Boyars Czar Peter the Great Westernization Catherine the Great Thirty Years War Treaty of Westphalia Maria Theresa Frederick the Great 1500s Russia far behind the West Boyars- landowners or church officials with conservative viewpoints Czar-Latin word for caesar or emperor 1546 Ivan becomes czar Created a general council (merchants, low, level nobles) Promote military on merit Drew up a new legal code Defeated the Tartars Expanded Russian territory known as the good period 1560s he changed Suspicious of closest advisors When his wife died he thought she was murdered People were conspiring against him Created a 6,000 police force Dressed in black and rose black horses Controlled half of Russias territory Brutal punishment for speaking out 1565 seized land of 12,000 Boyars Ordered killing of thousands in Novgorod 1581 killed his own son Russia left without an heir Time of troubles lasted till 1613 Peter became czar in 1682 Age of 17 took over the throne Peter said to be 66 Stormed Azov- Black Sea port held by the Turks Attack was a disaster Peter built a better navy Peter helped to build the ships Built hundreds of ships New navy Azov surrendered Westernization- the process of bringing western ideas to Russia 1697 Peter went to Europe Traveled in disguise Learned hands on skills (ship building) Recruited Europeans to bring skills to Russia Streltsy rebelled to have his sister on the throne Disbanded the Streltsy and started modern army Brought church under state control Built up Russian industry Started first newspaper Started schools Modernized calendar Promoted based on merit instead of social status Russians needed to learn more science Waned to adopt European style of clothing Cut off his own long hair and beard Boyars resisted this action 1700 fought Swedes for warm water port Russias other ports choked with ice much of the year Baltic Sea would open Russian trade Built new capitol of Saint Petesburg Czar Peter III 1761 Catherine and soldiers grew angry at his incompetence Catherine seized power declare Czarina Kept Peters westernization efforts Built statue said to Peter the First from Catherine the Second Reformed Russias legal and educational system Removed restrictions on trade War with Poland Russia won and took half of Polands territory also on the Black Sea Rebellion inside Russia Yemelyan Pugachev-claimed he was Peter III Gained support among peasants Caught and was beheaded Catherine needed to strengthen the monarchy in rural areas Reorganized local government Administration, hands of local landowners In return for government service taxes were reduced Gave them absolute control over their lands and the peasants Rulers in Central Europe never became Absolute monarchs Holy Roman Empire had a single emperor Covered most of Central Europe Empire had dozens of small states Each with own ruler 1450s All Holy Roman Emperors came from the Hapsburg family 1600s Hapsburg emperor caused the Thirty Years War Alliances cause it to be a continent wide affair Religious dispute in 1618 Two Protestant churches were ordered to shut down Protestants threw the emperors representatives out the palace window They were unhurt Emperors attempt to control religion sparked revolt Nobles in Bavaria and Austria rebelled Joined by other rulers Monarch in Spain were members of the Hapsburg joined Ferdinands side France, Spains rival joined the Protestant side Denmark and Sweden Also on Protestant side War lasted till 1648 7 million Germans died Disease and starvation Treaty of Westphalia ended the war Extended religious tolerance to both Catholics and Protestants Reduced the power of the Holy Roman Emperor Austria governed by the Hapsburg family Prussias rulers came from Hohenzollerns 1740 Charles V died without an heir (HRE) Wrote the Pragmatic Sanction-empire could be passed to a female Maria Theresa was his daughter seemed she would take the throne Hohenzollerans had different ideas Frederick the Great seized Austria Province of Silesia Offered Maria Theresa an alliance Would help her husband become Holy Roman Emperor Maria Theresa turned him down War of Austrian succession broke out Spain, France and two German states entered on Prussia side Each hoped to gain territory Maria Theresa asked for peace Prussia kept Silesia launching it to position of power Prussias victory intensified rivalry with Austria and Hungary 1756 Seven Years War Prussia ruled by Frederick and Great Britain on one side Austria, France, Russia on the other Fighting also occurred in North America and India Prussia was on verge of defeat Austrian and Russia forces occupied the capitol Russia pulled out of the war Prussia regained strength Prussia became the strongest military in Europe Frederick pushed opponent out of Prussia