*Foreign Policy

*A Timeline of American Wars

* American Revolution (1775-1783)

* War of 1812 (1812-1815)

* Mexican-American War (1848)

* Civil War (1861-1865)

* Spanish-American War (1898)

* World War I (1917-1918)

* World War II (1941-1945)

* The Cold War (1949-1992)

* Korea (1950-1953)

* Vietnam (1963-1975)

* 1st Gulf War (1990-1991)

* Afghanistan (2001-Present)

* Iraq War (2003-2011)

*The Constitution

*Founders desired a stronger national government that would keep the U.S. out of European affairs and vice versa.

*Foreign policy power given to the national government

*Divided this power between the president and Congress*Not exclusive to either branch

*Checks and balances

*American Foreign Policy 1789-1823

*Isolationism*A national policy of avoiding participation in

foreign affairs

*Not total; U.S. was a trading nation and did engage in foreign affairs to some extent

*The Monroe Doctrine

• James Monroe’s 1823 pledge that the United States would oppose attempts by European states to extend their political control into the Western Hemisphere.

*Manifest Destiny-1840’s-1860

*Theory that the United States was divinely mandated to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean

*Ended when the Civil War Began

*The Civil War Era

*We’re too busy with our own problems to worry about the rest of the world

*Imperialist Era

*Open Door Policy

*China

* Japan

*American acquires colonies

*Hawaii

*Midway

*Wake Island

* Samoa

* Puerto Rico

*Guantanamo Bay

* The Philippines

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.

Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.

The U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separateschools.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary John Hay.

Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

*The Roosevelt Corollary

*Concept developed by President Theodore Roosevelt early in the twentieth century that it was the U.S. responsibility to assure stability in Latin America and the Caribbean*U.S. intervened in the Caribbean and Latin

America many times as Roosevelt and subsequent presidents sent U.S. troops into Latin America.

*“Colossus of the North”

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to

the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

*World War I

*1914: WWI broke out in Europe*U.S. initially stayed out* No U.S. interests were involved.

* Nation of immigrants—divided as to which side to support

*U.S.-German affairs worsened

*Wilson led the nation into conflict in 1917.* Entered the war late but its armed forces and economic

assistance swung the tide of victory to the Allies’ side

*Wilson put faith in collective security after WWI.* The concept that peace would be secured if all countries

collectively opposed any country that invaded another

* League of Nations

*World War II

*America Attacked at Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941

*America begins an interventionist rather than isolationist policy

*Birth of the Nuclear Age

*Post War America

* The United Nations

* An international governmental organization created shortly before the end of WWII to guarantee the security of nations and to promote global economic, physical, and social well-being

* NATO

* North Atlantic Trade Organization

* The first peacetime military treaty the United States joined

* NATO is a regional political and military organization created in 1950.

* International Government Organization (IGO)

* Organization created by at least two and often many countries that operates internationally with the objectives of achieving the purposes that the member countries agree upon

* International Monetary Fund

* Mandate is to stabilize international financial relations through fixed monetary exchange rates

* World Bank

* Provides loans for large economic development projects

* General Agreement on Tariffs and Trades

* Devised shortly after WWII as an interim agreement until a World Trade Organization could be created to help lower tariffs and increase trade

*The Cold War

*The nuclear era brought forth a stalemate between America and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies

* The Cold War and Containment: 1947-1960

*Truman Doctrine*U.S. policy initiated in 1947 of providing economic

assistance and military aid to countries fighting against communist revolutions or political pressure

*Marshall Plan* European Recovery Program, named after Secretary of

State George C. Marshall, of extensive U.S. aid to Western Europe after WWII

*Containment* Strategy to oppose expansion of Soviet power,

particularly in Western Europe and East Asia, with military power, economic assistance, and political influence

*North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)* The first peacetime military treaty the United States

joined

* NATO is a regional political and military organization created in 1950.

* Presidents and Conflicts: 1950-1968

*Truman

* Korean War

*Eisenhower

* Korean War

*Vietnam

*Kennedy

*Vietnam

*Bay of Pigs

*Cuban Missile Crisis

* Johnson

*Vietnam

*Nixon/Carter/Reagan

*N i x o n D o c t r i n e

*T h e p o l i c y i m p l e m e n t e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e V i e t n a m Wa r — t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d p r o v i d e a r m s a n d m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t t o c o u n t r i e s b u t n o t d o t h e f i g h t i n g f o r t h e m

• C a r t e r D o c t r i n e* P o l i c y a n n o u n c e d a f t e r t h e 1 9 7 9 S o v i e t i n v a s i o n o f

A f g h a n i s t a n — t h e P e r s i a n G u l f a r e a w a s a v i t a l U . S . i n t e r e s t a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d f i g h t t o m a i n t a i n a c c e s s t o i t

* I r a n i a n h o s t a g e c r i s i s

• C r i s i s d u r i n g t h e C a r t e r A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h e n I r a n i a n s t u d e n t s w i t h s u p p o r t o f t h e I r a n i a n g o v e r n m e n t t o o k o v e r t h e U . S . e m b a s s y i n Te h r a n , h o l d i n g a l l t h e p e r s o n n e l h o s t a g e

• R e a g a n D o c t r i n e

* P o l i c y i n w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d p r o v i d e m i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e t o a n t i - c o m m u n i s t g r o u p s f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t p r o -S o v i e t g o v e r n m e n t s

* A f g h a n i s t a n

*The End of the Cold War/Clinton

* 1991 the Soviet Union Collapsed

* 1993

* Somalia

* Yugoslavia

*Clinton faced complex world

* Engagement: Policy implemented during the Clinton administration — the United States would remain actively involved in foreign affairs

* Enlargement: Policy implemented during the Clinton administration — the U.S. would actively promote the expansion of democracy and free markets throughout the world

*NAFTA, Free Trade Area of the Americas, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation agreement and the World Trade Organization

*Post 9/11 Policy

*Bush Doctrine*Policy advocated by President G.W.

Bush of using preemptive military action against a perceived threat to U.S. interests

*The War in Iraq

*The War in Afghanistan

*The Executive Branch and Foreign Policy Making

* The President

* Preeminent in foreign policy and military policy but does not have absolute power

* Access to and control of information

* Department of State and Defense

* Responsible for formulations and implementation of U.S. foreign policy

* Central Intelligence Agency

* Responsible for collection and analysis of information and intelligence about foreign countries and events

* National Security Council

* Responsible for advising the president about foreign and defense policy and events

* Department of Homeland Security

* Cabinet department created after the 9/11 attacks to coordinate domestic U.S. security efforts against terrorism

* 9/11 Commission

* Bipartisan, independent group was authorized by congress and President Bush in 2002 to study the circumstances surrounding the September 11 terrorist attacks

*The New Global Agenda

*Nuclear Proliferation

*Only a few countries have known nuclear weapon capabilities.

*Fear that other “rogue” countries will have nuclear weapons capabilities and use them against their neighbors or the U.S.

*The U.S. will focus on discouraging the deployment of developed nuclear weapons.

*The New Global Agenda

*Twenty-First Century

Challenges

* Issues*What is in the national interest?*When do we intervene overseas?*China?* Israel and Palestine?*Promoting Democracy in the Middle East* Afghanistan* Iraq

*Transnational threats to peace*Nuclear proliferation?* Rogue states?

*Drug and Environmental Problems*When to act unilaterally versus

multilaterally?