay:wGif tcGefaumuf,ljcif;udk Munfhyg/
117 atmufajcrSwfpk 57 udkMunfhyg/
118 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf EITI tpD&ifcHpmay:wGif tajccHum wGufcsufrI
jyKvkyfxm;ygonf/
119 erIemtjzpf owfrSwf tokH;jyKaomfvnf; ESpftvkduf tBuD;tus,f uGJjym;onfh ysrf;rQaps;EIef;udk
azmfjyEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ausmufpdrf;aps;EIef;onf 2000 ESpfvnfykdif;wGif w&Sdefxkd;
wkd;wufvmNyD; 2013 odkYr[kwf 2014 tapmykdif;wGif tjrifhqkH;jzpfum aemufykdif;wGif avsmhus
oGm;onf/
38
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
EITI okdY ay;cJYonfh pkpkaygif; a&mif;cs&rIESifh aps;EIef;t& 2014^15 b@ma&;ESpfwGif a&mif;cs
&onfh ysrf;rQ ausmufpdrf;aps;EIef;rSm wpfuDvkdvQif 123 a':vm jzpfNyD;? 2015^16 wGif
wpfuDvkdvQif 104 a':vmjzifh a&mif;cscJYonf/120 ausmufrsufjyyGJ a&mif;csrIudk aps;NydKifwif'g
pepfjzifh aqmif&GufonfjzpfaomaMumifh tjrifhqkH;aps;EIef; &&Sdonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ okdYaomf
vnf; w&m;0if a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufpdrf;onf aps;uGuf&Sd tqifhowfrSwfcsufESifh ukdufnDrI
&Sdr&Sdudk a&&mpGm azmfxkwfEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg/121
Z,m;uGuf A1 -tqifhtvkduf aps;EIef;owfrSwfcsuf (,l½kd) 2012 - 2016122
trsdK;tpm; ,lepf
ausmufrsufjyyGJ
2012
(49 Budrf)
2013
(50 Budrf)
2014
(51 Budrf)
2015
(52 Budrf)
2016
(53 Budrf)
2016
ESpfvnf
yxrwef;pm;
ausmufpdrf; t½kdif;
(Imperial Jade Rough)
1
um&uf
1000
-
17000
1000
-
15000
500
-
10000
500
-
10000
300
-
6000
500
-
20000
a&mif;wef;
ausmufpdrf; t½kdif;
(Commercial Jade Rough)
1 uDvkd
1500
-
250000
500
-
250000
750
-
200000
500
-
175000
500
-
270000
500
-
55000
t&nftaoG;jrifh
ausmufpdrf; t½kdif;
(High Grade Utility Jade)
1 uDvkd
10000
-
300000
7500
-
300000
7500
-
200000
5000
-
200000
5000
-
90000
10000
-
80000
A tqifh ausmufpdrf;
t½kdif;1 uDvkd 150 - 3000 100 - 2000 100 - 2000 100 - 1500 100 - 1500 100 - 1500
B tqifh ausmufpdrf;
t½kdif;1 uDvkd 75 - 150 50 - 100 50 - 100 50 - 100 50 - 100 50 - 100
C tqifh ausmufpdrf;
t½kdif;1 uDvkd 15 - 50 15 - 50 15 - 50 10 - 50 10 - 50 10 - 50
D tqifh ausmufpdrf;
t½kdif;1 uDvkd 5 - 15 5 - 15 3 - 15 3 - 10 3 - 10 3 - 10
Z,m;uGuf A2 wGif cefYrSef;xkwfvkyfrIESifh tqifhwpfckjcif;pDtvkduf owfrSwfaps;EIef;rsm;udk
ajr§mufjcif;jzifh ysrf;rQaps;EIef;udk wGufcsufxm;ygonf/ tqifhwpfckjcif;pDtvkduf yg0ifonfh
xkwfvkyfrI &mckdifEIef;udk Proximity Designs123 \ avYvmwGufcsufrIay:wGif tajccHygonf/
tqifhwpfckjcif;pD\ owfrSwfaps;EIef;taejzifh Z,m;uGuf A1 wGif MGE rS wGufcsufxm;onfh
120 2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf EITI tpD&ifcHpmay:wGif tajccHum wGufcsufrI
jyKvkyfxm;ygonf/
121 ausmufpdrf;wefzkd; jrifhrm;onfESifhtrQ arSmifckdxkwf a&mif;Edkifacs ykdrsm;onf/ ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif
t&nftaoG;edrfh ausmufrsm;twGuf tjrwfrsm;rsm; &avYr&SdaomaMumifh? ausmufrsufjyyGJ jyifywGif
a&mif;csavY&Sdonf[k vkyfief;&SifwpfOD;u ajymonf/
122 ausmufrsufjyyGJ a&mif;cs&rIay: tajccHNyD; MGE rS wGufcsufxm;onf/
123 David Dapice, A Grand Bargain: What it is and why it is needed (Proximity Designs: 2016) udkMunfhyg/
39
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
aps;EIef;tedrfhudk &,lxm;ygonf/124
Z,m;uGuf A2 - ausmufpdrf; ysrf;rQaps;EIef; wGufcsufrI aemufwpfrsdK;
2014^15 ESifh 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf
2014^15 b@ma&;ESpf 2015^16 b@ma&;ESpf
ysrf;rSQ aps;EIef;
(,l½kd^uDvkd)
ysrf;rQ xkwfvkyfrI
&mckdifEIef;
aps;EIef; x xkwfvkyfrI
ysrf;rSQ aps;EIef;
(,l½kd^uDvkd)
ysrf;rQ xkwfvkyfrI
&mckdifEIef;
aps;EIef; x xkwfvkyfrI
2500000 0 .01 250 .0 2500000 0 .01 250 .0
750 3 .49 26 .2 500 3 .49 17 .5
100 6 .5 6 .5 100 6 .5 6 .5
50 10 5 .0 50 10 5 .0
15 20 3 .0 10 20 2 .0
3 60 1 .8 3 60 1 .8
pkpkaygif; ysrf;rQ ,l½kd^uDvkd 292 .5 pkpkaygif; ysrf;rQ ,l½kd^uDvkd 282 .8
pkpkaygif; ysrf;rS a':vm^uDvkd 388 .7 pkpkaygif; ysrf;rS a':vm^uDvkd 313 .8
aps;EIef;taetxm; 2 rsdK;pvkH;udk Z,m;uGuf A3 wGif tokH;jyKxm;ygonf/ aps;EIef;tedrfh
cefYrSef;rItwGuf EITI okdY ay;ykdYonfh a&mif;cs&rIay:wGif tajccHygonf/ aps;EIef;tjrifhtwGuf
A2 yg tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif tajccHygonf/
wefzkd; cefYrSef;jcif;
jynfhpkH pdwfcs&onfh tcsuftvufrsm; r&Sdjcif;aMumifh jrefrmYausmufpdrf; wl;azmfrI wefzkd;udk
cefYrSef;&ef tcuftcJ &dSaeqJjzpfonf/ txufwGif azmfjycJYonfhtwkdif; xkwfvkyfrIESifh aps;EIef;
rSef;qrIrsm;ay:wGif rlwnfNyD; vkyfief;vnfywf wefzkd;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck tBuD;tus,f uGJjym;
aeonf/ Z,m; A3 wGif xkwfvkyfrIESifh aps;EIef; tedrfh? tjrifhwkdYay:wGif tajccHNyD; ausmufpdrf;
xkwfvkyfrIwefzkd;udk wGufcsufxm;onf/
2014^15 b@ma&;ESpf ysSrf;rQaps;EIef; tedrfhjzifh
cefYrSef;csuf
ysSrf;rQaps;EIef; tjrifhjzifh
cefYrSef;csuf
avsmhaygY owif;ydkYrIEIef;
tedrfhjzifh cefYrSef;csuf 2288 6697
avsmhaygY owif;ydkYrIEIef;
tjrifhjzifh cefYrSef;csuf 5183 15853
2015^16 b@ma&;ESpfysSrf;rQaps;EIef; tedrfhjzifh
cefYrSef;csuf
ysSrf;rQaps;EIef; tjrifhjzifh
cefYrSef;csuf
avsmhaygY owif;ydkYrIEIef;
tedrfhjzifh cefYrSef;4091 11623
124 tqifhwpfckESifh wpfckMum;? tqifhwpfcktwGif;rSmyif t&nftaoG; jrifhvmonfESifhtrQ ausmuf
awGU&Sd&rI avsmhenf;vmonf/ Oyrm ausmufrsufjyyGJ wifcJYonfh a&mif;wef;tqifh ausmufrsm;onf
2014^15 wGif wpfuDvdk ,l½kd 2012 jzpfNyD;? 2015^15 wGif wpfuDvdk 1802 ,l½kd jzpfoGm;onf/
pkpkaygif;wefzkd;\ tedrfhqkH; &mckdifEIef;xd usqif;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ A1 wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tedrfh
owfrSwfcsufonf tv,ftvwf aps;EIef;ESifh eD;pyfonfh wefzkd;xufydkí pdwfcs&onfh ysrf;rQwefzkd;
&Sdonf/
Z,m;uGuf A3 - ausmufpdrf;u@
wefzkd;cefYrSef;csuf
(tar&duefa':vm
oef;aygif;) 2014^15
ESifh 2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf
40
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
avsmhaygY owif;ydkYrIEIef;
tjrifhjzifh cefYrSef;csuf 14700 43551
owif;rykdYonfh xkwfvkyfrI r&Sd[k ,lqvQuf ausmufrsufjyyGJ ysrf;rQaps;EIef;ESifh wGufcsufygu
2014^15 wGif u@wefzkd; a':vm 2 bDvD,H &SdNyD;? 2015^16 wGif a':vm 3 .7 bDvD,H
&Sdonf/ aemufwpfrsdK;taejzifh xkwfvkyfrIwGif avsmhaygY owif;ay;ykdYrI trsm;tjym; &Sdonf[k
,lqvQuf? ausmufrsufjyyGJ ysrf;rQaps;EIef;xuf rsm;pGmykdonfh aps;EIef;ESifh wGufcsufygu xkwf
vkyfrI wefzkd;onf 2014^15 wGif a':vm 15 .5 bDvD,H? 2015^16 wGif a':vm 43 .1 bDvD
,H &Sdonf/
tjcm;,lqcsufwpfckrSm azmfjyyg tpGef; 2 zuf\ tvnfwGif &Sdonf/ Oyrm w&m;0ifudef;*Pef;
rsm;onf xkwfvkyfrI yrmPukd rSefuefpGm azmfjyEdkifonf[k ,lqum ysrf;rQaps;EIef;wGif avsmh
aygYwGufcsufygu u@wefzkd;onf 2014^15 wGif a':vm 6 .4 bDvD,H? 2015^16 wGif
a':vm 11 .2 bDvD,H &Sdonf/ ajymif;jyef (xkwfvkyfrIyrmP avsmhNyD;? ausmufrsufjyyGJ ysrf;rQ
aps;EIef;jzifh wGufcsufygu u@wefzkd;onf 2014^15 wGif a':vm 4 .9 bDvD,H? 2015^16
wGif a':vm 14 .3 bDvD,H &Sdonf/
(c) ausmufrsufu@ wefzkd;wGufcsufjcif;
ausmufrsufvkyfief; wefzkd;wGufcsufjcif;onf ausmufpdrf;wefzkd; wGufcsufjcif;xuf ykdí tcuf
tcJ rsm;onf/ apmifhMunfhrI aumif;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sdonfh yk*¾vdu vkyfuGufrsm;onf
ausmufrsuf xkwfvkyfrI\ 90 &mckdifEIef;txufudk xkwfvkyfonf/ EITI tcsuftvuf okdY
r[kwf ausmufrsufjyyGJ zGifhjyrIrsm;onf u@ESifhqkdifonfh tcsuftvuf okdYr[kwf ukd,fpm;jyK
Edkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;EdkifpGrf; r&Sdyg/
ausmufrsufjyyGJ ausmufrsufa&mif;cs&rI (2015^16 wGif a':vm 7 .3 oef;)125 ESifh ukefoG,fa&;
tcsuftvufMum; (2015 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHrS ywÅjrm;ESifh eDvm a':vm 127 oef;zkd; oGif;
cJYonf[k ukefoG,fzuf EdkifiHrsm;u xkwfjyefonf) uGm[csuf tvGefBuD;rm;onf/126 ausmuf
pdrf;uJYokdYyif tpkd;&xkwfjyefonfh udef;*Pef;rsm;onf u@\ wefzkd;atmuf rsm;pGm avsmhenf;
aeonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/
,cktcef;wGif jrefrmYausmufrsufu@ wefzkd;udk ½Iaxmifh 2 rsdK;rS cefYrSef;xm;ygonf/ yxr
taejzifh w&m;0if xkwfvkyfrI yrmPESifh pHaps;EIef;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHNyD; jzpfEdkifacs&Sdonfh
wefzkd;udk wGufcsufjcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,taejzifh &&Sdxm;onfh ukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvufrsm;
ay: rlwnfum xkwfvkyfrIwefzkd; jzpfEdkifacsudk aqG;aEG;jcif; jzpfonf/
xkwfvkyfrI tajccHESifh cefYrSef;jcif;
ausmufpdrf;uJYokdYyif ausmufrsufu@ wefzkd;udkvnf; xkwfvkyfrI yrmPESifh cefYrSef;aps;EIef;
ajr§mufjcif;jzifh cefYrSef;Edkifonf/ 2015^16 wGif ausmufrsufa&mifpkH um&ufaygif; 13 .5 oef;
xkwfcJYonf[k xkwfjyefcJYonf/ &&Sdxm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;t& avsmhaygYpm&if;jyrI yrmP
udk cefYrSef;Edkifjcif; r&Sdojzifh xkwfjyefxm;onfh yrmPudkyif ukdifpGJ wGufcsufonf/
ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrI wefzkd;udk ,if;xkwfjyefrIay:wGif tajccHNyD; aps;EIef; 3 rsdK;jzifh wGufcsuf
125 2015^2016 EITI tpD&ifcHpm
126 ukvukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvuf (UN Comtrade data) ay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHrS
wifoGif;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rS xkwfjyefcsuf)
41
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
xm;onf/ (Z,m;uGuf A3 udkMunfhyg) ausmufrsufjyyJGwGif a&mif;cs&onfh ausmufrsuf
trsm;pkrSm t&nftaoG; tvGefedrfhonf/ xkdYjyif aps;NydKifpepfjzifh a&mif;csjcif; r[kwfyg/127
ausmufrsufjyyGJ ysrf;rQaps;EIef;jzifh wGufcsufygu 2014^15 wGif wpfum&ufvQif 7 a':vm?
2015^16 wGif wpfum&uf 4 a':vmjzifh a&mif;cscJYonf/ udk;um; tokH;jyKonfh pHaps;EIef;onf
u@wefzkd;udk rsm;pGm edrfhusoGm;aprnf jzpfonf/ 2015^16 wGif ausmufrsufjyyGJ aps;EIef;jzifh
wGufcsufygu pkpkaygif; xkwfvkyfrIonf a':vm 52 oef; jzpfonf/ ,if;ESpftwGuf jrefrmEdkifiH
rS wifykdYonfh &wemrsm; wefzkd;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\ xkwfjyefcsufrSm ,if;yrmPxuf 2 q
rsm;onf/
Z,m;uGuf A4 wGif aps;EIef; 2 rsdK;udk udk;um;wGufcsufxm;onf/ yxrwpfcktaejzifh 2014^
15 twGif; Gemfields u a&mif;cscJYonfh rkdZrfbpf ywÅjrm;\ ysrf;rQaps;EIef; okdYr[kwf
wpfum&uf 25 a':vm aps;EIef;udk tokH;jyKygonf/128 Gemfields aps;NydKifavvHjzifh a&mif;cs
onfjzpfaomaMumifh ,if;aps;EIef;onf aps;uGufaygufaps; eD;pyfonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ okdY
aomfvnf; jrefrmYywÅjrm;onf rkdZrfbpf ywÅjrm;xuf t&nftaoG;jrifhonf jzpfaomaMumifh
,if;cefYrSef;rIonf jrefrmEdkifiH\ xkwfvkyfrI wefzkd;udk avsmhusapEdkifonf/ 'kwd,taejzifh jref
rmEdkifiHrS wifoGif;onfh ywÅjrm;ESifh eDvm ysrf;rQaps;EIef;udk tokH;jyKxm;onf/ wpfum&ufvQif
tar&duefa':vm 35 a':vmeD;yg; jzpfonf/129 twdusqkH; ukd;um;Edkifonfh aps;EIef;jzpfonf[k
,lqaomfvnf; xkwfvkyfrIwGif yg&Sdonfh t&nftaoG; rwlnDrIrsm;udk azmfxkwfEdkifrI &Sdr&SdrSm
&Sif;vif;rI r&Sdyg/ xkdYjyif tcGefa&Smif&ef ukefonfrsm;u w&m;0ifwefzkd;udk avsmhaygYjyjcif;rsm;vnf;
jzpfEdkifonf/
rkdZrfbpfESifh ukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvufyg aps;EIef;rsm;t& ausmufrsufxkwfvkyfrIonf 2014
^15 ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm 278 oef;rS 340 oef;? 2015^16 wGif oef;aygif; 470 &Sd
rnf[k Z,m;uGuf A4 wGif cefYrSef;xm;onf/
2014^15
b@ma&;ESpf ausmufrsufjyyGJ
Gemfields2014^15
ukvukefoG,fa&;
tcsuftvuf 2015
pHukd;um; aps;EIef; 6 .81 25 .21 34 .84
xkwfvkyfrI wefzkd; 75181 278313 384626
2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf ausmufrsufjyyGJ
Gemfields2014^15
ukvukefoG,fa&;
tcsuftvuf 2015
pHukd;um; aps;EIef; 3 .85 25 .21 34 .84
xkwfvkyfrI wefzkd; 51911 339916 469761
jrefrmEdkifiHrS ywÅjrm;ESifh eDvmrsm; wifoGif;aeonfh EdkifiHrsm;\ xkwfjyefcsuft& 2015 ckESpf
wGif wifoGif;rI pkpkaygif; a':vm 126 oef; &SdcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS wifoGif;onfrsm;udk xkdif;
okdYr[kwf tdE´d,wGifvnf; pm&if;jyorI r&Sdoavmufjzpfonf/ ,if;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzwfawmuf?
ta&mifwif? jyKjyifjcif;rsm;udk t"du aqmif&Gufonf/ 2015 ckESpfwGif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrS a':
vm 597124 wefaMu;&Sd ywÅjrm;ESifh eDvmrsm; wifoGif;cJYonf[k xkdif;EdkifiHu xkwfjyefcJYonf/
127 w½kwfrS ukefonftrsm;tjym;onf ausmufrsufjyyGJ wifonfh ausmufpdrf;twGuf tNydKiftqkdif
aps;ay;Muaomfvnf;? ausmufrsufwGif xkdokdY aps;NydKifay;jcif; r&Sdyg/ xkdif;0,fvuf wpfpkpmu
n§dEdIif;0,f,lMuonf jzpfaomaMumifh ausmufrsufjyyGJwGif ausmufrsufaps; aumif;&avYr&Sdyg/
128 Gemfields ESpfywfvnf tpD&ifcHpmay: rlwnfum wGufcsufxm;ygonf/ t&nftaoG;jrifh
xkwfvkyfrIESifh tedrfhxkwfvkyfrIMum; rQwap&ef 2014 ESifh 2015 a&mif;cs&rI 2 rsdK;vkH;udk aygif;í
wGufcsufxm;ygonf/
129 ukvukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvuf (UN Comtrade data) ay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHrS
wifoGif;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rS xkwfjyefcsuf) tom;wif tav;csdef? ta&mif;yrmPudk xkwfjyefonfh
EdkifiHrsm;udkom ysSrf;rQpm&if; wGufcsuf&mwGif xnfhoGif;ygonf/
Z,m;uGuf A4 -ausmufrsufu@
wefzkd;cefYrSef;csuf
(tar&duefa':vm
oef;aygif;) 2014^15
ESifh 2015^16
b@ma&;ESpf
42
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
tdE´d,EdkifiHurl wifoGif;rI wpfpkHwpf&m wdwdusus xkwfjyefcJYjcif; r&Sdyg/130
xkdif; ESifh tdE´d, onf jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmufrsufwefzkd; trsm;tjym; wifykdYonf[k ,lqygu?
EdkifiHrsm;\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t& jrefrm\ 2015 wifykdYrIonf tedrfhqkH; a':vm 252 oef;cefY
wefrnfjzpfonf/ ,if;udef;*Pef;rsm;onf tedrfhqkH; cefYrSef;csufrsm;om jzpfonf/ vkyfief;&Sif
rsm;ESifh ar;jref;csufrsm;wGif wefzkd;t&? ta&twGuft& jrefrmYxkwfukef trsm;pkonf tdrfeD;
csif;EdkifiHrsm;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf[k od&onf/
w&m;0if xkwfjyefcsufrsm;t& xkdif;EdkifiHonf 2015 ckESpfwGif ta&mifwifNyD;ywÅjrm;ESifh eDvm
a':vm 519 oef;udk jynfyykdYcJYonf/131 ysrf;rQ wefzkd;xyfrIudk tokH;jyKí wGufcsufrnfqkdygu
¤if;wifoGif;onfh ywÅjrm;ESifh eDvm t½kdif;wkH;onf ¤if;ESpftwGuf a':vm 173 oef;zkd;cefY &Sd
onf/132 tdE´d,onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmufrsufyrmP trsm;tjym; wifykdYonf[k ,lq
Edkifonfjzpf&m xkwfvkyfrI tajccHjzifh wGufcsufonfhykHpH\ ckdifrmrIudk tm;aumif;aponf/
130 ukvukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvuf (UN Comtrade data) ay:wGif tajccHxm;ygonf/ (jrefrmEdkifiHrS
wifoGif;onfh EdkifiHrsm;rS xkwfjyefcsuf)
131 Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand, Thailand Colored Stone Industry Review 2015 (June 2016) ukdMunfhyg/ ukefoG,frI wefzkd;udk pm&if;rsm;u tjynfht0 azmfjyrnfr[kwfyg/
xkdif;ukefonfrsm;\ wefzkd;avsmhaygh wifjyrI? ta&twGuf avsmhaygh wifjyrIay: rlwnfum
uGJjym;Edkifygonf/
132 xkdif;EdkifiHonf tjcm;EdkifiHrS xGuf&Sdonfh a&mifpkHausmufrsufyrmP trsm;tjym;udkvnf; wifoGif;rI
jyKvkyfonfjzpf&m jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGuf&Sdonfh pkpkaygif; yrmPonf azmfjyyg udef;*Pef;xuf avsmhus
Edkifygonf/
43
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
udk;um;
Andrew Bauer, “Natural Resource Federalism: Considerations for Myanmar”
(Natural Resource Governance Institute: 2018).
Andrew Bauer, Lorenzo Delesgues and Paul Shortell, “Sharing the Wealth: A
Roadmap for Natural Resource Revenue Sharing in Myanmar” (Natural Resource
Governance Institute: 2016).
Andrew Bauer, Arkar Hein, Khin Saw Htay, Matthew Hamilton and Paul Shortell,
“State-Owned Economic Enterprise Reform in Myanmar: The Case of Natural
Resource Enterprises” (Natural Resource Governance Institute and Renaissance
Institute: 2018).
Chan Mya Htwe, “Tribunal to investigate gem association embezzlement claims”
Myanmar Times, 2 June 2016.
Melissa Crouch, “Access to Justice and Administrative Law in Myanmar” (USAID:
2014).
David Dapice, ”A Grand Bargain: What it is and why it is needed” (Proximity
Designs: 2016).
Gem and Jewelry Institute of Thailand, “Thailand Colored Stone Industry Review
2015” (June 2016).
Gemfields, “Annual Report and Financial Statements 2016” (2017)
Gemfields, “Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015” (2016)
Gemfields, “Annual Report and Financial Statements 2014” (2015)
Global Witness, “Jade: Myanmar’s ‘Big State Secret’” (2015).
Htet Naing Zaw, “Military Officers Transferred Over Jade Mine Bribes, Killings in
Rakhine” The Irrawaddy, 23 May 2018.
Htoo Thant, “Companies smuggling raw jade stones busted,” The Myanmar Times,
2 March 2017.
Emma Irwin, Myanmar EITI Gemstone Scoping Study (Myanmar Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative: 2016).Kyaw Mozambique Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative, “Final Report of the Independent Administrator of EITI in
Mozambique” (February 2018).
Myo Min, “Police Arrest 20 For Jade Smuggling in Myanmar’s Hpakant,” Radio Free
Asia, 14 February 2017.
Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, “Report for the Period April
2013 - March 2014” (2015).
Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, “EITI Report for the Period
April 2014 - March 2015” (2018).
Myanmar Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, “EITI Report for the Period
April 2015 - March 2016” (2018).
Myanmar Gems Enterprise, Licensing Directives (unpublished).
44
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
Myanmar Gems Enterprise, “Those who search for jade illegally: The Ye Ma Say”
(undated briefing).
Myanmar Gems Enterprise, Valuation Directives (unpublished).
Myanmar Gemstone Law (1995).
Myanmar Gemstone Law (2018) (draft).
Myanmar Income Tax Law (2011).
Natural Resource Governance Institute, “Primer: Fiscal Regime Design” (2015).
Natural Resource Governance Institute, “State Participation and State-Owned
Enterprises” (March 2015).
Natural Resource Governance Institute, “Transfer Pricing in the Mining Sector:
Preventing Loss of Income Tax Revenue” (August 2016).
Mia Newman “Multifaceted: Governance and Confict Risks in Myanmar’s Ruby
Industry” (Natural Resource Governance Institute: 2018).
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), “Guidelines
on Corporate Governance of State-owned Enterprises” (2015).
Aaron Sayne, Erica Westenberg and Amir Shafaie, “Owning Up: Options for
Disclosing the Identities of Beneficial Owners of Extractive Companies” (Natural
Resource Governance Institute: August 2015).
Second Amendment to the Myanmar Gemstone Law (2016).
Paul Shortell, “Does Myanmar Need a Gemstone Law?” The Myanmar Times, 25
January 2017.
Paul Shortell and Emma Irwin, “Governing the Gemstone Sector: Lessons from
Global Experience” (Natural Resource Governance Institute: May 2017).
Transparency and Accountability Network of Kachin State, “Beyond Liability:
Preliminary Report on Jade Mining” (2016).
Union Tax Law (2014).
Union Tax Law (2015).
Union Tax Law (2016).
Union Tax Law (2017).
Union Tax Law (2018).
45
t&nfcsdKoGm;aom ausmufrsufrsm; - jrefrmhausmufpdrf;ESifh ausmufrsufu@ tcGefa&SmifrIrsm;udkk udkkifwG,fjcif;
aus;Zl;wifvTm
pma&;oltaejzifh tpdk;&0efBuD;Xmersm;? yk*¾vdu vkyfief;&Sifrsm;? t&yfbuf
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS acgif;aqmifrsm;udk þpmwrf; jyKpk&mwGif
tcsdeftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? uRrf;usifrItm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
ulnDay;cJYonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;txl; wifvdkygonf/
txl;ojzifh jrefrmausmufrsuf&wem a&mif;0,fa&;vkyfief;? jrefrmY tD;tdkifwDtdkif
vkyfief;pOfrS n§dEIdif;a&;rSL;½kH;ESifh yg0ifyufoufolrsm;\ yl;aygif;yg0ifrIu ,ckpmwrf;
a&;om;xkwfa0Edkif&ef tvGef ta&;ygcJYygonf/
xdkYjyif ,cktpD&ifcHpm a&;om;&mwGif wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifh ay;cJYonfh o,HZmwESifh
ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; 0efBuD;Xme? pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&; 0efBuD;Xme? Global Witness? the Myanmar Alliance for Transparency and Accountability (MATA)? urÇmYbPf ESifh ulnD tBuHjyKay;cJYMuonfh at;MunfomaqG? David Dapice? Katarina Kuai? Nicola Woodroffe? Sebastian Sahla ESifh &efaemiftkyf
wdkYtm; aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/ aemufqHk;taejzifh pma&;olrS Matthieu Salomon ESifh armfxGef;atmif wdkYtm; ¤if;wdkY\ vrf;nTefrI? yHYydk;ulnDrIESifh pdwf&Snfay;rIwdkYtwGuf
aus;Zl;wifvdkygonf/
pmwrf;jyKpkol
Paul Shortell onf NRGI \ tBuHay;wpfOD; jzpfonf/ ,cifu NRGI jrefrmEdkfifiH ½kH;\ 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; ausmufpdrf;? ausmufrsufu@
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf OD;aqmifcJYol jzpfonf/
vGwfvyfNyD; tusdK;tjrwfr&SmazGonfh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfaom obm0o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf pDrHcefYcGJrI tBuHay;
tzGJU (Natural Resource Governance Institute) onf jynfolrsm; rdrdwdkif;jynfrSxGufaom a&eH? obm0"gwfaiGU
ESifh owÅKwGif;xGufrsm; <u,f0rI\ tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfap&ef vufawGUtoHk;cs okawoejyKjcif;?
pGrf;aqmif&nfjr§ifhwifay;jcif;? enf;ynmqdkif&m tBuHÓPfay;jcif; ESifh pnf;½Hk;a&; jyKvkyfay;jcif;jzifh ulnDay;ygonf/
xyfrHavYvm&ef - www.resourcegovernance.org