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Chapters 9/10Civilization in Eastern and Western Europe

Post classical Period

2 major Christian civilizations take shape in Europe

1. Orthodox Church Byzantine Empire Constantinople (Capital) Mainly found in Eastern Europe (Balkans, Ukraine, Russia)

2. Catholic Church Western Europe

Spread through: 1. Mission work 2. Trade

Byzantine Empire

Began in 4th century Decline of Roman Empire Constantine sets up capital in Constantinople

Constantine converts to Christianity Built city on top of Byzantium

Latin was court language Greek the vernacular

After Justinian Greek became the official language

Byzantine Empire advantages

Benefit from

1. Trade Constantinople is ideally situated

2. Hellenized Egyptians and Syrians (What is Hellenized?) Move into this area b/c can’t hold admin jobs in Rome Bring highly developed culture

3. Highly trained civilian bureaucracy (Who else relied on this?)

4. Threat of invasion USE OF GREEK FIRE (siege of Constantinople in 717) Recruit armies in ME

Promise them land for service Why is this important? How was this different from the Roman Empire?

Beat back Sassanian and Germanic invaders

Greek Fire

Justinian

527-565

Ruled with wife Theodora She was a courtesan

Known for: 1. Trying to rebuild Roman Empire

Belisarius invades N Africa and Italy 2. Nika Revolt

Greens and Blues 3.Rebuild Constantinople after riots

Hagia Sophia 4. Reform of Roman law

Justinian Code 5. Ravenna made a temp Capital 6. Increased taxes 7. Short lived conquests of N Africa/Italy

Justinian

533 CE Procopius

“At once villainous and amenable. Colloquially a moron. He was never

truthful with anyone but always guileful in what he said and did. Easily

hoodwinked by any who wanted to deceive him.”

What kind of picture does this paint about Justinian?

Byzantine society

Emperors resemble Chinese rulers 1. Head of church and state

Court ritual 2. Rely on bureaucrats

Open to all classes

Religious controversies

1. Iconoclastic controversy (Iconoclasm) Icon defined

Venerated 726-787 and 814-842

Emperor Leo III Banned religious icons

Eventually restored after a long complex battle State control over church affairs also returns

2. Great Schism 1054 Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael excommunicate each other

Orthodox vs Catholicism

Great Schism of 1054

1. Communication issues Latin in the West Greek in the East

2. Filioque Nicene Creed should “and the Son” be added Orthodox say no

3. Role of the Pope Catholics he is infallible and has total authority Orthodox he is not

4. Celibacy for priests

5. Crusades 1204 Latins sack Constantinople

Nicene Creed

I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible.

And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made.

Who, for us men for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.

And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who proceeds from the Father [and the Son]; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the prophets.

And I believe one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. Amen.

Decline of the Empire

Period of major decline starts in 11th century

1. Seljuk Turks Take most of Asian

provinces 1071 Battle of Manzikert

Anatolia is overrun

2. Slavic states emerge

3. Crusades in 1204 Appeal to West for

Crusaders (Venice) Turn on them and sack

Constantinople

4. 1453 Constantinople is taken by

Ottoman Turks

Spread of Civilization to

Eastern Europe

Spread through:

1. Trade

2. Conquest

3. Missionaries Cyril and Methodius (9th

century) Byzantines sent to convert E

Europe and the Balkans Devise Cyrillic (written language

for the illiterate Slavs) Unlike W Europe Byzantines

allowed use of local language in services

East Central Borderlands

Catholics and Orthodox competed here RC-move into Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland

Regional monarchies prevail Poland, Bohemia and Lithuania Land-owning aristocracies developed

Jews move from ME and W Europe Barred from agriculture but not local commerce Maintain their traditions and education of males

Slavs

Slavs Divided by

1. religion (RC or O) 2. language (Latin or Cyrillic based)

3 groups 1. Eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians) 2. Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs) 3. Southern Slavs (Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Slovenes,

Macedonians)

Emergence of Kievan Rus

Slavic people from Asia migrated here Mixed with and incorporated local populations Possessed iron and extended agriculture in Ukraine and E Russia Animist with strong musical and oral traditions

Scandinavian traders move in and open trade to Constantinople Monarchy arises from wealthy traders

Kiev (855) Ruled by Rurik (Danish Merchant) Becomes a major trade center

Kiev

Vladimir I (980-1015) Contact with BE leads to conversion to Orthodox

Christianity Chooses over RC b/c he controls the church

Society in Kievan Rus Peasants are free farmers (dominate society) Boyars are aristocratic landlords (less power than

similar Westerners)

Religion influenced by BE (Orthodox) 1. ornate churches 2. Icons (also devotion to saints)

Art dominated by religion (especially manuscripts) 3. monasticism (monks) 4. Almsgiving (wealthy obligated to the poor)

Decline of Kievan Rus

Starts in 12th century 1. Rival princes fight for control (Succession issues) 2. Trade declined (decline of BE) 3. Asian invaders weakened the state 4. Mongol invasions (Tatars) 13th century (after 1236)

Further separates Russia from W Europe Did not interfere with Orthodox faith or daily life (paid tribute)

15th century Mongol control ends but religion and BE influence remained Russians claimed they were the “third Rome”

Chap 10Western Europe

Middle Ages Period btwn fall of the Roman Empire and 15th century

Religion Iberia is controlled by Muslim culture (advanced) Missionaries Convert Europeans to Christianity (Catholics)

Major factor in rebuilding civilization

Major contributions: 1. Building of universities 2. Gothic architecture 3. Slavery becomes impractical (Why?) 4. New tools and agricultural practices

Leads to population growth (Effects?)

Western Europe

Center of postclassical Europe France, the low countries, S

and W Germany (later England)

8th to 10th centuries Continual raids by Vikings

(Scandinavian) Hinders political and

economic development

Literacy declines Except Catholic priests or

monks

Manorial System

Reciprocal economic and political association

Lords and peasants Mostly serfs live on manors (self-sufficient agricultural estates)

Get protection for part of their crop and labor services (Communal)

Serfs had hard lives but weren’t slaves Had heritable ownership of houses and land (if met obligations)

Agricultural Increases

1. Moldboard plow (8th century) 6 to 8 oxen communal farming

2. 3 crop rotation (9th century) Winter wheat or rye Spring oats, beans or barley Leave fallow

3. Horsepower replaces oxen Work longer and move 50%

faster Horse collar- pull 4-5x weight Iron horseshoes- work on wet

ground

Manorialism vs Feudalism

Landholding systems

F- political and military institution System of fiefs Land held by vassal (lesser lord) from a lord

In return give political and military allegiance

M- economic system Lord provided protection

The Church

6th century Church only firm organization left

Pope leads 1. Appoints bishops 2. Regulates doctrine 3. Sponsors mission work

Conversion of Germanic Kings Clovis of Franks (496) Benedict of Nursia (Italy)

Created monastic rules (Benedictine rule)

Monasteries

Promote: 1. Spiritual

A. Christian unity B. Exps for holy life C. Pilgrimage centers (shelter travellers)

2. Secular A. Improved cultivation (large estates) B. Stressed importance of hard work C. Preserved Greco-Roman culture

Frankish Dynasties

Franks Germanic tribes

Some settled with Romans in Gaul (present day France)

2 major dynasties 1. Merovingian

Clovis I 2. Carolingian

Charles Martel Charlemagne

Charlemagne

Crowned by Pope Leo III

Christmas Day 800

“1st Holy Roman Emperor” 1. Unified politics 2. Improved education 3. Spread Christianity 4. Developed law code

Feudal Monarchies

Some emerge as major powers Capetian Dynasty (987-1328)

Took over from Carolingian Dynasty Lose power eventually passes to House of Bourbon

William the Conqueror 1066 Unites England at Battle of Hastings Actions eventually lead to 100 yrs War Merge feudal and centralized gov

Emergence of sheriffs etc

Magna Carta

King John 1215 1. Nobody is above the law including the king 2. Right to fair trial 3. Taxation with representation

Parliament (1265) Rule on taxation and related policy matters Not perfect system but a good start

Church ideals

St Francis and St Clare of Assisi Reformed monastic orders (Franciscan monks)

Peter Abelard (wrote Yes and No) Parisian scholar used logic to explain doctrine

Bernard of Clairvaux Stressed mystical union with God over logic and philosophy

Universities start to flourish Unlike China, they trained bureaucrats but ALSO sought

knowledge from past and present civilizations

Literature

St Thomas Aquinas Wrote Summas Faith and reason can coexist

Vernacular literature Beowulf (English) Epic poem about past deeds

Canterbury Tales (Chaucer) Contemporary story

100 Years War

1337-1453

France vs England 1. Status of Duchy of Guyenne

(English but a fief of France) 2. Question of who controls

France

Result kings reduce reliance on feudal lords in favor of paid armies

French ultimately win Joan of Arc

Wins Battle of Orleans Eventually captured and burned

at stake at 19

Plague

1st in 1348 Off and on till 1660’s England kills 1/3 population

(France 1/4th)

Effects 1. some lose faith WHY? 2. populations decline

(Effect?) 3. Workers conditions

improve HOW?

Hanseatic League

N German and Scandinavian cities Established a commercial alliance Protect and encourage trade

Run by merchant guilds 1. limit membership 2. Members get equal share 3. Regulate apprenticeship 4. guarantee workmanship NOT a free market