© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 1 CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management Dr. Franz J....

© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 1

CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management

CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management

Dr. Franz J. Kurfess

Computer Science Department

Cal Poly


Course OverviewCourse Overview Introduction Knowledge Processing

Knowledge Acquisition, Representation and Manipulation

Knowledge Organization Classification, Categorization Ontologies, Taxonomies, Thesauri

Knowledge Retrieval Information Retrieval Knowledge Navigation

Knowledge Presentation Knowledge Visualization

Knowledge Exchange Knowledge Capture, Transfer,

and Distribution Usage of Knowledge

Access Patterns, User Feedback

Knowledge Management Techniques Topic Maps, Agents

Knowledge Management Tools

Knowledge Management in Organizations


Overview Knowledge UsageOverview Knowledge Usage

Motivation Objectives Chapter Introduction

Important Concepts and Terms

Chapter Summary


LogisticsLogistics Introductions Course Materials

textbook handouts Web page CourseInfo/Blackboard System and Alternatives

Term Project Lab and Homework Assignments Exams Grading


Using Knowledge Using Knowledge

What do we want when we look for information or knowledge? answers, not documents!

current retrieval systems identify documents that may or may not contain the answer irrelevant documents partial answers multiple answers

inconsistent, wrong context, …


Current Usage of Retrieval SystemsCurrent Usage of Retrieval Systems

tools to identify potentially relevant documentsformulation of questions as unnatural queries

either simplistic sets of keywords, or complex expressions

ranking of retrieved documents according to obscure criteria re-formulation of queries to influence ranking

mostly batch processing submit query wait view result


Better Usage of Retrieval SystemsBetter Usage of Retrieval Systems

provide answers to questionsfind the right information fastanalyze information, combine it into easily digestible

formatssummarize longer documents, sets of related

documentsrelate it to decisions to be made


Pre-TestPre-Test


MotivationMotivation


ObjectivesObjectives


Knowledge Usage in ContextKnowledge Usage in Context

terminology dissemination, utilization, diffusion, technology transfer

knowledge dissemination and utilization traditional model conceptual and instrumental use related terms

knowledge use as learning processknowledge life span

usefulness and accessibility of knowledge

knowledge life cycle activities dealing with knowledge throughout its useful life


What is Knowledge Utilization?What is Knowledge Utilization?

no clear definitionoften used interchangeably with

knowledge dissemination knowledge transfer knowledge usage

usually assume two aspects distribution of knowledge, information, or products incorporation of conceptual or instrumental use of

knowledge into relevant activities


Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization

Knowledge Dissemination and Utilization

due to a number of factors, existing knowledge is not used effectively driven by the dissemination side (researchers), rather than

the knowledge use side (practitioners) finding practical applications of knowledge is often left to potential

users

lack of coordinated knowledge utilization activities ad hoc dissemination models, very few attempts at systematic

approaches to utilization

cumbersome accessibility finding and accessing knowledge has been the domain of

specialists (librarians, consultants)


Dissemination TypesDissemination Typesspread

one-way diffusion or distribution of knowledge and information

choice users actively seek and acquire knowledge from established or

alternative sources users learn about their options

exchange interactions between people multi-directional flow of knowledge and information

implementation technical assistance, training, interpersonal activities

[NCDDR 1996]


Extension Model of Knowledge UseExtension Model of Knowledge Use

rational, linear conception of the process of knowledge utilization knowledge is packaged and moved from one place to

another based on the assumption that knowledge can be arranged into

definable, useable units that can be transmitted easily

“getting the word out” based on the hope that potential users will hear about it,

and be willing and capable to utilize it does not reflect the use of knowledge in many situations

[NCDDR 1996]


Complex Model of Knowledge UseComplex Model of Knowledge Use

the process usually is not rational nor linear complex

multiple sources, multiple media and paths of delivery interdependencies between individual knowledge items context may be critical

transactional may involve transactions between source (expert) and user

dependent on the background of potential users pre-existing knowledge, beliefs, experiences

the user is involved in the usage process problem-solver constructor of a personal knowledge base

[NCDDR 1996]


Knowledge UsageKnowledge Usage

conceptual use changes in levels of knowledge, understanding, or attitude

instrumental use changes in behavior and practice

strategic use manipulation of knowledge to attain specific goals

power, profit, political gain

[NCDDR 1996]


Knowledge Usage MetaphorsKnowledge Usage Metaphors

“tabula rasa” the learner’s mind is an empty slate upon which people “in

the know” impress knowledge

learner as a sponge soaking up knowledge, largely without filtering or

processing

brain as a computer processes information in a systematic fashion as it is

received from outside sources


Knowledge Use as Learning ProcessKnowledge Use as Learning Process

role of knowledge dynamic set of understandings influenced by its originators

and its users

role of the learner actively filters and shapes knowledge

integration into existing knowledge

constructs models of the the environment explanations to make sense of the world

pre-existing (mis-)understandings may have to be changed they result in discrepancies of the mental model

[NCDDR 1996]


Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization

Dimensions of Knowledge Utilization

dissemination source originator of information initiator of dissemination

content new knowledge supporting information

dissemination medium packaging and transmission of knowledge

user person or organization to receive and apply the knowledge

[NCDDR 1996]


Knowledge Life SpanKnowledge Life Span

[Kaplan 1997]


Knowledge Life CycleKnowledge Life Cycle

[Kaplan 1997]


Utilization of Knowledge AssetsUtilization of Knowledge Assets

[Konno 2000]


Knowledge Usage IssuesKnowledge Usage Issues

selection of knowledgecomposition of knowledgemerging of knowledge itemsmodification of knowledgemodification of system aspectspreservation of consistencyuser motivation


Knowledge Usage TemplateKnowledge Usage Template

[Skyrme 1999]


KM Benefits TreeKM Benefits Tree

[Skyrme 1999]


Technology vs. UsageTechnology vs. Usage

Today’s Technology Centered Systems

User and Usage Centered

Query

Task Context

Organize

ThinkSelect

Evaluate

Output

Collaborate

BrowseTransfer into Search

Gather

Store

Create

Plan

[Griffin 2000]


Carnegie Mellon University: Digital Video Libraries• speech, image and natural language technologies

integration

Univ of Michigan: Intelligent Agent Architectures

• software agents; resource federation; artificial service market economies; educational impact

Stanford Univ: Uniform Access

• interoperability; protocols & standards; distributed object architectures; interface design for distributed information retrieval

full-content search and retrieval of video segments

general access, extensibility for heterogeneous distributed resources

new DL cross-disciplinary capabilities, intellectual perspectives and linkages

Project/Research Focus research goal

Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 ProjectsDigital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 Projects

[Griffin 2000]


Project/Research Focus

Univ of California, Santa Barbara: Geographic Information Systems

• spatially-indexed data; content-based retrieval; image-compression; metadata

Univ of Illinois: Intelligent Search and the Net• large-scale information retrieval across knowledge

domains; semantic search; SGML; user/usage studies

Univ of California, Berkeley: Media Integration and Access

• new models of “documents”; natural language processing; content-based image retrieval; innovative interface design

resources for geosciences research and education communities

new models and services for multi-media information management in a networked world

semantic retrieval across the net; alternatives for publishers of scientific journals

research goal

Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 ProjectsDigital Libraries Initiative (DLI)Phase 1 Projects

[Griffin 2000]


Computer & Communications CompaniesDigital Equipment CorpXerox CorpXerox PARCIntel CorpApple CorporationBellcoreEastman Kodak CoIBMLockheedInterconnect Tech CorpEnterprise Integration (EIT)BellcoreIntervalMicrosoft CorpBell Atlantic Network ServicesAT&THewlett PackardUnited TechnologiesSoftquadBRS/DatawareSpyglassHitachi

Professional SocietiesAmerican Math Society (AMA)ACMIEEEAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)American Physical SocietyAmerican Institute of PhysicsNCGIAAssociation of Research Libraries

Government Agencies and LabsDMA/CIOU S NavyUSGSNASA/ARCRes Agcy of CaliforniaSan Diego Assn of Govts

LibrariesProject Site Univ LibsUSGS LibraryLibrary of CongressCalifornia State LibrarySonoma County LibrarySt. Louis Public LibraryNew York Public Libs

Other UniversitiesSUNY BuffaloUniv of MaineUniv of ArizonaOpen University, U.K.Univ of WisconsinUniv of ColoradoMITCornell Univ

Publishers/Content ProvidersElsevier Science GroupEncyclopedia BritannicaMcGraw-Hill PublishersDialog Information ServicesO'ReillyWAIS IncQED CommunicationsJohn Wiley & SonsU.S. News & World ReportM&T PublishingTribune CompanyUMI

-- DLI Lead Institutions --Carnegie Mellon University of California, Berkeley University of IllinoisStanford University University of Michigan Univ of California, Santa Barbara

Other/Non-ProfitsCNRIEnvironmental Systems Res InstMellon FoundationKellogg FoundationGetty Foundation

Primary & Secondary SchoolsProject-local comm schoolsFairfax County Public SchoolsWinchester-Thurston SchoolAnn Arbor Public SchoolsStuyvesant High School, NYCShasta County Ofc of Edu

Flow of Resources, Technologies, Knowledge, Intellectual Products

International OrgsERCIM

DLI Collaboration and PartneringDLI Collaboration and Partnering

[Griffin 2000]


PharmaceuticalDesign

StructuralBiology

ChemicalDynamics

Com

pu

ter

Sp

eed

in B

illi

on o

f O

per

atio

ns

per

Sec

ond

1970 1980 1990 2000

0.1

1

10

100

1000

Airfoil

48 Hour Weather

2D PlasmaModeling

72 HourWeather

3D Plasma

Modeling

Vehicle Signature

Climate ModelingFluid TurbulenceHuman Genome

Ocean CirculationQuantum ChromdynamicsSemiconductor ModelingSuperconductor ModelingViscous Fluid Dynamics

Vision and Cognition

Estimate of HiggsBoson Mass

Grand Challenge RequirementsGrand Challenge Requirements

[Griffin 2000]


Traffic Requirements for Bandwidth

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

Steady Bursty

CompositeImaging

InteractiveVisualization

VideoTeleconf

TextFile

Transfer

CollaborationTechnology

DistributedComputing

ImageTransfer

Multi-MediaDatabaseAccess

Multi-MediaMail

Electronic Mail

CharacterData Transfer

Ban

dw

idth

Pea

k R

ate

Application RequirementsApplication Requirements

[Griffin 2000]


Computing Capability (FLOPS)

Network Capability(bandwidth)

Two Dimensional Thinking,Early 1990s...

Two Dimensional Thinking,Early 1990s...

[Griffin 2000]


Computing (flops)Digital content

Com

mun

icat

ions

(ban

dwid

th, c

onne

ctiv

ity)

Digital Libraries technologytrajectory: intellectualaccess to globally distributed information

less more

Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90s...

Three Dimensional Thinking, Mid-90s...

[Griffin 2000]


Today: Context and StructureToday: Context and Structure

[Griffin 2000]


Data 01001001100011111100

Information

Knowledge

Understanding The universe is expanding!

cont

ext

anal

ysis

stru

ctur

e

Infe

renc

e

Evolution of UnderstandingEvolution of Understanding

[Griffin 2000]


LifeSciences

2000

PhysicalSciences

Engineering

Life Sciences

Information Sciences

PhysicalSciences

Engineering

2010

Information Sciences

Social Sciences,Humanities

Social Sciences,Humanities

A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010A Vision of Disciplinarity in 2010

[Griffin 2000]


FY 1999 Competition Data ~50 proposals requesting $25M ~30 countries Formal Program with UK/JISC (Circular 15/98)

International Digital Libraries Collaborative Research ProgramInternational Digital Libraries

Collaborative Research Program

[Griffin 2000]


http://www.euromktg.com/globstats/

April 1999

English 107.2M 56.5%non-English 82.7M 43.5% European 54.9M 30.0%

By end of year 2000

English 160Mnon-English 167M

Languages and the InternetLanguages and the Internet

[Griffin 2000]


Stanford InfoBus: CORBA distributed object technology

ICIC IC

PM

PM

IS

LS LS LSPM

PM

ISIS

IPS

PM

IPS

PM: Protocol Machine

LS: Library Service

IC: Interface Client

IS: Information Source

IPS: Information Processing Service

* objects, collections, services, platforms….

KM InfrastructureKM Infrastructure

[Griffin 2000]


Traditional KM Stress: Service Selection, Organization, Structure

for Access Centralization, Standards Physical objects & standard genres

Contemporary Technological Capabilities (e.g. WWW) Stress: Flexibility, Openness Rapid Evolution Decentralization (geographic,

administrative) Digital objects, old + new genres

Design Space for KM Systems

& Beyond

Merging Intellectual PerspectivesMerging Intellectual Perspectives

[Griffin 2000]


Audio Level

Key Words

Word Relevance

Camera Motion

Scene Changes

Histogram Scene Analysis

© Carnegie Mellon University 2/96

Application of Integrated TechnologiesApplication of Integrated Technologies

[Griffin 2000]

© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 46UC Berkeley Digital Library Testbed

Building Large Collections of Diverse Information

Building Large Collections of Diverse Information

Type Examples June 96 Dec 96

Documents articles, EIRs,water reports

40,900pp.

20 GB 96,600pp

48GB

Images DWRwildflowersCorelHabitatsTotal

14,8382,90522,000039,743 238GB

15,5067,43728,10115852,000 306GB

Aerialphotos

Suisun MarchSac-SJ Delta

5000img

3.4GB 500 img 3.4GB

SensorData

Delta fish flow 30days

.02MB 30days .02MB

GIS Data dams, fish,watersheds,etc.

various 50MB various 52MB

DOQs SF Bay Area 102 img 5GB 102 Img 5GB

Digital LineGraphs

SF BayNorth Coast

100MB100MB

Total 268GB 363GB

[Griffin 2000]


1965

1975

1985

1995

2000

2010ARPANET Internet KnowledgeNet

PROTOCOLS IP FTP HTTP CORBA Semantic Agents

SERVICES Distributed Files

GlobalHypermedia

DistributedObjects

GlobalSemantics

FUNCTIONProof ofConcept

Access Analysis

UNITS Packets Files Links Objects Concepts

??

??

??

New ConceptualizationsNew Conceptualizations

[Griffin 2000]


GoalsGoals

gather information and build collections conversion of existing collections creation of new collections from scratch integration of collections

create new communities communication evaluation collaboration

make technology disappear from our awareness and experience

[Griffin 2000]


Usage AspectsUsage Aspects

collection and evaluation of usage information single items vs. sets of items individuals vs. groups temporal relationships info-space relationships

examples relevance feedback, user profiles, citation analysis, hypertext

links, collaborative filtering

problems technical aspects, quantity of data privacy


Post-TestPost-Test


ReferencesReferences [Griffin 2000] Stephen M. Griffin, Digital Libraries Initiative, National

Science Foundation, www.dli2.nsf.gov, 2000 [Kaplan 1997] R.M. Kaplan, Knowledge Management - Access to an

Untapped Resource, October 1997. [Konno 2000] Noburu Konno, Knowledge Strategy and “Ba” - The Practice

of Knowledge-Based Management. Column, Inc., 2000. [NCDDR 1996] A Review of the Literature on Dissemination and

Knowledge Utilization. National Center for the Dissemination of Disability Research (NCDDR), www.ncddr.org, 1996

[Skyrme 1999].David Skyrme. Knowledge Usage Template. David Skyrme Associates, www.skyrme.com, 1999.

[Gil 2000]


Important Concepts and TermsImportant Concepts and Terms natural language processing neural network predicate logic propositional logic rational agent rationality Turing test

agent automated reasoning belief network cognitive science computer science hidden Markov model intelligence knowledge representation linguistics Lisp logic machine learning microworlds


Summary Knowledge UsageSummary Knowledge Usage

© 2001 - 2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Usage 1 CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management Dr. Franz J....

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