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© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Center for Development of Human Services
Examining the Effects of Parental Alcohol and Drug Abuse on Children
Stephen Webster, PharmD Student
University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Center for Development of Human Services
Credits
• William A. Prescott Jr., Pharm. D.
Clinical Assistant Professor
University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Department of Pharmacy Practice
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Center for Development of Human Services
Credits
• James Brustman, CDHS Child Welfare Trainer
• Phyllis Harris, CDHS Administrator
• William Rea, CDHS Child Welfare Trainer
• David Peters, Senior CDHS Child Welfare Trainer
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Introduction
• Substance abuse has a major impact on the child welfare system. * It is estimated that 9 % of children in the U.S. (6 million) live with at least one parent who
abuses alcohol or other drugs. * Between 1/3rd and 2/3rds of child maltreatment cases involve substance abuse* 85 % of states reported substance abuse
was one of the two major problems exhibited by families in which maltreatment was suspected.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Project Goals
1. Training Manual for CDHS Trainers
2. Handbook for Child Welfare Caseworkers
Overall: Educate trainers and caseworkers
on the effects of parental drug/alcohol
abuse on children.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Today’s Agenda
1. Overview of Substance Abuse and Addiction
2. Summary of each Commonly Abused Substance
3. Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
4. Conclusion
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Overview of Substance Abuse and Addiction
• What is physical addiction ?
• What is psychological addiction ?
• What is tolerance, withdrawal, and potentiation ?
• How quickly can someone become addicted to a drug ?
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Overview of Substance Abuse and Addiction
• Why do some individuals become dependent/addicted and others not ?
• Are substance dependent parents more likely to abuse/neglect their children ?
• What does a family history of substance abuse mean for its members ?
• Is it possible to be an effective parent if you are abusing drugs ?
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Drug Sections
• - Each drug section will discuss:
* Common street names
* Mechanism of action
* Route of administration
* Indicators of intoxication
* Long-term effects
* Withdrawal
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol
• The most commonly abused substance in the United States
• Alcohol dependence has both genetic and
environmental factors.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol
• Mechanism of Action
- Alcohol is a depressant that slows central nervous system functioning.
- Alcohol is immediately absorbed into the blood stream from the stomach and small intestine resulting in a rapid onset of effect.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol• Immediate Physiological Effects
- Decreased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and coordination
- Feeling of well-being Slowed cognition
Drowsiness
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol
• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication- Severe drowsiness Confusion
Aggression Hypotension Emotional blunting Memory impairment Poor coordination Slurred speech Decreased heart rate Increased irritability Decreased body temperature Severe respiratory depression
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol• Consequences of Long-term Use
- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal
- Long-term Physiological Effects
Liver cirrhosis, kidney damage, immune system impairment, gastric ulceration and cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol• Withdrawal
- Severity: The potential to be life-threatening. - Approximately 25% will have seizures. - Approximately 10% will have hallucinations.
- Delirium tremens, the most serious alcohol withdrawal syndrome, occurs in 5% of cases. It is characterized by hyperagitation, tremor, disorientation, persistent hallucinations, and marked increases in heart and respiratory rates and blood pressure. - Roughly 5% of those experiencing Delirium tremens will die
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol
• Withdrawal- Symptoms: * Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiration, sensitivity to light and sound * Pupil dilation, hallucinations, paranoid delusions, DT’s, alcohol craving, tremors, agitation, anxiety, disorientation, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, headache
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Alcohol
• Withdrawal
- Timeline: . Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 24 and 72 hours after the last drink and last between 5 and 7 days.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cannabinoids(Marijuana and Hashish)
• Two drugs derived from different parts of the plant Cannabis sativa
• Approx. 40% of Americans over the age of 12 have tried marijuana at least once
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cannabinoids
• Common Street Namesblunt, dope, ganja, grass, herb, joint, mary jane, pot, reefer, weed, chronic, boom
• Administrationsmoke, swallowed
• Mechanism of ActionThe major active chemical in cannabis is THC.THC binds to areas in the brain that influence pleasure sensation, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordination.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cannabinoids
• Immediate Physiological Effects
Euphoric feeling Increased heart rate
Increased anxiety Drowsiness
Altered sensation Loss of time perception
Increased hunger Eye redness
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cannabinoids
• Signs and Symptoms of IntoxicationAltered sensation Loss of time perceptionIntense hungerEye rednessHallucinations Poor coordinationPoor judgment Poor reaction timeRapid heart beat Anxiety/ConfusionEuphoric feeling Short-term memory
impairment
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cannabinoids
• Consequences of Long-term Use- Craving and withdrawal symptoms including irritability, difficulty sleeping, anxiety, and aggression- Depression, memory impairment, lack of motivation- increased risk of lung infections, chronic cough, bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cannabinoids
• Withdrawal- Severity: mild to moderate when long-term user abruptly stops using the drug. - Symptoms: irritability, increased aggression, difficulty sleeping, decreased appetite, drug craving, and anxiety. - Timeline: Peak severity is approximately one week following the last use of the drug.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cocaine/Crack
• Cocaine is the second most commonly used illicit drug in the United States
• Approx. 10% of Americans over the age of 12 years have tried cocaine at least once.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cocaine/Crack
• Common Street Namesblow, bump, C, candy, Charlie, coke, flake, rock, snow, toot
• Administrationsmoked, snorted, injected
• Mechanism of ActionCocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant. Cocaine’s euphoric effect is attributed to its inhibition of dopamine removal and subsequent accumulation in the central nervous system.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cocaine/Crack
• Immediate Physiological Effects
- Increased blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, energy, and alertness
- Dilated pupils Decreased appetite
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cocaine/Crack
• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication
Intense euphoria Paranoia
Muscle twitches Increased alertness
Tremors Increased energy
Heavy sweating Increased Irritability
Erratic and violent behavior
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cocaine/Crack
• Consequences of Long-term Use- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal- Long-term psychological effects paranoid psychosis, mood disturbances, auditory hallucinations, and personality changes -Long-term physiological effectsheart attacks, ventricular fibrillation, chest pain, respiratory failure, strokes, seizures, abdominal pain, weight loss, loss of the sense of smell, and nosebleeds
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Cocaine/Crack
• Withdrawal- Severity: Cocaine-withdrawal syndrome is similar to severe depression. Symptoms are not life-threatening, but may require hospitalization due to precipitating psychiatric disturbances - Symptoms: Severe depression, slowed motor response, emotional blunting, hypersomnia, excessive eating, social withdrawal, paranoid delusions, suicidal thoughts and behavior, drug craving- Timeline: Peak severity is 1 to 3 days after the last use, mild symptoms may persist for 2 weeks
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
HallucinogensLSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin
• LSD is a semi-synthetic compound
• Mescaline is found in peyote cactus
• Psilocybin is found in psilocybe mushrooms
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Hallucinogens
• Common Street NamesMescaline: buttons, cactus, mesc, peyotePeyote: magic mushroom, purple passion, LSD: acid, blotter, boomers, cubes, microdot
• Administrationsmoked, swallowed, absorbed through mouth tissues
• Mechanism of ActionAct on specific serotonin receptors in areas of the brain that control mood, cognition, and sensory perception
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Hallucinogens
• Immediate Physiological Effects- Increased blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature- Dizziness Loss of appetite Dry mouth Sweating Nausea Tremors Pupil dilation Altered senses Altered emotions
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Hallucinogens
• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication- Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature- Violent outbursts Dizziness Euphoria Hallucinations Sweating Nausea Dizziness Anxiety Tremors Pupil dilation
Emotional instability Altered sensory perception
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Hallucinogens
• Consequences of Long-term Use- Tolerance- Long-term psychological effects1) Drug-related psychosis characterized by frequent mood swings and visual disturbances which can potentially persist for years 2) Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), better known as “flashbacks”, in which the user experiences spontaneous recurrent episodes of sensory distortion - No Withdrawal Syndrome
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
• Methamphetamine use is rapidly increasing across the country and devastating entire communities
• Amphetamines are frequently prescribed for children and adults with ADHD
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine use in the United States
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
• Common Street NamesMeth: chalk, crank, crystal, fire, glass, ice, meth, speed Amph: bennies,crosses, hearts, LA turnaround, speed, truck drivers, uppers
• Administrationinjected, swallowed, smoked, snorted
• Mechanism of ActionCauses a release of excess dopamine, a chemical which plays an important role in pleasure regulation in the brain
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
• Immediate Physiological Effects
- Increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, energy, and attention
- Decreased appetite Dry mouth
Dilated pupils
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication
Heavy sweating Intense irritability
Chills Euphoria
Hyper-sexuality Heavy breathing
Paranoia Fever
Increased self-esteem and confidence
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
• Consequences of Long-Term Use- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal- Long-term Pyschological EffectsChronic methamphetamine use has been associated with psychosis, most resembling paranoid schizophrenia. Visual and auditory hallucinations, intense paranoia, mood disturbances, repetitive motor activity, and out-of-control rages that can be coupled with extremely violent behavior are all symptoms of methamphetamine addiction psychosis.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine
• Consequences of Long-Term Use
- Long-term Physiological Effects
irreversible heart damage, stroke, weight loss, dental damage, violent behavior, anxiety, confusion, and insomnia
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Methamphetamine/Amphetamine• Withdrawal
- Severity: Meth.-withdrawal syndrome is similar to severe depression. Symptoms are not life-threatening, but may require hospitalization due to precipitating psychiatric disturbances - Symptoms: Severe depression, slowed motor response, emotional blunting, hypersomnia, excessive eating, social withdrawal, paranoid delusions, suicidal thoughts and behavior, drug craving- Timeline: Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose and subside after 5 to 7 days.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Ecstasy/MDMA
• MDMA is the main ingredient in Ecstasy
• MDMA contains chemical variations of the stimulant methamphetamine and mescaline, a hallucinogen.
• Ecstasy is considered a “club drug”
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Ecstasy/MDMA
• Common Street NamesAdam, clarity, Eve, E, lover's speed, peace, STP, X, XTC
• Administrationswallowed
• Mechanism of ActionMDMA is a psychoactive drug containing both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. MDMA affects the brain by increasing the activity of at least three chemicals; serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Ecstasy/MDMA
• Immediate Physiological Effects
- Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and energy
- Mental stimulation Decreased anxiety
Blurred vision
Chills
Muscle cramping
Sweating
Nausea
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Ecstasy/MDMA
• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication- Increased blood pressure, heart rate- Sense of well-being Decreased anxiety
Hypersexuality Fever Enhanced sensory perception
Intense thirst Altered time perception Empathy towards others
Heavy sweating
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Ecstasy/MDMA• Consequences of Long-term Use
- Tolerance, Addiction ?, Withdrawal ?- Long-term Psychological Effectsincreased incidences of confusion, depression, changes in cognition, memory, attention, and motor function - Long-term Physiological Effectsweight loss, and heart, kidney, and liver toxicity.- WithdrawalImpossible to discern withdrawal symptoms from those attributed to neurologic damage caused by ecstasy use
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Heroin
• Heroin is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine
• The U.S. heroin market is supplied entirely from foreign sources of opium.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Heroin• Common Street Names
brown sugar, dope, H, horse, junk, skag, skunk, smack, white horse
• Administrationinjected, smoked, snorted
• Mechanism of ActionHeroin activates receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. When heroin enters the brain, it is converted to morphine, causing increased feelings of pleasure and blockage of pain messages from the spinal cord.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Heroin
• Immediate Physiological Effects
Pain reliefIntense euphoria
Decreased respiration, cardiac function
Alternating wakeful and drowsy states
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Heroin• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication
Intense euphoric state Alternating wakeful and drowsy states
Impaired mental functionHeavy-feeling extremitiesStaggering gait Pupil constrictionNausea VomitingSevere Itching Dry mouthWarm flushing of the skin
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Heroin
• Consequences of Long-term Use
- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal
- Long-term Physiological Effects
collapsed veins, bacterial infections of blood vessels and cardiac tissue, liver and kidney disease, lung complications including pneumonia and tuberculosis, arthritis, and constipation.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Heroin
• Withdrawal- Severity: Heroin withdrawal resembles a severe case of influenza and is not considered life-threatening. Heroin withdrawal symptoms are regarded as the most severe of all opioid-related substances - Symptoms: Drug craving, pupil dilation, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, bone and muscle pain, diarrhea, malaise, cold flashes, and insomnia- Timeline: Peak severity is 1 to 3 days after the last use, symptoms subside after 7-10 days.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription OpioidsCodeine, Morphine,Hydrocodone,
Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Methadone,etc.• Opium is an analgesic derived from the seeds of
the unripe poppy plant.
• The term opiate refers only to the natural opium alkaloids (codeine, morphine) and the semi-synthetics derived from them (hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxycodone).
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
Codeine
- Robitussin A-C, Tylenol w/ Codeine, Tylenol #2,#3 & #4
- Common Street Names
Captain Cody, Cody, schoolboy; doors & fours, loads, pancakes and syrup
- Administered
injected, swallowed
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
Fentanyl- Actiq, Duragesic, Sublimaze- Common Street Names
Apache, China girl, dance fever, friend, goodfella, jackpot, murder 8, TNT, Tango and Cash
- Administered buccal, injected,
smoked, snorted, transdermal
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
Morphine- Avinza, Kadian, MS Contin,
Roxanol- Common Street Names
M, Miss Emma, monkey, white stuff - Administered
injected, swallowed, smoked
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
Oxycodone
- Endocet, Oxycontin, Percocet, Roxicet, Roxicodone
- Common Street Names
Hillbilly heroin, Kickers, Blue, Oxy, O.C., Killer, Percs, Percodoms
- Administered
injected, swallowed, snorted
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
Hydrocodone
- Lorcet, Lortab, Norco Vicodin
- Common Street Names
Vike, Watson-387
- Administered
swallowed
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
Propoxyphene
- Darvocet, Darvon
- Administered
swallowed
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
• Mechanism of Action- An opioid is any agent that acts on the brain and body by binding to opioid receptors located in the brain, spinal cord, and gastrointestinal tract. - Opioid drugs block the perception of pain to varying degrees. Some opioids can also produce a euphoric effect by affecting the pleasure centers of the brain
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
• Immediate Physiological Effects
Pain relief Drowsiness
Pupil Constriction Flushing
Vomiting Nausea
Euphoric feeling Decreased body temp.
Confusion Decreased respiration
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication
Decreased respirationHypothermia
Warm flushing of the skin Euphoria
Pupil constriction Drowsiness
Vomiting Dry mouth
Confusion Itching
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids
• Consequences of Long-term Use
- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal
- Long-term Physiological Effects
confusion, constipation, and immune system impairment
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Opioids• Withdrawal
- Severity: Opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of influenza and is not considered life-threatening. Symptoms are less severe than those related to heroin withdrawal, but the duration is longer.
- Symptoms: Drug craving, pupil dilation, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, bone and muscle pain, diarrhea, malaise, cold flashes, and insomnia- Timeline: Peak severity is 2 to 4 days after the last use, symptoms may endure for more than 14 days.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription DepressantsBarbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Sleep aids
• During the 1950’s, it was noted that barbiturates were related to high incidences of side effects and abuse.
• During the 1960’s, benzodiazepines appeared on the market and rapidly replaced barbiturates as the class of choice for sedative-hypnotics.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
Barbiturates
- Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, Phenobarb
- Common Street Names
barbs, reds, red birds, phennies, tooies, yellows, yellow jackets
- Administered
injected, swallowed
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription DepressantsBenzodiazepines
- Ativan-lorazepam, Halcion- temazepam, Librium-chlordiazepoxide, Valium-diazepam, Xanax-alprazolam
- Common Street Names
candy, downers, sleeping pills, tranks
- Administered
injected, swallowed
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
Sleep Aids
- Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Zolpidem (Ambien)
- Administered
swallowed
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
• Mechanism of Action
Most depressants cause CNS depression by either increasing the activity or production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
• Immediate Physiological Effects
Slowed respiration Drowsiness
Decreased heart rate Pupil constriction
Feeling of well-being Dizziness
Slowed muscle response
Decreased blood pressure
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
• Signs and Symptoms of Intoxication
Severe drowsiness Severe respiratory
Confusion Aggression
Emotional blunting Hypotension
Memory impairment Poor coordination
Slurred speech Decreased heart rate
Fever Increased irritability
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
• Consequences of Long-term Use- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal- Long-term Psychological EffectsDepression, visual disturbances, vertigo, impaired memory, judgment, anxiety- Long-term Physiological Effects Impaired fine motor skills, slurred speech, chronic fatigue, loss of coordination
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
• Withdrawal- Severity: Depressant-withdrawal syndrome resembles stimulant intoxication. Barbiturate withdrawal is more severe than benzodiazepine withdrawal, but both are potentially life-threatening. Seizures, hallucinations, and delirium tremens are possible serious symptoms of both barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants
• Withdrawal- Symptoms: * Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, respiration, light and sound sensitivity* Auditory and visual hallucinations, seizures, delerium tremens, muscular weakness, depression, paranoid delusions, tremors, pupil dilation, agitation, anxiety, disorientation, convulsions, sleep disturbances, headache, nausea
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Prescription Depressants• Withdrawal
- Timeline: Long-term benzodiazepine or barbiturate use is associated with acute withdrawal symptoms that precipitate within 24 hours following the last administered dose.* For short-acting depressants, major withdrawal symptoms peak between 2 and 4 days following the last administered dose and last for about 7 days. * For long-acting depressants, major
withdrawal symptoms peak between 4 and 7 days following the last dose and last for about 2 weeks.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative DrugsPhencyclidine, Ketamine, Dextromethorphan
• Phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine were originally developed as anesthetics for surgery.
• The most common source of abused dextromethorphan is extra-strength cough syrup.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative Drugs
• Common Street NamesKetamine: cat Valiums, K, Special K, vitamin K PCP: angel dust, boat, hog, love boat, peace pill
• Administeredinjected, snorted, smoke, swallowed
• Mechanism of Action- Disrupts the activity of the chemical glutamate, which plays a large role in learning, memory, emotion, and pain perception. - PCP also affects dopamine activity
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative Drugs
• Immediate Physiological EffectsIncreased blood pressureRapid/Shallow breathingRandom muscle contractionsIncreased body temperatureDecreased sense of painIncreased heart rateBlurred visionDizziness
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative Drugs
• Signs and Symptoms of IntoxicationUncoordinated movements EuphoriaSensory detachment HallucinationsFeeling of Vulnerabiltiy PanicHyperthermia DizzinessSuicidal thoughts DisorientationFeeling of increased strengthAggression
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative Drugs
• Consequences of Long-term Use
- Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal
- Long-term Physiological Effects
memory loss, numbness, and depression which can persist for up to a year after drug use stops.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative Drugs• Withdrawal
- Severity: While dissociative drug-related withdrawal is not considered life-threatening, medical attention may be necessary because of precipitating psychiatric disturbances.- Symptoms:
Hyperactivity AgitationIncreased pain threshold HyperflexiaIncreased heart rate DelusionsViolent behavior DepressionIncreased blood pressure Memory lossVisual/Auditory hallucinations
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Dissociative Drugs
• Withdrawal
- Timeline
The peak severity of dissociative drug-related withdrawal can occur from days to weeks following the last administered dose. Withdrawal symptoms can persist for months.
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
• Parental Effects
- Decreased parental monitoring
- Poor problem-solving ability
- Increased incidence of aggression
- Less emotional sensitivity
- Lower positive engagement with the child
- Antisocial behavior including child avoidance
- Poor intellectual stimulation of the child
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
• Parental Effects- Negative parent/child relationship- Increased parental stress- Poor and inconsistent family management- Increased incidence of child neglect than
abuse- Ineffective socialization and discipline- Negative parent/child relationship- Increased incidence of child abandonment
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
• Effect on the Family
- Poor family functioning
- Increased levels of conflict
- Poor communication
- Increased incidence of domestic violence
- Unpredictable home life
- Poor organization, including cleaning, timeliness, planning
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
• Effect on the Child
- Increased incidence of physical, sexual, and verbal abuse
- Increased risk of neglect
- Increased risk of early drug and alcohol abuse
- Increased incidence of disruptive behavior problems
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
• Effect on the Child- Increased incidence of emotional disorders including chemical dependence, eating disorders, anxiety, depression, aggression, suicidal behavior, phobias, low self-esteem- Increased incidence of physical problems including asthma, hypertension, headaches, and allergies
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Family-related Consequences of Parental Substance Abuse
• Effect on the Child
- Increased incidence of impaired cognitive and verbal skills
- Increased incidence of learning disabilities
© 2005-2006 CDHS/Research Foundation of SUNY/BSC College Relations Group
Conclusion
Thank you all for coming!