Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms. Exposed Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) vs. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)...
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Transcript of Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms. Exposed Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) vs. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)...
Exposed Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) vs. Flowering
Plants (Angiosperms)
• Gymnosperms – bear seeds directly on surfaces of cones (conifers such as pines and spruces)
• Angiosperms – bear seeds within a layer of protective tissue (grasses, trees, flowers)
Comparing Features of Seed PlantsComparing Features of Seed Plants
Feature
Seeds
Reproduction
Examples
Feature
Seeds
Reproduction
Examples
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Bear their seeds on cones
Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination
Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes
Bear their seeds within flowers
Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination
Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers
Seeds• Seed plants can live just about anywhere due to the seeds• A seed is an embryo of a plant encased in a protective covering
surrounded by food• Seed coat protects embryo and prevents the seed from drying out
Seed coat
Embryo
Storedfood supply
Seed
Wing
A
B
Seed Dispersal
• Seed dispersal is varied– Some seeds stick to fur/hair/clothing– Some seeds have “wings” for “flying” in the wind or floating on
water– Other seeds are surrounded by fruit (ovary of the plant) to help
the seed to be eaten and ultimately dispersed somewhere else
Gymnosperm (“naked seed”)
• Reproduce with seeds that are exposed
• No flowers and are pollinated by wind or water
• Typically produce cones
• Include cycads (palm-like plants), ginkgo, conifers (pines, spruce, cedar trees)
Angiosperms (“enclosed seed”)
• Flowering plants – vast majority of plants reproduce with flowers
• Flowers attract pollinators that transport pollen from flower to flower– Colorful and fragrant flowers are pollinated by animals
• Flowers are reproductive organs that contain ovaries which surround and protect the seeds
• After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit– Seeds inside the fruit are dispersed by the animals
that eat them
Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated PlantsComparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants
Characteristics
Pollination method
Relative efficiency of pollination method
Plant types
Reproductive organs
Adaptations that promote pollination
Characteristics
Pollination method
Relative efficiency of pollination method
Plant types
Reproductive organs
Adaptations that promote pollination
Wind-pollinatedPlants
Wind pollination
Less efficient
Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms
Cones
Pollination drop
Wind-pollinatedPlants
Wind pollination
Less efficient
Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms
Cones
Pollination drop
Animal-pollinated Plants
Vector pollination
More efficient
Angiosperms
Flowers
Bright colors, sweet nectar
Animal-pollinated Plants
Vector pollination
More efficient
Angiosperms
Flowers
Bright colors, sweet nectar
Diversity of Angiosperms
• Many different categories– Monocots and dicots– Woody and herbaceous– Annuals, biennials, and perennials
• Some categories can overlap
Monocots vs. Dicots
– Monocots - one seed leaf (cotyledon)• Parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of three,
fibrous roots
• Ex. Corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, palms
Monocots vs. Dicots (continued)
– Dicots – two seed leaves• Branched veins, flower parts in multiples of four or
five, taproot• Ex. Daisies, clover, oak trees, tomatoes, roses
Monocots vs. DicotsMonocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Floral parts often in multiples of 3
Vascularbundlesscattered throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two cotyledons
Branched veins
Floral parts often in multiplesof 4 or 5
Vascularbundlesarranged ina ring
Taproot
that
in
have
that
have
SeedGermination
Remains withthe seed
Emergeabove ground
Remainbelow ground
Monocots Dicots
1 Cotyledon 2 Cotyledons
Monocots vs. Dicots
Woody vs. Herbaceous
– Woody – strong stems like those of trees, shrubs, and vines
– Herbaceous – non-woody stems such as those of dandelions and sunflowers