[ 2.1 ] Spanish Colonization and New Spain. Learning Objectives Describe how conquistadors defeated...

[ 2.1 ] Spanish Colonization and New Spain


Learning Objectives

• Describe how conquistadors defeated two Native American empires.• Explain why Spain settled its colonies.• Explain the causes and effects of the transatlantic slave trade.


Key Terms

• conquistadors• pueblos• Presidios• missions• peninsulares• creoles• mestizos• encomiendas• plantation

Conquistadors Arrive in the Americas

“What a troublesome thing it is to discover new lands. The risks we took, it is hardly possible to exaggerate.” Thus spoke Bernal Díaz del Castillo, one of the many Spanish conquistadors (kahn KEES tuh dorz), or conquerors, who marched into the Americas in the 1500s. When asked why they traveled to the Americas, Díaz responded, “We came here to serve God and the king and also to get rich.”


• The Spanish Destroy an Empire• The Inca Empire Falls• Why the Spanish Won


Hernando Cortés kneels before the Aztec emperor Moctezuma. Infer What is the artist suggesting about this interaction between Moctezuma and Cortés?

Exploring Lands to the North

The Spanish search for treasure reached beyond the lands of the Aztecs and Incas. Moving north, conquistadors explored the Spanish borderlands. The borderlands spanned the present-day southern United States from Florida to California.


• An Expedition Proves Difficult• The Search for Gold Continues


Spanish explorers took several different routes through North America. Analyze Maps What impact might exploration of the Spanish borderlands have had on the present-day United States?


The Pueblo of Acoma, atop a mesa in present-day New Mexico, was one of the fabled “seven cities of gold” sought by Francisco Coronado and other conquistadors.

The Colonization of New Spain

The conquistadors set up colonies in many parts of the Americas. Spain had many causes for colonization, or setting up colonies. One was the search for wealth: settlements provided bases from which expeditions could set out in search of gold. Settlements could also created wealth through farming and trade. A second important cause of settlement was to spread Christianity by converting native peoples. A third cause was to satisfy a thirst for adventure and exploration. Sometimes, historians summarize the Spanish exploration and settlement of the Americas as motivated by 'Gold, God, and Glory.' Thousands of Spanish immigrants moved to Spanish settlements looking for opportunities the colonies offered, especially farming.


• Spanish Settlements• The Legacy of Missions


Spanish territory covered Central America, part of North America, and much of the Caribbean Islands and South America. Analyze Maps How did the Spanish divide their territory into colonies?


Settlers in St. Augustine, Florida, in New Spain came to town to do business, worship, and socialize.

The Social Order in New Spain

The Laws of the Indies also set up a strict social system. People in Spanish colonies were divided into four social classes: peninsulares (puh NIN suh LAH rayz), creoles (KREE ohlz), mestizos (mes TEE sohz), and Indians.


• Different Social Classes• A Blend of Spanish and Indian Cultures• Harsh Treatment of Native Americans


New Spain’s society was divided into social classes based on birthplace and racial characteristics.

The Transatlantic Slave Trade

The death toll among Native Americans continued to rise. Faced with a severe shortage of workers, Spanish colonists looked across the Atlantic Ocean for a new source of labor.


• Reasons for the Slave Trade• Slave Trade Expansion


Many Africans were captured and shipped to Europe and the Americas to work as slaves. Analyze Maps Most Africans enslaved in the Americas came from which coast of Africa?


Enslaved Africans were shipped to destinations in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Analyze Charts Which region received the fewest enslaved Africans? Which received the most?

Quiz: Conquistadors Arrive in the Americas

One reason why the Spanish easily conquered the Americas was that the Aztecs and Incas lacked

A. wealth and power.B. loyalty to their leaders.C. the will to fight to the death.D. resistance to European diseases.

Quiz: Exploring Lands to the North

What is the best way to describe the results of the Spanish expeditions into the borderlands in the early 1500s?

A. They were successful, with many new settlements established.B. They were mostly unsuccessful, in part due to strong Indian resistance.C. They brought great wealth but also some hardship.D. Nothing of importance was discovered.

Quiz: The Colonization of New Spain

Spanish presidios were

A. tracts of land on which farmers could grow crops.B. schools for Spanish children to continue their education.C. forts that protected food and settlers in the area.D. festivals to celebrate Spain's conquest of the Americas.

Quiz: The Social Order in New Spain

A person could be a peninsular in the Spanish colonies based on their

A. total wealth.B. place of birth.C. level of education.D. ability to govern.

Quiz: The Transatlantic Slave Trade

Which form of labor required heavy use of enslaved Africans in the West Indies and Brazil?

A. corn and rice farmingB. gold miningC. silver miningD. sugar farming

[ 2.1 ] Spanish Colonization and New Spain. Learning Objectives Describe how conquistadors defeated...

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