15.10.2012

1

POLLINATION OF TYPICAL SPECIES IN

DISTURBED SITES IN THE EXTREME

NORTH-EAST OF ASIA

1

3 4

4

Fig. 1. Climatic zoning map (Klyukin, 1970). 1 - arctic climate of the desert and the arctic tundra (most severe weather), 2 - climate of the tundra and forest-tundra (outside forests, a large severe weather), 3 - climate of the tundra and forest-tundra (in the forest, a large severe weather), 4 - climate of coniferous forests (most severe weather), 5 - border climate with very cold winters

2

Wrangel

Island Chukotka

5

15.10.2012

2

FIG.2. LARCH OPEN FOREST IN CONTINENTAL PART OF THE NORTH-

EAST OF ASIA Fig. 3. KOLYMA UPLAND. Research station of Geobotany Lab of IBPN.

15.10.2012

3

FIG. 4. THE PLANT COMMUNITIES OF RIVER VALLEY

Fig.5. PINUS PUMILA COMMUNITIES.

15.10.2012

4

KKKKK

FIG.5. DRYAS PUNCTATA IN ALPINE TUNDRA. FIG.6. RHODODENDRON CAMTSCHATICUM

15.10.2012

5

FIG.6. RHODODEDRON AUREUM

FIG. 7. ROSA ACICULARIS

15.10.2012

6

FIG.8. SPIRAEA SALICIFOLIA FIG. 7. ROSA ACICULARIS

15.10.2012

7

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A comparative study of reproductive ecology of

angiosperms of the North-Eastern Asia has been made

on Wrangel Island in 1967, 1970-73 and 1975. In 1976 -

1979 anthecological research of alpine and forest

plants was continue on the Kolyma Upland and

Kamchatka Peninsula. Then and until now, those

research have been carrying out in mountain systems

of the Okhotsk sea coast so as in the basin of Kolyma

river. We applied in our redearch the methods

developed by A.N. Ponomarev (1960,1970) and V.F.

Shamurin (1968). The main attention was paid to the

study of flowering phenology and reproduction ecology

of typical species of natural communities and disturbed

areas.

Male and female phases of flowers, dichogamy, dioecy

and other features of the generative sphere of plants

were recorded. Pollen viability determine by germination

its on an artificial medium, composed of sucrose and

jelatin in various concentration (Tikhmenev, 1974, 1981,

etc.). Simultaneously, the study of antophilous insects

activity was carried out (TIkhmenev, 2010, 2012). The

daily dynamic activity of pollinators, and the duration and

constancy of each their visits were investigated. To study

the role and efficiency of various way of pollination,

the flowers (blossoms) were isolated from agents of

pollination (wind and insects).

15.10.2012

8

FIG.9. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SELFPOLLINATION POTENTIAL

COMMON ENTOMOPHILOUS PLANTS (LARCH FOREST). Fig.10. STUDY 0F DAILY RHYTHM 0F LEYMUS INTERIOR BLOOMING.

15.10.2012

9

FIG. 11. STUDY OF FEATURE OF THE GRASSES POLLINATION

ECOLOGY.

Fig. 12. Circadian rhythm of blooming and pollination

of Leymus interior, 26.07. 2004.

График 3. Суточный ритм цветения Leymus sp.2 6 . 0 7 . 0 4

0 0

4

33

4

0

7

30 0 00 0

3

23

42

41 0

200 0

11

32

6

13

1 0 0 00 0 0

21

24

12

1 0 0 00 0 1

6

1 02 1 0 0 00 0 0

9

4

8

4

0 0 0 00 0

5

15

2 2

8

0 0 0 00 0

6

23

31

5

1 0 0 0

2800028000

54000

50000

5800058000

54000

50000

42000

36000

220000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Время суток (часы)

Ко

ли

чест

во

расп

уст

ив

ши

хся

цв

ет

ко

в

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Осв

ещ

ен

но

ст

ь,

лк

№1 №2 №3 №5 №8 №10 №14 №15 Освещенность

15.10.2012

10

Fig. 13. Pollen germination of Iris setosa Pall. ex Link

(lens plan. 3.5 x0, 10, X 100, camera DCM300) Fig. 14. Pollen germination of Chamaenerion

angustifolium (L.) Scop. (x 100)

15.10.2012

11

Fig. 15. The abundance of pollen germinating in 5% gelatin medium,

containing different amounts of sucrose.

9186

90

76

70

67

82 8389

5257

79

3

12

0 0 006

14

1 2 2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

5 10 15 20 25 30

Iris setosa

Chamerion angustifolium

Pedicularis resupinata

Senecio pseudoarnica

Кол

-во

пыль

цы ,

(%)

Конц-ия сахарозы, (%)

61

88

70

34

0 0

64

4945

49

35

59

40 0 0 02

5 30 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

5 10 15 20 25 30

Iris setosa

Chamerion angustifolium

Pedicularis resupinata

Senecio pseudoarnica К

ол-в

опы

льцы

, (%

)

Конц-ия сахарозы, (%)

Fig. 16. The abundance of pollen germinating species studied in

10% gelatin medium, containing different amounts of sucrose.

Tabl.1. Pollination systems of the flowering species of the North-

eastern Asia (I - anemophilous and II - entomophilous species).

*of

Pollination system

Arctic

tundra

I* II

Alpine

tundra

I II

Larch

forest

I II

Obligate outcrossers 3 22 3 17 4 18

Facultative outcrossers 22 18 16 22 23 17

Predominantly autogamics

(apomictics)

3 8

4 8

7 3

Obligate autogamics - - - - - -

Number of species 28 48 23 47 34 38

15.10.2012

12

FIG.5. TECHNOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES DEPOSIT "KUBAKA

TECHNOGENIC IMPACT ON NATURAL

LANDSCAPES OF NORTH-EAST OF ASIA

FIG. 17. LINEAR DISTURBANCES OF NATURAL SOIL-PLANT COMPLEXES

15.10.2012

13

FIG.18. DEVELOPMENT OF ALLUVIAL GOLD IN UPPER KOLYMA

FIG. 19. THE INITIAL STAGE OF SELF REVEGETATION (Crepis

tectorum + Chamaenerion angustifolium).

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14

FIG. 20. IINITIAL SUCCESSION ON OVERBURDEN DUMPS (age of 8

years.

FIG. 22. TYPICAL LANDSCAPES FORMING WHILE DREDGE MINING.

15.10.2012

15

FIG. 23. TECHNOLOGICAL ERROR IN RECLAMATION OF DREDGING SPOIL (15 YEARS LATER).

FIG.23. GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION

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16

FIG. 24. SELF-REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED SITES AFTER

GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION. FIG.25. BIRCACHAN GOLD ORE DEPOSIT

15.10.2012

17

FIG. 26. FIRST STAGE OF NATURAL REHABILITATION PROCESS (DUSCHEKIA

FRUTICOSA+CHAMAENERION LATIFOLIUM).

FIG.27. DISTURBED LANDSCAPE IN ORE DEPOSIT KUBAKA

AREA.

15.10.2012

18

Table 2. POLLEN VIABILITY OF SOME COMMON SPECIES OF

DISTURBED SITES (basin of Kolyma)

Species Number of

sowing

Pollen

germina-

tion,%

Length of

pollen

tubes, mkm

Pollen

viability, in

hours.

Salix pulchra 15 30,5 390 96

S. schwerenii 10 84,3 600 120

S. krylovii 10 89,0 480 96

Lonicera edulis 10 80,7 550 110

Ledum decumbens 10 90,2 1050 96

L. palustre 10 96,5 750 96

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 15 68,3 680 72

Loiseleuria

procumbens

15 92,8 270 124

Phyllodoce caerulea 10 96,4 930 72

Cassiope ericoides 15 92,1 208 48

Populus suaveolens 10 68,7 695 96

Chosenia arbutifolia 10 94,3 1200 42

Dusсhekia fruticosa 15 80,7 210 72

Рис. 5. Энергия прорастания семян Castilleja rubra

и Saxifraga funstonii техногенных (1) и

естественных экосистем (2) СВА

0102030405060708090

100110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Период прорастания (сутки)

Ко

ли

чес

тво

пр

ор

осш

их

сем

ян

(%)

(1) Castilleja rubra (1) Saxifraga funstonii

(2) C. rubra (2) S. funstonii

FIG.28. SEED GERMINATION ENERGY OF SPECIES IN

NATURAL AND DISTURBED SITES IN FOREST ZONE.

1

2

15.10.2012

19

Fig. 28. NATURAL REVEGATION OF DISTURBED SITES (Linneae

borealis + Betula exilis + Carex sp.). FIG. 29. NATURAL RESTORATION OF DISTURBED

LANDSCAPES.

15.10.2012

20

Table 3. Biomass content in the different ages of the

overburden dumps, t / ha of dry matter (larch forest).

Components

of

biomass

Age dumps, years

2 8 14 20

phytomass 0,04 0,54 2,67 3,59

including:

aboveground

0,03 0,23 0,31 2,53

underground 0,01 0,31 2,36 1,06

mortmass - 0,05 0,06 1,23

biomass 0,04 0,59 2,73 4,82

Tabl. 3. List of species of native flora perspective for rehabilitation №

п/п PLANT SPECIES SITES*

1 Мятлик высокогорный Poa alpigena 1

2 Мятлик сизый Poa glauca 1

3 Овсяница коротколистная Festuca brachyphylla 1

4 Арктополевица узколистная Arctagrostis arundinacea 1,2,3

5 Вейник Лангсдорффа Calamagrostis langsdorffii 2,3

6 Вейник лапландский Calamagrostis lapponica 2

7 Овсянница красная Festuca rubra 2

8 Пырейник сибирский Elymus sibiricus 2,3

9 Пырейник изменчивый Elymus mutabilis 2,3

10 Пырейник смешиваемый Elymus confusus 2,3

11 Пырейник кроноцкий Elymus kronokensis 3

12 Костер Пампелла Bromopsis pumpellianus 3

13 Ива красивая Salix pulchra 1,2

14 Ива скальная Salix saxatilis 2

15 Ива Крылова Salix krylovii 3

16 Береза тощая Betula exilis 1,2,3

17 Береза Миддендорффа Betula middendorffii 3

18 Ольха кустарниковая Dusсhekia fruticosa 1,2,3

19 Лиственница Каяндера Larix cajanderi 3

20 Кедровый стланик Pinus pumila 2,3

1 – привершинные,

водораздельные

участки;

2 – склоновые

участки

техногенных

образований;

3 – пойменные

участки ландшафта.

15.10.2012

21

FIG. 30. REHABILITATION OF SURFACE DISTURBANCES OF KUBAKA

DEPOSITE.

FIG. 31. REHABILITATION IN KUBAKA GOLD ORE DEPOSITE

15.10.2012

22

CONCLUSION

1. The specific anthecological feature of the investigated species of

northern angiosperm is such that there is a group of species

well adopted to cross-pollination. This is comparatively small

group of obligate entomophilous species, mainly of

Fabaceae, Salicaceae and Scrophulariaceae, as well as some

species from other families that have an inherent specialization to

pollination by bees, bumble-bees and flies;

2. Entomophilous plants in natural associations comprise of not

less than 2/3 of the species of floral lists, but only 1/3 such

species combine of renewable plant associations;

3. In the case of deficiency of pollinators or their full absence many

species readily pass to self-pollination in the form of geitonogamy

or autogamy, as a reserve way of seed reproduction;

4. Anemofilous species, including such dominant as Duschekia

fruticosa, Betula exilis, B. middendorffii and grasses in disturbed

sites, produced abound seed crop with the high level of their

viability.

All studied species are characterized by lower threshold temperature limits of

pollination process, equaling 3,5-6 C and at higher air temperature, over 10 C,

many species get the ability for continuous flowering and pollination during day and

night time.

Проведенная оценка репродуктивного потенциала видов естественных и

нарушенных сообществ свидетельствует о том, что большинству цветковых

наряду с перекрестным опылением свойственно самоопыление в форме

автогамии и гейтоногамии. Наложение мужской и женской фаз, близкое

расположение половых элементов в цветке обеспечивают возможность

факультативной автогамии. Относительное обилие антофильной

энтомофауны и активность потенциальных опылителей создают

предпосылки для успешного опыления энтомофильных видов. У

доминирующих кустарников-анемофилов, в т.ч. таких как Dushekia fruticosa,

Betula exilis и B. middendorffii, отмечается наложение половых фаз цветка и

высокий уровень фертильности пыльцы. Обилие и практически

круглосуточное продуцирование пыльцы, длительное функционирование

пестичных соцветий, а также произрастание сомкнутыми группировками

обеспечивает эффективную анемофилию этих видов. The evaluation of the

reproductive potential of natural and disturbed plant communities suggests that most

flowering plants, along with cross-pollination is peculiar form of self-fertilization in

autogamy and geitonogamy. Imposition of male and female phases, proximity sexual

elements in the flower allow facultative autogamy. The relative abundance and activity of

the anthophilous insects provide high level of pollination process of entomophilous

species. The anemofillous species, including such dominant as Dushekia fruticosa,

Betula exilis and B. middendorffii, says the imposition of sexual phase of the flower and

the high level of pollen fertility. The abundance and round the clock production of pollen,

long-term operation of pistillate inflorescences and vegetation serried groups provides

effective anemofiliyu these species.

.

Thank you for attention!

15.10.2012

23

REFERENCES

Pugachev, A.A., Tikhmenev, E.A. Anthropogenic transformation of soil-plant communities of the Far North-East Asia: scientific-method. allowance. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house, 2008. - 187 p. ISBN 978-5-91260-016-6

Pugachev, A.A, Tikhmenev, EA. Structural and functional organization and dynamics of soil-vegetation complexes of Far North-East of Russia: monograph. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house, 2011. -197 Pp. ISBN 978-5-91260-059-3

Grass cultivation in Yakutia. Collective monograph. – Yakutsk : Yakutsk Book Publishers, 1987. - 187 p.

Kevan, P.G., Tikhmenev, E.A., Usui. M. Insects and plants in the pollination ecology of the Boreal zone // Ecological Research, 8, 1993. - Pp. 247 - 267.

Kevan, P.G., Tikhmenev, E.A. Dynamic anemophily and pollination ecology of common grasses of Ontario, Canada / / Ecology (Russian). - № 4. -1996. - Pp.268-274.

Tikhmenev, E.A. . Reproductive features of the northern angiosperms as a

factor of the plant diversity and communitis stability // Opera Botanica

(Copenhagen), №132. 1997. - Pp. 67-76

Kevan, P.G., Baker, H.G. Insects on flowers. - In: Ecological Entomology (eds

C.B.Huffaker & R.L.Rabb). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984. Pp. 608-

631. Kevan, P.G. Insect pollination of high

arctic flowers.- J. Ecol. -1972. - 60: 831-867.

Tikhmenev, E.A. Relationships between entomophilous plants and

insects in the boreal forests of northeastern Russia // Managing Forests

to Meet Peoples’ Needs. Proceedings of the 1994 Society of American

foresters/Canadian Institute of forestry Convention (Anchorage, Alaska,

September, 18-22, 1994).1995. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. –Pp. 453-456.

Kuznetzov, S.Yu., Bukhkalo, S.P., Tikhmenev E.A. Records of

hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) from the Magadan Province //

Dipterological Research, №4, 1997. Pp. 117-119.

Tikhmenev E.A., Tikhmenev P.E. Technological aspects of antierosion restoration of gold deposits in permafrost zone // News of Samara Scientific Center of RAS. - T. 14. - № 1 (3), 2012. - Pp. 812-821.

Tikhmenev P.E, Tikhmenev E.A. Reproductive potential of the plants and the restoration of disturbed landscapes // Journal of Northeastern University. Magadan. - Vol. 9. - 2007. - Pp.105-111.

15.10.2012

24

РИС.1. СОЗДАНИЕ СЕЯНЫХ ЛУГОВ НА

ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯХ В ТУНДРЕ

ЧУКОТКИ (А) И ПРОТИВОЭРОЗИОННАЯ

РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИЯ ХВОСТОХРАНИЛИЩА

ОМСУКЧАНСКОЙ ЗИФ В ТАЕЖНОЙ ЗОНЕ (Б)

А

б Б

15.10.2012

25

РИС.2. ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ РАБОТЫ ПО

РАЗРАБОТКЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ

РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ В БАССЕЙНЕ Р. СУГОЙ

(ТАЕЖНАЯ ЗОНА).

FIG. 8. DOWNLOAD WATER, SEEDS AND FERTILIZERS IN

GIDROSEEDER FINN T-90

15.10.2012

26

FIG. 9. Hydroseeding on desturbed site

FIG. 10. Resultats of reclamation of

des=turbed sites on Kubaka gold

deposit

15.10.2012

27

Fig.11. Surface

earthing of dumps

Fig.12. Constraction of the root

zone .

РFIG. 13.

Hydroseeding with

simultaneous

application of mixture of

seeds and fertilizers

FIG. 14. Shoots Larch (Larix cajanderi),

elfin cedar (Pinus pumila), seeded with

perennial grasses simultaneously.

15.10.2012

28

FIG. 15. LANE EARTHING WASTE ROCK. CHECKBOXES MARKED PINUS

PUMILA SEEDLINGS.

FIG. 16. REKUDTIVIROVANNYE LAND SURFACE DISTURBANCES

15.10.2012

29

ig.17. Mowings recultivated sites with different years

7 лет 6 лет 5 лет 4 года 3 г. 2 г. 1 г. 1 г.

New data on the reproductive biology of the typical

species of flowering regeneration of communities,

including mass anemofilov - Chosenia

zemlyanichnikolistnoy, alder bushes and shrub birch

species to ensure their successful development in

disturbed lands;

Stability of plant communities to fire is determined

reserves and structure of biomass, floristic and

biochemical composition of vegetation, partsellyarnoy

structure of plant communities, projective cover of the

tree layer, litter moisture and other factors abiotic

environment;

15.10.2012

30

РИС. 7. СНЯТИЕ ПОЧВЫ ДЛЯ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ КОРНЕОБИТАЕМОГО

СЛОЯ НА НАРУШЕННЫХ УЧАСТКАХ

Нормы высева, кг\га

Сорт 20 25 30 35

Пырейник сибирский,

сорт Нюрбинский

2010

720

2230

820

2500

900

2550

870

Пырейник сибирский,

сорт Гуран

1990

750

2140

850

2250

955

2300

715

Пырейник сибирский,

сорт Камалинский

1850

912

1915

875

2000

990

1910

650

Пырейник

изменчивый

1650

723

1905

612

2415

814

2260

850

Табл. 1. Формирование

биомассы на 2 год развития

в зависимости от нормы

высева семян (в числителе

зеленой массы, в кг/м2 , в

знаменателе – количество

генеративных побегов, шт/м2)

при фоновом внесении

минеральных удобрений (N180,

P180, K60)

Табл. 2. Урожайность в зависимости от доз внесения минеральных

удобрений (в числителе кг/м2 зеленой массы, в знаменателе – кол-во генеративных

побегов, шт/м2 при норме высева семян 30 кг/га)

Дозы удобрений

Сорт

N120P120K6

0

N180P180K60 N180P180K120

Пырейник сибирский, сорт Нюрбинский 1650/723 2508/908 2716/913

Пырейник сибирский, сорт Гуран 1850/660 2250/950 2310/930

Пырейник сибирский, сорт Камалинский 1230/535 2106/990 2120/960

Пырейник изменчивый 1600/597 2400/796 2453/790

15.10.2012

31

Fig. 2. Plant

complexes in

disturbed lands

arctic tundra

subzones:

I - fragment grass-hvoschovogo phytocenosis silt-settling tank at 10 years of age;

synusia:

1 - hvoschovaya, 2 - hvoschovaya redkopokrovnaya, 3 - moss, 4 - Juncus castaneus,

Poa arctica, Arctagrosis latifolia, 5 - Eriophorum vaginatum, 6 - Puccinellia colpodioides,

7 - bare ground.

II - fragment-peschankovo kipreynogo phytocenosis to dump overburden the age of 10;

synusia:

1 - kipreynaya redkopokrovnaya, 2 - peschankovaya 3 - Poa pratense, P. glauca, P.

arctica + Festuca rubra, 4 - Trisetum molle, 5 - Saxifraga punctata, 6 - Artemtsia

kruhseana, 8 - Chamaenerion angustifolium, 9 - Dryas punctata, 10 - Salix saxatilis, S.

schwerinii. -

15.10.2012

32

Травы

Кустарники

Деревья

Рис. 2. Опылительные системы и половая структура лиственничных сообществ

бассейна р. Колыма (условные обозначения те же, что и на рис.1) 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

15.10.2012

33

REFERENCES

Pugachev A.A., Tikhmenev E.A. Anthropogenic transformation of soil-plant systems of the Far North-East Asia. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house. - 2008. - 187 p. ISBN 978-5-91260-016-6

Pugachev A.A., Tikhmenev E.A. Structural and functional organization and dynamics of soil-vegetation cover of Far North-East of Russia: monograph. - Magadan: SVGU Publishing house. -2011. – 197 p. ISBN 978-5-91260-059-3.

Grass cultivation in Yakutia. – Yakutsk : Yakutsk Publishing house. - 1987. - 187 pp.

Kevan P.G., Tikhmenev E.A.Expierewnce of INCO Ltd Company in reclamation of tails. – Kolyma, - 2. – 1992. - Pp.27 - 28.

Kevan P.G., Tikhmenev E.A., Usui M. Insects and plants in the pollination ecology of the Boreal zone // Ecological Research, 8, 1993. pp. 247 - 267.

Tikhmenev E.A. Reproductive features of the northern angiosperms as a factor of the plant diversity and community stability Opera Botanica (Copenhagen). - 132. -1997. Pp. 67-76

Tikhmenev P.E., Tikhmenev E.A. Reproductive potential of the plants and the restoration of disturbed landscapes (basin of Kolyma river) / / Vestnik of Northeastern University. Magadan. - Vol. 9. - 2007. - Pp.105-111.

35. Оп ы

ле н и

е и

са м

о о п

ыли т

е льн

ый

п о те

н ц и а

л

эн то

мо ф

и льн

ых

р а ст

е н ий

а р кт

и че с

ко й

и

го р н

о й

тун д

р

Се в

е р о -

Во ст

о ка

ССС

Р.

Пе ч. Эко

ло ги

я , №

4,

198

4.ээ

ээээ

э

С. 8 -

15

Tikhmenev E.A., Kevan P.G. Wind and self-pillination in meadows grasses:

seasonal and diurnal reproductive isolation. - Bridges of the science between

North America and the Russian Far East / 45th Arctic Science Conference.

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Fig. 22. Recovery plant groups in disturbed sites twenty years old in the forest-tundra zone (valley of B. Keperveem river).

I - fragment phytocenosis willow on a pebble heap:

1 - Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Arctagrostis latifolia, 2 - Saxifraga punctata, 3 - Lathyrus pilosus, 4 - Salix fuscescens, S. pulchra, S. tschuctschorum, 5 - Salix pulchra, S. saxatilis, S. krylovii, 6 - Dryas punctata, 7 - Chamaenerion angustifolium, 8 - Trisetum molle.

II - a fragment of sedge-grass-willow phytocenosis on the pebble heap:

1 - Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Arctagrostis latifolia, Trisetum molle, 2 - Carex stans, three-Artemisia kruhseana, 4 - Dryas punctata, 5 - Salix saxatilis, S. pulchra, 6 - Chosenia arbutifolia, 7 - larch and willow.

III - cinuzialnaya structure of cotton grass-willow-hvoschovo phytocenosis on silt-settling tank:

1 - hvoschovaya, 2 - cotton grass, 3 - Salix fusescens, S. pulchra, 4 - Puccinella friganodes, Carex sp., 5 - Salix udensis, S. saxatilis, S. schwerinii.