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Transcript of © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Body Tissues. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. A.Define cell...
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Body Tissues
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• A. Define cell differentiation and explain its importance.
• B. Describe stem cells and explain their importance.
• C. Review tissue types.
• D. Epithelial tissue
• 1.Describe important characteristics of epithelial tissue.
• 2.Describe essential functions of epithelial tissue.
• 3. Describe structural specializations of epithelial tissue.
• 4. Glandular epithlelia
• a.Distinguish between merocrine, apocrine and holocrine secretion.
• b.Distinguish between serous and mucous secretions.
• 5. Define exfoliative cytology and provide examples.
• E.Connective tissue
• 1.Define fascia and describe its location and functions.
• F.Membranes
• 1.Describe the basic structure of membranes.
• 2.Describe the 4 types of membranes, their functions and locations.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-1 Four Types of Tissue
• Tissue
• Are collections of cells and cell products that
perform specific, limited functions
• Four types of tissue
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Neural tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-1 Four Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
• Covers exposed
surfaces
• Lines internal
passageways
• Forms glands
• Connective Tissue
• Fills internal spaces
• Supports other tissues
• Transports materials
• Stores energy
• Muscle Tissue
• Specialized for contraction
• Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs
• Neural Tissue
• Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Characteristics of Epithelia
• Cellularity (cell junctions)
• Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
• Attachment (basement membrane or basal
lamina)
• Avascularity
• Regeneration
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells
Cilia
Microvilli
Apicalsurface
Golgiapparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Basement membrane
Basolateralsurfaces
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Functions of Epithelial Tissue
1. Provide Physical Protection
2. Control Permeability
3. Provide Sensation
4. Produce Specialized Secretions (glandular
epithelium)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Specializations of Epithelial Cells
1. Move fluids over the epithelium (protection)
2. Move fluids through the epithelium (permeability)
3. Produce secretions (protection and messengers)
• Polarity
1. Apical surfaces
• Microvilli increase absorption or secretion
• Cilia (ciliated epithelium) move fluid
2. Basolateral surfaces
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia
1. Intercellular connections
2. Attachment to the basement membrane
3. Epithelial maintenance and repair
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-2 Epithelial Tissue
• Epithelial Maintenance and Repair
• Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative
cells (stem cells)
• Near basement membrane
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Singular = Epithelium; Plural = Epithelia
• Classes of Epithelia
1. Based on shape
• Squamous epithelia — thin and flat
• Cuboidal epithelia — square shaped
• Columnar epithelia — tall, slender rectangles
2. Based on layers
• Simple epithelium — single layer of cells
• Stratified epithelium — several layers of cells
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia• Simple squamous epithelium
• Absorption and diffusion
• Mesothelium: Lines body cavities
• Endothelium: Lines heart and blood
vessels
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelia
• Endocrine glands
• Release hormones
• Into interstitial fluid
• No ducts
• Exocrine glands
• Produce secretions
• Onto epithelial surfaces
• Through ducts
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia--Modes of Secretion
• Merocrine Secretion
• Produced in Golgi apparatus
• Released by vesicles (exocytosis)
• For example, sweat glands
• Apocrine Secretion
• Produced in Golgi apparatus
• Released by shedding cytoplasm
• For example, mammary glands
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Holocrine Secretion
• Released by cells bursting, killing gland cells
• Gland cells replaced by stem cells
• For example, sebaceous glands
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-6 Modes of Glandular Secretion
Salivary gland
Mammary gland
Hair
Sebaceousgland
Hair follicle
Stem cell
Cell division replaceslost cells
Cells produce secretion,increasing in size
Cells burst, releasingcytoplasmic contents
Secretion Regrowth
Golgi apparatus
Breaksdown
Secretoryvesicle
Golgiapparatus
Nucleus
TEM 3039
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-3 Classification of Epithelia
• Glandular Epithelia
• Types of Secretions
• Serous glands
• Watery secretions
• Mucous glands
• Secrete mucins
• Mixed exocrine glands
• Both serous and mucous
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-4 Connective Tissue
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
1. Specialized cells
2. Extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid extracellular ground
substance
• The Extracellular Components of Connective Tissue (Fibers and Ground Substance)
• Make up the matrix
• Majority of tissue volume\Determines specialized function
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-4 Connective Tissue
• Functions of Connective Tissue
• Establishing a structural framework for the body
• Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• Protecting delicate organs
• Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other
types of tissue
• Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of
triglycerides
• Defending the body from invading microorganisms
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Four Types of
Membranes
1. Mucous membranes
2. Serous membranes
3. Cutaneous membrane
4. Synovial membranes
• Membranes
• Physical barriers
• Line or cover
portions of the body
• Consist of:
• An epithelium
• Supported by
connective tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Mucous Membranes (Mucosae)
• Line passageways that have external connections
• In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
• Epithelial surfaces must be moist
• To reduce friction
• To facilitate absorption and excretion
• Lamina propria
• Is areolar tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16a Membranes
Mucous secretion
Mucous membranes are coated with thesecretions of mucous glands. These membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Epithelium
Lamina propria(areolar tissue)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Serous Membranes
• Line cavities not open to the outside
• Are thin but strong
• Have fluid transudate to reduce friction
• Have a parietal portion covering the cavity
• Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Three Serous Membranes
1. Pleura
• Lines pleural cavities
• Covers lungs
2. Peritoneum
• Lines peritoneal cavity
• Covers abdominal organs
3. Pericardium
• Lines pericardial cavity
• Covers heart
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16b Membranes
Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities).
Transudate
Mesothelium
Areolar tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-6 Membranes
• Cutaneous Membrane
• Is skin, surface of the body
• Thick, waterproof, and dry
• Synovial Membranes
• Line moving, articulating joint cavities
• Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)
• Protect the ends of bones
• Lack a true epithelium
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16c Membranes
The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body.
Epithelium
Areolar tissue
Dense irregularconnective tissue
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16d Membranes
Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint.
Articular (hyaline) tissue
Synovial fluid
Capsule
Capillary
Adipocytes
Areolartissue
EpitheliumSynovialmembrane
Bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-7 Internal Framework of the Body
• Connective Tissues
1. Provide strength and stability
2. Maintain positions of internal organs
3. Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves
• Fasciae
• Singular form = fascia
• The body’s framework of connective tissue
• Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-7 Internal Framework of the Body
• Three Types of Fasciae
1. Superficial fascia
2. Deep fascia
3. Subserous fascia
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-17 The Fasciae
Body wall
Body cavity
Skin
Connective Tissue Framework of Body
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia
Subserous Fascia
Rib
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
• Forms a strong, fibrous
• Dense connective tissue• Bound to capsules,
• Between serous
• Areolar tissue
internal framework
tendons, and ligaments
membranes anddeep fascia
• Between skin and
adipose tissue• Also known as
underlying organs• Areolar tissue and
subcutaneous layeror hypodermis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-10 Tissue Injuries and Repair
• Tissues Respond to Injuries
• To maintain homeostasis
• Cells restore homeostasis with two processes
1. Inflammation
2. Regeneration
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-10 Tissue Injuries and Repair
• Inflammation = Inflammatory Response
• The tissue’s first response to injury
• Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory
response include:
• Swelling
• Redness
• Heat
• Pain
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4-10 Tissue Injuries and Repair
• Inflammatory Response
• Can be triggered by:
• Trauma (physical injury)
• Infection (the presence of harmful pathogens)