Слайд 1 - USMF · Слайд 1 Author: Cemortan Igor Created Date: 10/21/2014 11:05:39 AM ...
Transcript of Слайд 1 - USMF · Слайд 1 Author: Cemortan Igor Created Date: 10/21/2014 11:05:39 AM ...
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Compartment – cell region with distinct
properties and functions;
Cell compartments have different:
Organization;
Chemical structure;
Set of proteins / enzymes;
functions.
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Set of required components:
General cell structure
Cell membraneCytoplasm and
organellesNucleus
Metabolic
apparatus
Synthesis OS
Hydrolysis OS
Detoxification
Energetic
Signaling
Genetic
apparatus Genetic material
Replication
apparatus
Repair apparatus
Transcription
apparatus
Surface
apparatus
Barrier
Transport
Reception
Cell junctions
Protection
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Cell activity is determined by:
Synthesis of organic substances
Small molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids)
Macromolecules (NA, P, L, Pz, Oz)
Processing of molecules → getting of active conformation (configuration)
Sorting of molecules
Transport to the final destination (secretion, intracellular transport).
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Cell activity is determined by:
Hydrolysis of exogenous substances:
Foreign molecules (viruses, bacteria)
Building blocks (AA, N, G)
Energetic substrate (G, L)
Hydrolysis of endogenous substances:
In excess
Recycling
Defect molecules
Neutralization of toxic substances
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Enzymes
Enzyme – a protein with specific catalytic functions Contains active centers for interaction with substrate and
ATP
Active centers:
Syntase
Ligase
Isomerase
Hydrolase
Transferase
Liase
Oxidoreductase
Enzymes are activated by cofactors
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Classification of enzymes Synthase
DNA-polymerase
RNA-polymerase
Peptidil transferase
Ligase DNA-ligase
Isomerase Topoisomerase I, II
Hydrolase Protease
Endonuclease
Exonuclease
Lipase
Glycosidase
Transferase Methyl-transferase
Acetyl-transferase
Kinase (P)
Liase Glycoliase
Oxidoreductase Peroxidase
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Nucleic acids
Synthesis
Polymerases + topoisomerases + ligase
In nucleus, mitochondria
Processing
Ribozymes + kinases
In nucleus, mitochondria
Hydrolysis
Programmed (DNA repair (Nu), processing RNA (Nu), hydrolysis of RNA (Ct))
Non-programmed (accidental (Nu, Ct), AN exogenous (Ct, Ls))
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Proteines
Synthesis
Peptidil-transferase
Ribosomes Ct / ER / Mt
Processing
Chaperones, kinases, proteases, transferases
ER → GA / Ct / Mt
Hydrolysis
Programmed (Processing, hydrolysis (Ct / ER / GA Ls))
Non-programmed (accidental (Ct), exogenous (Ct, Ls))
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Mitochondria Peroxisomes
NucleusLysosomes Secreted
vesicles
Cell surface
Holding Holding
Holding
Proteins Proteins
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Carbohydrates
Synthesis
glicosil-transferases
Ct
Processing
glicosil-transferases
GA
Hydrolysis
Programmed (Ct →Mt / Ls)
Non-programmed (exogenous (Ct, Ls))
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Lipids
Synthesis
transferases
sER
Processing
ER
GA
Hydrolysis
Programmed (Ct →Mt / Ls)
Non-programmed (exogenous (Ct, Ls))
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Neutralization of toxins
Xenobiotic (drugs, pesticides, nicotine,
alcohol, …)
Transferases
sER
Toxic metabolites (free radicals, peroxides,
phenols…)
Oxidases + Chatalases
Peroxisomes
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Cell energy
Synthesis of ATP
Oxido-reductases, Hydrolases, ATP-synthetase
Ct → Mt
Hydrolysis of ATP: if required
During synthesis of organic substances (OS)
Transformation of OS
Transport of substances
Hydrolysis of OS
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Transport
Through membranes
Passive (diffusion, osmosis, mediated)
Active (membrane ATP-ases)
Via vesicules (receptor/ligand)
Endo- / Exo- / Transcytosis
Intracellular (ER → GA → Plasma membrane / Ls /
ER)
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Conclusion
Metabolic processes are:
Genetically programmed
Done by specific enzymes
Done on specific organelles
Determined by intracellular and intercellular
signaling
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The main cell compartments
Nucleus – metabolism of nucleic acids
rER – protein synthesis
sER – synthesis of lipids, detoxification
GA – processing and sorting of substances,
biogenesis of lysosomes
Lysosomes – hydrolysis of OS
Peroxisomes – detoxification of cell metabolites
Mitochondria – energetic metabolism
Cytosol – metabolism of small molecules
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Endoplasmic reticulum:
structure:
Membranous channels and tubes (GLP);
Smooth compartment;
Rough compartment – contains ribosomes;
Specific enzymes
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Endoplasmic reticulum:
Functions:
Smooth ER
Synthesis of lipids;
Production of membranes → production of vesicles;
Synthesis of steroid hormones;
Destroying of toxins;
Deposit of ions (Ca++ in muscles);
transport.
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Rough ER
Synthesis of proteins;
Processing of proteins;
Sorting of proteins:
secreted;
membranous;
AG:
lysosomes.
Endoplasmic reticulum:
Functions :
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Mitochondria Peroxisomes
NucleusLysosomes Secreted
vesicles
Cell surface
Holding Holding
Holding
Proteins Proteins
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Golgi apparatus:
Structure:
Network of cisterns, channels, vesicles;
compartments:
cis;
median;
trans.
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Golgi apparatus
Functions: Processing of proteins;
Sorting of proteins;
Formation of vesicles;
Control of secretion;
Formation of lysosomes;
Renewing of membranes.
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Lysosomes
Structure:
Membranous vesicles, pH=5;
Types:
Primary lysosomes;
Secondary lysosomes;
Tertiary lysososmes.
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Lysosomes
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Lysosomes
Functions: Hydrolysis:
Foreign substances – heterophagy:
Self substances – autophagy;
Secretory vesicles – crinophagy.
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Gaucher diseaseType I
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Gaucher diseaseType III
Gaucher diseaseType II
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Peroxisomes
Structure:
Membranous vesicles;
enzymes: ureat-oxidase, D-aminoacid –
oxidase, chatalase.
Functions:
Oxidation of foreign substances;
Oxidation of toxins
Destroying of H2O2
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Peroxisomes
Biogenesis:
Renewing of membranes – sER;
Peroxisomal enzymes – free ribosomes.
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Peroxisomes
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Mitochondria:
Structure:
Double membrane (envelope):
Outer membrane,
Inner membrane;
Matrix:
Circular DNA (2-10 molecules);
Ribosomes;
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA;
Enzymes.
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Mitochondria
Functions: Energetic:
Synthesis of ATP;
Plastic:
Synthesis of proteins
Import of proteins
Reproduction:
Replication of mtDNA;
Division of mitochondria.
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