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p. 1071Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 1 of 7).
Primaryoocyte
Folliclecells
Primordial follicles in egg nest
LM ×1440
1
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 2 of 7).
Thecalcells
Zonapellucida
Granulosacells
Primaryoocytes
Formation ofprimary follicle
LM ×1092
2
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 3 of 7).
Formation ofsecondary follicle
Granulosacells
Nucleusof primary
oocyte
Zonapellucida
Thecal cells
LM ×1052
3
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 4 of 7).
Secondaryoocyte
Antrumcontaining
follicularfluid
Granulosacells
Coronaradiata
Formation oftertiary follicle
LM ×136
4
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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 5 of 7).
Releasedsecondary
oocyte
Primordialfollicles
Primaryfollicle
Tertiaryfollicle
Secondaryfollicle
Corpus luteumCorpus albicans
Coronaradiata
Secondaryoocyte within
corona radiata
Rupturedfollicle wall
Outersurface
of ovary
Follicularfluid
Ovulation
LM ×70
5
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Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 6 of 7).
Formation ofcorpus luteum
LM ×208
6
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-16 The Ovarian Cycle (Part 7 of 7).
Formation ofcorpus albicans
LM ×208
7
p. 1072
←Primary follicle
←Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle →
p. 1072
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
p. 1072Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-24 Regulation of Female Reproduction (Part 5 of 6).
Gonadotropichormone
levels(IU/L)
Follicle stagesduring the
ovarian cycle
Ovarianhormone
levels
FOLLICULAR PHASE OF OVARIAN CYCLE LUTEAL PHASE OF OVARIAN CYCLE
Follicle development OvulationCorpusluteum
formation
Maturecorpusluteum
Corpusalbicans
Progesterone
EstrogensInhibin
FSH
LH
GnRH pulse frequency (pulses/day)
10
20
30
40
50
28/0 7 14 21 28/0Days
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p. 1069
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
p. 1070 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-14b The Ovaries and Their Relationships to the Uterine Tube and Uterus.
Uterinetube
Corpusluteum
Cortex
Tunicaalbugine
a
Maturefollicle
Germinalepitheliu
m
Eggnest
Ovarianhilum
Broad ligament
Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesenteries ofthe Ovary and Uterine Tube
A sectional view of the ovary, uterine tube, and associated mesenteries
b
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p. 1076 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
p. 1074 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-18b The Uterus.
Uterosacralligament
Cardinalligaments
(under broadligament)
Suspensoryligament of ovary
Broadligament
Roundligamentof uterus
Urinary bladder
A superior view of the ligaments that stabilize the position of the uterus in the pelvic cavity.
Ovary
Ovarianligament
Uterine tube
Vesicouterine pouch
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Sigmoid colon
Uterus
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p. 1076 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-19a The Uterine Wall.
Perimetrium
Straight artery
Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterine glands
Uterine cavity
Radial artery
Uterine artery
A diagrammatic sectional view of the uterine wall, showing the endometrial regions and the blood supply to the endometrium
Spiral artery
Arcuate arteries
a
p. 1077
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Figure 28-19b The Uterine Wall.
Uterinecavity
Simplecolumnar
epithelium
Uterineglands
Functionalzone
Basilarzone Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterine wall LM×32
The basic histological structure of the uterine wallb
p. 1077
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-20a The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.
PerimetriumEndometrium
Myometrium
Cervix
Menses LM ×63
Uterineglands
Uterine cavity
The endometrium at menses
Basilar zoneof endometrium
ap. 1078
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-20b The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.
Uterinecavity
Myometrium
Proliferative phase
LM ×66
Uterine cavity
Uterineglands
The endometrium during the proliferative phase
Functional zone
Basilar zone
bp. 1078
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.
Uterineglands
Uterine cavity
Detail ofuterine glands
LM ×150
Secretory phase
LM ×52
The endometrium during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
Functional zone
c
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Figure 28-21 The Histology of the Vagina (Part 1 of 2).
Fornix
Rugae
Vaginalcanal
Hymen
Vestibule
Greater vestibular
gland
Labia minora
Vaginal arteryVaginal vein
p. 1079
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-21 The Histology of the Vagina (Part 2 of 2).
The vaginal wall
LM ×25
Lumen ofvaginalcanal
Stratified squamousepithelium
(nonkeratinized)
Laminapropria
Blood vessels
Bundles of smooth
muscle fibers
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Figure 28-22 The Female External Genitalia.
External Genitalia
ClitorisPrepuce
Mons pubis
Glans
Vestibule
LabiaminoraHymen (torn)Labia
majora
Anus
Greater vestibulargland
Vaginal entrance
Vestibular bulb
Urethral opening
p. 1080
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-22 The Female External Genitalia.
External Genitalia
ClitorisPrepuce
Mons pubis
Glans
Vestibule
LabiaminoraHymen (torn)Labia
majora
Anus
Greater vestibulargland
Vaginal entrance
Vestibular bulb
Urethral opening
p. 1080
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-23a The Mammary Gland.
Pectoralis majormuscle
Pectoral fat pad
Suspensoryligaments
Lobules of twolobes of the mammary gland
Nipple
Areola
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
The mammary gland of the left breast
ap. 1082
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Educ
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Pear
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, Inc
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 28-25 Regulation of Female Reproduction (Slide 3)
The ovarian and uterine cycles must operate in synchrony to ensure properreproductive function. If the two cycles are not properly coordinated, infertilityresults. A female who doesn’t ovulate cannot conceive, even if her uterus isperfectly normal. A female who ovulates normally, but whose uterus is notready to support an embryo, will also be infertile.
As in males, GnRH from thehypothalamus regulatesreproductive function in females.However, in females, GnRHlevels change throughout thecourse of the ovarian cycle. The cycle begins with the release of
GnRH, which stimulates the productionand secretion of FSH and theproduction—but not the secretion—of LH.
HYPOTHALAMUS
Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Release of GnRH
ANTERIORLOBE OFPITUITARYGLAND
The follicular phase begins whenFSH stimulates some secondaryfollicles to develop into a tertiaryfollicle.
Follicular Phase ofthe Ovarian Cycle
As secondary follicles develop,FSH levels decline due to thenegative feedback effects ofinhibin.
Developing follicles also secreteestrogens, especially estradiol(es-tra-DĪ-ol), the dominanthormone prior to ovulation.
In low concentrations, estrogensinhibit LH secretion. Thisinhibition gradually decreases asestrogen levels climb.
Negativefeedback
• Follicle development
• Secretion of inhibin
• Secretion of estrogens
OVARY
Productionand secretionof FSH
Productionof LH
Secretionof LH
Beforeday 10
Afterday 10
• Meiosis I completion• Ovulation• Corpus luteum formation
Secretion ofprogesterone
The combination of increasedGnRH pulse frequency and elevatedestrogen levels stimulates LHsecretion.
Luteal Phase ofthe Ovarian Cycle
On or around day 14, a massivesurge in LH level triggers (1) thecompletion of meiosis I by theprimary oocyte, (2) the forcefulrupture of the follicular wall, (3)ovulation, roughly 9 hours after theLH peak, and (4) formation of thecorpus luteum.
The corpus luteum secretesprogesterone, which stimulates andsustains endometrial development.
After ovulation, progesterone levelsrise and estrogen levels fall. Thissuppresses GnRH secretion. Ifpregnancy does not occur, thecorpus luteum will degenerate after12 days, and as progesterone levelsdecline, GnRH secretion increases,and a new cycle begins.
KEY
Stimulation
Inhibition
Effectson CNS
Stimulationof bone andmuscle growth
Establishment andmaintenance offemale secondarysex characteristics
Maintenanceof accessoryglands andorgans
Stimulation ofendometrialgrowth andsecretion
32
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