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Transcript of © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 14 Circulation and Blood Vessels Edited by Dr. Ryan...
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 14
Circulation andBlood Vessels
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Circulation
• Major circulatory systems– Cardiopulmonary circulation
– Systemic circulation
• Specialized circulatory systems– Coronary circulation
– Portal circulation
– Fetal circulation
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Cardiopulmonary Circulation
• Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart.
• Review of blood flow through the heart and
lungs
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Systemic Circulation
• Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions
• Carries away waste products
• Helps equalize body temperature
• Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria
• The aorta and its branches
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Coronary Circulation
• Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
• Right and left branches of the coronary artery
• Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level
• Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Portal Circulation
• A branch of the general circulation
• Veins from the pancreas, stomach, small intestine, colon and spleen empty their blood into the hepatic portal vein which goes to the liver
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Portal Circulation
• Liver ensures that the blood’s glucose concentration is kept within a relatively narrow range
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Fetal Circulation
• Occurs in the unborn baby (fetus)
• Fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood; not through their own lungs and digestive systems
• The fetal blood does not mix with the mother’s blood; the exchange of gases, food and waste is passed through the placenta
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Arteries
• Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to capillaries (exception – pulmonary arteries)
• Layers of the walls– Tunica adventitia or externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Arteries
• Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries
• Smaller arteries branch into arterioles
• Arterioles give rise to the capillaries
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Capillaries
• Smallest blood vessels
• Can only be seen through a microscope
• Connect the arterioles and venules
• Muscle and connective tissue disappear and
they become a simple endothelial cell layer
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Capillaries
• Selective permeability
• Control of blood flow by precapillary sphincters
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Veins
• Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart
• Layers of the walls– Tunica externa
– Tunica media
– Tunica intima
• Walls much thinner than arteries– Do not have to withstand as much pressure
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Veins
• Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction
– Toward the heart
• Largest vein is the vena cavae– Superior vena cavae returns blood from upper part of body
– Inferior vena cavae returns blood from the lower part of the body
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Venous Return
• Valves help keep venous blood moving
• Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Venous Return
• Pressure changes occur when we breath which helps bring venous blood back to the heart
• Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood Pressure
• Systolic blood pressure
• Diastolic blood pressure
• Pulse pressure
• Normal values = 120/80
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Pulse
• Can feel pulsating beat at certain points on the body
• Should be same as heart rate
• Can feel pulse on the body where the artery is near the surface of the skin and over a bone
– These are called pulse points
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Pulse Points
• Brachial artery
• Common carotid artery
• Femoral artery
• Dorsalis pedis artery
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Pulse Points
• Popliteal artery
• Radial artery
• Temporal artery
• Pressure points can be used to stop bleeding
distal to the pulse point
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• Aneurysm
• Arteriosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis
• Gangrene
• Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• Embolism
• Varicose veins
• Hemorrhoids
• Cerebral hemorrhage
• Peripheral vascular disease
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• Hypertension– Normal
– Less than 120/80
– Pre-hypertension– 120-130/80-89
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• Stage I hypertension– 140-159/90-99
• Stage II hypertension– 160 and above/100 and above
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Disorders of the Blood Vessels
• White coat hypertension
• Hypotension
• Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)-– warning stroke
• Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)– stroke
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hypoperfusion
• Inadequate flow of blood carrying oxygen to the organs and body systems
• Hypoperfused tissue will stop working properly*****
Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hypoperfusion
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Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov