Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Yiching Song
Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Science
Linking indigenous knowledge and bioculturalsystems with Scientific knowledge and formal system
in adaptation to climate change
-Case from SW China
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Introduction
a country case built on a PPB action case (10 years) in mountain areain SW China, following the framework of bio-culture system, in impact& Adaptation study-completed the regional level impact study 2010-2011-In-depth multiple case study is going to be started
We emphasis:
The complementary roles of TK and SK (in seed and beyond), bridgingthe gaps by linking the two knowledge systems in adaptation
the role of traditional knowledge in SEED, selection, maintaining,adaptation, evolution.seed is continuity of livelihood and resilienceof ecosystem, local seed system related TK and bio-cultural systemsas a whole, as a process in adaptation
Different adaptation is needed in different eco-system and socio-economic and politic context, knowledge based vs/and right based?,ppb works, but slow and gradually
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Impact Study in 3 provinces
What happened in remote communities
at the very local level?
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SW ChinaGuangxi, Guizhou,Yunan, karst mountain areadwelling by 33 ethnic groups, small farmers, the poor and women
20 villages, 200 HH survey and interview
Where & Who
Montain
Areas in
Southwest
ChinaPlain
Areas
China Case:
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Farmers observation of effects of climatic change
observation
indicators
-2
(much less
/lower)
-1
(less/lower)
0
(normal)
+1
(more/highe
r)
+2
(much more
/higher)
Drought 2% 28% 70%
Rainfall 4% 77% 17% 2%
Temperature13% 87%
Wind force 4% 34% 62%
Sunshine 8% 37% 56%
Runoff 13% 72% 8% 8%
Newpests/disease 27% 64% 9%
increasing temperature, draught, extreme whether,
pestsrunoffvariation in different areas
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Farmer improved landraces survived 2010, Big Spring
Draught in SW ChinaFarmer improved
Landraces, Tolerant
to drought and lownitrogen with little
fertilizer and labor
Hybrid
Variety,
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Erosion of biodiversity and losing of landraces.
Decreasing cultivating areas of landraces of 3 staples
the biggest reason for the loss of landraces is theextension of hybrids
Soybean as traditional intercropping crop is still
maintained well yet.. 95% 93%
46%
30%
25%
37%
25%
95%
69%
1998 2003 2008
soybean
rice
maize
Source: Survey in SW China, 2009-2010
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farming structure
Agriculture income decreased rapidly in HHincome, migration income increased a lot
Less interest and investment in Agriculture (labor,capital )
Giving up traditional farming methods e.g. inter
cropping, rotation, duck in rice etc
Erosion of biodiversity, related TK crop, variety,
gene levels) and bio-culture system
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HH income, actual farming labour, farminglabors, more than 70% is women and 85% is olderthan 45 years
Transforming subsistent farmer HH (55-70%, onefamily two systems
Traditional farming HH (10-25% ), system based
Specialized farming HH (3-10% ) commodity based
Actual Non-farming (3-10%)
Major Types of livelihood strategy
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Biodiversity degradation in field and in breeding
40 years ago:12,000 varieties, mainly landraces
now 200 hybrids and limited number of landraces in SW
China
Genetic base is getting narrowing.affecting breeding
Genetic base narrowing Five Dominant Maize Inbred Lines Used in China Line Percentage Heterosis
(%) Group
Mo17 21.2 Lancaster
Ye 478 12.8 Reid
Huang Zao 4 10.0 TangSiPingTou
Dan 340 8.8 LuDa Red Cob
E28 7.9 LuDa Red Cob
Total 60.8
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standard
Region
1.00 USD 1.25USD 1.45USD 2.00USD 2.50USD
East Asia andpacific
179.8 336.9 388.6 748.3 987.2
China
106.1207.7 216.5 473.7 645.6
East and midEurope
16.0 23.9 30.9 50.1 69.5
Latin-Americaand Carrabin
27.6 45.1 59.9 98.7 132.9
Middle east andnorthern Africa
6.2 14.0 23.2 58.0 94.3
Southern Asia 350.3 595.5 772.2 1091.6 1246.4
India 266.5 455.8 590.3 827.7 938.0
SouthernSahara
299.1 384.2 442.0 551.0 609.9
Total; 879.0 1399.6 1716.8 2597.8 3140.2
Distribution of the worlds poor population in related regions
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Per capita income (in constant 2000 Yuan)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
60007000
8000
9000
10000
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Income inequality: urban vs. rural
Urban Income
Per-capita income: urban/rural2002:
2008: Poor county Per-capita rural income:2661RMBwhich is 56% of theaverage rural and onlyabout 20% of the urbanincome
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.20.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
1983 1995
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Food/Grain self Supply (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000 2010 2020
In the past 10 years, the self supply rate is more than 95%, the total grainproduction of 2007is 501,6 billions kg, per capita production is kg
nd per capita consumption is 388 kg The main imported grain is maize for feed
Self Sufficiency
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1961 1967 1973 1979 1985 1991 1997 2003 2009 2015 2021
Fertilizercosumption
10Mt
GrainYieldt/ha
Grainarea(Mh
a)
50
100
150
200
250
300
Film
consumption/Chemicalsconsumption(100
00ton)
Grain production and resource input in China
Irrigation
Plastic film
Chemicals
Grain area
Fertilizer
High yield
Chi f ili i d i d i
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Chinas fertilizer consumption and grain production
(1980=100) results suggest that we need a new approach
100
139 144159
100
204
240
309
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1980 1990 2000 2008
Grain production
Fertilizer consumption
G i d ti i Chi 1978 2003
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Grain production in China 1978-2003productivity(10kg/ha) & production (million Tons)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
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Why? one of the main reasons
Flattening yield increases of major crops (genetics and
management)
Ignoring farmers needs and local
communities roles in genetic management
and participation in exploration and pre-
breeding by both public research and
domestic seed companies, due to
Low interest and role conflicts of public
breeding 19
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Why participatory plant breeding?
Marginal, stress prone regionsindegionous communities andfarmers needs
Biodiversity + productivity+Poverty
reduction-adaptation are mutiplegoals of the states sustanabledevelopment strategy
Knowledge Exchange Pre breeding;
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Knowledge Exchange
-Conservation, seed fair,seed bank, register,
-PPB and PVS, improved
landraces and OPVs
-community based Seedproduction
Value adding to GRs and TK
Pre-breeding;
-Landraces collection/ screening
-selected OPV/populationimprovement
-in-bred line selection
-crossing
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SW China karst mountain area dwelling by 33 ethnic groups, 0,4 ha farm/HH
size, maize, rice, potato, maize hybrid about 25-35%
Farming labors: more than 70% is women and 85% is older than 50 years
Montain
Areas inSouthwest
ChinaPlain
Areas
Variation at community and
local level, need localizedadaptation plan
Av farm/HH 0.6 ha, vegetable and maize.100%hybrid maize, part time farmers, mainly womenand old
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PPB action research in SW Chin 2000-2010
Phases site crop Focuses Level
2000-2003 GX maize Women and women group women and groups
Interested breeders
2004-2007 GX Maizeandcassava
PPB, CBNRM and communitycapacity building
community
State and Provincialpublic breeding andExtension
2008-2011 GX
GZ
YN
Maize,rice,bean,cassava,etc
Ecosystem, biodiversity,livelihood and organization,value adding, ABS etcexploration
-Community, Orgs
-Local economy/market
3 Prov public breeding
MOA institutions
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Community Based Seed Production by women groups
T l f h i bi lt l TK S t
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Tools for enhancing bio-cultural TK System
GR and TK registers and conservation in villages
TK and Tr practices (duck in rice, inter and shifting cropping etc)
Local Grs and TK utilization and value adding, Communitybased self certification, etc
Farmer cooperatives for bio cultural GRs & TK system and
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Farmer cooperatives for bio-cultural GRs & TK system andtools
Farmer Cooperatives support for:
-community based NR management, adaptation, and marketing
-GIS for Traditional specific local products and methods
-Intangible Culture heritage-ethnic groups traditional cultural
handcrafts & products
e an a ana ys s resu en anc ngLab and field analysis of landraces 2009 2011
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e an a ana ys s resu en anc ng
recognition of landraces, TK and farmers roles
The same germplasm (30 years ago and now) are different, in field ones are
more diversity rich and adaptive to changes .. Adaptation, evolution
170 landraces had been assigned into 2 groups clearly with remarkable
diversity, two maize agro-ecosystems
The genetic structure of the landraces was well compatible with geographical
pattern. Gene flow occurred in the SWCharacteristic diversification due to the bio-ecological environments, farmers
selection based on their rich culture,TK and diversified livelihood needs
Lab and field analysis of landraces, 2009-2011
ABS PIC t t i ti fi t t
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ABSPIC contract experimenting as first step
T t i d f ABS i ti d PPB
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Two agreements signed for ABS in conservation and PPBin June 2010, in Guangxi
Type 1: Agreement onMaize and Rice Landraces
cons and improvement
Type 2: Ag on maize andRice landrace for utilizationfor hybrid breeding
3 public institutes with 10 communities/cooperatives
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Conclusions
traditional knowledge, practices and crop varieties have a
critical role to play in climate change adaptation andresilience, alongside modern science.
This implies a revaluation of traditional knowledge and BCsystem, a linking of traditional and scientific knowledge,
and a rethinking of mainstream agricultural policies.
the need to look at climate change impacts alongside othersocio-economic issues and trends facing poor farmers,which are often compounding the effects of climate change
eg. out- migration and growing inequality in SW China,
the most significant drivers of change are modernagricultural policies, laws and institutions that promotecommercial varieties and seed privatisation at the expense
of local varieties, local/farmers seed and TK system.
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Thank You !
Q&A?