~ Algae ~ Bryophytes ~ Ferns ~ Angiosperms

~ Gymnosperms

Evolution

Algae

This is a collective name for a varied group of phyla with no one diagnostic feature. They are normally aquatic or live in damp terrestrial habitats. Subdivisions are mainly associated with biochemical differences related to photosynthesis.

Algae are without roots, stems or leaves. All contain chlorophyll and so can make t

heir own food by photosynthesis. The cells are long and their cellulose cell

walls are covered by a layer of mucilage. The major are green, but some are brown

or red.

Feature of plant

Vascular tissue no

support Air sac, by water

sporophyte no

gametophyte no

Stem root leave no

Water absorption diffusion

Reproduction Binary fission

dispersal swim

Structure of algae

diatom

Green algae Brown algae

Type of algae

Volvox

egregiaanalipus

Bryophytes

- Bryophytes are small green plants with simple leaves, stems but no roots.

- They grow close to ground, and usually do not grow more than 2cm in length.

- They do not have vascular tissue which enables the plant to grow tall, and which they have no support to be stiff.

- They are anchored in the ground by delicate structure called Rhizoid.

- They live in damp places.

- The life cycle of Bryophytes begins with the release of haploid spores. Spores that geminate begin cell division, this produces the filament that will eventually form a gametophyte.

Photo of bryophytes

moss

liverwort

Life cycle of bryophytes

Archegonia

Feature of plantVascular tissue No true

support turgid

sporophyte Only capsule parasite gametophyte

gametophyte Photosynthetic, mainly

Stem root leave No real root but rhizoid

Water absorption diffusion

Reproduction Sexually archegonia, antheridia

dispersal Capsule dry up, mechanical

Ferns- Ferns consist of true stems, roots, leaves and vascular tissues.

- Their roots grow horizontally underground

- The preferred habitat of a fern is in the wetlands, or in moist woody areas; they also prefer damp shaded area.

- They need water for fertilization.

- As for reproduction, they reproduce by spores and vegetatively by rhizomes, which are horizontal underground stems.

Photo of ferns

Life cycle of ferns

Feature of plant

Vascular tissue simple

support tracheid

sporophyte Major, large, water resistant

gametophyte Minor, small

Stem root leave Have but root is simple as rhizoid

Water absorption rhizoid

Reproduction Gametophyte archegonia antheridia

dispersal Sorus dry up mechanical

Gymnosperms(conifers)Gymnosperms are large evergreen trees

with seeds growing inside cones for reproduction.

Most of them have needle-shaped leaves.It does not have flowers but seeds. The

seeds are naked. They are not enclosed in food and borne on structure called cones. Example is pine.

In conifers, the region of primary cell wall in the centre of the pit is thickened with a deposit of waxy material, forming a structure known as a torus. The phloem of conifers contains sieve cells, fibres, and parenchyma cells, but companion cells are absent.

Examples of gymnosperms

Pine

Feature of plant

Vascular tissue have

support woody

sporophyte all

gametophyte Minimize to cone

Stem root leave have

Water absorption root

Reproduction cone

dispersal wind

AngiospermsAll angiosperms have flowers for

reproduction.Their seeds are produced inside the ovary. Angiosperms form the dominant terrestrial

vegetation today. They are found in a wide range of habitats

and have even re-established themselves in freshwater and the sea.

- They are extremely well

suited to life on land

both in their morphology.

- They are divided into

dicotyledons and

monocotyledons.

Morphology of herbaceous dicotyledon

Morphology of herbaceous monocotyledon

Lily

Comparison of moncotyledoneae and dicotyledoneae

Life cycle of angiosperms

Feature of plant

Vascular tissue have

support Turgid or woody

sporophyte all

gametophyte Minimize to flower

Stem root leave have

Water absorption root

Reproduction Pollen by wind or insect

dispersal Water wind animals mechanic

Summary of plant kingdom

algae

plant body doesnot have roots,

stems and leaves

moss(bryophytes)

no vacsulartissues

ferns

with vasculartissues

plant body hasleaves,stem androot or rootlike

structure

plants without seeds

gynosperms

plants with seeds

non-flowering plants

angiosperms

flowering plants

plant kingdom

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TSANG MAN YEE 6B (26)

YIK WAI TUNG 6B (31)